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Almeida LM, Prado ADL, Xavier-Silva KR, Firmino MT, Paula MIM, Gomes PN, Paula JAM, Bailão EFLC. Cytotoxic effect of Vernonanthura polyanthes leaves aqueous extracts. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 81:575-583. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.225281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Vernonanthura polyanthes, popularly known as assa-peixe, is a medicinal plant that has been widely used by Brazilian Cerrado population for treatment of diseases without a detailed evaluation of their effectiveness, toxicity, and proper dosage. Thus, more studies investigating the safety of V. polyanthes aqueous extract before the use are needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the toxicity, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of V. polyanthes leaves aqueous extract using the Artemia salina and Allium cepa assays. For the A. salina assay, three groups of 10 larvae were exposed to V. polyanthes leaves aqueous extract at the concentrations of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg/ml. For the A. cepa assay, 5 onion bulbs were exposed to V. polyanthes leaves aqueous extract at 10, 20, and 40 mg/ml, and then submitted to macroscopic and microscopic analysis. As result it was identified a toxicity and cytotoxicity of V. polyanthes dependent on the extract concentration. The A. salina assay suggests that the concentration of 24 mg/ml of the V. polyanthes extract is able to kill 50% of naupllis; while the A. cepa assay suggests that V. polyanthes leaves aqueous extract is toxic at concentrations higher than 20 mg/ml; however the cytotoxic effect in A. cepa root cells was observed at 40 mg/ml of the extract. It is important to say that the V. polyanthes leaves aqueous extract concentration commonly used in popular medicine is 20 mg/ml. Thus, the popular concentration used is very close to toxicity limit in A. salina model (24 mg/ml) and is the concentration which showed toxic effect in A. cepa root cells (20 mg/ml). No genotoxic activity of V. polyantes leaves aqueous extract was observed in the conditions used in this study. Because of the antiproliferative action and no genotoxic activity, V. polyanthes leaves aqueous extract may present compounds with potential use for human medicine. However more detailed studies need to be performed to confirm this potential.
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Roth IM, Wickremesekera AC, Wickremesekera SK, Davis PF, Tan ST. Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells via Modulation of the Renin-Angiotensin System. Front Oncol 2019; 9:745. [PMID: 31440473 PMCID: PMC6694711 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are proposed to be the cells that initiate tumorigenesis and maintain tumor development due to their self-renewal and multipotency properties. CSCs have been identified in many cancer types and are thought to be responsible for treatment resistance, metastasis, and recurrence. As such, targeting CSCs specifically should result in durable cancer treatment. One potential option for targeting CSCs is by manipulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and pathways that converge on the RAS with numerous inexpensive medications currently in common clinical use. In addition to its crucial role in cardiovascular and body fluid homeostasis, the RAS is vital for stem cell maintenance and differentiation and plays a role in tumorigenesis and cancer prevention, suggesting that these roles may converge and result in modulation of CSC function by the RAS. In support of this, components of the RAS have been shown to be expressed in many cancer types and have been more recently localized to the CSCs in some tumors. Given these roles of the RAS in tumor development, clinical trials using RAS inhibitors either singly or in combination with other therapies are underway in different cancer types. This review outlines the roles of the RAS, with respect to CSCs, and suggests that the presence of components of the RAS in CSCs could offer an avenue for therapeutic targeting using RAS modulators. Due to the nature of the RAS and its crosstalk with numerous other signaling pathways, a systems approach using traditional RAS inhibitors in combination with inhibitors of bypass loops of the RAS and other signaling pathways that converge on the RAS may offer a novel therapeutic approach to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imogen M Roth
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Agadha C Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Department of Neurosurgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Susrutha K Wickremesekera
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Upper Gastrointestinal, Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Section, Department of General Surgery, Wellington Regional Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Paul F Davis
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Swee T Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, Wellington, New Zealand.,Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial and Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Wellington, New Zealand
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Peyvandipour A, Saberian N, Shafi A, Donato M, Draghici S. A novel computational approach for drug repurposing using systems biology. Bioinformatics 2018; 34:2817-2825. [PMID: 29534151 PMCID: PMC6084573 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bty133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation Identification of novel therapeutic effects for existing US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs, drug repurposing, is an approach aimed to dramatically shorten the drug discovery process, which is costly, slow and risky. Several computational approaches use transcriptional data to find potential repurposing candidates. The main hypothesis of such approaches is that if gene expression signature of a particular drug is opposite to the gene expression signature of a disease, that drug may have a potential therapeutic effect on the disease. However, this may not be optimal since it fails to consider the different roles of genes and their dependencies at the system level. Results We propose a systems biology approach to discover novel therapeutic roles for established drugs that addresses some of the issues in the current approaches. To do so, we use publicly available drug and disease data to build a drug-disease network by considering all interactions between drug targets and disease-related genes in the context of all known signaling pathways. This network is integrated with gene-expression measurements to identify drugs with new desired therapeutic effects based on a system-level analysis method. We compare the proposed approach with the drug repurposing approach proposed by Sirota et al. on four human diseases: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, non-small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer. We evaluate the proposed approach based on its ability to re-discover drugs that are already FDA-approved for a given disease. Availability and implementation The R package DrugDiseaseNet is under review for publication in Bioconductor and is available at https://github.com/azampvd/DrugDiseaseNet. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adib Shafi
- Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michele Donato
- Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sorin Draghici
- Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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4
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Pinter M, Jain RK. Targeting the renin-angiotensin system to improve cancer treatment: Implications for immunotherapy. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/410/eaan5616. [PMID: 28978752 PMCID: PMC5928511 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan5616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors (RASi)-widely prescribed for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases-have considerable potential in oncology. The RAS plays a crucial role in cancer biology and affects tumor growth and dissemination directly and indirectly by remodeling the tumor microenvironment. We review clinical data on the benefit of RASi in primary and metastatic tumors and propose that, by activating immunostimulatory pathways, these inhibitors can enhance immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Pinter
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Edwin L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Park S, Kim SJ, Yu D, Peña-Llopis S, Gao J, Park JS, Chen B, Norris J, Wang X, Chen M, Kim M, Yong J, Wardak Z, Choe K, Story M, Starr T, Cheong JH, Hwang TH. An integrative somatic mutation analysis to identify pathways linked with survival outcomes across 19 cancer types. Bioinformatics 2015; 32:1643-51. [PMID: 26635139 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Identification of altered pathways that are clinically relevant across human cancers is a key challenge in cancer genomics. Precise identification and understanding of these altered pathways may provide novel insights into patient stratification, therapeutic strategies and the development of new drugs. However, a challenge remains in accurately identifying pathways altered by somatic mutations across human cancers, due to the diverse mutation spectrum. We developed an innovative approach to integrate somatic mutation data with gene networks and pathways, in order to identify pathways altered by somatic mutations across cancers. RESULTS We applied our approach to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset of somatic mutations in 4790 cancer patients with 19 different types of tumors. Our analysis identified cancer-type-specific altered pathways enriched with known cancer-relevant genes and targets of currently available drugs. To investigate the clinical significance of these altered pathways, we performed consensus clustering for patient stratification using member genes in the altered pathways coupled with gene expression datasets from 4870 patients from TCGA, and multiple independent cohorts confirmed that the altered pathways could be used to stratify patients into subgroups with significantly different clinical outcomes. Of particular significance, certain patient subpopulations with poor prognosis were identified because they had specific altered pathways for which there are available targeted therapies. These findings could be used to tailor and intensify therapy in these patients, for whom current therapy is suboptimal. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The code is available at: http://www.taehyunlab.org CONTACT jhcheong@yuhs.ac or taehyun.hwang@utsouthwestern.edu or taehyun.cs@gmail.com SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunho Park
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Seung-Jun Kim
- Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Maryland at Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Donghyeon Yu
- Department of Statistics, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Samuel Peña-Llopis
- Internal Medicine and Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jianjiong Gao
- Center for Molecular Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jin Suk Park
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jessie Norris
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Xinlei Wang
- Department of Statistical Science, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Minsoo Kim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeongsik Yong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Obstetrics, Gynecology & Women's Health, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zabi Wardak
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kevin Choe
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Story
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Timothy Starr
- Genetics, Cell Biology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jae-Ho Cheong
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea and Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Hwang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Kast RE, Karpel-Massler G, Halatsch ME. CUSP9* treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma: aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, ritonavir, sertraline augmenting continuous low dose temozolomide. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8052-82. [PMID: 25211298 PMCID: PMC4226667 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CUSP9 treatment protocol for recurrent glioblastoma was published one year ago. We now present a slight modification, designated CUSP9*. CUSP9* drugs--aprepitant, artesunate, auranofin, captopril, celecoxib, disulfiram, itraconazole, sertraline, ritonavir, are all widely approved by regulatory authorities, marketed for non-cancer indications. Each drug inhibits one or more important growth-enhancing pathways used by glioblastoma. By blocking survival paths, the aim is to render temozolomide, the current standard cytotoxic drug used in primary glioblastoma treatment, more effective. Although esthetically unpleasing to use so many drugs at once, the closely similar drugs of the original CUSP9 used together have been well-tolerated when given on a compassionate-use basis in the cases that have come to our attention so far. We expect similarly good tolerability for CUSP9*. The combined action of this suite of drugs blocks signaling at, or the activity of, AKT phosphorylation, aldehyde dehydrogenase, angiotensin converting enzyme, carbonic anhydrase -2,- 9, -12, cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, cathepsin B, Hedgehog, interleukin-6, 5-lipoxygenase, matrix metalloproteinase -2 and -9, mammalian target of rapamycin, neurokinin-1, p-gp efflux pump, thioredoxin reductase, tissue factor, 20 kDa translationally controlled tumor protein, and vascular endothelial growth factor. We believe that given the current prognosis after a glioblastoma has recurred, a trial of CUSP9* is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg Karpel-Massler
- University of Ulm, Department of Neurosurgery, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc-Eric Halatsch
- University of Ulm, Department of Neurosurgery, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, Germany
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Yu Z, Guo W, Ma X, Zhang B, Dong P, Huang L, Wang X, Wang C, Huo X, Yu W, Yi C, Xiao Y, Yang W, Qin Y, Yuan Y, Meng S, Liu Q, Deng W. Gamabufotalin, a bufadienolide compound from toad venom, suppresses COX-2 expression through targeting IKKβ/NF-κB signaling pathway in lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:203. [PMID: 25175164 PMCID: PMC4161895 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gamabufotalin (CS-6), a major bufadienolide of Chansu, has been used for cancer therapy due to its desirable metabolic stability and less adverse effect. However, the underlying mechanism of CS-6 involved in anti-tumor activity remains poorly understood. METHODS The biological functions of gamabufotalin (CS-6) were investigated by migration, colony formation and apoptosis assays in NSCLC cells. The nuclear localization and interaction between transcriptional co-activator p300 and NF-κB p50/p65 and their binding to COX-2 promoter were analyzed after treatment with CS-6. Molecular docking study was used to simulate the interaction of CS-6 with IKKβ. The in vivo anti-tumor efficacy of CS-6 was also analyzed in xenografts nude mice. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression level. RESULTS Gamabufotalin (CS-6) strongly suppressed COX-2 expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of IKKβ via targeting the ATP-binding site, thereby abrogating NF-κB binding and p300 recruitment to COX-2 promoter. In addition, CS-6 induced apoptosis by activating the cytochrome c and caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Moreover, CS-6 markedly down-regulated the protein levels of COX-2 and phosphorylated p65 NF-κB in tumor tissues of the xenograft mice, and inhibited tumor weight and size. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides pharmacological evidence that CS-6 exhibits potential use in the treatment of COX-2-mediated diseases such as lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Yu
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Wei Guo
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Xiaochi Ma
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Baojing Zhang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Peipei Dong
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Lin Huang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Chao Wang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Xiaokui Huo
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Wendan Yu
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Canhui Yi
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Yao Xiao
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Yu Qin
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Yuhui Yuan
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Songshu Meng
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
| | - Quentin Liu
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
- />Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Canter of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wuguo Deng
- />Institute of Cancer Stem Cell; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Lvshun South Road No 9, Dalian, 116044 China
- />Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Canter of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Taddei A, Fabbroni V, Pini A, Lucarini L, Ringressi MN, Fantappiè O, Bani D, Messerini L, Masini E, Bechi P. Cyclooxygenase-2 and inflammation mediators have a crucial role in reflux-related esophageal histological changes and Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:949-57. [PMID: 24357184 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) causes injury of the esophageal squamous epithelium, a condition called reflux esophagitis. The sequence reflux-esophagitis-intestinal metaplasia-dysplasia-invasive cancer is widely accepted as the main adenocarcinogenetic pathway in the esophagus; however, the mechanisms of this progression need to be better defined. AIMS We evaluated COX-2 expression and activity in biopsies from patients affected with GER, and these parameters have been correlated with the stage of the disease, ceramide expression, apoptotic process, and angiogenesis. The effects of celecoxib on bile acid- and EGF-induced mucosal proliferation, apoptosis and angiogenesis have been also investigated. METHODS Four groups of patients were distinguished: non esophagitis, non erosive esophagitis, erosive esophagitis, and Barrett's esophagus. COX-2 expression, basal PGE2 levels, proliferative activity, VEGF expression and apoptosis were evaluated in esophageal biopsies. RESULTS COX-2 expression, basal PGE2 levels, proliferative activity, VEGF expression and apoptosis progressively increase from non esophagitis patients to patients with non erosive and erosive esophagitis, to those with BE. Incubation of the cells with DCA/EGF increases PGE2 production, proliferative activity and VEGF production, effects prevented by celecoxib pretreatment. Ceramide expression increased from non esophagitis patients to patients with non erosive and erosive esophagitis, and decreased in BE; caspase-3 activity progressively decreased from non esophagitis to BE patients, suggesting an impairment of the apoptotic process with disease progression. CONCLUSION These results stand for a close relationship between progression of initial steps of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and COX-2, proliferative activity and EGF/VEGF expression and could have implications in GERD treatment in order to prevent its neoplastic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Taddei
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Section of General Surgery, University of Florence-Careggi General Hospital, AOU Careggi, Largo Brambilla n. 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
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9
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Synergistic inhibition of angiogenesis by artesunate and captopril in vitro and in vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:454783. [PMID: 24223058 PMCID: PMC3816047 DOI: 10.1155/2013/454783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of angiogenesis represents one major strategy of cancer chemotherapy. In the present investigation, we investigated the synergism of artesunate and captopril to inhibit angiogenesis. Artesunate is an antimalarial derivative of artemisinin from the Chinese medicinal plant, Artemisia annua L., which also reveals profound anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. Captopril is an angiotensin I-converting (ACE) inhibitor, which is well established in Western academic medicine. Both compounds inhibited migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. The combination of both drugs resulted in synergistically inhibited migration. Whereas artesunate inhibited HUVEC growth in the XTT assay, captopril did not, indicating independent modes of action. We established a chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay of quail embryos (Coturnix coturnix L.) and a computer-based evaluation routine for quantitative studies on vascularization processes in vivo. Artesunate and captopril inhibited blood vessel formation and growth. For the first time, we demonstrated that both drugs revealed synergistic effects when combined. These results may also have clinical impact, since cardiovascular diseases and cancer frequently occur together in older cancer patients. Therefore, comorbid patients may take advantage, if they take captopril to treat cardiovascular symptoms and artesunate to treat cancer.
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10
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Vrana JA, Boggs N, Currie HN, Boyd J. Amelioration of an undesired action of deguelin. Toxicon 2013; 74:83-91. [PMID: 23933198 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The pharmaceutical world has greatly benefited from the well-characterized structure-function relationships of toxins with endogenous biomolecules, such as ion-channels, receptors, and signaling molecules. Thus, therapeutics derived from toxins have been aggressively pursued. However, the multifunctional role of various toxins may lead to undesirable off-target effects, hindering their use as therapeutic agents. In this paper, we suggest that previously unsuccessful toxins (due to off-target effects) may be revisited with mixtures by utilizing the pharmacodynamic response to the potential primary therapeutic as a starting point for finding new targets to ameliorate the unintended responses. In this proof of principle study, the pharmacodynamic response of HepG2 cells to a potential primary therapeutic (deguelin, a plant-derived chemopreventive agent) was monitored, and a possible secondary target (p38MAPK) was identified. As a single agent, deguelin decreased cellular viability at higher doses (>10 μM), but inhibited oxygen consumption over a wide dosing range (1.0-100 μM). Our results demonstrate that inhibition of oxygen consumption is related to an increase in p38MAPK phosphorylation, and may only be an undesired side effect of deguelin (i.e., one that does not contribute to the decrease in HepG2 viability). We further show that deguelin's negative effect on oxygen consumption can be diminished while maintaining efficacy when used as a therapeutic mixture with the judiciously selected secondary inhibitor (SB202190, p38MAPK inhibitor). These preliminary findings suggest that an endogenous response-directed mixtures approach, which uses a pharmacodynamic response to a primary therapeutic to determine a secondary target, allows previously unsuccessful toxins to be revisited as therapeutic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Vrana
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, 217 Clark Hall, Prospect Street, P.O. Box 6045, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States
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Gao X, Wang B, Wei X, Men K, Zheng F, Zhou Y, Zheng Y, Gou M, Huang M, Guo G, Huang N, Qian Z, Wei Y. Anticancer effect and mechanism of polymer micelle-encapsulated quercetin on ovarian cancer. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:7021-30. [PMID: 23044718 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr32181e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of hydrophobic agents in polymer micelles can improve the water solubility of cargos, contributing to develop novel drugs. Quercetin (QU) is a hydrophobic agent with potential anticancer activity. In this work, we encapsulated QU into biodegradable monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (MPEG-PCL) micelles and tried to provide proof-of-principle for treating ovarian cancer with this nano-formulation of quercetin. These QU loaded MPEG-PCL (QU/MPEG-PCL) micelles with drug loading of 6.9% had a mean particle size of 36 nm, rendering the complete dispersion of quercetin in water. QU inhibited the growth of A2780S ovarian cancer cells on a dose dependent manner in vitro. Intravenous administration of QU/MPEG-PCL micelles significantly suppressed the growth of established xenograft A2780S ovarian tumors through causing cancer cell apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis in vivo. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of quercetin on ovarian cancer cells was studied in vitro. Quercetin treatment induced the apoptosis of A2780S cells associated with activating caspase-3 and caspase-9. MCL-1 downregulation, Bcl-2 downregulation, Bax upregulation and mitochondrial transmembrane potential change were observed, suggesting that quercetin may induce apoptosis of A2780S cells through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Otherwise, quercetin treatment decreased phosphorylated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphorylated Akt, contributing to inhibition of A2780S cell proliferation. Our data suggested that QU/MPEG-PCL micelles were a novel nano-formulation of quercetin with a potential clinical application in ovarian cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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Stockley C, Teissedre PL, Boban M, Di Lorenzo C, Restani P. Bioavailability of wine-derived phenolic compounds in humans: a review. Food Funct 2012; 3:995-1007. [PMID: 22728778 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10208k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are produced in the seeds and skins of grapes, and are transferred into wine during the fermentation process. Phenolic compounds can also be imparted into wine from maturation and storage in oak wood barrels after fermentation. The consumption of wine, an alcoholic beverage, has been observed in epidemiological studies to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and certain cancers, as well as diabetes and dementia, in a J-shaped relationship between amount consumed and level of risk. The bioactivity of wine primarily observed in vitro and ex vivo, may result from wine's relatively high content of phenolic compounds, which is similar to that observed in fruits and vegetables; a Mediterranean fruit and vegetable rich-diet is also associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and cancers. If the wine-derived phenolic compounds or their active metabolites are not absorbed in sufficient amounts and in a readily available form for cells, however, then they are less likely to have any significant in vivo activity. This review considers and discusses the available data to date on the bioavailability of the different wine-derived phenolic compounds in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creina Stockley
- The Australian Wine Research Institute, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
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13
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Beekmann K, Actis-Goretta L, van Bladeren PJ, Dionisi F, Destaillats F, Rietjens IMCM. A state-of-the-art overview of the effect of metabolic conjugation on the biological activity of flavonoids. Food Funct 2012; 3:1008-18. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30065f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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14
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Wilop S, von Hobe S, Crysandt M, Esser A, Osieka R, Jost E. Impact of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers on survival in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009; 135:1429-35. [PMID: 19399518 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-009-0587-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The renin-angiotensin system plays a crucial role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Stimulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptors (AT1R) acts proangiogenically by increasing levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Consequently, cell culture experiments and animal studies have shown antiproliferative effects of AT1R blockers (ARB) and angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) in several malignancies. Until now, very limited clinical data for this antiangiogenic effect exists for combinations with antineoplastic chemotherapy. METHODS A total of 287 patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer undergoing first-line platinum-based chemotherapy were retrospectively analysed regarding long-term medication with ACEI and ARB as well as histological type, stage, performance status, gender, age, dose-intensity of chemotherapy and survival. RESULTS Patients receiving either ACEI or ARB had a 3.1 months longer median survival than non-recipients (11.7 vs. 8.6 months, HR 0.56, P = 0.03). This survival advantage could not be attributed to other established risk-factors or dose intensity of chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Addition of ACEI or ARB to platinum-based first-line chemotherapy may contribute to prolonged survival in patients with advanced lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wilop
- Medizinische Klinik IV, Universitaetsklinikum Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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15
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Kuderer NM, Khorana AA, Lyman GH, Francis CW. A meta-analysis and systematic review of the efficacy and safety of anticoagulants as cancer treatment: impact on survival and bleeding complications. Cancer 2007; 110:1149-61. [PMID: 17634948 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.22892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical evidence suggests that anticoagulants, in particular the low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH), exert an antitumor effect, whereas clinical trials have reported conflicting results. The authors conducted a comprehensive, systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), to evaluate the impact of anticoagulants on survival and safety in cancer patients without venous thromboembolism. METHODS A comprehensive systematic literature review of RCTs was performed without language restrictions through May 2006 with subsequent updates to the end of 2006, including an exhaustive search of electronic databases, major conference proceedings, article references, and content experts. Two reviewers extracted data independently. Primary study outcomes were 1-year overall mortality and all bleeding complications. Major and fatal bleeding complications were secondary outcomes. RESULTS Across all 11 studies that were identified, anticoagulation significantly decreased 1-year overall mortality with a relative risk (RR) of 0.905 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.847-0.967; P = .003). The RR for mortality was 0.877 (95% CI, 0.789-0.975; P = .015) for LMWH, compared with an RR of 0.942 (95% CI, 0.854-1.040; P = .239) for warfarin, resulting in an absolute risk difference (ARD) of 8% for LMWH and an ARD of 3% for warfarin. Improved survival with anticoagulation may be dependent on tumor type. Major bleeding episodes occurred less frequently in patients who received LMWH (ARD, 1%) compared with patients who received warfarin (ARD, 11.5%; P < .0001). Overall, fatal bleeding occurred rarely (ARD, 0.32%; P = .542). CONCLUSIONS Anticoagulants, particularly LMWH, significantly improved overall survival in cancer patients without venous thrombosis while increasing the risk for bleeding complications. However, given the limitations of available data, the use of anticoagulants as antineoplastic therapy cannot be recommended until additional RCTs confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Kuderer
- James P Wilmot Cancer Center and the Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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16
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Marko-Varga G, Ogiwara A, Nishimura T, Kawamura T, Fujii K, Kawakami T, Kyono Y, Tu HK, Anyoji H, Kanazawa M, Akimoto S, Hirano T, Tsuboi M, Nishio K, Hada S, Jiang H, Fukuoka M, Nakata K, Nishiwaki Y, Kunito H, Peers IS, Harbron CG, South MC, Higenbottam T, Nyberg F, Kudoh S, Kato H. Personalized medicine and proteomics: lessons from non-small cell lung cancer. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:2925-35. [PMID: 17636986 DOI: 10.1021/pr070046s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Personalized medicine allows the selection of treatments best suited to an individual patient and disease phenotype. To implement personalized medicine, effective tests predictive of response to treatment or susceptibility to adverse events are needed, and to develop a personalized medicine test, both high quality samples and reliable data are required. We review key features of state-of-the-art proteomic profiling and introduce further analytic developments to build a proteomic toolkit for use in personalized medicine approaches. The combination of novel analytical approaches in proteomic data generation, alignment and comparison permit translation of identified biomarkers into practical assays. We further propose an expanded statistical analysis to understand the sources of variability between individuals in terms of both protein expression and clinical variables and utilize this understanding in a predictive test.
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Affiliation(s)
- György Marko-Varga
- Respiratory Biological Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D Lund, SE-221 87 Lund, Sweden
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17
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Solomon A, Akabayov B, Frenkel A, Milla ME, Sagi I. Key feature of the catalytic cycle of TNF-alpha converting enzyme involves communication between distal protein sites and the enzyme catalytic core. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:4931-6. [PMID: 17360351 PMCID: PMC1829242 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700066104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their key roles in many normal and pathological processes, the molecular details by which zinc-dependent proteases hydrolyze their physiological substrates remain elusive. Advanced theoretical analyses have suggested reaction models for which there is limited and controversial experimental evidence. Here we report the structure, chemistry and lifetime of transient metal-protein reaction intermediates evolving during the substrate turnover reaction of a metalloproteinase, the tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE). TACE controls multiple signal transduction pathways through the proteolytic release of the extracellular domain of a host of membrane-bound factors and receptors. Using stopped-flow x-ray spectroscopy methods together with transient kinetic analyses, we demonstrate that TACE's catalytic zinc ion undergoes dynamic charge transitions before substrate binding to the metal ion. This indicates previously undescribed communication pathways taking place between distal protein sites and the enzyme catalytic core. The observed charge transitions are synchronized with distinct phases in the reaction kinetics and changes in metal coordination chemistry mediated by the binding of the peptide substrate to the catalytic metal ion and product release. Here we report key local charge transitions critical for proteolysis as well as long sought evidence for the proposed reaction model of peptide hydrolysis. This study provides a general approach for gaining critical insights into the molecular basis of substrate recognition and turnover by zinc metalloproteinases that may be used for drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Solomon
- *Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Barak Akabayov
- *Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Anatoly Frenkel
- Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, New York, NY 10033
| | - Marcos E. Milla
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Roche Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA 94304; and
| | - Irit Sagi
- *Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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18
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Chung EJ, Lee MJ, Lee S, Trepel JB. Assays for pharmacodynamic analysis of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 2:213-30. [PMID: 16866608 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) are a promising new class of targeted anticancer drugs. The pharmacodynamic (PD) assessment of whether a drug has hit its target is critically important to the successful development of any molecular targeted therapy. In the case of HDACIs there are many issues to be considered in PD development and implementation. Although originally it was thought that measurement of core histone hyperacetylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells might suffice as a PD marker, as the field is evolving it is becoming evident that other measures may be essential, and are likely to be tumour context specific. This paper provides an overview of the assays that have been performed thus far in HDACI clinical trials, with an analysis of relative strengths and weaknesses, and a delineation of the complexity of HDACI PD analysis. Consideration is given to where new approaches are needed and potential approaches for future monotherapy and combination therapy trials are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Chung
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Medical Oncology Branch, Building 10, Room 12N230, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Abstract
The metabolic stability of two potential cancer chemopreventive flavones, i.e. 5,7-dimethoxyflavone (5,7-DMF) and 3',4'-dimethoxyflavone (3',4'-DMF), compared with the non-methylated flavone galangin (3,5,7-trihydroxyflavone), was investigated in human hepatic preparations. Galangin, as expected, was extensively metabolized mainly by glucuronidation in human liver S9 fractions in the presence of appropriate co-factors. In contrast, 5,7-DMF and 3',4'-DMF were metabolically highly stable with only a small fraction of 3',4'-DMF undergoing oxidation. Consistent with the S9 fraction results, galangin was almost completely depleted after 2-h incubations in freshly plated hepatocytes. The hepatocytes also showed some metabolism of 3',4'-DMF, but virtually none of 5,7-DMF. In human liver microsomes, 5,7-DMF was more metabolically stable than 3',4'-DMF. The observations present a new strategy for examining the metabolic stability of dietary flavonoids and suggest that methylated flavonoids may have a high oral bioavailability compared with their non-methylated forms, which will make them more likely to be useful as cancer chemoprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Kukongviriyapan V, Phromsopha N, Tassaneeyakul W, Kukongviriyapan U, Sripa B, Hahnvajanawong V, Bhudhisawasdi V. Inhibitory effects of polyphenolic compounds on human arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 and 2. Xenobiotica 2006; 36:15-28. [PMID: 16507510 DOI: 10.1080/00498250500489901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NAT) are important enzymes involved in the metabolic activation of aromatic and heterocyclic amines and inhibitors of NAT enzymes may be valuable as chemopreventive agents. Phytochemicals including cinnamic acid derivatives, various classes of flavonoids and coumarins were tested for the inhibitory activity on NAT1 and NAT2 from human liver and the human cholangiocarcinoma cell line: KMBC cells. Assays were performed using p-aminobenzoic acid and sulfamethazine as selective substrates for NAT1 and NAT2, respectively. NAT1 and NAT2 activities were present in liver cytosol. However, the KMBC cells showed only NAT1 activity. There was a marked difference in the ability of the test chemicals to inhibit NAT1 and NAT2. Caffeic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid and EGCG inhibited NAT1 but not NAT2, whereas scopuletin and curcumin inhibited NAT2 but not NAT1. Quercetin, kaemferol and other flavonoids, except epicatechin and silymarin, inhibited both enzymes. The kinetics of inhibition of NAT1 by caffeic acid, EGCG and quercetin were of the non-competitive type, whereas that of NAT2 by quercetin, curcumin and kaemferol was also of the non-competitive type. The most potent inhibitor was quercetin, which has the inhibitory constants for NAT1 and NAT2 of 48.6 +/- 17.3 and 10.0 +/- 1.8 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kukongviriyapan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Liver Fluke & Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
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Abstract
The search for an MMP inhibitor with anticancer efficacy is a nearly three-decade endeavor. This inhibitor is yet to be found. The reasons for this failure include shortcomings in the chemistry of these compounds (including broad MMP sub-type selectivity, metabolic lability, and toxicity) as well as the emerging, and arguably extraordinary, complexity of MMP cell (and cancer) biology. Together these suggest that the successful anticancer inhibitor must possess MMP selectivity against the MMP subtype whose involvement is critical, yet highly temporally (with respect to metastatic progression) and mechanistically (with respect to matrix degradation) regulated. This review summarizes the progression of chemical structure and mechanistic thinking toward these objectives, with emphasis on the disappointment, the perseverance, and the resilient optimism that such an inhibitor is there to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-5670, USA
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22
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Chen YK, Chen SQ, Li X, Zeng S. Quantitative regioselectivity of glucuronidation of quercetin by recombinant UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A9 and 1A3 using enzymatic kinetic parameters. Xenobiotica 2006; 35:943-54. [PMID: 16393854 DOI: 10.1080/00498250500372172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin has been suggested to exert its pharmacological effects, at least in part, via its metabolites, such as glucuronides. Quantitative regioselectivity analyses are important to understand the contributions of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) to the pharmacological activity of quercetin. The present work obtained active UGT1A9 and UGT1A3 enzymes with a Bac-to-Bac expression system, and quercetin was metabolized by each of them to four monoglucuronides (7-, 3-, 4'- and 3'-glucuronide). Enzymatic kinetic parameters of each glucuronide were calculated to elucidate quantitatively UGT1A9's and UGT1A3's regioselectivities for quercetin. UGT1A3's highest glucuronidation efficiency was observed for the 3'-glucuronide, then the 3-, 4'- and 7-glucuronide. The catalytic efficiency order for UGT1A9 was 3->7->3'->4'-glucuronide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y K Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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23
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Jones DJL, Jukes-Jones R, Verschoyle RD, Farmer PB, Gescher A. A synthetic approach to the generation of quercetin sulfates and the detection of quercetin 3′-O-sulfate as a urinary metabolite in the rat. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:6727-31. [PMID: 16105739 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2005] [Revised: 07/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To study the biological effects of quercetin, authentic products of quercetin metabolism are required as standards. The synthesis of quercetin sulfate standards is thus described. Quercetin was reacted with a 10-fold molar excess of sulfur trioxide-N-triethylamine, and the products were analyzed by HPLC and mass spectrometry. Four monosulfates and three disulfates were identified, and structural inferences were drawn by 1H NMR spectrometry of HPLC peak isolates. Analysis of the urine of rats that had received quercetin (1.9 g/kg po) yielded a single peak, which by comparison with the products of the reaction between quercetin and sulfur trioxide-N-triethylamine was identified as quercetin 3'-O-sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J L Jones
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, Departments of Biochemistry and Cancer Studies & Molecular Medicine, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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