1
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Brunborg G, Eide DM, Graupner A, Gutzkow K, Shaposhnikov S, Kruszewski M, Sirota N, Jones GDD, Koppen G, Vanhavere F, Møller P, Stetina R, Dahl H, Collins A. Calibration of the comet assay using ionising radiation. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2023; 885:503560. [PMID: 36669811 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2022.503560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several trials have attempted to identify sources of inter-laboratory variability in comet assay results, aiming at achieving more equal responses. Ionising radiation induces a defined level of DNA single-strand breaks (per dose/base pairs) and is used as a reference when comparing comet results but relies on accurately determined radiation doses. In this ring test we studied the significance of dose calibrations and comet assay protocol differences, with the object of identifying causes of variability and how to deal with them. Eight participating laboratories, using either x-ray or gamma radiation units, measured dose rates using alanine pellet dosimeters that were subsequently sent to a specialised laboratory for analysis. We found substantial deviations between calibrated and nominal (uncalibrated) dose rates, with up to 46% difference comparing highest and lowest values. Three additional dosimetry systems were employed in some laboratories: thermoluminescence detectors and two aqueous chemical dosimeters. Fricke's and Benzoic Acid dosimetry solutions gave reliable quantitative dose estimations using local equipment. Mononuclear cells from fresh human blood or mammalian cell lines were irradiated locally with calibrated (alanine) radiation doses and analysed for DNA damage using a standardised comet assay protocol and a lab-specific protocol. The dose response of eight laboratories, calculated against calibrated radiation doses, was linear with slope variance CV= 29% with the lab-specific protocol, reduced to CV= 16% with the standard protocol. Variation between laboratories indicate post-irradiation repair differences. Intra-laboratory variation was very low judging from the dose response of 8 donors (CV=4%). Electrophoresis conditions were different in the lab-specific protocols explaining some dose response variations which were reduced by systematic corrections for electrophoresis conditions. The study shows that comet assay data obtained in different laboratories can be compared quantitatively using calibrated radiation doses and that systematic corrections for electrophoresis conditions are useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Brunborg
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, N-0213 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Dag M Eide
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, N-0213 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anne Graupner
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, N-0213 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kristine Gutzkow
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, N-0213 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów, ul. Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszów, Poland; Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, ul. Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Nikolai Sirota
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.
| | - George D D Jones
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Filip Vanhavere
- Radiation Protection, Dosimetry and Calibration, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK·CEN, Boeretang 200, Mol 2400, Belgium.
| | - Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, P.O. Box 2099, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Rudolf Stetina
- University of Defence, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, Department of Toxicology, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Hildegunn Dahl
- Division of Climate and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222, N-0213 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Andrew Collins
- Dept of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PB 1046 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Bill MA, Srivastava K, Breen C, Butterworth KT, McMahon SJ, Prise KM, McCloskey KD. Dual effects of radiation bystander signaling in urothelial cancer: purinergic-activation of apoptosis attenuates survival of urothelial cancer and normal urothelial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:97331-97343. [PMID: 29228614 PMCID: PMC5722566 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) delivers tumour kill, directly and often via bystander mechanisms. Bladder toxicity is a dose limiting constraint in pelvic RT, manifested as radiation cystitis and urinary symptoms. We aimed to investigate the impact of radiation-induced bystander signaling on normal/cancer urothelial cells. Human urothelial cancer cells T24, HT1376 and normal urothelial cells HUC, SV-HUC were used. Cells were irradiated and studied directly, or conditioned medium from irradiated cells (CM) was transferred to naïve, cells. T24 or SV-HUC cells in the shielded half of irradiated flasks had increased numbers of DNA damage foci vs non-irradiated cells. A physical barrier blocked this response, indicating release of transmitters from irradiated cells. Clonogenic survival of shielded T24 or SV-HUC was also reduced; a physical barrier prevented this phenomenon. CM-transfer increased pro-apoptotic caspase-3 activity, increased cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP expression and reduced survival protein XIAP expression. This effect was mimicked by ATP. ATP or CM evoked suramin-sensitive Ca2+-signals. Irradiation increased [ATP] in CM from T24. The CM-inhibitory effect on T24 clonogenic survival was blocked by apyrase, or mimicked by ATP. We conclude that radiation-induced bystander signaling enhances urothelial cancer cell killing via activation of purinergic pro-apoptotic pathways. This benefit is accompanied by normal urothelial damage indicating RT bladder toxicity is also bystander-mediated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata A Bill
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kirtiman Srivastava
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Conor Breen
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Karl T Butterworth
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stephen J McMahon
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kevin M Prise
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Karen D McCloskey
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
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3
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Bhagat J. Combinations of genotoxic tests for the evaluation of group 1 IARC carcinogens. J Appl Toxicol 2017; 38:81-99. [PMID: 28695982 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Many of the known human carcinogens are potent genotoxins that are efficiently detected as carcinogens in human populations but certain types of compounds such as immunosuppressants, sex hormones, etc. act via non-genotoxic mechanism. The absence of genotoxicity and the diversity of modes of action of non-genotoxic carcinogens make predicting their carcinogenic potential extremely challenging. There is evidence that combinations of different short-term tests provide a better and efficient prediction of human genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens. The purpose of this study is to summarize the in vivo and in vitro comet assay (CMT) results of group 1 carcinogens selected from the International Agency for Research on Cancer and to discuss the utility of the comet assay along with other genotoxic assays such as Ames, in vivo micronucleus (MN), and in vivo chromosomal aberration (CA) test. Of the 62 agents for which valid genotoxic data were available, 38 of 61 (62.3%) were Ames test positive, 42 of 60 (70%) were in vivo MN test positive and 36 of 45 (80%) were positive for the in vivo CA test. Higher sensitivity was seen in in vivo CMT (90%) and in vitro CMT (86.9%) assay. Combination of two tests has greater sensitivity than individual tests: in vivo MN + in vivo CA (88.6%); in vivo MN + in vivo CMT (92.5%); and in vivo MN + in vitro CMT (95.6%). Combinations of in vivo or in vitro CMT with other tests provided better sensitivity. In vivo CMT in combination with in vivo CA provided the highest sensitivity (96.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Bhagat
- Department of Zoology, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403206, India
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4
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Dynamic In Vivo Profiling of DNA Damage and Repair after Radiotherapy Using Canine Patients as a Model. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061176. [PMID: 28587165 PMCID: PMC5485999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Time resolved data of DNA damage and repair after radiotherapy elucidates the relation between damage, repair, and cell survival. While well characterized in vitro, little is known about the time-course of DNA damage response in tumors sampled from individual patients. Kinetics of DNA damage after radiotherapy was assessed in eight dogs using repeated in vivo samples of tumor and co-irradiated normal tissue analyzed with comet assay and phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) immunohistochemistry. In vivo results were then compared (in silico) with a dynamic mathematical model for DNA damage formation and repair. Maximum %DNA in tail was observed at 15–60 min after irradiation, with a rapid decrease. Time-courses of γH2AX-foci paralleled these findings with a small time delay and were not influenced by covariates. The evolutionary parameter search based on %DNA in tail revealed a good fit of the DNA repair model to in vivo data for pooled sarcoma time-courses, but fits for individual sarcoma time-courses suffer from the heterogeneous nature of the in vivo data. It was possible to follow dynamics of comet tail intensity and γH2AX-foci during a course of radiation using a minimally invasive approach. DNA repair can be quantitatively investigated as time-courses of individual patients by integrating this resulting data into a dynamic mathematical model.
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Pereira PMR, Berisha N, Bhupathiraju NVSDK, Fernandes R, Tomé JPC, Drain CM. Cancer cell spheroids are a better screen for the photodynamic efficiency of glycosylated photosensitizers. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177737. [PMID: 28545086 PMCID: PMC5435229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) relies on the use of non-toxic photosensitizers that are locally and selectively activated by light to induce cell death or apoptosis through reactive oxygen species generation. The conjugation of porphyrinoids with sugars that target cancer is increasingly viewed as an effective way to increase the selectivity of PDT. To date, in vitro PDT efficacy is mostly screened using two-dimensional monolayer cultures. Compared to monolayer cultures, three-dimensional spheroid cultures have unique spatial distributions of nutrients, metabolites, oxygen and signalling molecules; therefore better mimic in vivo conditions. We obtained 0.05 mm3 spheroids with four different human tumor cell lines (HCT-116, MCF-7, UM-UC-3 and HeLa) with appropriate sizes for screening PDT agents. We observed that detachment from monolayer culture and growth as tumor spheroids was accompanied by changes in glucose metabolism, endogenous ROS levels, galectin-1 and glucose transporter GLUT1 protein levels. We compared the phototoxic responses of a porphyrin conjugated with four glucose molecules (PorGlu4) in monolayer and spheroid cultures. The uptake and phototoxicity of PorGlu4 is highly dependent on the monolayer versus spheroid model used and on the different levels of GLUT1 protein expressed by these in vitro platforms. This study demonstrates that HCT-116, MCF-7, UM-UC-3 and HeLa spheroids afford a more rational platform for the screening of new glycosylated-photosensitizers compared to monolayer cultures of these cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M. R. Pereira
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Naxhije Berisha
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Rosa Fernandes
- IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João P. C. Tomé
- QOPNA, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- CQE, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Charles Michael Drain
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Polyalthia longifolia Methanolic Leaf Extracts (PLME) induce apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial potential depolarization by possibly modulating the redox status in hela cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:499-514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Apostolou P, Toloudi M, Kourtidou E, Mimikakou G, Vlachou I, Chatziioannou M, Papasotiriou I. Use of the comet assay technique for quick and reliable prediction of in vitro response to chemotherapeutics in breast and colon cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 21:14. [PMID: 25984497 PMCID: PMC4389674 DOI: 10.1186/2241-5793-21-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Determination of response to chemotherapy is a major requirement of personalized medicine. Resistance, whether developed or native, critically affects a treatment’s success. Single Cell Gel lectrophoresis - also known as a comet assay - is used to detect DNA damage at the level of individual eukaryotic cells. We assessed the use of comet assays in determining response to chemotherapeutic drugs that are widely used in breast and colon cancer. Results We treated human breast and colon cancer cell lines with melphalan, cisplatin, mechlorethamine or doxorubicin, as monotherapies. Drug activities varied even in the same cancer types, further demonstrating the heterogeneity of different cancer types. Conclusion The comet assay technique can provide reliable and quick results with minimum requirements and is applicable to a wide variety of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Toloudi
- Research Genetic Cancer Centre Ltd (R.G.C.C. Ltd), Filotas, Florina Greece
| | - Eleni Kourtidou
- Research Genetic Cancer Centre Ltd (R.G.C.C. Ltd), Filotas, Florina Greece
| | - Georgia Mimikakou
- Research Genetic Cancer Centre Ltd (R.G.C.C. Ltd), Filotas, Florina Greece
| | - Ioanna Vlachou
- Research Genetic Cancer Centre Ltd (R.G.C.C. Ltd), Filotas, Florina Greece
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8
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Bowman KJ, Al‐Moneef MM, Sherwood BT, Colquhoun AJ, Goddard JC, Griffiths TL, Payne D, Singh S, Butterworth PC, Khan MA, Summerton DJ, Steward WP, McKelvey‐Martin VJ, McKeown SR, Kockelbergh RC, Mellon JK, Symonds RP, Jones GD. Comet assay measures of DNA damage are predictive of bladder cancer cell treatment sensitivity
in vitro
and outcome
in vivo. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1102-11. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen J. Bowman
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular MedicineUniversity of LeicesterLeicester United Kingdom
| | - Manar M. Al‐Moneef
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular MedicineUniversity of LeicesterLeicester United Kingdom
| | - Benedict T. Sherwood
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular MedicineUniversity of LeicesterLeicester United Kingdom
- Department of UrologyUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra J. Colquhoun
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular MedicineUniversity of LeicesterLeicester United Kingdom
- Department of UrologyUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. Goddard
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular MedicineUniversity of LeicesterLeicester United Kingdom
- Department of UrologyUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester United Kingdom
| | - T.R. Leyshon Griffiths
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular MedicineUniversity of LeicesterLeicester United Kingdom
- Department of UrologyUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester United Kingdom
| | - David Payne
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular MedicineUniversity of LeicesterLeicester United Kingdom
- Department of UrologyUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester United Kingdom
| | - Sadmeet Singh
- Department of UrologyUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester United Kingdom
| | - Paul C. Butterworth
- Department of UrologyUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester United Kingdom
| | - Masood A. Khan
- Department of UrologyUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester United Kingdom
| | - Duncan J. Summerton
- Department of UrologyUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester United Kingdom
| | - William P. Steward
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular MedicineUniversity of LeicesterLeicester United Kingdom
| | | | - Stephanie R. McKeown
- Biomedical Sciences Research InstituteUniversity of UlsterColeraine Northern Ireland United Kingdom
| | - Roger C. Kockelbergh
- Department of UrologyUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester United Kingdom
| | - J. Kilian Mellon
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular MedicineUniversity of LeicesterLeicester United Kingdom
- Department of UrologyUniversity Hospitals of Leicester NHS TrustLeicester United Kingdom
| | - R. Paul Symonds
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular MedicineUniversity of LeicesterLeicester United Kingdom
| | - George D.D. Jones
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular MedicineUniversity of LeicesterLeicester United Kingdom
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McKenna DJ, Doherty BA, Downes CS, McKeown SR, McKelvey-Martin VJ. Use of the comet-FISH assay to compare DNA damage and repair in p53 and hTERT genes following ionizing radiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49364. [PMID: 23145163 PMCID: PMC3492288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay can be combined with fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) methodology in order to investigate the localisation of specific gene domains within an individual cell. The number and position of the fluorescent signal(s) provides information about the relative damage and subsequent repair that is occurring in the targeted gene domain(s). In this study, we have optimised the comet-FISH assay to detect and compare DNA damage and repair in the p53 and hTERT gene regions of bladder cancer cell-lines RT4 and RT112, normal fibroblasts and Cockayne Syndrome (CS) fibroblasts following γ-radiation. Cells were exposed to 5Gy γ-radiation and repair followed for up to 60 minutes. At each repair time-point, the number and location of p53 and hTERT hybridisation spots was recorded in addition to standard comet measurements. In bladder cancer cell-lines and normal fibroblasts, the p53 gene region was found to be rapidly repaired relative to the hTERT gene region and the overall genome, a phenomenon that appeared to be independent of hTERT transcriptional activity. However, in the CS fibroblasts, which are defective in transcription coupled repair (TCR), this rapid repair of the p53 gene region was not observed when compared to both the hTERT gene region and the overall genome, proving the assay can detect variations in DNA repair in the same gene. In conclusion, we propose that the comet-FISH assay is a sensitive and rapid method for detecting differences in DNA damage and repair between different gene regions in individual cells in response to radiation. We suggest this increases its potential for measuring radiosensitivity in cells and may therefore have value in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan J McKenna
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom.
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10
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The potential value of the neutral comet assay and the expression of genes associated with DNA damage in assessing the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2012; 748:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2012.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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REITER MAXIMILIAN, BAUMEISTER PHILIPP, JAISER SONJA, REISS ANDREAS, SCHWENK-ZIEGER SABINA, KLEINSASSER NORBERT, HARRÉUS ULRICH. DNA repair and mutagen sensitivity of epithelial cells and lymphocytes in oropharyngeal cancer. Oncol Lett 2012; 3:100-106. [PMID: 22740863 PMCID: PMC3362385 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco-associated nitrosamines are known carcinogens causing DNA damage in epithelial cells of the head and neck. A matched case-control study was performed to evaluate the sensitivity of patients with squamous cell cancer (SCC) of the oropharynx, and controls to tobacco-associated nitrosamines. Quantitative DNA repair was evaluated following a period of 15 and 30 min. Fresh biopsies from 100 male donors of macroscopically healthy oropharyngeal cells and lymphocytes (50 SCC patients and 50 controls) were incubated with N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) or N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN). DNA damage in epithelial cells and lymphocytes was assessed using the comet assay. Following incubation with NDEA, cells underwent a period of DNA repair. All of the nitrosamines caused equivalent genotoxic damage in mucosal cells and lymphocytes of the two groups. Lymphocyte DNA repair capacity in the control group (26.8 and 37.1% after 15 and 30 min) was comparable to the tumor group (23.6 and 40.6%). However, epithelial cell DNA repair capacity of carcinoma patients was significantly reduced to 17.1% (15 min) and 23% (30 min) compared to the DNA repair of the control group (36.2%, 15 min and 46.0%, 30 min). Mutagen sensitivity was comparable in patients and controls. Thus, reduced epithelial cell DNA repair capacity of tumor patients is a possible endogenous risk factor for the development of head and neck squamous cell cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- MAXIMILIAN REITER
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich
| | - PHILIPP BAUMEISTER
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich
| | - SONJA JAISER
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich
| | - ANDREAS REISS
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich
| | - SABINA SCHWENK-ZIEGER
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich
| | - NORBERT KLEINSASSER
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Julius Maximilians University, D-97080 Wuerzburg
| | - ULRICH HARRÉUS
- Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich Alexander University, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Vidyasagar MS, Kodali M, Prakash Saxena P, Upadhya D, Murali Krishna C, Vadhiraja BM, Fernandes DJ, Bola Sadashiva SR. Predictive and Prognostic Significance of Glutathione Levels and DNA Damage in Cervix Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 78:343-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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13
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Zainol M, Stoute J, Almeida GM, Rapp A, Bowman KJ, Jones GDD. Introducing a true internal standard for the Comet assay to minimize intra- and inter-experiment variability in measures of DNA damage and repair. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 37:e150. [PMID: 19828597 PMCID: PMC2794182 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Comet assay (CA) is a sensitive/simple measure of genotoxicity. However, many features of CA contribute variability. To minimize these, we have introduced internal standard materials consisting of 'reference' cells which have their DNA substituted with BrdU. Using a fluorescent anti-BrdU antibody, plus an additional barrier filter, comets derived from these cells could be readily distinguished from the 'test'-cell comets, present in the same gel. In experiments to evaluate the reference cell comets as external and internal standards, the reference and test cells were present in separate gels on the same slide or mixed together in the same gel, respectively, before their co-exposure to X-irradiation. Using the reference cell comets as internal standards led to substantial reductions in the coefficient of variation (CoV) for intra- and inter-experimental measures of comet formation and DNA damage repair; only minor reductions in CoV were noted when the reference and test cell comets were in separate gels. These studies indicate that differences between individual gels appreciably contribute to CA variation. Further studies using the reference cells as internal standards allowed greater significance to be obtained between groups of replicate samples. Ultimately, we anticipate that development will deliver robust quality assurance materials for CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murizal Zainol
- Radiation and Oxidative Stress Group, Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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14
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Negroni A, Stronati L, Grollino MG, Barattini P, Gumiero D, Danesi DT. Radioresistance in a tumour cell line correlates with radiation inducible Ku 70/80 end-binding activity. Int J Radiat Biol 2008; 84:265-76. [PMID: 18386192 DOI: 10.1080/09553000801953318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of the present study were to better understand the role of Ku 80, which is involved in double-strand break repair in mammalian cells in the mechanism of radiation resistance and to verify the possibility of increasing cell radiosensitivity by targeted inhibition of Ku autoantigen 80 (Ku 80). MATERIALS AND METHODS Western blot and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) were performed on the human bladder carcinoma cell line RT112 (radioresistant) and on the human colorectal carcinoma cell line SW48 (radiosensitive) to assess the expression levels of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) components and the DNA-binding activity of the Ku 70/80 heterodimer after exposure to radiation, respectively. Ku 80 silencing was carried out with the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA). RESULTS Greater differences in the DNA-binding activity of Ku 70/80 and Ku 80 phosphorylation level were observed in RT112 as compared to SW48 after X-ray treatment. There is no correlation between Ku expression and DNA-binding activity at lower doses. A significant increase in nuclear Ku 80 expression was observed one hour after the exposure, only at the higher doses, while the DNA-PK catalytic subunits (DNA-PKcs) and Ku 70 levels did not change significantly. Inhibition of Ku 80 expression by siRNA induced radiosensitivity in the RT112 cell line. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that in a bladder tumour cell line up-regulation of Ku end-binding activity without any marked change in Ku expression underlie radiation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Negroni
- Section of Toxicology and Biomedical Sciences, ENEA-National Agency for New Technology, Energy and Environment, Rome, Italy.
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15
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Sherwood BT, Colquhoun AJ, Richardson D, Bowman KJ, O'Byrne KJ, Kockelbergh RC, Symonds RP, Mellon JK, Jones GDD. Carbonic anhydrase IX expression and outcome after radiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2007; 19:777-83. [PMID: 17706406 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 05/31/2007] [Accepted: 06/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) expression has been described as an endogenous marker of hypoxia in solid neoplasms. Furthermore, CA IX expression has been associated with an aggressive phenotype and resistance to radiotherapy. We assessed the prognostic significance of CA IX expression in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS A standard immunohistochemistry technique was used to show CA IX expression in 110 muscle-invasive bladder tumours treated with radiotherapy. Clinicopathological data were obtained from medical case notes. RESULTS CA IX immunostaining was detected in 89 ( approximately 81%) patients. Staining was predominantly membranous, with areas of concurrent cytoplasmic and nuclear staining and was abundant in luminal and perinecrotic areas. No significant correlation was shown between the overall CA IX status and the initial response to radiotherapy, 5-year bladder cancer-specific survival or the time to local recurrence. CONCLUSIONS The distribution of CA IX expression in paraffin-embedded tissue sections seen in this series is consistent with previous studies in bladder cancer, but does not provide significant prognostic information with respect to the response to radiotherapy at 3 months and disease-specific survival after radical radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Sherwood
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
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16
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Mohammadi S, Taghavi-Dehaghani M, Gharaati MR, Masoomi R, Ghiassi-Nejad M. Adaptive response of blood lymphocytes of inhabitants residing in high background radiation areas of ramsar- micronuclei, apoptosis and comet assays. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2006; 47:279-85. [PMID: 16988494 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The hot springs in certain areas of Ramsar contain (226)Ra and (222)Rn. The effects of natural radiation on the inhabitants of these areas and the inhabitant's radiosensitivity or adaptive responses were studied. One group of volunteers from areas with high natural background radiation and another group from areas with normal background radiation were chosen as the case and control group respectively. The frequency of micronuclei, apoptosis, and DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were measured following gamma irradiation (4 Gy). The incidence of micronuclei in the case group was significantly lower than that in the control group while their frequency of apoptosis was higher (P < 0.05). However, the rates of induced DNA damage and repair were significantly higher in the case group (P < 0.05). Smaller number of micronuclei and higher levels of apoptosis in the case group could be the result of higher resistance to radiation stress and a more rigorous checkpoint at cell division. However, regarding the alkaline labile sites, the individuals in the case group are more sensitive and susceptible to DNA damage. The results of micronuclei, apoptosis and repair studies suggest that an adaptive response might be induced in people residing in areas with high background radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Mohammadi
- Radiation Molecular Genetic Lab, National Radiation Protection Department (NRPD), Iranian Nuclear Regulatory Authority (INRA), Tehran.
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17
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Rajab NF, McKenna DJ, Diamond J, Williamson K, Hamilton PW, McKelvey-Martin VJ. Prediction of radiosensitivity in human bladder cell lines using nuclear chromatin phenotype. Cytometry A 2006; 69:1077-85. [PMID: 16924636 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear texture analysis measures phenotypic changes in chromatin distribution within a cell nucleus, while the alkaline Comet assay is a sensitive method for measuring the extent of DNA breakage in individual cells. The authors aim to use both methods to provide information about the sensitivity of cells to ionizing radiation. METHODS The alkaline Comet assay was performed on six human bladder carcinoma cell lines and one human urothelial cell line exposed to gamma-radiation doses from 0 to 10 Gy. Nuclear chromatin texture analysis of 40 features was then performed in the same cell lines exposed to 0, 2, and 6 Gy to explore if nuclear phenotype was related to radiation sensitivity. RESULTS Comet assay results demonstrated that the cell lines exhibited different levels of radiosensitivity and could be divided into a radiosensitive and a radioresistant group at >6 Gy. Using stepwise discriminant analysis, a subset of important nuclear texture features that best discriminated between sensitive and resistant cell lines were identified A classification function, defined using these features, correctly classified 81.75% of all cells into their radiosensitive or radioresistant groups based on their pretreatment chromatin phenotype. Posttreatment chromatin changes also varied between cell lines, with sensitive cell lines showing a relaxed chromatin conformation following radiation, whereas resistant cell lines exhibited chromatin condensation. CONCLUSIONS The authors conclude that the alkaline Comet assay and nuclear texture methodologies may prove to be valuable aids in predicting the response of tumor cells to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nor F Rajab
- Cancer and Ageing Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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18
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Volpato M, Seargent J, Loadman PM, Phillips RM. Formation of DNA interstrand cross-links as a marker of Mitomycin C bioreductive activation and chemosensitivity. Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1331-8. [PMID: 15869876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 03/11/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tumour response to Mitomycin C (MMC) is heterogenous and past attempts to predict clinical response based on enzyme activities have proven unsatisfactory. Using in vitro techniques, the aim of this study was to determine if the induction of DNA interstrand cross-links correlated with cellular response and to assess if DNA repair and induction of apoptosis influenced MMC chemosensitivity. Poor correlations were found between sensitivity and both DNA repair and induction of apoptosis suggesting that these processes do not play a major role in determining cellular response to MMC. In contrast, there was good correlation between the induction of DNA interstrand cross-links as determined by the alkaline comet assay and cellular response, suggesting that the biochemical events leading to DNA damage are the key factors that determine cellular response in vitro. Further studies are required to assess whether this approach as a mean of prediction has practical applications in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milène Volpato
- Cancer Research Unit, Tom Connors Cancer Research Centre, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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19
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Wang ASS, Ramanathan B, Chien YH, Goparaju CMV, Jan KY. Comet assay with nuclear extract incubation. Anal Biochem 2005; 337:70-5. [PMID: 15649377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alkaline comet assay is a simple sensitive method for detecting DNA strand breaks. However, at the time of cell lysis, only a fraction of the entire DNA damage appears as DNA strand breaks, while some DNA strand breaks may have been rejoined and some DNA lesions may still remain unexcised. We showed that nuclear extract (NE) prepared from human cells could excise the DNA adducts induced by UVC, X-ray, and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). Thus, the comet assay with NE incubation allows a closer estimation of total DNA damage. Among the human urothelial carcinoma cell lines we tested, the NE of NTUB1 cells showed higher activity in excising the DNA adducts induced by UVC, but with a lower activity in excising the DNA adducts induced by MMS than the NE of BFTC905 cells. Moreover, under the same dose of X-ray irradiation, a larger difference in total DNA damage between two cell lines was revealed in comet assay incubated with NE than without NE. Therefore, the comet assay with NE incubation may be useful in the research of cancer risk, drug resistance, and DNA repair proteins.
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20
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Moneef MAL, Sherwood BT, Bowman KJ, Kockelbergh RC, Symonds RP, Steward WP, Mellon JK, Jones GDD. Measurements using the alkaline comet assay predict bladder cancer cell radiosensitivity. Br J Cancer 2004; 89:2271-6. [PMID: 14676805 PMCID: PMC2395287 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In the UK, the two main treatments of invasive bladder cancer are radiotherapy or cystectomy. However, ∼50% of patients undergoing radiotherapy fail to respond. If tumour radiosensitivity could be predicted in advance, it may be possible to improve control rates significantly by selecting for radiotherapy those patients whose tumours are radiosensitive. Additionally, patients who would benefit from surgery would be identified earlier. The alkaline comet assay (ACA) is a sensitive method for the detection of DNA strand break damage in cells. In the present study, using six bladder cancer cell lines of differing radiosensitivities, cell survival was compared to the manifestation of radiogenic DNA damage as assessed by ACA. For all the cell lines, the extent of comet formation strongly correlates with cell killing (R2>0.96), with a greater response being noted in radiosensitive cells. In repair studies, measures of residual damage correlate with survival fraction at 2 Gy (R2>0.96), but for only five of the cell lines. Finally, cells from human bladder tumour biopsies reveal a wide range of predicted radiosensitivies as determined by ACA. Overall, these studies demonstrate ACA to be a good predictive measure of bladder cancer cell radiosensitivity at low dose, with potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A L Moneef
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, PO Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - B T Sherwood
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, PO Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
- University Division of Urology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - K J Bowman
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, PO Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - R C Kockelbergh
- University Division of Urology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - R P Symonds
- University Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Osborne Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - W P Steward
- University Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Osborne Building, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - J K Mellon
- University Division of Urology, Leicester General Hospital, Gwendolen Road, Leicester LE5 4PW, UK
| | - G D D Jones
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, PO Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
- Department of Cancer Studies and Molecular Medicine, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, PO Box 138, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK. E-mail:
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21
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Dunne AL, Price ME, Mothersill C, McKeown SR, Robson T, Hirst DG. Relationship between clonogenic radiosensitivity, radiation-induced apoptosis and DNA damage/repair in human colon cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2004; 89:2277-83. [PMID: 14676806 PMCID: PMC2395286 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic radiation sensitivity of normal and tumour tissue is a major determinant of the outcome of radiotherapy. There is currently no established test that can be used routinely to measure the radiosensitivity of the cells in an individual patient's cancer in a manner that can inform treatment planning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate, in four human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines, two possible end points as surrogate markers of radiation response – apoptosis and induction of DNA single-strand breaks – and to compare the results with those of a conventional clonogenic assay. Cell lines (SW707 SW480, SW48 and HT29) known to differ in radiosensitivity were exposed to single doses of X-rays ranging from 0.5 to 5 Gy and cell survival was measured using the clonogenic assay. Apoptosis was determined on the basis of morphology under fluorescent microscopy and DNA damage/repair was measured, as tail moment, using an adaptation of the alkaline comet assay. The relationship between surviving fraction at 2 Gy (SF2) and the percentage of apoptotic cells 24 h after the same dose was complex, but apoptosis accurately predicted the order of radiosensitivities as measured by SF2. Initial damage measured after 2 Gy using the alkaline comet assay gave a close correlation with SF2 (r2=0.95), whereas there was no correlation between initial DNA damage repair rate and SF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Dunne
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, BT37 OQB, Northern Ireland
| | - M E Price
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, BT37 OQB, Northern Ireland
| | - C Mothersill
- Radiation Science Centre, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin
| | - S R McKeown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, BT37 OQB, Northern Ireland
| | - T Robson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, BT37 OQB, Northern Ireland
| | - D G Hirst
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, BT37 OQB, Northern Ireland
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, BT37 OQB, Northern Ireland. E-mail:
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