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Cong S, Peng Q, Cao L, Yi Q, Liu Y, Li L, Tong Q, Liang D. Diosgenin prevents periodontitis by inhibiting inflammation and promoting osteogenic differentiation. Oral Dis 2024; 30:2497-2510. [PMID: 37593795 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Diosgenin, an essential dietary steroidal sapogenin, possess multiple pharmacological activities. This study aimed to assess the effects of diosgenin on periodontitis and elucidate the mechanisms. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLCs) and a Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g) plus ligation-induced animal model were used for in vitro and in vivo studies, respectively. Inflammatory responses, nuclear factor κ-B (NF-κB) signaling and osteogenesis-related markers were measured both in LPS-stimulated hPDLSCs and in gingival tissue of periodontitis rats. Treatment with diosgenin significantly inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and interleukin (IL)-6 and the activation of NF-κB pathway in LPS-stimulated hPDLSCs. Further, treatment with diosgenin enhanced the expression of osteoblast-related genes and increased the osteogenic differentiation capacity. Further, activation NF-κB pathway largely abolished the protective effects of diosgenin. Consistent with the in vitro studies, in vivo studies showed that administering diosgenin to periodontitis rats significantly lowered the levels of the TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 and the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in gingival tissue. In addition, osteoblast-related genes were promoted. Diosgenin attenuates periodontitis by adjusting NF-κB signaling to inhibit inflammatory effects and promoting osteogenesis, suggesting diosgenin might be developed as a therapeutic strategy for treating periodontitis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Cong
- Department of Stomatology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hubei No. 3 People's Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liou Cao
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingqing Yi
- Clinical Research Center, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Linhui Li
- Clinical Research Center, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Department of Stomatology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongyu Liang
- Clinical Research Center, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Moro MG, Oliveira MDS, Santana MM, de Jesus FN, Feitosa K, Teixeira SA, Franco GCN, Spolidorio LC, Muscará MN, Holzhausen M. Leukotriene receptor antagonist reduces inflammation and alveolar bone loss in a rat model of experimental periodontitis. J Periodontol 2021; 92:e84-e93. [PMID: 33491771 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leukotrienes (LTs) participate in the process of tissue damage in periodontal disease by leukocyte chemotaxis and osteoclastic activation. The activation of Cysteinyl-LT receptor is associated with increased expression of proinflammatory molecules and osteoclastogenesis. However, its implications on periodontal disease progression have not been studied. The present study evaluated the effect of the cysteinyl-LT receptor antagonist (montelukast [MT]) on ligature-induced experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats. METHODS Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to bilateral ligature-induced periodontitis and orally treated with MT (at doses of 10 or 30 mg/kg/d, MT10, and MT30, respectively). Sham animals had the ligatures immediately removed and received placebo treatment. Sets of animals were euthanized 7, 14, or 21 days after ligature placement and the mandibles were removed for macroscopic evaluation of alveolar bone loss (ABL). In addition, histological analysis of periodontal tissues, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity of gingival tissues, and periodontal tissue expression of collagen type I, RUNX2, RANK, RANKL, OPG, BLT1, Cys-LTR1, LTA4H, and LTC4S were also analyzed. RESULTS MT significantly reduced ABL at 14 (MT10 and MT30) and 21 days (MT10) (P < 0.05), gingival MPO at 7 (MT10) and 14 days (MT30) (P < 0.05), LTA4H, BLT1 and LTC4S gene expression on day 14 day (MT30, P < 0.05) and increased RUNX2 expression on day 14 (MT30, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Systemic therapy with MT decreases periodontal inflammation and ABL in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella G Moro
- Department of Stomatology, Discipline of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOUSP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia D S Oliveira
- Department of Stomatology, Discipline of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOUSP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria M Santana
- Department of Stomatology, Discipline of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOUSP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia N de Jesus
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karla Feitosa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone A Teixeira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilson C N Franco
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luis Carlos Spolidorio
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental School of Araraquara, State University of São Paulo (UNESP) Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo N Muscará
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marinella Holzhausen
- Department of Stomatology, Discipline of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (FOUSP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Inagaki Y, Kido JI, Nishikawa Y, Kido R, Sakamoto E, Bando M, Naruishi K, Nagata T, Yumoto H. Gan-Lu-Yin (Kanroin), Traditional Chinese Herbal Extracts, Reduces Osteoclast Differentiation In Vitro and Prevents Alveolar Bone Resorption in Rat Experimental Periodontitis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030386. [PMID: 33498415 PMCID: PMC7926381 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gan-Lu-Yin (GLY), a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, shows therapeutic effects on periodontitis, but that mechanism is not well known. This study aims to clarify the precise mechanism by investigating the inhibitory effects of GLY extracts on osteoclastogenesis in vitro and on bone resorption in periodontitis in vivo. RAW264.7 cells are cultured with soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (sRANKL) and GLY extracts (0.01–1.0 mg/mL), and stained for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) to evaluate osteoclast differentiation. Experimental periodontitis is induced by placing a nylon ligature around the second maxillary molar in rats, and rats are administered GLY extracts (60 mg/kg) daily for 20 days. Their maxillae are collected on day 4 and 20, and the levels of alveolar bone resorption and osteoclast differentiation are estimated using micro-computed tomography (CT) and histological analysis, respectively. In RAW264.7 cells, GLY extracts significantly inhibit sRANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation at a concentration of more than 0.05 mg/mL. In experimental periodontitis, administering GLY extracts significantly decreases the number of TRAP-positive osteoclasts in the alveolar bone on day 4, and significantly inhibits the ligature-induced bone resorption on day 20. These results show that GLY extracts suppress bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation in experimental periodontitis, suggesting that GLY extracts are potentially useful for oral care in periodontitis.
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Zamri F, de Vries TJ. Use of TNF Inhibitors in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Implications for the Periodontal Status: For the Benefit of Both? Front Immunol 2020; 11:591365. [PMID: 33193432 PMCID: PMC7646519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.591365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory diseases rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontitis show similarities in misbalances of cytokine levels, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). RA has been treated for two decades with TNF inhibitors which are effective by blocking TNF's destructive action. Since RA and periodontitis show similarities in high levels of TNF, the periodontal status of RA patients may improve with the use of anti-TNF therapy. To assess this, a systematic review with special emphasis on duration of therapy was performed to evaluate the effect of anti-TNF-α treatment on the periodontal status of RA patients. Overall, studies showed an improvement in periodontal health with anti-TNF therapy. When analyzed over time (6 weeks to 9 months), it became apparent that initial improvements concerned bleeding on probing (BOP) and gingival index (GI) after therapy duration of 6 weeks. Periodontitis parameters that improved after prolonged treatment were: probing pocket depth (PPD) after 3 months and clinical attachment level (CAL) after 6 months. In conclusion, this systematic review reveals that anti-TNF treatment is therefore not only beneficial for rheumatic joints but also for the gums of rheumatoid arthritis patients. We propose that the sequential tissue recovery due to anti-TNF therapy progresses as follows: 1. block of diapedesis by lowering vessel permeability, 2 fewer leukocytes in the inflamed tissue, and 3. reduced proteolytic activity and subsequent repair of collagen fiber functionality and normalization of osteoclast activity. Clinically, this could lead to a decrease in bleeding on probing and ultimately in an improved clinical attachment level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teun J. de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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da Silva LAB, Longo DL, Stuani MBS, de Queiroz AM, da Silva RAB, Nelson-Filho P, Vieira HAO, Pucinelli CM, Paula-Silva FWG. Effect of root surface treatment with denusomab after delayed tooth replantation. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:1255-1264. [PMID: 32728940 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03430-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody that mimics the effects of osteoprotegerin in bone metabolism, as a topical treatment of root surface to be used prior to delayed tooth replantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-six rats' right incisors were used. Teeth were extracted and divided into: delayed replantation without root surface treatment (control); delayed replantation with root surface treatment with denosumab 60 mg/mL and 30 mg/mL, respectively, for 10 min both experimentals groups. After that, the root canals were filled with calcium hydroxide and replanted. After 15 and 60 days, the animals were euthanized, and the samples were collected and processed for microscopic analysis. Histological sections were performed, and stained with HE to describe the dental characteristics, measure ankylosis, replacement resorption, and dental resorption by conventional microscopy. Also, was performed Brown & Brenn staining and immunohistochemistry for RANKL, OPG, and periostin. RESULTS Denosumab 60 mg/mL reducted ankylosis (p < 0.0001), replacement resorption (p < 0.0001), and tooth resorption, 60 days after replantation, compared to untreated replanted teeth (p < 0.005). Lower bacterial contamination in root surface in the denosumab treatment groups was found, regardless of the concentration used (p < 0.001). Also, denosumab treatment inhibited the expression of RANKL without modulating OPG. Periostin was observed in periodontal ligament of replanted tooth, although this labelling was absent in the ankylosis areas, in both experimental periods. CONCLUSION Treatment of the root surface with denosumab at 60 mg/mL of rat teeth before delayed replantation reduced dental root resorption compared with the untreated teeth after 60 days. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Survival of a replanted tooth has been a challenge in clinical practice. The use of a medication, such as denosumab, to limit dental root resorption represents an important therapeutical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Bernadete Sasso Stuani
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Mussolino de Queiroz
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Raquel Assed Bezerra da Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Aparecida Orsini Vieira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Carolina Maschietto Pucinelli
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Francisco Wanderley Garcia Paula-Silva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
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Petit C, Batool F, Stutz C, Anton N, Klymchenko A, Vandamme T, Benkirane-Jessel N, Huck O. Development of a thermosensitive statin loaded chitosan-based hydrogel promoting bone healing. Int J Pharm 2020; 586:119534. [PMID: 32531451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Statins have been proposed as potential adjuvant to periodontal treatment due to their pleiotropic properties. A new thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel loaded with statins (atorvastatin and lovastatin) nanoemulsions was synthesized to allow a spatially controlled local administration of active compounds at lesion site. Spontaneous nano-emulsification method was used to synthesize statins loaded nanoemulsions. In vitro, atorvastatin and lovastatin loaded nanoemulsions were cytocompatible and were able to be uptake by oral epithelial cells. Treatment of Porphyromonas gingivalis infected oral epithelial cells and gingival fibroblasts with atorvastatin and lovastatin loaded nanoemulsions decreased significantly pro-inflammatory markers expression (TNF-α and IL-1β) and pro-osteoclastic RANKL. Nevertheless, such treatment induced the expression of Bone sialoprotein 2 (BSP2) in osteoblast emphasizing the pro-healing properties of atorvastatin and lovastatin nanoemulsions. In vivo, in a calvarial bone defect model (2 mm), treatment with the hydrogel loaded with atorvastatin and lovastatin nanoemulsions induced a significant increase of the neobone formation in comparison with systemic administration of statins. This study demonstrates the potential of this statins loaded hydrogel to improve bone regeneration and to decrease soft tissue inflammation. Its use in the specific context of periodontitis management could be considered in the future with a reduced risk of side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Petit
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Fareeha Batool
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Céline Stutz
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, Strasbourg, France
| | - Andrey Klymchenko
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, LBP UMR 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nadia Benkirane-Jessel
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Huck
- INSERM, UMR 1260 'Regenerative Nanomedicine', Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France; Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Pôle de Médecine et de Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaires, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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Liu L, Guo H, Song A, Huang J, Zhang Y, Jin S, Li S, Zhang L, Yang C, Yang P. Progranulin inhibits LPS-induced macrophage M1 polarization via NF-кB and MAPK pathways. BMC Immunol 2020; 21:32. [PMID: 32503416 PMCID: PMC7275413 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-020-00355-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage M1 polarization plays a pivotal role in inflammatory diseases. Progranulin (PGRN) has potential anti-inflammation action, however, the effect of PGRN on macrophage M1 polarization has been poorly studied. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of PGRN on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage M1 polarization and clarify the underlying mechanisms. METHODS RAW264.7 cells were polarized to M1 macrophage by LPS with or without recombinant PGRN (rPGRN) and tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody (anti-TNF-α). A cell counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8), flow cytometry, Quantitative Real-Time PCR assay (q-PCR), Western blot assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to determine the effect of different treatments on cell proliferation, expression of surface phenotype marker and expressions and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. The activation of NF-κB/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 were detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence respectively. THP-1 and primary bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs) were also used to demonstrate effect of PGRN on expressions and secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS. RESULTS In RAW264.7 cells, rPGRN at concentrations below 80 ng/ml significantly promoted cell proliferation in dose dependent fashion. rPGRN significantly inhibited LPS-induced change of phenotype (CD86/CD206 ratio) and function (tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions). LPS-stimulated secretion of TNF-α and activated phosphorylation of IKKα/β, IкBα, p65, JNK and p38 and the nucleus translocation of NF-кB p65 were also significantly downregulated by rPGRN. In addition, recombinant TNF-α (rTNF-α) significantly boosted TNF-α and iNOS expression vs the control group. Moreover, anti-TNF-α significantly inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and iNOS expression. In THP-1 and BMDM cells, reversing effect of rPGRN on LPS-enhanced expressions of TNF-α and iNOS and secretion of TNF-α was further demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS PGRN down-regulates LPS-induced macrophage M1 polarization in phenotype and function via NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianlian Liu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongmei Guo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimei Song
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Jin
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shutong Li
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengzhe Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Qilu Hospital and Institute of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pishan Yang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China. .,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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8
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Proanthocyanidins Promote Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts in Inflammatory Environment Via Suppressing NF-κB Signal Pathway. Inflammation 2020; 43:892-902. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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Dantas EMGL, Lima SMF, Cantuária APC, Amorim IA, Almeida JA, Cunha TF, Franco OL, Rezende TMB. Synergistic activity of chlorhexidine and synoeca-MP peptide against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16068-16079. [PMID: 30740688 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities and cytotoxicity of chlorhexidine (CHX) and synoeca-MP peptide alone or in combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial property was evaluated by the determination of minimal inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, and planktonic bacteria and biofilm inhibition. Immunomodulatory activity was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and nitric oxide production by the Griess reaction method. According to the results, synoeca-MP combined with CHX demonstrated antimicrobial effectiveness compared with its isolated use, in addition to immunomodulatory activity (upregulating MPC-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α and downregulating nitric oxide and interleukin-10). In this context, it is expected that the substances, together, could be capable of controlling bacterial infection and dissemination, besides potentiating macrophages' immune response against the studied microorganism. Moreover, reducing the CHX concentration by the addition of synoeca-MP peptide may, in a beneficial way, minimize the undesirable effects of both, CHX and synoeca-MP in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M G L Dantas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.,Curso de Odontologia, Escola de Saúde, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus 1, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Escola de Saúde, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Stella M F Lima
- Curso de Odontologia, Escola de Saúde, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus 1, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Escola de Saúde, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula C Cantuária
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Ingrid A Amorim
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Escola de Saúde, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Jeeser A Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tássio F Cunha
- Curso de Odontologia, Escola de Saúde, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus 1, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Octávio L Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Escola de Saúde, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.,Programa de Doutorado da Rede Centro-Oeste, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Taia M B Rezende
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.,Curso de Odontologia, Escola de Saúde, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus 1, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil.,Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Escola de Saúde, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Campus Avançado Asa Norte, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
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10
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Hughes FJ, Bartold PM. Periodontal complications of prescription and recreational drugs. Periodontol 2000 2019; 78:47-58. [PMID: 30198137 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug use for both therapeutic and recreational purposes is very widespread in most societies. The range of drugs used, the variations in response to these drugs and other health and behavioral confounders mean that drug use may be an important contributor to individualized periodontal diagnoses. In this narrative review, we review the main reported effects of drugs on the periodontal tissues and periodontal disease processes. Although some of the more common adverse drug reactions on periodontal tissues are well described, in many other cases the evidence for these drug effects is quite limited and based on small case series or isolated reports. Prescription drugs are responsible for a range of effects, including drug-induced gingival overgrowth and increased gingival bleeding, and influence periodontal inflammation and periodontal breakdown. The effects of recreational drugs on the periodontal tissues is less well researched, perhaps for the obvious reason that assembling large cohorts of recreational drug users presents particular challenges. Use of nearly all of these substances is associated with poorer periodontal and dental health, although there is almost certainly a large degree of behavioral confounding in these findings. Overall, further studies of adverse drug reactions on the periodontal tissues are required as this continues to be an important and increasing factor in periodontal health determination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Mark Bartold
- Periodontology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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11
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Contribution of Statins towards Periodontal Treatment: A Review. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:6367402. [PMID: 30936777 PMCID: PMC6415285 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6367402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic effects of statins have been evaluated to assess their potential benefit in the treatment of various inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases including periodontitis. Herein, the adjunctive use of statins in periodontal therapy in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials was reviewed. Statins act through several pathways to modulate inflammation, immune response, bone metabolism, and bacterial clearance. They control periodontal inflammation through inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and promotion of anti-inflammatory and/or proresolution molecule release, mainly, through the ERK, MAPK, PI3-Akt, and NF-κB pathways. Moreover, they are able to modulate the host response activated by bacterial challenge, to prevent inflammation-mediated bone resorption and to promote bone formation. Furthermore, they reduce bacterial growth, disrupt bacterial membrane stability, and increase bacterial clearance, thus averting the exacerbation of infection. Local statin delivery as adjunct to both nonsurgical and surgical periodontal therapies results in better periodontal treatment outcomes compared to systemic delivery. Moreover, combination of statin therapy with other regenerative agents improves periodontal healing response. Therefore, statins could be proposed as a potential adjuvant to periodontal therapy. However, optimization of the combination of their dose, type, and carrier could be instrumental in achieving the best treatment response.
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12
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Bartold PM, Van Dyke TE. Host modulation: controlling the inflammation to control the infection. Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:317-329. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Nicu EA, Loos BG. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils in periodontitis and their possible modulation as a therapeutic approach. Periodontol 2000 2016; 71:140-63. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Morand DN, Davideau JL, Clauss F, Jessel N, Tenenbaum H, Huck O. Cytokines during periodontal wound healing: potential application for new therapeutic approach. Oral Dis 2016; 23:300-311. [PMID: 26945691 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of periodontal tissues is one of the main goals of periodontal therapy. However, current treatment, including surgical approach, use of membrane to allow maturation of all periodontal tissues, or use of enamel matrix derivatives, presents limitations in their indications and outcomes leading to the development of new tissue engineering strategies. Several cytokines are considered as key molecules during periodontal destruction process. However, their role during each phase of periodontal wound healing remains unclear. Control and modulation of the inflammatory response and especially, release of cytokines or activation/inhibition in a time- and spatial-controlled manner may be a potential perspective for periodontal tissue engineering. The aim of this review was to summarize the specific role of several cytokines during periodontal wound healing and the potential therapeutic interest of inflammatory modulation for periodontal regeneration especially related to the expression sequence of cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Morand
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1109, Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Department of periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - J-L Davideau
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1109, Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Department of periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - F Clauss
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1109, Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Department of periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - N Jessel
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1109, Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France
| | - H Tenenbaum
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1109, Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Department of periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - O Huck
- INSERM (French National Institute of Health and Medical Research), UMR 1109, Osteoarticular and Dental Regenerative Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculté de Médecine de Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, France.,Department of periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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15
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Gurav AN. Management of diabolical diabetes mellitus and periodontitis nexus: Are we doing enough? World J Diabetes 2016; 7:50-66. [PMID: 26962409 PMCID: PMC4766246 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i4.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is the commonest oral disease affecting population worldwide. This disease is notorious for the devastation of tooth supporting structures, ensuing in the loss of dentition. The etiology for this disease is bacterial biofilm, which accumulates on the teeth as dental plaque. In addition to the biofilm microorganisms, other factors such as environmental, systemic and genetic are also responsible in progression of periodontitis. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is metabolic disorder which has an impact on the global health. DM plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Periodontitis is declared as the “sixth” major complication of DM. Evidence based literature has depicted an enhanced incidence and severity of periodontitis in subjects with DM. A “two way” relationship has been purported between periodontitis and DM. Mutual management of both conditions is necessary. Periodontal therapy (PT) may assist to diminish the progression of DM and improve glycemic control. Various advanced technological facilities may be utilized for the purpose of patient education and disease management. The present paper clarifies the etio-pathogenesis of periodontitis, establishing it as a complication of DM and elaborating the various mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis. The role of PT in amelioration of DM and application of digital communication will be discussed. Overall, it is judicious to create an increased patient cognizance of the periodontitis-DM relationship. Conjunctive efforts must be undertaken by the medical and oral health care professionals for the management of periodontitis affected DM patients.
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16
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Lima GMG, Corazza BJM, Moraes RM, de Oliveira FE, de Oliveira LD, Franco GCN, Perrien DS, Elefteriou F, Anbinder AL. The effect of an inhibitor of gut serotonin (LP533401) during the induction of periodontal disease. J Periodontal Res 2016; 51:661-8. [PMID: 26740292 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE LP533401 is an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase 1, which regulates serotonin production in the gut. Previous work indicates that LP533401 has an anabolic effect in bone. Thus, we hypothesized that inhibition of gut serotonin production may modulate the host response in periodontal disease. In this study, we aimed to analyze the effects of LP533401 in a rat periodontitis model to evaluate the role of gut serotonin in periodontitis pathophysiology. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-four rats were divided into three groups: treated group (T: ligature-induced periodontal disease and LP533401, 25 mg/kg/d) by gavage; ligature group (L: ligature-induced periodontal disease only); and control group (C: without ligature-induced periodontal disease). After 28 d, radiographic alveolar bone support was measured on digital radiographs, and alveolar bone volume fraction, tissue mineral density and trabeculae characteristics were quantified by microcomputed tomography in the right hemi-mandible. Left hemi-mandibles were decalcified and alveolar bone loss, attachment loss and area of collagen in the gingiva were histologically analyzed. RESULTS Significant difference between the L and C groups was found, confirming that periodontal disease was induced. We observed no difference between the T and L groups regarding alveolar bone destruction and area of collagen. CONCLUSION LP533401 (25 mg/kg/d) for 28 d does not prevent bone loss and does not modulate host response in a rat model of induced periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M G Lima
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - B J M Corazza
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - R M Moraes
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - F E de Oliveira
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - L D de Oliveira
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - G C N Franco
- Department of General Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - D S Perrien
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Rehabilitation and Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - F Elefteriou
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - A L Anbinder
- Department of Bioscience and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
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17
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Cortelli SC, Costa FO, Rodrigues E, Cota LOM, Cortelli JR. Periodontal Therapy Effects on Nitrite Related to Oral Bacteria: A 6-Month Randomized Clinical Trial. J Periodontol 2015; 86:984-94. [PMID: 25811847 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2015.140678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrite is a biologic factor relevant to oral and systemic homeostasis. Through an oral bacteria reduction process, it was suggested that periodontal therapy and chlorhexidine (CHX) rinse could affect nitrite levels, leading to negative effects, such as an increase in blood pressure. This 6-month randomized clinical trial evaluated the effects of periodontal therapeutic protocols on salivary nitrite and its relation to subgingival bacteria. METHODS One hundred patients with periodontitis were allocated randomly to debridement procedures in four weekly sections (quadrant scaling [QS]) or within 24 hours (full-mouth scaling [FMS]) in conjunction with a 60-day CHX (QS + CHX and FMS + CHX), placebo (QS + placebo and FMS + placebo), or no mouthrinse (QS + none and FMS + none) use. Real-time polymerase chain reaction determined total bacterial, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Streptococcus oralis, and Actinomyces naeslundii levels. Salivary nitrite concentration was determined with Griess reagent. Data were analyzed statistically at baseline and 3 and 6 months by analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, and Spearman correlation tests (P <0.05). RESULTS Nitrite concentrations did not tend to change over time. Regarding CHX use, there was a negative correlation between nitrite and total bacterial load at 6 months (FMS + CHX) and one positive correlation between P. gingivalis and nitrite at baseline (QS + CHX). Independently of rinse type, in the FMS group, nitrite correlated negatively with several microbial parameters and also with a higher percentage of deep periodontal pockets. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between nitrite and bacterial levels appears weak. Short-term scaling exhibited a greater influence on nitrite concentrations then long-term CHX use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila C Cortelli
- Nucleus of Periodontal Research, Dental School, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil.,Dental School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando O Costa
- Periodontal Department, Dental School, Federal University of Minas Gerais
| | - Edson Rodrigues
- Biochemistry Department, Institute of Biosciences, University of Taubaté
| | - Luis O M Cota
- Periodontal Department, Dental School, Federal University of Minas Gerais
| | - Jose R Cortelli
- Nucleus of Periodontal Research, Dental School, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Chaichanasakul T, Kang B, Bezouglaia O, Aghaloo TL, Tetradis S. Diverse osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow from mandible versus long bone. J Periodontol 2013; 85:829-36. [PMID: 24003963 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mandibles (MB) and maxillae possess unique metabolic and functional properties and demonstrate discrete responses to homeostatic, mechanical, hormonal, and developmental stimuli. Osteogenic potential of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) differs between MB versus long bones (LB). Furthermore, MB- versus LB-derived osteoclasts (OCs) have disparate functional properties. This study explores the osteoclastogenic potential of rat MB versus LB marrow in vitro and in vivo under basal and stimulated conditions. METHODS Bone marrow from rat MB and LB was cultured in osteoblastic or osteoclastic differentiation media. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, resorption pit assays, and real-time polymerase chain reaction were performed. Additionally, osmotic mini-pumps were implanted in animals, mandibles and tibiae were isolated, and multinucleated cells (MNCs) were measured. RESULTS MB versus LB marrow cultures that were differentiated with receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony-stimulating factor produced more TRAP(+) MNCs and greater resorptive area. To explore MB versus LB BMSC-supported osteoclastogenesis, confluent BMSCs were cultured with parathyroid hormone (PTH), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3), or PTH+1,25D3. 1,25D3- or PTH+1,25D3-treated LB BMSCs expressed significantly higher RANKL and lower osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA and increased RANKL:OPG ratio. When whole marrow was cultured with PTH+1,25D3, more TRAP(+) MNCs were seen in LB versus MB cultures. Ultimately, rats were infused with PTH+1,25D3, and MB versus tibia MNCs were measured. Hormonal stimulation increased osteoclastogenesis in both MB and tibiae. However, higher TRAP(+) MNC numbers were observed in tibiae versus MB under basal and hormonal stimulation. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data illustrate differences of both osteoclastogenic potential and OC numbers of MB versus LB marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thawinee Chaichanasakul
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, University of California at Los Angeles School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA
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