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Shen Y, Li T, Sun C, Cheng X, Chen Z, Wang G, Yang X. Atg7 autophagy-independent role on governing neural stem cell fate could be potentially applied for regenerative medicine. Cell Death Differ 2024:10.1038/s41418-024-01330-5. [PMID: 38898232 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-024-01330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A literature review showed that Atg7 biological role was associated with the development and pathogenesis of nervous system, but very few reports focused on Atg7 role on neurogenesis at the region of spinal cord, so that we are committed to explore the subject. Atg7 expression in neural tube is incrementally increased during neurogenesis. Atg7 neural-specific knockout mice demonstrated the impaired motor function and imbalance of neuronal and glial cell differentiation during neurogenesis, which was similarly confirmed in primary neurosphere culture and reversely verified by Atg7 overexpression in unilateral neural tubes of gastrula chicken embryos. Furthermore, activating autophagy in neural stem cells (NSCs) of neurospheres did not rescue Atg7 deficiency-suppressed neuronal differentiation, but Atg7 overexpression on the basis of autophagy inhibition could reverse Atg7 deficiency-suppressed neuronal differentiation, which provides evidence for the existence of Atg7 role of autophagy-independent function. The underlying mechanism is that Atg7 deficiency directly caused the alteration of cell cycle length of NSCs, which is controlled by Atg7 through specifically binding Mdm2, thereby affecting neuronal differentiation during neurogenesis. Eventually, the effect of overexpressing Atg7-promoting neuronal differentiation was proved in spinal cord injury model as well. Taken together, this study revealed that Atg7 was involved in regulating neurogenesis by a non-autophagic signaling process, and this finding also shed light on the potential application in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Shen
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tingting Li
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chengyang Sun
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Guang Wang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Metabolism & Reproduction Joint Laboratory, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510220, China.
| | - Xuesong Yang
- International Joint Laboratory for Embryonic Development & Prenatal Medicine, Division of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of the Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Clinical Research Center, Clifford Hospital, Guangzhou, 511496, China.
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Shirota Y, Otani T, Wasada S, Ito S, Mieda T, Nakamura K. Inner and outer penetrating spinal cord injuries lead to distinct overground walking in mice. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2024; 16:345-352. [PMID: 38415183 PMCID: PMC10897851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating mechanical trauma. Although locomotion of model animals that mimic contusion SCI was actively examined, locomotion after penetrating SCI caused by sharp objects was not extensively studied. Severity of walking difficulty after partial transection of the spinal cord including penetrating SCI likely depends on the regions affected. Therefore, we compared beam walking and overground walking between mice after penetrating SCI at inner spinal cord region and mice with the injury at the outer region. Mice with the both penetrating SCIs did not display changes in beam walking. When appearance and movements of hindlimbs during overground walking was rated using Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion (BMS), however, mice with inner penetrating SCI showed low score shortly after the SCI. However, the score became high at later time points, as seen in contusion SCI mice. By contrast, BMS score did not decrease shortly after the outer penetrating SCI. However, the score became low 3 weeks after the SCI. As quantitative values during overground walking, movement duration in an open field were shorter at 1 day after the two penetrating SCIs. However, slower moving speed and fewer number of movement at 1 day were specific to mice with inner and outer penetrating SCIs, respectively. Moreover, BMS score was correlated with walking distance in open field only in mice with inner penetrating SCI. Thus, inner and outer penetrating SCI cause difficulty in overground walking with different severity and progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Shirota
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Taketo Otani
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Sayo Wasada
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Ito
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Isesaki Municipal Hospital, 12-1 Tsunatori Honmachi, Isesaki, Gunma 372-0817, Japan
| | - Tokue Mieda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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Shen J, Gong L, Sun Y, Lin J, Hu W, Wei J, Miao X, Gao T, Suo J, Xu J, Chai Y, Bao B, Qian Y, Zheng X. Semaphorin3C identified as mediator of neuroinflammation and microglia polarization after spinal cord injury. iScience 2024; 27:109649. [PMID: 38638567 PMCID: PMC11025009 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major hurdle during nerve repair. Although proinflammatory macrophage/microglia-mediated neuroinflammation plays important roles, the underlying mechanism that triggers neuroinflammation and aggravating factors remain unclear. The present study identified a proinflammatory role of semaphorin3C (SEMA3C) in immunoregulation after SCI. SEMA3C expression level peaked 7 days post-injury (dpi) and decreased by 14 dpi. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed that macrophages/microglia expressed SEMA3C in the local microenvironment, which induced neuroinflammation and conversion of proinflammatory macrophage/microglia. Mechanistic experiments revealed that RAGE/NF-κB was downstream target of SEMA3C. Inhibiting SEMA3C-mediated RAGE signaling considerably suppressed proinflammatory cytokine production, reversed polarization of macrophages/microglia shortly after SCI. In addition, inhibition of SEMA3C-mediated RAGE signaling suggested that the SEMA3C/RAGE axis is a feasible target to preserve axons from neuroinflammation. Taken together, our study provides the first experimental evidence of an immunoregulatory role for SEMA3C in SCI via an autocrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Shen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Liangzhi Gong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Junqing Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Wencheng Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Jiabao Wei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Xin Miao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Jinlong Suo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Yimin Chai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Bingbo Bao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Yun Qian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
| | - Xianyou Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P.R. China
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Regniez M, Dufort-Gervais J, Provost C, Mongrain V, Martinez M. Characterization of Sleep, Emotional, and Cognitive Functions in a New Rat Model of Concomitant Spinal Cord and Traumatic Brain Injuries. J Neurotrauma 2024; 41:1044-1059. [PMID: 37885242 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2023.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic injuries to the spinal cord or the brain have serious medical consequences and lead to long-term disability. The epidemiology, medical complications, and prognosis of isolated spinal cord injury (SCI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been well described. However, there are limited data on patients suffering from concurrent SCI and TBI, even if a large proportion of SCI patients have concomitant TBI. The complications associated with this "dual-diagnosis" such as cognitive or behavioral dysfunction are well known in the rehabilitation setting, but evidence-based and standardized approaches for diagnosis and treatment are lacking. Our goal was to develop and characterize a pre-clinical animal model of concurrent SCI and TBI to help identifying "dual-diagnosis" tools. Female rats received a unilateral contusive SCI at the thoracic level alone (SCI group) or combined with a TBI centered on the contralateral sensorimotor cortex (SCI-TBI group). We first validated that the SCI extent was comparable between SCI-TBI and SCI groups, and that hindlimb function was impaired. We characterized various neurological outcomes, including locomotion, sleep architecture, brain activity during sleep, depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors, and working memory. We report that SCI-TBI and SCI groups show similar impairments in global locomotor function. While wake/sleep amount and distribution and anxiety- and depression-like symptoms were not affected in SCI-TBI and SCI groups in comparison to the control group (laminectomy and craniotomy only), working memory was impaired only in SCI-TBI rats. This pre-clinical model of concomitant SCI and TBI, including more severe variations of it, shows a translational value for the identification of biomarkers to refine the "dual-diagnosis" of neurotrauma in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Regniez
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Recherche CIUSSS-NIM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | - Valérie Mongrain
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Recherche CIUSSS-NIM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Research Center of the CHUM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marina Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, Université de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Recherche CIUSSS-NIM, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Groupe de recherche sur la Signalisation Neurale et la Circuiterie, Université de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche sur le cerveau et l'apprentissage, Université de Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Liu Z, Lai J, Kong D, Zhao Y, Zhao J, Dai J, Zhang M. Advances in electroactive bioscaffolds for repairing spinal cord injury. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:032005. [PMID: 38636508 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad4079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disorder, leading to loss of motor or somatosensory function, which is the most challenging worldwide medical problem. Re-establishment of intact neural circuits is the basis of spinal cord regeneration. Considering the crucial role of electrical signals in the nervous system, electroactive bioscaffolds have been widely developed for SCI repair. They can produce conductive pathways and a pro-regenerative microenvironment at the lesion site similar to that of the natural spinal cord, leading to neuronal regeneration and axonal growth, and functionally reactivating the damaged neural circuits. In this review, we first demonstrate the pathophysiological characteristics induced by SCI. Then, the crucial role of electrical signals in SCI repair is introduced. Based on a comprehensive analysis of these characteristics, recent advances in the electroactive bioscaffolds for SCI repair are summarized, focusing on both the conductive bioscaffolds and piezoelectric bioscaffolds, used independently or in combination with external electronic stimulation. Finally, thoughts on challenges and opportunities that may shape the future of bioscaffolds in SCI repair are concluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Lai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexin Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiakang Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, People's Republic of China
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6
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Galli R, Uckermann O. Vibrational spectroscopy and multiphoton microscopy for label-free visualization of nervous system degeneration and regeneration. Biophys Rev 2024; 16:219-235. [PMID: 38737209 PMCID: PMC11078905 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders, including spinal cord injury, peripheral nerve injury, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases, pose significant challenges in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and understanding the underlying pathophysiological processes. Label-free multiphoton microscopy techniques, such as coherent Raman scattering, two-photon excited autofluorescence, and second and third harmonic generation microscopy, have emerged as powerful tools for visualizing nervous tissue with high resolution and without the need for exogenous labels. Coherent Raman scattering processes as well as third harmonic generation enable label-free visualization of myelin sheaths, while their combination with two-photon excited autofluorescence and second harmonic generation allows for a more comprehensive tissue visualization. They have shown promise in assessing the efficacy of therapeutic interventions and may have future applications in clinical diagnostics. In addition to multiphoton microscopy, vibrational spectroscopy methods such as infrared and Raman spectroscopy offer insights into the molecular signatures of injured nervous tissues and hold potential as diagnostic markers. This review summarizes the application of these label-free optical techniques in preclinical models and illustrates their potential in the diagnosis and treatment of neurological disorders with a special focus on injury, degeneration, and regeneration. Furthermore, it addresses current advancements and challenges for bridging the gap between research findings and their practical applications in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Galli
- Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ortrud Uckermann
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Division of Medical Biology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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7
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Han B, Liang W, Hai Y, Sun D, Ding H, Yang Y, Yin P. Neurophysiological, histological, and behavioral characterization of animal models of distraction spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:563-570. [PMID: 37721285 PMCID: PMC10581570 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Distraction spinal cord injury is caused by some degree of distraction or longitudinal tension on the spinal cord and commonly occurs in patients who undergo corrective operation for severe spinal deformity. With the increased degree and duration of distraction, spinal cord injuries become more serious in terms of their neurophysiology, histology, and behavior. Very few studies have been published on the specific characteristics of distraction spinal cord injury. In this study, we systematically review 22 related studies involving animal models of distraction spinal cord injury, focusing particularly on the neurophysiological, histological, and behavioral characteristics of this disease. In addition, we summarize the mechanisms underlying primary and secondary injuries caused by distraction spinal cord injury and clarify the effects of different degrees and durations of distraction on the primary injuries associated with spinal cord injury. We provide new concepts for the establishment of a model of distraction spinal cord injury and related basic research, and provide reference guidelines for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Han
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weishi Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Hai
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Duan Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongtao Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yihan Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Sattari SA, Antar A, Theodore JN, Hersh AM, Al-Mistarehi AH, Davidar AD, Weber-Levine C, Azad TD, Yang W, Feghali J, Xu R, Manbachi A, Lubelski D, Bettegowda C, Chang L, Witham T, Belzberg A, Theodore N. Early versus late surgical decompression for patients with acute traumatic central cord syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine J 2024; 24:435-445. [PMID: 37890727 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT The optimal decompression time for patients presenting with acute traumatic central cord syndrome (ATCCS) has been debated, and a high level of evidence is lacking. PURPOSE To compare early (<24 hours) versus late (≥24 hours) surgical decompression for ATCCS. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS Medline, PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL were searched from inception to March 15th, 2023. The primary outcome was American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) motor score. Secondary outcomes were venous thromboembolism (VTE), total complications, overall mortality, hospital length of stay (LOS), and ICU LOS. The GRADE approach determined certainty in evidence. RESULTS The nine studies included reported on 5,619 patients, of whom 2,099 (37.35%) underwent early decompression and 3520 (62.65%) underwent late decompression. The mean age (53.3 vs 56.2 years, p=.505) and admission ASIA motor score (mean difference [MD]=-0.31 [-3.61, 2.98], p=.85) were similar between the early and late decompression groups. At 6-month follow-up, the two groups were similar in ASIA motor score (MD= -3.30 [-8.24, 1.65], p=.19). However, at 1-year follow-up, the early decompression group had a higher ASIA motor score than the late decompression group in total (MD=4.89 [2.89, 6.88], p<.001, evidence: moderate), upper extremities (MD=2.59 [0.82, 4.36], p=.004) and lower extremities (MD=1.08 [0.34, 1.83], p=.004). Early decompression was also associated with lower VTE (odds ratio [OR]=0.41 [0.26, 0.65], p=.001, evidence: moderate), total complications (OR=0.53 [0.42, 0.67], p<.001, evidence: moderate), and hospital LOS (MD=-2.94 days [-3.83, -2.04], p<.001, evidence: moderate). Finally, ICU LOS (MD=-0.69 days [-1.65, 0.28], p=.16, evidence: very low) and overall mortality (OR=1.35 [0.93, 1.94], p=.11, evidence: moderate) were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis of these studies demonstrated that early decompression was beneficial in terms of ASIA motor score, VTE, complications, and hospital LOS. Furthermore, early decompression did not increase mortality odds. Although treatment decision-making has been individualized, early decompression should be considered for patients presenting with ATCCS, provided that the surgeon deems it appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Aldin Sattari
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Albert Antar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - John N Theodore
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Andrew M Hersh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Abdel-Hameed Al-Mistarehi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - A Daniel Davidar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Carly Weber-Levine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Tej D Azad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Wuyang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - James Feghali
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Risheng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Amir Manbachi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Daniel Lubelski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Louis Chang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Timothy Witham
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Allan Belzberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Nicholas Theodore
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe St., Meyer 7-113, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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9
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Raza SS. Creating a Reproducible Model of Spinal Cord Injury in Rats: A Contusion Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2761:559-567. [PMID: 38427261 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3662-6_37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition that affects millions of people worldwide. SCI primarily affects males in younger age groups. It is characterized by a complex of neurological dysfunctions that can lead to permanent disability. We describe an adapted technique for SCI, i.e., a contusion model of SCI, in this chapter. This model is widely used to study the pathology of SCI and test potential therapies. The experimental contusion is performed by using a compression device, which allows the creation of a reproducible injury animal model through the definition of specific injury parameters. A detailed methodology has been developed and described here that utilizes a stereotactic frame and impactor to produce reproducible injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shadab Raza
- Laboratory for Stem Cell & Restorative Neurology, Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, India.
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Era's Lucknow Medical College Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, India.
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10
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Willits AB, Kader L, Eller O, Roberts E, Bye B, Strope T, Freudenthal BD, Umar S, Chintapalli S, Shankar K, Pei D, Christianson J, Baumbauer KM, Young EE. Spinal cord injury-induced neurogenic bowel: A role for host-microbiome interactions in bowel pain and dysfunction. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2024; 15:100156. [PMID: 38601267 PMCID: PMC11004406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2024.100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Background and aims Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects roughly 300,000 Americans with 17,000 new cases added annually. In addition to paralysis, 60% of people with SCI develop neurogenic bowel (NB), a syndrome characterized by slow colonic transit, constipation, and chronic abdominal pain. The knowledge gap surrounding NB mechanisms after SCI means that interventions are primarily symptom-focused and largely ineffective. The goal of the present studies was to identify mechanism(s) that initiate and maintain NB after SCI as a critical first step in the development of evidence-based, novel therapeutic treatment options. Methods Following spinal contusion injury at T9, we observed alterations in bowel structure and function reflecting key clinical features of NB. We then leveraged tissue-specific whole transcriptome analyses (RNAseq) and fecal 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing in combination with histological, molecular, and functional (Ca2+ imaging) approaches to identify potential mechanism(s) underlying the generation of the NB phenotype. Results In agreement with prior reports focused on SCI-induced changes in the skin, we observed a rapid and persistent increase in expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in the colon. This is suggestive of a neurogenic inflammation-like process engaged by antidromic activity of below-level primary afferents following SCI. CGRP has been shown to disrupt colon homeostasis and negatively affect peristalsis and colon function. As predicted, contusion SCI resulted in increased colonic transit time, expansion of lymphatic nodules, colonic structural and genomic damage, and disruption of the inner, sterile intestinal mucus layer corresponding to increased CGRP expression in the colon. Gut microbiome colonization significantly shifted over 28 days leading to the increase in Anaeroplasma, a pathogenic, gram-negative microbe. Moreover, colon specific vagal afferents and enteric neurons were hyperresponsive after SCI to different agonists including fecal supernatants. Conclusions Our data suggest that SCI results in overexpression of colonic CGRP which could alter colon structure and function. Neurogenic inflammatory-like processes and gut microbiome dysbiosis can also sensitize vagal afferents, providing a mechanism for visceral pain despite the loss of normal sensation post-SCI. These data may shed light on novel therapeutic interventions targeting this process to prevent NB development in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B. Willits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Leena Kader
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Olivia Eller
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Emily Roberts
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Bailey Bye
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Taylor Strope
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Bret D. Freudenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Sree Chintapalli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dong Pei
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Julie Christianson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Kyle M. Baumbauer
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Erin E. Young
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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11
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Li F, Cai T, Yu L, Yu G, Zhang H, Geng Y, Kuang J, Wang Y, Cai Y, Xiao J, Wang X, Ding J, Xu H, Ni W, Zhou K. FGF-18 Protects the Injured Spinal cord in mice by Suppressing Pyroptosis and Promoting Autophagy via the AKT-mTOR-TRPML1 axis. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:55-73. [PMID: 37581847 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03503-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe medical condition with lasting effects. The efficacy of numerous clinical treatments is hampered by the intricate pathophysiological mechanism of SCI. Fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF-18) has been found to exert neuroprotective effects after brain ischaemia, but its effect after SCI has not been well explored. The aim of the present study was to explore the therapeutic effect of FGF-18 on SCI and the related mechanism. In the present study, a mouse model of SCI was used, and the results showed that FGF-18 may significantly affect functional recovery. The present findings demonstrated that FGF-18 directly promoted functional recovery by increasing autophagy and decreasing pyroptosis. In addition, FGF-18 increased autophagy, and the well-known autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA) reversed the therapeutic benefits of FGF-18 after SCI, suggesting that autophagy mediates the therapeutic effects of FGF-18 on SCI. A mechanistic study revealed that after stimulation of the protein kinase B (AKT)-transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1)-calcineurin signalling pathway, the FGF-18-induced increase in autophagy was mediated by the dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of transcription factor E3 (TFE3). Together, these findings indicated that FGF-18 is a robust autophagy modulator capable of accelerating functional recovery after SCI, suggesting that it may be a promising treatment for SCI in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feida Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tingwen Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Letian Yu
- Renji College of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gaoxiang Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yibo Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaxuan Kuang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, 315300, Ningbo, China
| | - Yongli Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huzhou Basic and Clinical Translation of Orthopaedics key Laboratory, Huzhou Central Hospital, 313300, Huzhou, China
| | - Yuepiao Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, 325027, Wenzhou, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Wenfei Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Wenzhou, China.
- Cixi Biomedical Research Institute, Wenzhou Medical University, 315300, Ningbo, China.
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12
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Ramos D, Cruz CD. Involvement of microglia in chronic neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury - a systematic review. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:933-950. [PMID: 37490300 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent decade microglia have been found to have a central role in the development of chronic neuropathic pain after injury to the peripheral nervous system. It is widely accepted that peripheral nerve injury triggers microglial activation in the spinal cord, which contributes to heightened pain sensation and eventually chronic pain states. The contribution of microglia to chronic pain arising after injury to the central nervous system, such as spinal cord injury (SCI), has been less studied, but there is evidence supporting microglial contribution to central neuropathic pain. In this systematic review, we focused on post-SCI microglial activation and how it is linked to emergence and maintenance of chronic neuropathic pain arising after SCI. We found that the number of studies using animal SCI models addressing microglial activity is still small, compared with the ones using peripheral nerve injury models. We have collected 20 studies for full inclusion in this review. Many mechanisms and cellular interactions are yet to be fully understood, although several studies report an increase of density and activity of microglia in the spinal cord, both in the vicinity of the injury and in the spared spinal tissue, as well as in the brain. Changes in microglial activity come with several molecular changes, including expression of receptors and activation of signalling pathways. As with peripheral neuropathic pain, microglia seem to be important players and might become a therapeutic target in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ramos
- Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Biomedicine, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Duarte Cruz
- Department of Biomedicine, Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Translational Neurourology, IBMC and Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
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13
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Trueblood CT, Singh A, Cusimano MA, Hou S. Autonomic Dysreflexia in Spinal Cord Injury: Mechanisms and Prospective Therapeutic Targets. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231217455. [PMID: 38084412 PMCID: PMC11166887 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231217455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
High-level spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in cardiovascular dysfunction, especially the development of autonomic dysreflexia. This disorder, characterized as an episode of hypertension accompanied by bradycardia in response to visceral or somatic stimuli, causes substantial discomfort and potentially life-threatening symptoms. The neural mechanisms underlying this dysautonomia include a loss of supraspinal control to spinal sympathetic neurons, maladaptive plasticity of sensory inputs and propriospinal interneurons, and excessive discharge of sympathetic preganglionic neurons. While neural control of cardiovascular function is largely disrupted after SCI, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which mediates blood pressure through hormonal mechanisms, is up-regulated after injury. Whether the RAS engages in autonomic dysreflexia, however, is still controversial. Regarding therapeutics, transplantation of embryonic presympathetic neurons, collected from the brainstem or more specific raphe regions, into the injured spinal cord may reestablish supraspinal regulation of sympathetic activity for cardiovascular improvement. This treatment reduces the occurrence of spontaneous autonomic dysreflexia and the severity of artificially triggered dysreflexic responses in rodent SCI models. Though transplanting early-stage neurons improves neural regulation of blood pressure, hormonal regulation remains high and baroreflex dysfunction persists. Therefore, cell transplantation combined with selected RAS inhibition may enhance neuroendocrine homeostasis for cardiovascular recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron T. Trueblood
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anurag Singh
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marissa A. Cusimano
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shaoping Hou
- Marion Murray Spinal Cord Research Center, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Wang W, Li S, Li H, Guo P, Lyu C, Ye P, Yang W, Wang J, Yu D, Lu G, Tan H. Neuroprotective Effects of Microglial Membrane-Derived Biomimetic Particles for Spinal Cord Injury. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301592. [PMID: 37681300 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of oxidative stress and inflammatory responses caused by secondary injury following traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is an attractive strategy in treating traumatic SCI. However, the efficacy of drugs is severely limited owing to the poor penetration of the blood spinal cord barrier (BSCB). Here, inspired by cell chemotaxis and related chemokines production at the lesion sites of SCI, the microglial membrane is selected to construct a drug delivery system with the ability to cross the BSCB and target the lesions. PR@MM is prepared based on the assembly of polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and resveratrol (RSV) followed by microglial membrane (MM) coating. Compared to that of the uncoated nanoparticles, the enrichment of PR@MM at the lesion sites of SCI increases, which is beneficial to achieve lesion targeting of RSV and exert therapeutic functions. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that PR@MM has the ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species and anti-inflammatory effects, which ultimately promotes the recovery of locomotory function after SCI. Therefore, this microglial membrane-based drug delivery system provides a promising biomimetic nanomedicine for targeted therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wang
- Center for Child Care and Mental Health (CCCMH), Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shang Li
- Department of Orthopedic, the Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Peilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Chengliang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Peng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jinghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Dingle Yu
- Center for Child Care and Mental Health (CCCMH), Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
| | - Guihong Lu
- Center for Child Care and Mental Health (CCCMH), Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Science Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Hui Tan
- Center for Child Care and Mental Health (CCCMH), Shenzhen Children's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518038, China
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15
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Kuehn N, Schwarz A, Beretta CA, Schwarte Y, Schmitt F, Motsch M, Weidner N, Puttagunta R. Intermediate gray matter interneurons in the lumbar spinal cord play a critical and necessary role in coordinated locomotion. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291740. [PMID: 37906544 PMCID: PMC10617729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotion is a complex task involving excitatory and inhibitory circuitry in spinal gray matter. While genetic knockouts examine the function of individual spinal interneuron (SpIN) subtypes, the phenotype of combined SpIN loss remains to be explored. We modified a kainic acid lesion to damage intermediate gray matter (laminae V-VIII) in the lumbar spinal enlargement (spinal L2-L4) in female rats. A thorough, tailored behavioral evaluation revealed deficits in gross hindlimb function, skilled walking, coordination, balance and gait two weeks post-injury. Using a Random Forest algorithm, we combined these behavioral assessments into a highly predictive binary classification system that strongly correlated with structural deficits in the rostro-caudal axis. Machine-learning quantification confirmed interneuronal damage to laminae V-VIII in spinal L2-L4 correlates with hindlimb dysfunction. White matter alterations and lower motoneuron loss were not observed with this KA lesion. Animals did not regain lost sensorimotor function three months after injury, indicating that natural recovery mechanisms of the spinal cord cannot compensate for loss of laminae V-VIII neurons. As gray matter damage accounts for neurological/walking dysfunction in instances of spinal cord injury affecting the cervical or lumbar enlargement, this research lays the groundwork for new neuroregenerative therapies to replace these lost neuronal pools vital to sensorimotor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naëmi Kuehn
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schwarz
- Laboratory for Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlo Antonio Beretta
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Schwarte
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francesca Schmitt
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Motsch
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Weidner
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Radhika Puttagunta
- Laboratory for Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Kim HW, Yong H, Shea GKH. Blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in degenerative cervical myelopathy. Fluids Barriers CNS 2023; 20:68. [PMID: 37743487 PMCID: PMC10519090 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is the most prevalent cause of spinal cord dysfunction in the aging population. Significant neurological deficits may result from a delayed diagnosis as well as inadequate neurological recovery following surgical decompression. Here, we review the pathophysiology of DCM with an emphasis on how blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) disruption is a critical yet neglected pathological feature affecting prognosis. In patients suffering from DCM, compromise of the BSCB is evidenced by elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to serum protein ratios and abnormal contrast-enhancement upon magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In animal model correlates, there is histological evidence of increased extravasation of tissue dyes and serum contents, and pathological changes to the neurovascular unit. BSCB dysfunction is the likely culprit for ischemia-reperfusion injury following surgical decompression, which can result in devastating neurological sequelae. As there are currently no therapeutic approaches specifically targeting BSCB reconstitution, we conclude the review by discussing potential interventions harnessed for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, LKS Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hu Yong
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, LKS Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Graham Ka Hon Shea
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, LKS Faulty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Butler MB, Vellaiyappan SK, Bhatti F, Syed FEM, Rafati Fard A, Teh JQ, Grodzinski B, Akhbari M, Adeeko S, Dilworth R, Bhatti A, Waheed U, Robinson S, Osunronbi T, Walker B, Ottewell L, Suresh G, Kuhn I, Davies BM, Kotter MRN, Mowforth OD. The impact of phosphodiesterase inhibition on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1237219. [PMID: 37675134 PMCID: PMC10479944 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1237219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Study design Systematic review. Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic and non-traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42019150639). Searches were performed in MEDLINE and Embase. Studies were included if they evaluated the impact of PDE inhibitors on neurobehavioral outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic or non-traumatic SCI. Data were extracted from relevant studies, including sample characteristics, injury model, and neurobehavioral assessment and outcomes. Risk of bias was assessed using the SYRCLE checklist. Results The search yielded a total of 1,679 studies, of which 22 met inclusion criteria. Sample sizes ranged from 11 to 144 animals. PDE inhibitors used include rolipram (n = 16), cilostazol (n = 4), roflumilast (n = 1), and PDE4-I (n = 1). The injury models used were traumatic SCI (n = 18), spinal cord ischemia (n = 3), and degenerative cervical myelopathy (n = 1). The most commonly assessed outcome measures were Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor score (n = 13), and grid walking (n = 7). Of the 22 papers that met the final inclusion criteria, 12 showed a significant improvement in neurobehavioral outcomes following the use of PDE inhibitors, four papers had mixed findings and six found PDE inhibitors to be ineffective in improving neurobehavioral recovery following an SCI. Notably, these findings were broadly consistent across different PDE inhibitors and spinal cord injury models. Conclusion In preclinical models of traumatic and non-traumatic SCI, the administration of PDE inhibitors appeared to be associated with statistically significant improvements in neurobehavioral outcomes in a majority of included studies. However, the evidence was inconsistent with a high risk of bias. This review provides a foundation to aid the interpretation of subsequent clinical trials of PDE inhibitors in spinal cord injury. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=150639, identifier: CRD42019150639.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max B. Butler
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sundar K. Vellaiyappan
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Faheem Bhatti
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fazal-E-Momin Syed
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amir Rafati Fard
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jye Quan Teh
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Grodzinski
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Melika Akhbari
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sylva Adeeko
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rory Dilworth
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aniqah Bhatti
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Unaiza Waheed
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Robinson
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Temidayo Osunronbi
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benn Walker
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Luke Ottewell
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gayathri Suresh
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Isla Kuhn
- Medical Library, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin M. Davies
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. N. Kotter
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver D. Mowforth
- Division of Academic Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Li W, Cheng J, He F, Zhang P, Zhang N, Wang J, Song Q, Hou Y, Gan Z. Cell membrane-based nanomaterials for theranostics of central nervous system diseases. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:276. [PMID: 37596631 PMCID: PMC10439658 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases have been widely acknowledged as one of the major healthy concerns globally, which lead to serious impacts on human health. There will be about 135 million CNS diseases cases worldwide by mid-century, and CNS diseases will become the second leading cause of death after the cardiovascular disease by 2040. Most CNS diseases lack of effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies with one of the reasons that the biological barrier extremely hampers the delivery of theranostic agents. In recent years, nanotechnology-based drug delivery is a quite promising way for CNS diseases due to excellent properties. Among them, cell membrane-based nanomaterials with natural bio-surface, high biocompatibility and biosafety, are of great significance in both the diagnosis and treatment of different CNS diseases. In this review, the state of art of the fabrication of cell membranes-based nanomaterials is introduced. The characteristics of different CNS diseases, and the application of cell membranes-based nanomaterials in the theranostics are summarized. In addition, the future prospects and limitations of cell membrane nanotechnology are anticipated. Through summarizing the state of art of the fabrication, giving examples of CNS diseases, and highlighting the applications in theranostics, the current review provides designing methods and ideas for subsequent cell membrane nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyue Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junwei Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fangfei He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Peisen Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ni Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Qiliang Song
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang, 262700, China.
| | - Yi Hou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhihua Gan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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19
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Norris C, Weatherbee J, Murphy S, Marquetti I, Maniakhina L, Boruch A, VandeVord P. A closed-body preclinical model to investigate blast-induced spinal cord injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1199732. [PMID: 37383427 PMCID: PMC10293620 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1199732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Blast-induced spinal cord injuries (bSCI) are common and account for 75% of all combat-related spinal trauma. It remains unclear how the rapid change in pressure contributes to pathological outcomes resulting from these complex injuries. Further research is necessary to aid in specialized treatments for those affected. The purpose of this study was to develop a preclinical injury model to investigate the behavior and pathophysiology of blast exposure to the spine, which will bring further insight into outcomes and treatment decisions for complex spinal cord injuries (SCI). An Advanced Blast Simulator was used to study how blast exposure affects the spinal cord in a non-invasive manner. A custom fixture was designed to support the animal in a position that protects the vital organs while exposing the thoracolumbar region of the spine to the blast wave. The Tarlov Scale and Open Field Test (OFT) were used to detect changes in locomotion or anxiety, respectively, 72 h following bSCI. Spinal cords were then harvested and histological staining was performed to investigate markers of traumatic axonal injury (β-APP, NF-L) and neuroinflammation (GFAP, Iba1, S100β). Analysis of the blast dynamics demonstrated that this closed-body model for bSCI was found to be highly repeatable, administering consistent pressure pulses following a Friedlander waveform. There were no significant changes in acute behavior; however, expression of β-APP, Iba1, and GFAP significantly increased in the spinal cord following blast exposure (p < 0.05). Additional measures of cell count and area of positive signal provided evidence of increased inflammation and gliosis in the spinal cord at 72 h after blast injury. These findings indicated that pathophysiological responses from the blast alone are detectable, likely contributing to the combined effects. This novel injury model also demonstrated applications as a closed-body SCI model for neuroinflammation enhancing relevance of the preclinical model. Further investigation is necessary to assess the longitudinal pathological outcomes, combined effects from complex injuries, and minimally invasive treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Norris
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Justin Weatherbee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Susan Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salem, VA, United States
| | - Izabele Marquetti
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC, United States
| | - Lana Maniakhina
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC, United States
| | - Alan Boruch
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Carolinas Campus, Spartanburg, SC, United States
| | - Pamela VandeVord
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salem, VA, United States
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20
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Kim DH, Sim KB. A Novel Acute Discogenic Myelopathy Model Using Merocel ® Sponge: Comparison With Clip Compression Model in Rats. Korean J Neurotrauma 2023; 19:204-217. [PMID: 37431382 PMCID: PMC10329878 DOI: 10.13004/kjnt.2023.19.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Animal models of spinal cord injuries (SCIs) use rats to simulate human SCIs. Among the various techniques, clips have been used to reproduce the compression-contusion model. However, the mechanism of injury in discogenic incomplete SCI may differ from that in clip injury; however, a model has yet to be established. Previously, we issued a patent (No. 10-2053770) for a rat SCI model using Merocel®, a water-absorbing self-expanding polymer sponge. The objectives of this study were to compare the locomotor and histopathological changes between the Merocel®-compression model (MC group) and clip compression model (clip group). Methods This study included 4 groups of rats: MC (n=30), MC-sham (n=5), clip (n=30), and clip-sham (n=5). Locomotor function was evaluated in all groups using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scoring system, 4 weeks after injury. Histopathological analyses included morphology, presence of inflammatory cells, microglial activation, and extent of neuronal damage, which were compared among the groups. Results The BBB scores in the MC group were significantly higher than those in the clip group throughout the 4 weeks (p<0.01). Neuropathological changes in the MC group were significantly less severe than those in the clip group. In addition, motor neurons were well preserved in the ventral horn of the MC group but poorly preserved in the ventral horn of the clip group. Conclusion The novel MC group can help elucidate the pathophysiology of acute discogenic incomplete SCIs and may be applied in various SCI therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hyung Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki-Bum Sim
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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21
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Wei H, Wu X, Withrow J, Cuevas-Diaz Duran R, Singh S, Chaboub LS, Rakshit J, Mejia J, Rolfe A, Herrera JJ, Horner PJ, Wu JQ. Glial progenitor heterogeneity and key regulators revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing provide insight to regeneration in spinal cord injury. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112486. [PMID: 37149868 PMCID: PMC10511029 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the heterogeneous nature of astrocytes; however, how diverse constituents of astrocyte-lineage cells are regulated in adult spinal cord after injury and contribute to regeneration remains elusive. We perform single-cell RNA sequencing of GFAP-expressing cells from sub-chronic spinal cord injury models and identify and compare with the subpopulations in acute-stage data. We find subpopulations with distinct functional enrichment and their identities defined by subpopulation-specific transcription factors and regulons. Immunohistochemistry, RNAscope experiments, and quantification by stereology verify the molecular signature, location, and morphology of potential resident neural progenitors or neural stem cells in the adult spinal cord before and after injury and uncover the populations of the intermediate cells enriched in neuronal genes that could potentially transition into other subpopulations. This study has expanded the knowledge of the heterogeneity and cell state transition of glial progenitors in adult spinal cord before and after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Wei
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xizi Wu
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph Withrow
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Raquel Cuevas-Diaz Duran
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64710, Mexico
| | - Simranjit Singh
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lesley S Chaboub
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jyotirmoy Rakshit
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Julio Mejia
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew Rolfe
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Juan J Herrera
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Philip J Horner
- Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Jia Qian Wu
- The Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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Frantsuzov R, Mondal S, Walsh CM, Reynolds JP, Dooley D, MacManus DB. A finite element model of contusion spinal cord injury in rodents. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 142:105856. [PMID: 37087955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.105856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injuries result from high impact forces acting on the spine and are proceeded by an extensive secondary inflammatory response resulting in motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction. Experimental in vivo traumatic spinal cord injuries in rodents using a contusion model have been extremely useful in elucidating the underlying pathophysiology of these injuries. However, the relationship between the pathophysiology and the biomechanical factors is still not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the biomechanics of traumatic spinal cord injury in a rat contusion model. This is achieved through the development and validation of a finite element model of the thoracic rat spinal cord and subsequently simulating controlled cortical impact-induced traumatic spinal cord injury. The effects of impactor velocity, depth, and geometry on the resulting stresses and strains within the spinal cord are investigated. Our results show that increasing impactor depth results in larger stresses and strains within the spinal cord tissue as expected. Further, for the first time ever our results show that impactor geometry (spherical versus cylindrical) plays an important role in the distribution and magnitude of stresses and strains within the cord. Therefore, finite element modelling can be a powerful tool used to predict stresses and strains that occur in spinal cord tissue during trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Frantsuzov
- School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Subrata Mondal
- School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciara M Walsh
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - James P Reynolds
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - David B MacManus
- School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; MEDeng Research Centre, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; Biodesign Europe, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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23
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MacIntosh-Smith WAC, Abdallah A, Cunningham CJ. The potential effects of polyunsaturated ω-3 fatty acids on spinal cord injury: A systematic review & meta-analysis of preclinical evidence. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2023; 191:102554. [PMID: 36913861 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2023.102554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have received attention for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Preclinical studies have investigated the efficacy of PUFAs in animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) to determine if these properties can translate to neuroprotection and locomotor recovery. Findings from such studies have been promising, suggesting PUFAs as potential treatments against the neurological dysfunction induced by SCI. This systematic review and meta-analysis sought to investigate the efficacy of PUFAs for promoting locomotor recovery in animal models of SCI. PubMed, Web of Science and Embase (Ovid) were searched for relevant papers and those that examined the restorative effects of PUFAs on locomotor recovery in preclinical SCI models were included in our analysis. A random effects meta-analysis (restricted maximum likelihood estimator) was employed. A total of 28 studies were included and the results showed the claim that PUFAs have a beneficial therapeutic effect for promoting locomotor recovery (SMD = 1.037, 95% CI = 0.809-1.2644, p = <0.001) and cell survival (SMD = 1.101, 95% CI = 0.889-1.313, p = <0.001) in animal models of SCI. No significant differences for the secondary outcomes of neuropathic pain and lesion volume. Moderate asymmetry was observed in the funnel plots for locomotor recovery, cell survival and neuropathic pain measures, suggesting publication bias. Trim-and-fill analysis estimated 13, 3, 0 and 4 missing studies for locomotor recovery, cell survival, neuropathic pain, and lesion volume, respectively. A modified CAMARADES checklist was also used to assess risk of bias, showing that the median score for all included papers was 4 out of a possible 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A C MacIntosh-Smith
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.
| | - A Abdallah
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - C J Cunningham
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, The University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
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24
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Smith NJ, Doody NE, Štěpánková K, Fuller M, Ichiyama RM, Kwok JCF, Egginton S. Spatiotemporal microvascular changes following contusive spinal cord injury. Front Neuroanat 2023; 17:1152131. [PMID: 37025098 PMCID: PMC10070689 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2023.1152131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microvascular integrity is disrupted following spinal cord injury (SCI) by both primary and secondary insults. Changes to neuronal structures are well documented, but little is known about how the capillaries change and recover following injury. Spatiotemporal morphological information is required to explore potential treatments targeting the microvasculature post-SCI to improve functional recovery. Sprague-Dawley rats were given a T10 moderate/severe (200 kDyn) contusion injury and were perfuse-fixed at days 2, 5, 15, and 45 post-injury. Unbiased stereology following immunohistochemistry in four areas (ventral and dorsal grey and white matter) across seven spinal segments (n = 4 for each group) was used to calculate microvessel density, surface area, and areal density. In intact sham spinal cords, average microvessel density across the thoracic spinal cord was: ventral grey matter: 571 ± 45 mm-2, dorsal grey matter: 484 ± 33 mm-2, ventral white matter: 90 ± 8 mm-2, dorsal white matter: 88 ± 7 mm-2. Post-SCI, acute microvascular disruption was evident, particularly at the injury epicentre, and spreading three spinal segments rostrally and caudally. Damage was most severe in grey matter at the injury epicentre (T10) and T11. Reductions in all morphological parameters (95-99% at day 2 post-SCI) implied vessel regression and/or collapse acutely. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed disturbed aspects of neurovascular unit fine structure at day 2 post-SCI (n = 2 per group) at T10 and T11. TEM demonstrated a more diffuse and disrupted basement membrane and wider intercellular clefts at day 2, suggesting a more permeable blood spinal cord barrier and microvessel remodelling. Some evidence of angiogenesis was seen during recovery from days 2 to 45, indicated by increased vessel density, surface area, and areal density at day 45. These novel results show that the spinal cord microvasculature is highly adaptive following SCI, even at chronic stages and up to three spinal segments from the injury epicentre. Multiple measures of gross and fine capillary structure from acute to chronic time points provide insight into microvascular remodelling post-SCI. We have identified key vascular treatment targets, namely stabilising damaged capillaries and replacing destroyed vessels, which may be used to improve functional outcomes following SCI in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Smith
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie E. Doody
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kateřina Štěpánková
- Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Neuroscience, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Fuller
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jessica C. F. Kwok
- Centre for Reconstructive Neuroscience, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Stuart Egginton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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25
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Molecular Aspects of Hypoxic Stress Effects in Chronic Ethanol Exposure of Neuronal Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:1655-1680. [PMID: 36826052 PMCID: PMC9955714 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental models of a clinical, pathophysiological context are used to understand molecular mechanisms and develop novel therapies. Previous studies revealed better outcomes for spinal cord injury chronic ethanol-consuming patients. This study evaluated cellular and molecular changes in a model mimicking spinal cord injury (hypoxic stress induced by treatment with deferoxamine or cobalt chloride) in chronic ethanol-consuming patients (ethanol-exposed neural cultures (SK-N-SH)) in order to explain the clinical paradigm of better outcomes for spinal cord injury chronic ethanol-consuming patients. The results show that long-term ethanol exposure has a cytotoxic effect, inducing apoptosis. At 24 h after the induction of hypoxic stress (by deferoxamine or cobalt chloride treatments), reduced ROS in long-term ethanol-exposed SK-N-SH cells was observed, which might be due to an adaptation to stressful conditions. In addition, the HIF-1α protein level was increased after hypoxic treatment of long-term ethanol-exposed cells, inducing fluctuations in its target metabolic enzymes proportionally with treatment intensity. The wound healing assay demonstrated that the cells recovered after stress conditions, showing that the ethanol-exposed cells that passed the acute step had the same proliferation profile as the cells unexposed to ethanol. Deferoxamine-treated cells displayed higher proliferative activity than the control cells in the proliferation-migration assay, emphasizing the neuroprotective effect. Cells have overcome the critical point of the alcohol-induced traumatic impact and adapted to ethanol (a chronic phenomenon), sustaining the regeneration process. However, further experiments are needed to ensure recovery efficiency is more effective in chronic ethanol exposure.
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26
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Ferreira A, Nascimento D, Cruz CD. Molecular Mechanism Operating in Animal Models of Neurogenic Detrusor Overactivity: A Systematic Review Focusing on Bladder Dysfunction of Neurogenic Origin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043273. [PMID: 36834694 PMCID: PMC9959149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) is a severe lower urinary tract disorder, characterized by urinary urgency, retention, and incontinence, as a result of a neurologic lesion that results in damage in neuronal pathways controlling micturition. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive framework of the currently used animal models for the investigation of this disorder, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of NDO. An electronic search was performed with PubMed and Scopus for literature describing animal models of NDO used in the last 10 years. The search retrieved 648 articles, of which reviews and non-original articles were excluded. After careful selection, 51 studies were included for analysis. Spinal cord injury (SCI) was the most frequently used model to study NDO, followed by animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, meningomyelocele, and stroke. Rats were the most commonly used animal, particularly females. Most studies evaluated bladder function through urodynamic methods, with awake cystometry being particularly preferred. Several molecular mechanisms have been identified, including changes in inflammatory processes, regulation of cell survival, and neuronal receptors. In the NDO bladder, inflammatory markers, apoptosis-related factors, and ischemia- and fibrosis-related molecules were found to be upregulated. Purinergic, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors were downregulated, as most neuronal markers. In neuronal tissue, neurotrophic factors, apoptosis-related factors, and ischemia-associated molecules are increased, as well as markers of microglial and astrocytes at lesion sites. Animal models of NDO have been crucial for understanding the pathophysiology of lower urinary tract (LUT) dysfunction. Despite the heterogeneity of animal models for NDO onset, most studies rely on traumatic SCI models rather than other NDO-driven pathologies, which may result in some issues when translating pre-clinical observations to clinical settings other than SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ferreira
- Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S and IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Nascimento
- Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Duarte Cruz
- Experimental Biology Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde-i3S and IBMC, Universidade do Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-220426740; Fax: +351-225513655
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27
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Soriano JE, Hudelle R, Squair JW, Mahe L, Amir S, Gautier M, Puchalt VP, Barraud Q, Phillips AA, Courtine G. Longitudinal interrogation of sympathetic neural circuits and hemodynamics in preclinical models. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:340-373. [PMID: 36418397 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders, including spinal cord injury, result in hemodynamic instability due to the disruption of supraspinal projections to the sympathetic circuits located in the spinal cord. We recently developed a preclinical model that allows the identification of the topology and dynamics through which sympathetic circuits modulate hemodynamics, supporting the development of a neuroprosthetic baroreflex that precisely controls blood pressure in rats, monkeys and humans with spinal cord injuries. Here, we describe the continuous monitoring of arterial blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity over several months in preclinical models of chronic neurological disorders using commercially available telemetry technologies, as well as optogenetic and neuronal tract-tracing procedures specifically adapted to the sympathetic circuitry. Using a blueprint to construct a negative-pressure chamber, the approach enables the reproduction, in rats, of well-controlled and reproducible episodes of hypotension-mimicking orthostatic challenges already used in humans. Blood pressure variations can thus be directly induced and linked to the molecular, functional and anatomical properties of specific neurons in the brainstem, spinal cord and ganglia. Each procedure can be completed in under 2 h, while the construction of the negative-pressure chamber requires up to 1 week. With training, individuals with a basic understanding of cardiovascular physiology, engineering or neuroscience can collect longitudinal recordings of hemodynamics and sympathetic nerve activity over several months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Elaine Soriano
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiac Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Rémi Hudelle
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jordan W Squair
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiac Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Lois Mahe
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Suje Amir
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthieu Gautier
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Perez Puchalt
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Barraud
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aaron A Phillips
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiac Sciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
| | - Gregoire Courtine
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Defitech Center for Interventional Neurotherapies (.NeuroRestore), EPFL/CHUV/UNIL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Jarragh A, Shuaib A, Al-Khaledi G, Alotaibi F, Al-Sabah S, Masocha W. A custom-made weight-drop impactor to produce consistent spinal cord injury outcomes in a rat model. Transl Neurosci 2023; 14:20220287. [PMID: 37250141 PMCID: PMC10224629 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The main objective of this study is to design a custom-made weight-drop impactor device to produce a consistent spinal cord contusion model in rats in order to examine the efficacy of potential therapies for post-traumatic spinal cord injuries (SCIs). Methods Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 24, 11 weeks old) were randomly divided equally into two groups: sham and injured. The consistent injury pattern was produced by a 10 g stainless steel rod dropped from a height of 30 mm to cause (0.75 mm) intended displacement to the dorsal surface of spinal cord. The neurological functional outcomes were assessed at different time intervals using the following standardized neurobehavioral tests: Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) scores, BBB open-field locomotion test, Louisville Swim Scale (LSS), and CatWalk gait analysis system. Results Hind limb functional parameters between the two groups using BBB scores and LSS were significantly different (p < 0.05). There were significant differences (p < 0.05) between the SCI group and the sham group for the hind limb functional parameters using the CatWalk gait analysis. Conclusion We developed an inexpensive custom-made SCI device that yields a precise adjustment of the height and displacement of the impact relative to the spinal cord surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jarragh
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ali Shuaib
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Biomedical Engineering Unit, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Ghanim Al-Khaledi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Fatima Alotaibi
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sulaiman Al-Sabah
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
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29
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McKinnon R, Lupinski I, Liang A. Security breach: peripheral nerves provide unrestricted access for toxin delivery into the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:64-67. [PMID: 35799510 PMCID: PMC9241397 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.345472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We explore the hypothesis that a potential explanation for the initiation of motor neuron disease is an unappreciated vulnerability in central nervous system defense, the direct delivery of neurotoxins into motor neurons via peripheral nerve retrograde transport. This further suggests a mechanism for focal initiation of neuro-degenerative diseases in general, with subsequent spread by network degeneration as suggested by the Frost-Diamond hypothesis. We propose this vulnerability may be a byproduct of vertebrate evolution in a benign aquatic environment, where external surfaces were not exposed to concentrated neurotoxins.
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Dynamic changes in mechanical properties of the adult rat spinal cord after injury. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:436-448. [PMID: 36435440 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), a debilitating medical condition that can cause irreversible loss of neurons and permanent paralysis, currently has no cure. However, regenerative medicine may offer a promising treatment. Given that numerous regenerative strategies aim to deliver cells and materials in the form of tissue-engineered therapies, understanding and characterising the mechanical properties of the spinal cord tissue is very important. In this study, we have systematically characterised the spatiotemporal changes in elastic stiffness (elastic modulus, Pa) and viscosity (drop in peak force, %) of injured rat thoracic spinal cord tissues at distinct time points after crush injury using the indentation technique. Our results demonstrate that in comparison with uninjured spinal cord tissue, the injured tissues exhibited lower stiffness (median 3281 Pa versus 9632 Pa; P < 0.001) but demonstrated elevated viscosity (median 80% versus 57%; P < 0.001) at 3 days postinjury. Between 4 and 6 weeks after SCI, the overall viscoelastic properties of injured tissues returned to baseline values. At 12 weeks after SCI, in comparison with uninjured tissue, the injured spinal cord tissues displayed a significant increase in both elasticity (median 13698 Pa versus 9920 Pa; P < 0.001) and viscosity (median 64% versus 58%; P < 0.001). This work constitutes the first quantitative mapping of spatiotemporal changes in spinal cord tissue elasticity and viscosity in injured rats, providing a mechanical basis of the tissue for future studies on the development of biomaterials for SCI repair. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating disease often leading to permanent paralysis. While enormous progress in understanding the molecular pathomechanisms of SCI has been made, the mechanical properties of injured spinal cord tissue have received considerably less attention. This study provides systematic characterization of the biomechanical evolution of rat spinal cord tissue after SCI using a microindentation test method. We find spinal cord tissue behaves significantly softer but more viscous immediately postinjury. As time passes, the lesion site gradually returns to baseline values and then displays pronounced increased viscoelastic properties. As host tissue mechanical properties are a crucial consideration for any biomaterial implanted into central nervous system, our results may have important implications for further studies of SCI repair.
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31
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Ahmed RU, Knibbe CA, Wilkins F, Sherwood LC, Howland DR, Boakye M. Porcine spinal cord injury model for translational research across multiple functional systems. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114267. [PMID: 36356636 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Animal models are necessary to identify pathological changes and help assess therapeutic outcomes following spinal cord injury (SCI). Small animal models offer value in research in terms of their easily managed size, minimal maintenance requirements, lower cost, well-characterized genomes, and ability to power research studies. However, despite these benefits, small animal models have neurologic and anatomical differences that may influence translation of results to humans and thus limiting the success of their use in preclinical studies as a direct pipeline to clinical studies. Large animal models, offer an attractive intermediary translation model that may be more successful in translating to the clinic for SCI research. This is largely due to their greater neurologic and anatomical similarities to humans. The physical characteristics of pig spinal cord, gut microbiome, metabolism, proportions of white to grey matter, bowel anatomy and function, and urinary system are strikingly similar and provide great insight into human SCI conditions. In this review, we address the variety of existing porcine injury models and their translational relevance, benefits, and drawbacks in modeling human systems and functions for neurophysiology, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and urodynamic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakib Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Chase A Knibbe
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Felicia Wilkins
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Leslie C Sherwood
- Comparative Medicine Research Unit, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dena R Howland
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Robley Rex VA Medical Center, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Maxwell Boakye
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Xie DM, Sun C, Tu Q, Li S, Zhang Y, Mei X, Li Y. Modified black phosphorus quantum dots promotes spinal cord injury repair by targeting the AKT signaling pathway. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231180033. [PMID: 37333896 PMCID: PMC10272649 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231180033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious refractory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), which mostly caused by high-energy trauma. Existing interventions such as hormone shock and surgery are insufficient options, which relate to the secondary inflammation and neuronal dysfunction. Hydrogel with neuron-protective behaviors attracts tremendous attention, and black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) encapsulating with Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) hydrogels (E@BP) is designed for inflammatory modulation and SCI treatment in this study. E@BP displays good stability, biocompatibility and safety profiles. E@BP incubation alleviates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation of primary neurons and enhances neuronal regeneration in vitro. Furthermore, E@BP reconstructs structural versus functional integrity of spinal cord tracts, which promotes recovery of motor neuron function in SCI rats after transplantation. Importantly, E@BP restarts the cell cycle and induces nerve regeneration. Moreover, E@BP diminishes local inflammation of SCI tissues, characterized by reducing accumulation of astrocyte, microglia, macrophages, and oligodendrocytes. Indeed, a common underlying mechanism of E@BP regulating neural regenerative and inflammatory responses is to promote the phosphorylation of key proteins related to AKT signaling pathway. Together, E@BP probably repairs SCI by reducing inflammation and promoting neuronal regeneration via the AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Mei Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuanwei Sun
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqiang Tu
- Zhongshan Medical College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Suyi Li
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yuanlong Li
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Anjum A, Cheah YJ, Yazid MD, Daud MF, Idris J, Ng MH, Naicker AS, Ismail OH, Athi Kumar RK, Tan GC, Wong YP, Mahadi MK, Lokanathan Y. Protocol paper: kainic acid excitotoxicity-induced spinal cord injury paraplegia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Biol Res 2022; 55:38. [PMID: 36494836 PMCID: PMC9733144 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excitotoxicity-induced in vivo injury models are vital to reflect the pathophysiological features of acute spinal cord injury (SCI) in humans. The duration and concentration of chemical treatment controls the extent of neuronal cell damage. The extent of injury is explained in relation to locomotor and behavioural activity. Several SCI in vivo methods have been reported and studied extensively, particularly contusion, compression, and transection models. These models depict similar pathophysiology to that in humans but are extremely expensive (contusion) and require expertise (compression). Chemical excitotoxicity-induced SCI models are simple and easy while producing similar clinical manifestations. The kainic acid (KA) excitotoxicity model is a convenient, low-cost, and highly reproducible animal model of SCI in the laboratory. The basic impactor approximately cost between 10,000 and 20,000 USD, while the kainic acid only cost between 300 and 500 USD, which is quite cheap as compared to traditional SCI method. METHODS In this study, 0.05 mM KA was administered at dose of 10 µL/100 g body weight, at a rate of 10 µL/min, to induce spinal injury by intra-spinal injection between the T12 and T13 thoracic vertebrae. In this protocol, detailed description of a dorsal laminectomy was explained to expose the spinal cord, following intra-spinal kainic acid administration at desired location. The dose, rate and technique to administer kainic acid were explained extensively to reflect a successful paraplegia and spinal cord injury in rats. The postoperative care and complication post injury of paraplegic laboratory animals were also explained, and necessary requirements to overcome these complications were also described to help researcher. RESULTS This injury model produced impaired hind limb locomotor function with mild seizure. Hence this protocol will help researchers to induce spinal cord injury in laboratories at extremely low cost and also will help to determine the necessary supplies, methods for producing SCI in rats and treatments designed to mitigate post-injury impairment. CONCLUSIONS Kainic acid intra-spinal injection at the concentration of 0.05 mM, and rate 10 µL/min, is an effective method create spinal injury in rats, however more potent concentrations of kainic acid need to be studied in order to create severe spinal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Anjum
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yt Jun Cheah
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Da’in Yazid
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fauzi Daud
- grid.440439.e0000 0004 0444 6368Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Jalilah Idris
- grid.440439.e0000 0004 0444 6368Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Malaysia, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Malaysia
| | - Min Hwei Ng
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amaramalar Selvi Naicker
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ohnmar Htwe Ismail
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ramesh Kumar Athi Kumar
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Geok Chin Tan
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yin Ping Wong
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Kaisan Mahadi
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557Drug and Herbal Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yogeswaran Lokanathan
- grid.412113.40000 0004 1937 1557Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Verstappen K, Aquarius R, Klymov A, Wever KE, Damveld L, Leeuwenburgh SCG, Bartels RHMA, Hooijmans CR, Walboomers XF. Systematic Evaluation of Spinal Cord Injury Animal Models in the Field of Biomaterials. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2022; 28:1169-1179. [PMID: 34915758 PMCID: PMC9805871 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The large number of animal models used in spinal cord injury (SCI) research complicates the objective selection of the most appropriate model to investigate the efficacy of biomaterial-based therapies. This systematic review aims to identify a list of relevant animal models of SCI by evaluating the confirmation of SCI and animal survival in all published SCI models used in biomaterials research up until April 2021. A search in PubMed and Embase based on "spinal cord injury," "animal models," and "biomaterials" yielded 4606 papers, 393 of which were further evaluated. A total of 404 individual animal experiments were identified based on type of SCI, level of SCI, and the sex, species, and strain of the animals used. Finally, a total of 149 unique animal models were comparatively evaluated, which led to the generation of an evidence-based list of well-documented mid-thoracic rat models of SCI. These models were used most often, clearly confirmed SCI, and had relatively high survival rates, and therefore could serve as a future starting point for studying novel biomaterial-based therapies for SCI. Furthermore, the review discusses (1) the possible risk of bias in SCI animal models, (2) the difficulty in replication of such experiments due to frequent poor reporting of the methods and results, and (3) the clinical relevance of the currently utilized models. Systematic review registration: The study was prospectively registered in PROSPERO, registration number CRD42019141162. Impact statement Studies on biomaterial-based therapies within the field of spinal cord injury (SCI) research show a large inconsistency concerning the selection of animal models. This review goes beyond summarizing the existing gaps between experimental and clinical SCI by systematically evaluating all animal models used within this field. The models identified by this work were used most often, clearly confirmed SCI, and had a relatively high survival rate. This evidence-based list of well-documented animal models will serve as a practical guideline in future research on innovative biomaterial-based therapies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kest Verstappen
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René Aquarius
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexey Klymov
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley E. Wever
- SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lyan Damveld
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carlijn R. Hooijmans
- SYstematic Review Center for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE), Department for Health Evidence, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - X. Frank Walboomers
- Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Address correspondence to: X. Frank Walboomers, PhD, Department of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101 (309), Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands
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Hirsch-Reinshagen V, Velenosi A, Morris SR, Dong K, Samadi-Bahrami Z, Nassimbwa S, Abdelaziz E, Kozlowski P, Moore GRW, Laule C, Kwon BK. International Spinal Cord Injury Biobank: A Biorepository and Resource for Translational Research. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:1708-1715. [PMID: 35761793 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2022.0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past few decades, tremendous advances have been made in our understanding of the biological changes underpinning the devastating impairment of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Much of this scientific research has focused on animal models of SCI, and comparatively little has been done in human SCI, largely because biospecimens from human SCI patients are not readily available. This paucity of scientific enquiry in human SCI represents an important void in the spectrum of translational research, as biological differences between animal models and the human condition need to be considered in the pre-clinical development of therapeutic approaches. The International Spinal Cord Injury Biobank (ISCIB) is a multi-user biorepository with the mission of accelerating therapeutic development in traumatic SCI through improved biological understanding of human injury, and the vision of serving as a global research resource where human SCI biospecimens are shared with researchers around the world. Aligned with internationally recognized best practices, ISCIB's formal governance structure and standard operating procedures have earned it official biobank certification through the Canadian Tissue Repository Network. Herein, we describe the translational research gap that ISCIB is helping to fill; its structure, governance and certification; how data and samples are accrued, processed and stored; and finally, the process through which samples and data are shared with global researchers. The purpose of this paper describing ISCIB is to serve as an introductory guidance document for the wider community of SCI researchers. By helping researchers understand the contents of ISCIB and the process of accessing biospecimens, we seek to further ISCIB's vision as being a resource for human and translational research in SCI, with the ultimate goal of finding disease-modifying therapies for this disabling condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Hirsch-Reinshagen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adam Velenosi
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sarah R Morris
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevin Dong
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zahra Samadi-Bahrami
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sureyah Nassimbwa
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Eslam Abdelaziz
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,Praxis Spinal Cord Institute, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Piotr Kozlowski
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G R Wayne Moore
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cornelia Laule
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian K Kwon
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Orthopedics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada
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Ridlen R, McGrath K, Gorrie CA. Animal models of compression spinal cord injury. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:2201-2212. [PMID: 36121155 PMCID: PMC9825893 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Compression spinal cord injuries are a common cause of morbidity in people who experience a spinal cord injury (SCI). Either as a by-product of a traumatic injury or due to nontraumatic conditions such as cervical myelitis, compression injuries are growing in prevalence clinically and many attempts of animal replication have been described within the literature. These models, however, often focus on the traumatic side of injury or mimic short-term injuries that are not representative of the majority of compression SCI. Of this, nontraumatic spinal cord injuries are severely understudied and have an increased prevalence in elderly populations, adults, and children. Therefore, there is a need to critically evaluate the current animal models of compression SCI and their suitability as a method for clinically relevant data that can help reduce morbidity and mortality of SCI. In this review, we reviewed the established and emerging methods of animal models of compression SCI. These models are the clip, balloon, solid spacer, expanding polymer, remote, weight drop, calibrated forceps, screw, and strap methods. These methods showed that there is a large reliance on the use of laminectomy to induce injury. Furthermore, the age range of many studies does not reflect the elderly and young populations that commonly suffer from compression injuries. It is therefore important to have techniques and methods that are able to minimize secondary effects of the surgeries, and are representative of the clinical cases seen so that treatments and interventions can be developed that are specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reggie Ridlen
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kristine McGrath
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Catherine A. Gorrie
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneyUltimoNew South WalesAustralia
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Yin TC, Shao PL, Chen KH, Lin KC, Chiang JY, Sung PH, Wu SC, Li YC, Yip HK, Lee MS. Synergic Effect of Combined Therapy of Hyperbaric Oxygen and Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Improving Locomotor Recovery After Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Rat Mainly Through Downregulating Inflammatory and Cell-Stress Signalings. Cell Transplant 2022; 31:9636897221133821. [PMID: 36317711 PMCID: PMC9630901 DOI: 10.1177/09636897221133821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested whether combined hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) and allogenic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) would be superior to either one for improving the locomotor recovery in rat after acute traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) in rat. Adult-male Sprague-Dawley rats were equally categorized into group 1 (sham-operated control), group 2 (TSCI), group 3 (TSCI + HBO for 1.5 h/day for 14 consecutive days after TSCI), group 4 (TSCI + ADMSCs/1.2 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells by intravenous injection at 3 h and days 1/2 after TSCI), and group 5 (TSCI + HBO + ADMSCs), euthanized, and spinal cord tissue was harvested by day 49 after TSCI. The protein expressions of oxidative-stress (NOX-1/NOX-2), inflammatory-signaling (TLR-4/MyD88/IL-1β/TNF-α/substance-p), cell-stress signaling (PI3K/p-AKT/p-mTOR), and the voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav1.3/1.8/1.9) biomarkers were highest in group 2, lowest in group 1, and significantly lower in group 5 than in groups 3/4 (all <i>P</i> <0.0001), but they did not differ between groups 3 and 4. The spinal cord damaged area, the cellular levels of inflammatory/DNA-damaged biomarkers (CD68+/GFAP+/γ-H2AX+ cells), mitogen-activated protein kinase family biomarkers (p-P38/p-JNK/p-ERK1/2), and cellular expressions of voltage-gated sodium channel (Nav.1.3, Nav.1.8, and Nav.1.9 in NF200+ cells) as well as the pain-facilitated cellular expressions (p-P38+/peripherin+ cells, p-JNK+/peripherin+ cells, p-ERK/NF200+ cells) exhibited an identical pattern of inflammation, whereas the locomotor recovery displayed an opposite pattern of inflammation among the groups (all <i>P</i> < 0.0001). Combined HBO-ADMSCs therapy offered additional benefits for preserving the neurological architecture and facilitated the locomotor recovery against acute TSCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Cheng Yin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung
University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Center for General Education, Cheng
Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin Shao
- Department of Nursing, Asia University,
Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chen Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - John Y. Chiang
- Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Department of Healthcare Administration
and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsun Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of
Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine,
Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Center for Shockwave Medicine and
Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Institute for Translational Research in
Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Cheng Wu
- Regenerative Medicine and Cell
Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Orthopaedic Research Center,
Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Post-Baccalaureate Program in
Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Li
- Department of Healthcare Administration
and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Clinical Medicine Research Center,
National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung
University, Tainan, Taiwan,Center of Cell Therapy, National
Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University,
Tainan, Taiwan,Institute of Clinical Medicine,
College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hon-Kan Yip
- Center for General Education, Cheng
Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Department of Healthcare Administration
and Medical Informatics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Division of Cardiology, Department of
Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine,
Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Center for Shockwave Medicine and
Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan,Department of Medical Research, China
Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan,Division of Cardiology, Department of
Internal Medicine, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China,Hon-Kan Yip, Division of Cardiology,
Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and
College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 123, Dapi Road, Niaosung District,
Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan.
| | - Mel S. Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,
Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung
University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Selective Calpain Inhibition Improves Functional and Histopathological Outcomes in a Canine Spinal Cord Injury Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911772. [PMID: 36233068 PMCID: PMC9570220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calpain activation has been implicated in various pathologies, including neurodegeneration. Thus, calpain inhibition could effectively prevent spinal cord injury (SCI) associated with neurodegeneration. In the current study, a dog SCI model was used to evaluate the therapeutic potential of a selective calpain inhibitor (PD150606) in combination with methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) as an anti-inflammatory drug. SCI was experimentally induced in sixteen mongrel dogs through an epidural balloon compression technique. The dogs were allocated randomly into four groups: control, MPSS, PD150606, and MPSS+PD150606. Clinical evaluation, serum biochemical, somatosensory evoked potentials, histopathological, and immunoblotting analyses were performed to assess treated dogs during the study. The current findings revealed that the combined administration of MPSS+PD150606 demonstrated considerably lower neuronal loss and microglial cell infiltration than the other groups, with a significant improvement in the locomotor score. The increased levels of inflammatory markers (GFAP and CD11) and calcium-binding proteins (Iba1 and S100) were significantly reduced in the combination group and to a lesser extent in MPSS or PD150606 treatment alone. Interestingly, the combined treatment effectively inhibited the calpain-induced cleavage of p35, limited cdk5 activation, and inhibited tau phosphorylation. These results suggest that early MPSS+PD150606 therapy after acute SCI may prevent subsequent neurodegeneration via calpain inhibition.
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Khalil AS, Hellenbrand D, Reichl K, Umhoefer J, Filipp M, Choe J, Hanna A, Murphy WL. A Localized Materials-Based Strategy to Non-Virally Deliver Chondroitinase ABC mRNA Improves Hindlimb Function in a Rat Spinal Cord Injury Model. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200206. [PMID: 35882512 PMCID: PMC10031873 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury often results in devastating consequences for those afflicted, with very few therapeutic options. A central element of spinal cord injuries is astrogliosis, which forms a glial scar that inhibits neuronal regeneration post-injury. Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) is an enzyme capable of degrading chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), the predominant extracellular matrix component of the glial scar. However, poor protein stability remains a challenge in its therapeutic use. Messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery is an emerging gene therapy technology for in vivo production of difficult-to-produce therapeutic proteins. Here, mineral-coated microparticles as an efficient, non-viral mRNA delivery vehicles to produce exogenous ChABC in situ within a spinal cord lesion are used. ChABC production reduces the deposition of CSPGs in an in vitro model of astrogliosis, and direct injection of these microparticles within a glial scar forces local overexpression of ChABC and improves recovery of motor function seven weeks post-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Khalil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Daniel Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Kaitlyn Reichl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Jennifer Umhoefer
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Mallory Filipp
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Joshua Choe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Amgad Hanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705
| | - William L. Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
- Forward BIO Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
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40
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Cao L, Huang MZ, Zhang Q, Luo ZR, Zhang Y, An PJ, Yang LL, Tan W, Wang CQ, Dou XW, Li Q. The neural stem cell properties of Pkd2l1+ cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons in vivo. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:992520. [PMID: 36159391 PMCID: PMC9500444 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.992520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural stem cells (NSCs) in the ventricular-subventricular zone of the adult mammalian spinal cord may be of great benefit for repairing spinal cord injuries. However, the sources of NSCs remain unclear. Previously, we have confirmed that cerebrospinal fluid-contacting neurons (CSF-cNs) have NSC potential in vitro. In this study, we verified the NSC properties of CSF-cNs in vivo. In mouse spinal cords, Pkd2l1+ CSF-cNs localized around the central canal express NSC markers. In vitro, Pkd2l1+ CSF-cNs form a neurosphere and express NSC markers. Activation and proliferation of CSF-cNs can be induced by injection of the neurotrophic factors basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) into the lateral ventricle. Spinal cord injury (SCI) also induces NSC activation and proliferation of CSF-cNs. Collectively, our results demonstrate that Pkd2l1+ CSF-cNs have NSC properties in vivo and may be involved in SCI recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cao
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Huang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhang-Rong Luo
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ping-Jiang An
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lei-Luo Yang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chun-Qing Wang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Dou
- Clinical Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Wei Dou,
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Qing Li,
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Dietz VA, Roberts N, Knox K, Moore S, Pitonak M, Barr C, Centeno J, Leininger S, New KC, Nowell P, Rodreick M, Geoffroy CG, Stampas A, Dulin JN. Fighting for recovery on multiple fronts: The past, present, and future of clinical trials for spinal cord injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:977679. [PMID: 36212690 PMCID: PMC9533868 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.977679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Through many decades of preclinical research, great progress has been achieved in understanding the complex nature of spinal cord injury (SCI). Preclinical research efforts have guided and shaped clinical trials, which are growing in number by the year. Currently, 1,149 clinical trials focused on improving outcomes after SCI are registered in the U.S. National Library of Medicine at ClinicalTrials.gov. We conducted a systematic analysis of these SCI clinical trials, using publicly accessible data downloaded from ClinicalTrials.gov. After extracting all available data for these trials, we categorized each trial according to the types of interventions being tested and the types of outcomes assessed. We then evaluated clinical trial characteristics, both globally and by year, in order to understand the areas of growth and change over time. With regard to clinical trial attributes, we found that most trials have low enrollment, only test single interventions, and have limited numbers of primary outcomes. Some gaps in reporting are apparent; for instance, over 75% of clinical trials with "Completed" status do not have results posted, and the Phase of some trials is incorrectly classified as "Not applicable" despite testing a drug or biological compound. When analyzing trials based on types of interventions assessed, we identified the largest representation in trials testing rehab/training/exercise, neuromodulation, and behavioral modifications. Most highly represented primary outcomes include motor function of the upper and lower extremities, safety, and pain. The most highly represented secondary outcomes include quality of life and pain. Over the past 15 years, we identified increased representation of neuromodulation and rehabilitation trials, and decreased representation of drug trials. Overall, the number of new clinical trials initiated each year continues to grow, signifying a hopeful future for the clinical treatment of SCI. Together, our work provides a comprehensive glimpse into the past, present, and future of SCI clinical trials, and suggests areas for improvement in clinical trial reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A. Dietz
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Nolan Roberts
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Katelyn Knox
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sherilynne Moore
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michael Pitonak
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Chris Barr
- Unite 2 Fight Paralysis, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jesus Centeno
- Unite 2 Fight Paralysis, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Kent C. New
- Unite 2 Fight Paralysis, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Peter Nowell
- Unite 2 Fight Paralysis, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Cedric G. Geoffroy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Argyrios Stampas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer N. Dulin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Guo W, Zhang X, Zhai J, Xue J. The roles and applications of neural stem cells in spinal cord injury repair. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:966866. [PMID: 36105599 PMCID: PMC9465243 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.966866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI), which has no current cure, places a severe burden on patients. Stem cell-based therapies are considered promising in attempts to repair injured spinal cords; such options include neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs are multipotent stem cells that differentiate into neuronal and neuroglial lineages. This feature makes NSCs suitable candidates for regenerating injured spinal cords. Many studies have revealed the therapeutic potential of NSCs. In this review, we discuss from an integrated view how NSCs can help SCI repair. We will discuss the sources and therapeutic potential of NSCs, as well as representative pre-clinical studies and clinical trials of NSC-based therapies for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xindan Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiliang Zhai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiliang Zhai, ; Jiajia Xue,
| | - Jiajia Xue
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiliang Zhai, ; Jiajia Xue,
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43
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Wang L, Ito Y, Li G, Zhang P. Nerve implants with bioactive interfaces enhance neurite outgrowth and nerve regeneration in vivo. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112731. [PMID: 35917689 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nerve implants functionalized with growth factors and stem cells are critical to promote neurite outgrowth, regulate neurodifferentiation, and facilitate nerve regeneration. In this study, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) and 3,4-hydroxyphenalyalanine (DOPA)-containing insulin-like growth factor 1 (DOPA-IGF-1) were simultaneously applied to enhance the bioactivity of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) substrates which will be potentially utilized as nerve implants. In vitro and in vivo evaluations indicated that hUCMSCs and DOPA-IGF-1 could synergistically regulate neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells, improve intravital recovery of motor functions, and promote conduction of nerve electrical signals in vivo. The enhanced functional and structural nerve regeneration of injured spinal cord might be mainly attributable to the synergistically enhanced biofunctionality of hUCMSCs and DOPA-IGF-1/PLGA on the bioactive interfaces. Findings from this study demonstrate the potential of hUCMSC-seeded, DOPA-IGF-1-modified PLGA implants as promising candidates for promoting axonal regeneration and motor functional recovery in spinal cord injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Third Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, PR China
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Peibiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China.
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Sadeghmousavi S, Soltani Khaboushan A, Jafarnezhad-Ansariha F, Nejad-Gashti R, Farsi M, Esmaeil-Pour R, Alijani M, Majidi Zolbin M, Niknejad H, Kajbafzadeh AM. The role of spinal cord tractography in detecting lesions following selective bladder afferent and efferent fibers: A novel method for induction of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction in rabbit. Neurourol Urodyn 2022; 41:1539-1552. [PMID: 35842827 DOI: 10.1002/nau.25009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD), a challenging disorder, is defined by lack of bladder control due to the abnormalities in neural pathways and can be classified based on the location of lesions within the nervous system, thus investigating the neural pathways can help us to know the site of the lesion and specify the class of the NLUTD. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) tractography, a noninvasive advanced imaging method, is capable of detecting central nervous system pathologies, even if routine magnetic resonance imaging shows no abnormality. Accordingly, tractography is an ideal technique to evaluate patients with NLUTD and visualize the pathology site within the spine. This study aimed to introduce a novel method of spinal cord injury (SCI) to establish NLUTD in the rabbit and to investigate the potential of tractography in tracing neural tracts of the spinal cord in an induced NLUTD animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS An animal model of NLUTD was induced through cauterization of the spinal cord at the level T12-L1 in 12 rabbits. Then rabbits were assessed via DTI, urodynamic studies (UDS), voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), and pathology assessments using antineurofilament 200 (NF200) antibody, anti-S100, anti-Smooth Muscle Actin, anti-Myogenin, and anti-MyoD1. RESULTS The tractography visualized lesions within spinal cord fibers. DTI parameters including fractional anisotropy (FA) value and tract density were significantly decreased (FA: p-value = 0.01, Tract density: p-value = 0.05) after injury. The mean diffusivity (MD) was insignificantly increased compared to before the injury. Also, the results of UDS and pathology assessments corroborated that applying SCI and the establishment of the NLUTD model was completely successful. CONCLUSION In the present study, we investigated the auxiliary role of tractography in detecting the spinal cord lesions in the novel established rabbit model of NLUTD. The introduced method of NLUTD induction was without the leg's neurological deficit, easily applicable, low-cost, and was accompanied by minimal surgical preparation and a satisfactory survival rate in comparison with other SCI animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Sadeghmousavi
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics' Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Soltani Khaboushan
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics' Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Jafarnezhad-Ansariha
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics' Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Nejad-Gashti
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics' Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Farsi
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics' Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Esmaeil-Pour
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics' Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Alijani
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics' Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Majidi Zolbin
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics' Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdol-Mohammad Kajbafzadeh
- Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Section of Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Therapy, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Pediatrics' Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pediatric Urology and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Gene, Cell and Tissue Research Institute, Childern's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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45
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Wang Z, Romanski A, Mehra V, Wang Y, Brannigan M, Campbell BC, Petsko GA, Tsoulfas P, Blackmore MG. Brain-wide analysis of the supraspinal connectome reveals anatomical correlates to functional recovery after spinal injury. eLife 2022; 11:76254. [PMID: 35838234 PMCID: PMC9345604 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The supraspinal connectome is essential for normal behavior and homeostasis and consists of numerous sensory, motor, and autonomic projections from brain to spinal cord. Study of supraspinal control and its restoration after damage has focused mostly on a handful of major populations that carry motor commands, with only limited consideration of dozens more that provide autonomic or crucial motor modulation. Here, we assemble an experimental workflow to rapidly profile the entire supraspinal mesoconnectome in adult mice and disseminate the output in a web-based resource. Optimized viral labeling, 3D imaging, and registration to a mouse digital neuroanatomical atlas assigned tens of thousands of supraspinal neurons to 69 identified regions. We demonstrate the ability of this approach to clarify essential points of topographic mapping between spinal levels, measure population-specific sensitivity to spinal injury, and test the relationships between region-specific neuronal sparing and variability in functional recovery. This work will spur progress by broadening understanding of essential but understudied supraspinal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Adam Romanski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Vatsal Mehra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Matthew Brannigan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Benjamin C Campbell
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Cornell University, New York, United States
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Cornell University, New York, United States
| | - Pantelis Tsoulfas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, United States
| | - Murray G Blackmore
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, United States
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Hamilton AM, Sampson TR. Traumatic spinal cord injury and the contributions of the post-injury microbiome. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 167:251-290. [PMID: 36427958 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries are an enormous burden on injured individuals and their caregivers. The pathophysiological effects of injury are not limited to the spine and limb function, but affect numerous body systems. Growing observations in human studies and experimental models suggest that the gut microbiome is altered following spinal cord injury. Given the importance of signals derived from the gut microbiome for host physiology, it is possible that injury-triggered dysbiosis subsequently affects aspects of recovery. Here, we review emerging literature on the role of the microbiome following spinal cord injury. Specifically, we highlight findings from both human and experimental studies that correlate taxonomic changes to aspects of injury recovery. Examination of both observational and emerging interventional studies supports the notion that future therapeutic avenues for spinal cord injury pathologies may lie at the interface of the host and indigenous microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Hamilton
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Timothy R Sampson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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Preclinical Development of a Therapy for Chronic Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Rats Using Human Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Proof of Concept and Regulatory Compliance. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142153. [PMID: 35883596 PMCID: PMC9319990 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: the use of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) in emerging therapies for spinal cord injury (SCI) hold the potential to improve functional recovery. However, the development of cell-based medicines is challenging and preclinical studies addressing quality, safety and efficacy must be conducted prior to clinical testing; (2) Methods: herein we present (i) the characterization of the quality attributes of MSC from the Wharton’s jelly (WJ) of the umbilical cord, (ii) safety of intrathecal infusion in a 3-month subchronic toxicity assessment study, and (iii) efficacy in a rat SCI model by controlled impaction (100 kdynes) after single (day 7 post-injury) and repeated dose of 1 × 106 MSC,WJ (days 7 and 14 post-injury) with 70-day monitoring by electrophysiological testing, motor function assessment and histology evaluation; (3) Results: no toxicity associated to MSC,WJ infusion was observed. Regarding efficacy, recovery of locomotion was promoted at early time points. Persistence of MSC,WJ was detected early after administration (day 2 post-injection) but not at days 14 and 63 post-injection. (4) Conclusions: the safety profile and signs of efficacy substantiate the suitability of the presented data for inclusion in the Investigational Medicinal Product Dossier for further consideration by the competent Regulatory Authority to proceed with clinical trials.
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Kuramoto Y, Takagi T, Takeda Y, Rajbhandari S, Yoshida Y, Nakagomi T, Yoshimura S. Identification of novel multipotent stem cells in mouse spinal cord following traumatic injury. Stem Cells Dev 2022; 31:555-568. [PMID: 35708107 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We showed that injury-induced multipotent stem cells (iSCs) emerge in the brain after stroke. These brain-derived iSCs (B-iSCs) can differentiate into various lineages, including neurons. This study aimed to determine whether similar stem cells can be induced even after non-ischemic injuries, such as trauma to the spinal cord. We characterized these cells, mainly focusing on their stemness, multipotency, and neuronal differentiation activities. Spinal cord injury was produced using forceps in adult mice. On day 3 after spinal cord injury, samples were obtained from the injured areas. Spinal cord sections were subjected to histological analyses. Cells were isolated and assessed for proliferative activities, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, FACS, and microarray analysis. Although nerve cell morphology was disrupted within the injured spinal cord, our histological observations revealed the presence of cells expressing stem cells, such as nestin and Sox2 in these areas. In addition, cells extracted from injured areas exhibited high proliferative abilities. These cells also expressed markers of both neural stem cells (e.g., nestin, Sox2) and multipotent stem cells (e.g., Sox2, c-myc, Klf4). They differentiated into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes, as well as neuronal cells. Microarray analysis further identified similar properties between spinal cord (SC)-derived iSCs and B-iSCs. However, SC-iSCs revealed specific genes related to the regulation of stemness and neurogenesis. We identified similar features related to multipotency in SC-iSCs compared to B-iSCs, including neuronal differentiation potential. Although the differences between SC-iSCs and B-iSCs remain largely undetermined, the present study shows that iSCs can develop even after non-ischemic injuries such as trauma. This phenomenon can occur outside the brain within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoji Kuramoto
- Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Neurosurgery, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Japan, 663-8501;
| | - Toshinori Takagi
- Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Neurosurgery, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Yuki Takeda
- Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Neurosurgery, Nishinomiya, Japan;
| | | | - Yasunori Yoshida
- Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Neurosurgery, Nishinomiya, Japan;
| | - Takayuki Nakagomi
- Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan.,Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Therapeutic Progress in Brain Diseases, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Shinichi Yoshimura
- Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Neurosurgery, Nishinomiya, Japan.,Hyogo College of Medicine, 12818, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan;
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Feng Y, Li Y, Shen PP, Wang B. Gene-Modified Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: a Promising Better Alternative Therapy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2662-2682. [PMID: 35587330 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10387-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy holds great promise for the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI), which can reverse neurodegeneration and promote tissue regeneration via its pluripotency and ability to secrete neurotrophic factors. Although various stem cell-based approaches have shown certain therapeutic effects when applied to the treatment of SCI, their clinical efficacies have been disappointing. Thus, it is an urgent need to further enhance the neurological benefits of stem cells through bioengineering strategies including genetic engineering. In this review, we summarize the progress of stem cell therapy for SCI and the prospect of genetically modified stem cells, focusing on the genome editing tools and functional molecules involved in SCI repair, trying to provide a deeper understanding of genetically modified stem cell therapy and more applicable clinical strategies for SCI repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yirui Feng
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Li
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ping-Ping Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and the Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Clinical Stem Cell Center, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Cooke P, Janowitz H, Dougherty SE. Neuronal Redevelopment and the Regeneration of Neuromodulatory Axons in the Adult Mammalian Central Nervous System. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:872501. [PMID: 35530177 PMCID: PMC9074815 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.872501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One reason that many central nervous system injuries, including those arising from traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and stroke, have limited recovery of function is that neurons within the adult mammalian CNS lack the ability to regenerate their axons following trauma. This stands in contrast to neurons of the adult mammalian peripheral nervous system (PNS). New evidence, provided by single-cell expression profiling, suggests that, following injury, both mammalian central and peripheral neurons can revert to an embryonic-like growth state which is permissive for axon regeneration. This “redevelopment” strategy could both facilitate a damage response necessary to isolate and repair the acute damage from injury and provide the intracellular machinery necessary for axon regrowth. Interestingly, serotonin neurons of the rostral group of raphe nuclei, which project their axons into the forebrain, display a robust ability to regenerate their axons unaided, counter to the widely held view that CNS axons cannot regenerate without experimental intervention after injury. Furthermore, initial evidence suggests that norepinephrine neurons within the locus coeruleus possess similar regenerative abilities. Several morphological characteristics of serotonin axon regeneration in adult mammals, observable using longitudinal in vivo imaging, are distinct from the known characteristics of unaided peripheral nerve regeneration, or of the regeneration seen in the spinal cord and optic nerve that occurs with experimental intervention. These results suggest that there is an alternative CNS program for axon regeneration that likely differs from that displayed by the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cooke
- Linden Lab, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Haley Janowitz
- Linden Lab, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah E Dougherty
- Linden Lab, Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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