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Li X, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Försti A, Hemminki K. Family history of any cancer for childhood leukemia patients in Sweden. EJHAEM 2021; 2:421-427. [PMID: 35844716 PMCID: PMC9175698 DOI: 10.1002/jha2.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common childhood leukemia, while the other types, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are much rarer. While data on familial risks for childhood ALL have been emerging, such data for the other childhood leukemias are hardly available. We aim to fill in the gap of knowledge by assessing familial clustering of each childhood leukemia with childhood and adult leukemia and with any cancer. We identified 4461 childhood leukemias from the Swedish Cancer Registry and obtained their family members from the Multigeneration Register. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were 3.34 for singleton siblings both diagnosed with ALL before age 20 years and 1.64 for those who had a family member diagnosed with ALL in adult age. Other childhood leukemias showed no familial risk, but childhood ALL risk was increased to 1.40 when adult family members were diagnosed with CLL. Childhood ALL was associated with endometrial cancer, and female ALL patients showed increased risk when family members were diagnosed with testicular cancer, melanoma, and skin squamous cell carcinoma. Childhood CLL was associated with rectal cancer, and childhood AML was associated with pancreatic and bladder cancers. As most of these associations are reported for the first time, there is a need to replicate the findings from independent sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjun Li
- Center for Primary Health Care ResearchLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Kristina Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care ResearchLund UniversityMalmöSweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community HealthDepartment of Population Health Science and PolicyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
- Center for Community‐based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE)Department of Functional PathologySchool of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
| | - Jan Sundquist
- Center for Primary Health Care ResearchLund UniversityMalmöSweden
- Department of Family Medicine and Community HealthDepartment of Population Health Science and PolicyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew York
- Center for Community‐based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE)Department of Functional PathologySchool of MedicineShimane UniversityShimaneJapan
| | - Asta Försti
- Center for Primary Health Care ResearchLund UniversityMalmöSweden
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ)HeidelbergGermany
- Division of Pediatric NeurooncologyGerman Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)HeidelbergGermany
| | - Kari Hemminki
- Center for Primary Health Care ResearchLund UniversityMalmöSweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in PilsenCharles University in PraguePilsenCzech Republic
- Division of Cancer EpidemiologyGerman Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ)HeidelbergGermany
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Family history of early onset acute lymphoblastic leukemia is suggesting genetic associations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12370. [PMID: 34117277 PMCID: PMC8195979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has an origin in the fetal period which may distinguish it from ALL diagnosed later in life. We wanted to test whether familial risks differ in ALL diagnosed in the very early childhood from ALL diagnosed later. The Swedish nation-wide family-cancer data were used until year 2016 to calculate standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for familial risks in ALL in three diagnostic age-groups: 0–4, 5–34 and 35 + years. Among 1335 ALL patients diagnosed before age 5, familial risks were increased for esophageal (4.78), breast (1.42), prostate (1.40) and connective tissue (2.97) cancers and leukemia (2.51, ALL 7.81). In age-group 5–34 years, rectal (1.73) and endometrial (2.40) cancer, myeloma (2.25) and leukemia (2.00, ALL 4.60) reached statistical significance. In the oldest age-group, the only association was with Hodgkin lymphoma (3.42). Diagnostic ages of family members of ALL patients were significantly lower compared to these cancers in the population for breast, prostate and rectal cancers. The patterns of increased familial cancers suggest that BRCA2 mutations could contribute to associations of ALL with breast and prostate cancers, and mismatch gene PMS2 mutations with rectal and endometrial cancers. Future DNA sequencing data will be a test for these familial predictions.
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Kyriakopoulou A, Meimeti E, Moisoglou I, Psarrou A, Provatopoulou X, Dounias G. Parental Occupational Exposures and Risk of Childhood Acute Leukemia. Mater Sociomed 2018; 30:209-214. [PMID: 30515061 PMCID: PMC6195413 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2018.30.209-214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Acute leukemia, accounting for 20% of all cancers diagnosed in individuals younger than 19 years old, is the most prevalent childhood malignancy. Among environmental risk factors, parental occupational exposures have attracted scientific interest as potential predisposing factors for childhood leukemia. The role of parental occupational exposure to social contacts, harmful chemicals, electromagnetic fields and ionizing radiation has been investigated with conflicting and inconsistent results. Aim: A case-control study aiming to assess the association between parental occupational exposures to social contacts, chemicals and electromagnetic fields and the risk of offspring acute leukemia. Material and Methods: 108 children with acute leukemia and equal number of matched controls were included. Data on parental occupations before conception, during pregnancy, during breastfeeding and after birth, and on potential risk factors was recorded. Associations between parental exposure and risk of childhood leukemia were estimated. Results: Parental occupational exposure during the four periods of exposure was not associated with childhood leukemia. High birth weight and family history of cancer were associated with the development of childhood acute leukemia. A weak association of maternal medication use during pregnancy and leukemia risk emerged. Conclusions: Since the causative factors of childhood leukemia remain unknown, further investigation is mandatory for the reduction of disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleka Kyriakopoulou
- Occupational and Industrial Hygiene Department, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Meimeti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Moisoglou
- Quality Assurance and Continuing Education Unit, General Hospital of Lamia, Greece
| | - Anna Psarrou
- First Department of Internal Medicine, 401 General Military Hospital of Athens, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Dounias
- Occupational and Industrial Hygiene Department, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
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Neale RE, Stiller CA, Bunch KJ, Milne E, Mineau GP, Murphy MFG. Familial aggregation of childhood and adult cancer in the Utah genealogy. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:2953-60. [PMID: 23733497 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A small proportion of childhood cancer is attributable to known hereditary syndromes, but whether there is any familial component to the remainder remains uncertain. We explored familial aggregation of cancer in a population-based case-control study using genealogical record linkage and designed to overcome limitations of previous studies. Subjects were selected from the Utah Population Database. We compared risk of cancer in adult first-degree relatives of children who were diagnosed with cancer with the risk in relatives of children who had not had a cancer diagnosed. We identified 1,894 childhood cancer cases and 3,788 controls; 7,467 relatives of cases and 14,498 relatives of controls were included in the analysis. Relatives of children with cancer had a higher risk of cancer in adulthood than relatives of children without cancer [odds ratio (OR) 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-1.56]; this was restricted to mothers and siblings and was not evident in fathers. Familial aggregation appeared stronger among relatives of cases diagnosed before 5 years of age (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.13-1.95) than among relatives of cases who were older when diagnosed (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.98-1.51). These findings provide evidence of a generalized excess of cancer in the mothers and siblings of children with cancer. The tendency for risk to be higher in the relatives of children who were younger at cancer diagnosis should be investigated in other large data sets. The excesses of thyroid cancer in parents of children with cancer and of any cancer in relatives of children with leukemia merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Neale
- Cancer and Population Studies Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, QLD, Australia
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Spector LG, Ross JA, Olshan AF. Children's Oncology Group's 2013 blueprint for research: epidemiology. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60:1059-62. [PMID: 23255344 PMCID: PMC3726183 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Investigators worldwide have for over 40 years conducted case-control studies aimed at determining the causes of childhood cancer. The central challenge to conducting such research is the rarity of childhood cancer, thus many studies aggregate cases through clinical trials organizations such as COG. Rarity also precludes the use of prospective study designs, which are less prone to recall and selection biases. Despite these challenges a substantial literature on childhood cancer etiology has emerged but few strong environmental risk factors have been identified. Genetic studies are thus now coming to the fore with some success. The ultimate aim of epidemiologic studies is to reduce the population burden of childhood cancer by suggesting preventive measures or possibly by enabling early detection. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 1059-1062. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan G. Spector
- Division of Epidemiology/Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota
| | - Julie A. Ross
- Division of Epidemiology/Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota
| | - Andrew F. Olshan
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North, Carolina – Chapel Hill
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Nousome D, Lupo PJ, Okcu MF, Scheurer ME. Maternal and offspring xenobiotic metabolism haplotypes and the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2013; 37:531-5. [PMID: 23433810 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Discovering genetic predictors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) necessitates the evaluation of novel factors including maternal genetic effects, which are a proxy for the intrauterine environment, and robust epidemiologic study designs. Therefore, we evaluated five maternal and offspring xenobiotic metabolism haplotypes and the risk of childhood ALL among 120 case-parent triads. Two of the five haplotypes were significantly associated with risk: GSTM3/GSTM4 (P=0.01) and GSTP1 (P=0.02). The EPHX1 haplotype was marginally associated with risk (P=0.05), whereas haplotypes in CYP1B1 and GSTA4 were not. Our results suggest genetic variation in xenobiotic metabolism is important in childhood ALL etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Nousome
- Human Genetics Center, Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
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Hemminki K, Houlston R, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Shu X. Co-morbidity between early-onset leukemia and type 1 diabetes--suggestive of a shared viral etiology? PLoS One 2012; 7:e39523. [PMID: 22745776 PMCID: PMC3382185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are common early-onset malignancies. Their causes are largely unknown but infectious etiology has been implicated. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease for which infectious triggers of disease onset have been sought and increasing pointing to enteroviruses. Based on our previous results on co-morbidity between leukemia and T1D, we updated the Swedish dataset and focused on early onset leukemias in patients who had been hospitalized for T1D, comparing to those not hospitalized for T1D. Methods and Findings Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for leukemia in 24,052 patients hospitalized for T1D covering years 1964 through 2008. T1D patients were included if hospitalized before age 21 years. Practically all Swedish children and adolescents with T1D are hospitalized at the start of insulin treatment. SIR for ALL was 8.30 (N = 18, 95% confidence interval 4.91–13.14) when diagnosed at age 10 to 20 years after hospitalization for T1D and it was 3.51 (13, 1.86–6.02) before hospitalization for T1D. The SIR for ALL was 19.85 (N = 33, 13.74–27.76) and that for AML was 25.28 (8, 10.80–50.06) when the leukemias were diagnosed within the year of T1D hospitalization. The SIRs increased to 38.97 (26, 25.43–57.18) and 40.11 (8, 17.13–79.42) when T1D was diagnosed between ages 10 to 20 years. No consistent time-dependent changes were found in leukemia risk. Conclusion A shared infectious etiology could be a plausible explanation to the observed co-morbidity. Other possible contributing factors could be insulin therapy or T1D related metabolic disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Hemminki
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
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8
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Zierhut H, Linet MS, Robison LL, Severson RK, Spector L. Family history of cancer and non-malignant diseases and risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group Study. Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 36:45-51. [PMID: 22018949 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of family history of cancer and non-malignant diseases in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) show inconsistent findings. Most studies show no increased risk with family history of cancer. Non-malignant diseases such as allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, birth defects and thyroid diseases have been reported to be associated with ALL. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of family history of cancer and selected non-malignant conditions (allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases, birth defects, and thyroid diseases). ALL cases were obtained from Children's Cancer Group institutions from January 1989 to June 1993. Controls were recruited via random digit dialing. Family history for first degree relatives and grandparents of ALL cases and controls was collected by structured telephone questionnaires. Conditional logistical regression was used to calculate odds ratios adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS We found a borderline association of ALL and having a family member with a history of cancer in cases (n=1842) compared to controls (n=1986) (OR=0.98, 95%CI=0.93, 1.00) and an inverse association for esophageal cancer based on small numbers. Family history of food and drug allergies demonstrated a modestly reduced risk (OR=0.83, 95%CI=0.73, 0.95) as did family history of rheumatoid arthritis (OR=0.79, 95%CI=0.65, 0.96). There were no associations with family history of any autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, birth defects, thyroid diseases and risk of childhood ALL. CONCLUSIONS These results show no association of overall family history of cancer with childhood ALL, while providing additional evidence for an inverse association with family history of allergic disease. Two potentially new associations of ALL with family history of esophageal cancer and rheumatoid arthritis require confirmation in other studies and validation with medical records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Zierhut
- University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, MMC 715 420 Delaware Street, SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Papaemmanuil E, Hosking FJ, Vijayakrishnan J, Price A, Olver B, Sheridan E, Kinsey SE, Lightfoot T, Roman E, Irving JAE, Allan JM, Tomlinson IP, Taylor M, Greaves M, Houlston RS. Loci on 7p12.2, 10q21.2 and 14q11.2 are associated with risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nat Genet 2009; 41:1006-10. [PMID: 19684604 PMCID: PMC4915548 DOI: 10.1038/ng.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To identify risk variants for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), we conducted a genome-wide association study of two case-control series, analyzing the genotypes with respect to 291,423 tagging SNPs in a total of 907 ALL cases and 2,398 controls. We identified risk loci for ALL at 7p12.2 (IKZF1, rs4132601, odds ratio (OR) = 1.69, P = 1.20 x 10(-19)), 10q21.2 (ARID5B, rs7089424, OR = 1.65, P = 6.69 x 10(-19)) and 14q11.2 (CEBPE, rs2239633, OR = 1.34, P = 2.88 x 10(-7)). The 10q21.2 (ARID5B) risk association appears to be selective for the subset of B-cell precursor ALL with hyperdiploidy. These data show that common low-penetrance susceptibility alleles contribute to the risk of developing childhood ALL and provide new insight into disease causation of this specific hematological cancer. Notably, all three risk variants map to genes involved in transcriptional regulation and differentiation of B-cell progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Papaemmanuil
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Fay J Hosking
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | | | - Amy Price
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Bianca Olver
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Eammon Sheridan
- Yorkshire Regional Genetic Service, St James’s University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7T, UK
| | - Sally E Kinsey
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology and Haematology, St James University Hospital, Leeds, LS9 7T, UK
| | - Tracy Lightfoot
- Epidemiology and Genetics Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York Y010 5DD, UK
| | - Eve Roman
- Epidemiology and Genetics Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York Y010 5DD, UK
| | - Julie A E Irving
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - James M. Allan
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ian P Tomlinson
- Molecular and Population Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Malcolm Taylor
- Cancer Immunogenetics Group, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Research Floor, St Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, M13 0JH, UK
| | - Mel Greaves
- Section of Haemato-oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Richard S Houlston
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, SM2 5NG, UK
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Murphy MFG, Bunch KJ, Chen B, Hemminki K. Reduced occurrence of childhood cancer in twins compared to singletons: protection but by what mechanism? Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008; 51:62-5. [PMID: 18300317 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.21479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several small studies combined have suggested that twins develop fewer childhood cancers than singletons. The national Swedish Family-Cancer Database contains information on a large population of multiple births providing an unbiased dataset for the estimation of cancer risk in twins. Lifelong cancer incidence in these twins has already been reported as similar to that in singleton births. In contrast, the present paper presents robust estimates of a significantly reduced childhood cancer risk in twins to age 15. METHODS Standardised incidence ratios (SIR) were used to measure cancer risk for twins, taking the corresponding rates for singletons as reference. Rates were adjusted for age, sex, period of birth, and residential area. Follow up data cover the period 1958-2002. RESULTS Overall childhood cancer risk was significantly reduced in all twins (SIR 0.81 [95% CI: 0.69-0.94]) as was the risk for Wilms tumour (SIR 0.34 [95% CI: 0.09-0.88]). These significant reductions in risk were both driven by effects in same sex twins (overall cancer SIR 0.77 [95% CI: 0.64-0.93], Wilms tumour 0.12 [95% CI: 0.00-0.71]). Leukaemia risk was also significantly reduced for same sex twins (SIR 0.69 [95% CI: 0.47-0.97]). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the evidence that twins experience less childhood cancer than singletons. The risk reduction is most marked for Wilms tumour but may, to a varying extent, be true for a number of childhood neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F G Murphy
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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11
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Familial Risks for Cancer as the Basis for Evidence‐Based Clinical Referral and Counseling. Oncologist 2008; 13:239-47. [DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2007-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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12
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Familial history of cancer and childhood acute leukemia: a French population-based case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2007; 16:466-70. [PMID: 17923819 DOI: 10.1097/01.cej.0000243849.82232.cb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A case-control study was conducted to investigate the role of a familial history of cancer in the etiology of childhood acute leukemia. The history of cancer in the relatives of 472 cases was compared with that of 567 population-based controls. Recruitment was frequency matched on age, sex and region. The familial history of cancer in each child's relatives was reported by the mother in response to a standardized self-administered questionnaire. A familial history of solid tumor in first or second-degree relatives was associated with an increased risk of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (odds ratio (OR)=1.6 [95% confidence interval, 1.2-2.1]), while a familial history of hematopoietic malignancies in first or second-degree relatives was associated with an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia (OR=4.3 [1.4-13]). The ORs for the histories of cancer increased with the number of relatives with cancer (OR=1.5 [1.1-2.0] for one relative and OR=2.3 [1.3-3.8] for two relatives or more; Ptrend<0.0001). Significant associations between childhood acute leukemia and familial history of genital cancers and brain tumor were also observed (OR=2.7 [1.2-5.8] and OR=10.7 [1.3-86], respectively). This study supports the hypothesis that a familial history of cancer may play a role in the etiology of childhood acute leukemia. It also evidences some specific associations that require further investigation.
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Risk of Cancer among the Offspring of Women Who Experienced Parental Death during Pregnancy. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:2204-6. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Rudant J, Menegaux F, Leverger G, Baruchel A, Nelken B, Bertrand Y, Hartmann O, Pacquement H, Vérité C, Robert A, Michel G, Margueritte G, Gandemer V, Hémon D, Clavel J. Family history of cancer in children with acute leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: the ESCALE study (SFCE). Int J Cancer 2007; 121:119-26. [PMID: 17330239 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The role of a family history of cancer in the etiology of childhood hematopoietic malignancies was investigated using the data from the ESCALE study. ESCALE, a population-based case-control study, was carried out in France over the period, 2003-2004. A total of 773 cases of acute leukemia (AL), 130 of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL), 163 of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and 1,681 population-based controls were included. The controls were randomly selected from the French population and were frequency matched with the cases on age and gender. Cancer history in first- and second-degree relatives was reported by the mothers in a structured telephone questionnaire that was the same for the cases and controls. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using an unconditional regression model taking into account the stratification variables and potential confounders. A family history of cancer was associated with an increased risk of HL (OR = 1.5 [1.0-2.2]) and NHL (OR = 1.8 [1.3-2.5]), but not AL (OR = 1.0 [0.9-1.2]). The ORs were higher when at least 2 relatives had a history of cancer or when 1 case occurred before age 46 years. Only HL was significantly associated with a family history of hematopoietic malignancies (OR = 2.0 [1.0-3.8]), mainly because of a significant association with a history of HL (OR = 5.4 [1.3-22]). In conclusion, the study findings support the hypothesis of familial susceptibility to childhood lymphoma, but do not suggest familial susceptibility to childhood AL.
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Gast A, Bermejo JL, Flohr T, Stanulla M, Burwinkel B, Schrappe M, Bartram CR, Hemminki K, Kumar R. Folate metabolic gene polymorphisms and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case-control study. Leukemia 2006; 21:320-5. [PMID: 17136115 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We genotyped six folate metabolic pathway genes for 11 polymorphisms in 460 cases of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and 552 ethnically matched controls. None of the polymorphisms except the 66A>G (I22M) in the 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase (MTRR) gene showed any effect on disease risk. The carriers of the G-allele were associated with a marginal decreased risk of ALL (gender-adjusted global P=0.03; multiple-testing corrected P=0.25). Analysis of four polymorphisms in the MTRR gene showed statistically significant differences in haplotype distribution between cases and controls (global P<0.0001). The haplotypes GCAC (odds ratio (OR) 0.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.4-0.6) and ATAC (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3-0.6) were associated with a reduced risk and the haplotypes ACAC (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.8-2.9) and GTAC (OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4-2.3) with an increased risk. The genotype-combination analyses indicated that the best model stratifies cases and controls based on the 66A>G and the 524C>T polymorphisms in the MTRR gene (global P=0.03). Our results suggest that, besides a weak association of childhood ALL with the 66A>G polymorphism, haplotypes within the MTRR gene may, in part, account for population-based differences in risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gast
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Altieri A, Castro F, Bermejo JL, Hemminki K. Number of siblings and the risk of lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma by histopathology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:1281-6. [PMID: 16835324 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic evidence indicates that several markers of exposure to childhood infections are inversely associated with the risk of childhood leukemia and lymphomas. We used the Swedish Family-Cancer Database to assess the effects of number of siblings on the risk of non-Hodgkin's (n = 7,007) and Hodgkin's lymphomas (n = 3,115), leukemias (n = 7,650), and multiple myeloma (n = 1,492) by histopathology. Poisson regression models included terms for age, sex, family history, period, and socioeconomic index. Having four or more siblings compared with none was associated with an excess risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL; rate ratio (RR), 2.11; P(trend) = 0.001], acute monocytic leukemia (RR, 2.51; P(trend) = 0.002), and multiple myeloma (RR, 1.34; P(trend) = 0.006). Having three or more older siblings compared with none decreased the risk of acute monocytic leukemia (RR, 0.35; P(trend) = 0.001) and childhood ALL (RR, 0.69; P(trend) = 0.01). The risk of Hodgkin's lymphoma for five or more older siblings compared with none was 0.41 (P(trend) = 0.003). Acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and other lymphoproliferative malignancies were not associated with number of siblings. In conclusion, we found an excess risk of childhood ALL and acute monocytic leukemia in large families. However, for ALL, acute monocytic leukemia, and Hodgkin's lymphoma, younger siblings were strongly protected compared with older siblings. The remarkable protective effect of number of older siblings on acute monocytic leukemia is a novel finding of potential interest. Possible interpretations of our findings in the context of a putative infectious etiology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Altieri
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Centre, Heidelberg
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