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Huang W, Paul D, Calin GA, Bayraktar R. miR-142: A Master Regulator in Hematological Malignancies and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells 2023; 13:84. [PMID: 38201290 PMCID: PMC10778542 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of non-coding RNA whose dysregulation is frequently associated with the onset and progression of human cancers. miR-142, an ultra-conserved miRNA with both active -3p and -5p mature strands and wide-ranging physiological targets, has been the subject of countless studies over the years. Due to its preferential expression in hematopoietic cells, miR-142 has been found to be associated with numerous types of lymphomas and leukemias. This review elucidates the multifaceted role of miR-142 in human physiology, its influence on hematopoiesis and hematopoietic cells, and its intriguing involvement in exosome-mediated miR-142 transport. Moreover, we offer a comprehensive exploration of the genetic and molecular landscape of the miR-142 genomic locus, highlighting its mutations and dysregulation within hematological malignancies. Finally, we discuss potential avenues for harnessing the therapeutic potential of miR-142 in the context of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Huang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (W.H.); (G.A.C.)
| | - Doru Paul
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - George A. Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (W.H.); (G.A.C.)
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Leukemia, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Recep Bayraktar
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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The Epstein-Barr Virus Enhancer Interaction Landscapes in Virus-Associated Cancer Cell Lines. J Virol 2022; 96:e0073922. [PMID: 36094314 PMCID: PMC9517713 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00739-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) persists in human cells as episomes. EBV episomes are chromatinized and their 3D conformation varies greatly in cells expressing different latency genes. We used HiChIP, an assay which combines genome-wide chromatin conformation capture followed by deep sequencing (Hi-C) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), to interrogate the EBV episome 3D conformation in different cancer cell lines. In an EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) GM12878 expressing type III EBV latency genes, abundant genomic interactions were identified by H3K27ac HiChIP. A strong enhancer was located near the BILF2 gene and looped to multiple genes around BALFs loci. Perturbation of the BILF2 enhancer by CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) altered the expression of BILF2 enhancer-linked genes, including BARF0 and BALF2, suggesting that this enhancer regulates the expression of linked genes. H3K27ac ChIP followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) identified several strong EBV enhancers in T/NK (natural killer) lymphoma cells that express type II EBV latency genes. Extensive intragenomic interactions were also found which linked enhancers to target genes. A strong enhancer at BILF2 also looped to the BALF loci. CRISPRi also validated the functional connection between BILF2 enhancer and BARF1 gene. In contrast, H3K27ac HiChIP found significantly fewer intragenomic interactions in type I EBV latency gene-expressing primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) cell lines. These data provided new insight into the regulation of EBV latency gene expression in different EBV-associated tumors. IMPORTANCE EBV is the first human DNA tumor virus identified, discovered over 50 years ago. EBV causes ~200,000 cases of various cancers each year. EBV-encoded oncogenes, noncoding RNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs) can promote cell growth and survival and suppress senescence. Regulation of EBV gene expression is very complex. The viral C promoter regulates the expression of all EBV nuclear antigens (EBNAs), some of which are very far away from the C promoter. Another way by which the virus activates remote gene expression is through DNA looping. In this study, we describe the viral genome looping patterns in various EBV-associated cancer cell lines and identify important EBV enhancers in these cells. This study also identified novel opportunities to perturb and eventually control EBV gene expression in these cancer cells.
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3
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Ferris WF. The Role and Interactions of Programmed Cell Death 4 and its Regulation by microRNA in Transformed Cells of the Gastrointestinal Tract. Front Oncol 2022; 12:903374. [PMID: 35847932 PMCID: PMC9277020 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.903374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from GLOBOCAN 2020 estimates that there were 19.3 million new cases of cancer and 10.0 million cancer-related deaths in 2020 and that this is predicted to increase by 47% in 2040. The combined burden of cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including oesophageal-, gastric- and colorectal cancers, resulted in 22.6% of the cancer-related deaths in 2020 and 18.7% of new diagnosed cases. Understanding the aetiology of GI tract cancers should have a major impact on future therapies and lessen this substantial burden of disease. Many cancers of the GI tract have suppression of the tumour suppressor Programmed Cell Death 4 (PDCD4) and this has been linked to the expression of microRNAs which bind to the untranslated region of PDCD4 mRNA and either inhibit translation or target the mRNA for degradation. This review highlights the properties of PDCD4 and documents the evidence for the regulation of PDCD4 expression by microRNAs in cancers of the GI tract.
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Role of Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Papillomavirus Coinfection in Cervical Cancer: Epidemiology, Mechanisms and Perspectives. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9090685. [PMID: 32839399 PMCID: PMC7557835 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is etiologically associated with the development and progression of cervical cancer, although other factors are involved. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) detection in premalignant and malignant tissues from uterine cervix has been widely reported; however, its contribution to cervical cancer development is still unclear. Here, a comprehensive analysis regarding EBV presence and its potential role in cervical cancer, the frequency of EBV/HR-HPV coinfection in uterine cervix and EBV infection in tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes were revised. Overall, reports suggest a potential link of EBV to the development of cervical carcinomas in two possible pathways: (1) Infecting epithelial cells, thus synergizing with HR-HPV (direct pathway), and/or (2) infecting tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes that could generate local immunosuppression (indirect pathway). In situ hybridization (ISH) and/or immunohistochemical methods are mandatory for discriminating the cell type infected by EBV. However, further studies are needed for a better understanding of the EBV/HR-HPV coinfection role in cervical carcinogenesis.
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5
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The Therapeutic Potential of Targeting BARF1 in EBV-Associated Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071940. [PMID: 32708965 PMCID: PMC7409022 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely linked to the development of a number of human cancers. EBV-associated malignancies are characterized by a restricted pattern of viral latent protein expression which is sufficient for the virus to both initiate and sustain cell growth and to protect virus-infected cells from immune attack. Expression of these EBV proteins in malignant cells provides an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Among the viral proteins expressed in the EBV-associated epithelial malignancies, the protein encoded by the BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) is of particular interest. BARF1 is a viral oncoprotein selectively expressed in latently infected epithelial cancers, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and EBV-positive gastric cancer (EBV-GC). Here, we review the roles of BARF1 in oncogenesis and immunomodulation. We also discuss potential strategies for targeting the BARF1 protein as a novel therapy for EBV-driven epithelial cancers.
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6
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de Mel S, Hue SSS, Jeyasekharan AD, Chng WJ, Ng SB. Molecular pathogenic pathways in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma. J Hematol Oncol 2019; 12:33. [PMID: 30935402 PMCID: PMC6444858 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-019-0716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL) is an aggressive malignancy with a dismal prognosis. Although L-asparaginase-based chemotherapy has resulted in improved response rates, relapse occurs in up to 50% of patients with disseminated disease. There is hence an urgent need for effective targeted therapy, especially for patients with relapsed or refractory disease. Novel insights gleaned from high-throughput molecular and genomic profiling studies in recent years have contributed significantly to the understanding of the molecular biology of ENKTL, which exemplifies many of the hallmarks of cancer. Deregulated pro-proliferative signaling pathways, such as the Janus-associated kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Aurora kinase, MYC, and NF-κB, have been identified as potential therapeutic targets. The discovery of the non-canonical function of EZH2 as a pro-proliferative transcriptional co-activator has shed further light on the pathogenesis of ENKTL. Loss of key tumor suppressor genes located on chromosome 6q21 also plays an important role. The best-studied examples include PR domain zinc finger protein 1(PRDM1), protein tyrosine phosphatase kappa (PTPRK), and FOXO3. Promoter hypermethylation has been shown to result in the downregulation of other tumor suppressor genes in ENKTL, which may be potentially targeted through hypomethylating agents. Deregulation of apoptosis through p53 mutations and upregulation of the anti-apoptotic protein, survivin, may provide a further growth advantage to this tumor. A deranged DNA damage response as a result of the aberration of ataxia telangiectasia-related (ATR) kinases can lead to significant genomic instability and may contribute to chemoresistance of ENKTL. Recently, immune evasion has emerged as a critical pathway for survival in ENKTL and may be a consequence of HLA dysregulation or STAT3-driven upregulation of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Immunotherapy via inhibition of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 checkpoint signaling holds great promise as a novel therapeutic option. In this review, we present an overview of the key molecular and pathogenic pathways in ENKTL, organized using the framework of the "hallmarks of cancer" as described by Hanahan and Weinberg, with a focus on those with the greatest translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay de Mel
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Susan Swee-Shan Hue
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anand D Jeyasekharan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119228, Singapore. .,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Siok-Bian Ng
- Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore. .,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.
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7
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Li CW, Jheng BR, Chen BS. Investigating genetic-and-epigenetic networks, and the cellular mechanisms occurring in Epstein-Barr virus-infected human B lymphocytes via big data mining and genome-wide two-sided NGS data identification. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202537. [PMID: 30133498 PMCID: PMC6105016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also known as human herpesvirus 4, is prevalent in all human populations. EBV mainly infects human B lymphocytes and epithelial cells, and is therefore associated with their various malignancies. To unravel the cellular mechanisms during the infection, we constructed interspecies networks to investigate the molecular cross-talk mechanisms between human B cells and EBV at the first (0-24 hours) and second (8-72 hours) stages of EBV infection. We first constructed a candidate genome-wide interspecies genetic-and-epigenetic network (the candidate GIGEN) by big database mining. We then pruned false positives in the candidate GIGEN to obtain the real GIGENs at the first and second infection stages in the lytic phase by their corresponding next-generation sequencing data through dynamic interaction models, the system identification approach, and the system order detection method. The real GIGENs are very complex and comprise protein-protein interaction networks, gene/microRNA (miRNA)/long non-coding RNA regulation networks, and host-virus cross-talk networks. To understand the molecular cross-talk mechanisms underlying EBV infection, we extracted the core GIGENs including host-virus core networks and host-virus core pathways from the real GIGENs using the principal network projection method. According to the results, we found that the activities of epigenetics-associated human proteins or genes were initially inhibited by viral proteins and miRNAs, and human immune responses were then dysregulated by epigenetic modification. We suggested that EBV exploits viral proteins and miRNAs, such as EBNA1, BPLF1, BALF3, BVRF1 and miR-BART14, to develop its defensive mechanism to defeat multiple immune attacks by the human immune system, promotes virion production, and facilitates the transportation of viral particles by activating the human genes NRP1 and CLIC5. Ultimately, we propose a therapeutic intervention comprising thymoquinone, valpromide, and zebularine to act as inhibitors of EBV-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Li
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Ren Jheng
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Sen Chen
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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8
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Liu J, Ji X, Shen Z, Wang PhD Y, Luo PhD B. Sequence variations of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BARF1 gene in nasopharyngeal carcinomas and healthy donors from southern and northern China. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1629-1635. [PMID: 29797589 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The BamHI A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) gene of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is involved in carcinogenesis and immunomodulation of EBV-associated malignancies. The geographical distributions and the disease associations of BARF1 variants remain unclear. In the current study, the BARF1 variants in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cases and healthy donors from southern and northern China, the NPC endemic and non-endemic areas, as well as in 153 sequenced EBV genomes from diseased and normal people from around the world, were determined and compared among areas and populations. Only 1 consistent coding change, V29A, and several consistent silent mutations were identified. Two BARF1 types (B95-8 and V29A) and 2 B95-8 subtypes (B95-8t165545c and B95-8P ) were classified. For Chinese isolates, the B95-8 type was dominant in both southern and northern China, but the isolates from southern China showed a higher frequency of the B95-8t165545c subtype than the isolates from northern China (76.0%, 38/50 NPC cases and 50.7%, 37/73 healthy donors vs 26.4%, 24/91 NPC cases and 7.6%, 6/79 healthy donors, P < .0001). Furthermore, the B95-8t165545c subtype was more frequent in NPC cases than healthy donors in both southern China (P = .005) and northern China (P = .001). For EBV genomes, the B95-8P subtype was dominant in northern China, Europe, America, and Australia, while V29A was dominant in Africa. The B95-8t165545c subtype was only identified in Asia and demonstrated high frequency (81.2%, 26/32) in genomes from NPC cases in southern China. These results further reveal conservation and possibly geographically spread variations of BARF1 and may also indicate the preference of EBV strains with the B95-8t165545c subtype in NPC cases, without biological or pathogenic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinqiang Ji
- Modern Educational Technology Center, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhichao Shen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The People's Liberation Army 107 Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Yun Wang PhD
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Bing Luo PhD
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
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9
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Williams M, Ariza ME. EBV Positive Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Patients Exhibit Increased Anti-dUTPase Antibodies. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E129. [PMID: 29723986 PMCID: PMC5977102 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10050129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is a ubiquitous γ-herpesvirus, establishes a latent infection in more than 90% of the global adult population. EBV-associated malignancies have increased by 14.6% over the last 20 years, and account for approximately 1.5% of all cancers worldwide and 1.8% of all cancer deaths. However, the potential involvement/contribution of lytic proteins to the pathophysiology of EBV-associated cancers is not well understood. We have previously demonstrated that the EBV-deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) modulates innate and adaptive immune responses by engaging the Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2), which leads to the modulation of downstream genes involved in oncogenesis, chronic inflammation, and in effector T-cell function. Furthermore, examination of serum samples from diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients revealed the presence of increased levels of anti-dUTPase antibodies in both cohorts compared to controls with the highest levels (3.67-fold increase) observed in DLBCL female cases and the lowest (2.12-fold increase) in DLBCL males. Using computer-generated algorithms, dUTPase amino acid sequence alignments, and functional studies of BLLF3 mutants, we identified a putative amino acid motif involved with TLR2 interaction. These findings suggest that the EBV-dUTPase: TLR2 interaction is a potential molecular target that could be used for developing novel therapeutics (small molecules/vaccines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall Williams
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Maria Eugenia Ariza
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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10
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Zhang Y, Xu M, Zhang X, Chu F, Zhou T. MAPK/c-Jun signaling pathway contributes to the upregulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL induced by Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BARF1 in gastric carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:7537-7544. [PMID: 29725459 PMCID: PMC5920478 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BARF1, encoded by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), has been hypothesized to function as an oncogene, which was expressed in gastric carcinoma cells. Additionally, it has been reported that the anti-apoptotic function is closely associated with the expression of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein. In addition, the signaling pathway has been reported to be involved in numerous diseases, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. In order to study the specific mechanism of anti-apoptotic function, BARF1-stably-expressing immortalized normal human embryo gastric epithelial cell line GES1 (GES-BARF1), and well-, moderately- and poorly-differentiated gastric carcinoma cell lines, MKN28 (which has been reported to be contaminated with the moderately-differentiated MKN74 gastric carcinoma cell line), SGC7901 and BGC823 (MKN-BARF1, SGC-BARF1 and BGC-BARF1, respectively) (GCC-BARF1) were constructed, with transfection of cells with the empty vector pSG5 acting as controls. Western blot analysis was performed to analyze the protein expression and the phosphorylation levels. Compared with the controls, it was found that the protein expression levels of c-Jun, Bcl-2 and B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xL), as well as the phosphorylation levels of c-Jun, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2/3, p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 proteins were upregulated in 3 GCC-BARF1 but not significantly changed in GES-BARF1. The expression levels of the c-Jun, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL proteins, and levels of c-Jun protein phosphorylation were significantly decreased in SGC-BARF1 cells subsequent to treatment with SP600125, SB203580, and U0126, which were the specific inhibitors of JNK1/2/3, p38 and ERK1/2 respectively. In addition, there was a gradual increase in the protein expression and phosphorylation levels between normal gastric epithelial cells, and well-differentiated, moderately-differentiated and poorly-differentiated gastric carcinoma cells, but this was not statistically significant. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that JNK1/2/3-, p38- and ERK1/2-MAPK/c-Jun cascade signaling pathways may contribute to the upregulation of the expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL induced by BARF1 in gastric carcinoma cells. This mechanism may mainly work in the progressive phase of the development in EBV-associated gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215168, P.R. China
| | - Meiqin Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Suzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215137, P.R. China
| | - Xueyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Fuying Chu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Tianji Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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11
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de Mel S, Tan JZC, Jeyasekharan AD, Chng WJ, Ng SB. Transcriptomic Abnormalities in Epstein Barr Virus Associated T/NK Lymphoproliferative Disorders. Front Pediatr 2018; 6:405. [PMID: 30705877 PMCID: PMC6344448 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2018.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr virus positive T/NK lymphoproliferative disorders (EBV-TNKLPD) comprise a spectrum of neoplasms ranging from cutaneous lymphoid proliferations to aggressive lymphomas. The spectrum includes extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL), aggressive NK-cell leukemia, and a group of EBV-TNKLPDs affecting children which are poorly characterized in terms of their molecular biology. Gene and miRNA expression profiling has elucidated RNA abnormalities which impact on disease biology, classification, and treatment of EBV-TNKLPD. Pathways promoting proliferation, such as Janus associated kinase/ Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT) and nuclear factor kB, are upregulated in ENKTL while upregulation of survivin and deregulation of p53 inhibit apoptosis in both ENKTL and chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV). Importantly, immune evasion via the programmed cell death-1 and its ligand, PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint pathway, has been demonstrated to play an important role in ENKTL. Other pathogenic mechanisms involve EBV genes, microRNA deregulation, and a variety of other oncogenic signaling pathways. The identification of EBV-positive Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS) as a tumor with a distinct molecular signature and clinical characteristics highlights the important contribution of the knowledge derived from gene and miRNA expression profiling in disease classification. Novel therapeutic targets identified through the study of RNA abnormalities provide hope for patients with EBV-TNKLPD, which often has a poor prognosis. Immune checkpoint inhibition and JAK inhibition in particular have shown promise and are being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the key transcriptomic aberrancies in EBV-TNKLPD and discuss their translational potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay de Mel
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Anand D Jeyasekharan
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee-Joo Chng
- Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siok-Bian Ng
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Whole transcriptome profiling reveals major cell types in the cellular immune response against acute and chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17775. [PMID: 29259291 PMCID: PMC5736708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a common human pathogen that infects over 95% of the population worldwide. In the present study, the whole transcriptome microarray data were generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Chinese children with acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM) and chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) that were also compared with a publicly available microarray dataset from a study of American college students with AIM. Our study characterized for the first time a broad spectrum of molecular signatures in AIM and CAEBV. The key findings from the transcriptome profiling were validated with qPCR and flow cytometry assays. The most important finding in our study is the discovery of predominant γδ TCR expression and γδ T cell expansion in AIM. This finding, in combination with the striking up-regulation of CD3, CD8 and CD94, suggests that CD8+ T cells and CD94+ NK cells may play a major role in AIM. Moreover, the unique up-regulation of CD64A/B and its significant correlation with the monocyte marker CD14 was observed in CAEBV and that implies an important role of monocytes in CAEBV. In conclusion, our study reveals major cell types (particularly γδ T cells) in the host cellular immune response against AIM and CAEBV.
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13
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Wang Z, Yi X, Du L, Wang H, Tang J, Wang M, Qi C, Li H, Lai Y, Xia W, Tang A. A study of Epstein-Barr virus infection in the Chinese tree shrew(Tupaia belangeri chinensis). Virol J 2017; 14:193. [PMID: 28985762 PMCID: PMC5639599 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is closely associated with many human diseases, including a variety of deadly human malignant tumours. However, due to the lack of ideal animal models,the biological characteristics of EBV, particularly its function in tumourigenesis, have not been determined. Chinese tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis), which are similar to primates, have been used to establish a variety of animal models and have recently received much attention. Here, we established tree shrews as a model for EBV infection by intravenous injection. Methods Ten tree shrews were inoculated with EBV by intravenous injection,and blood was collected at regular intervals thereafter from the femoral artery or vein to detect EBV markers. Results Eight of 10 tree shrews showed evidence of EBV infection. In the 8 EBV-infected tree shrews, EBV copy number increased intermittently or transiently, EBV-related gene expression was detected, and anti-EBV antibodies increased to varying degrees. Macroscopic hepatomegaly was observed in 1 tree shrew, splenomegaly was observed in 4 tree shrews, and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes were observed in 3 tree shrews. Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining showed splenic corpuscle hyperplasia in the spleens of 4 tree shrews and inflammatory cell infiltration of the liver of 1 tree shrew and of the mesenteric lymph nodes of 3 tree shrews. EBER in situ hybridization(ISH) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining showed that EBER-, LMP1- and EBNA2- positive cells were present in the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes of some tree shrews. Western blotting (WB) revealed EBNA1-positive cells in the spleens of 4 tree shrews. EBV markers were not detected by HE, EBER-ISH or IHC in the lung or nasopharynx. Conclusions These findings suggest that EBV can infect tree shrews via intravenous injection. The presented model offers some advantages for exploring the pathophysiology of EBV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiang Yi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Long Du
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Menglin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chenglin Qi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yongjing Lai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Anzhou Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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14
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Washio K, Oka T, Abdalkader L, Muraoka M, Shimada A, Oda M, Sato H, Takata K, Kagami Y, Shimizu N, Kato S, Kimura H, Nishizaki K, Yoshino T, Tsukahara H. Gene expression analysis of hypersensitivity to mosquito bite, chronic active EBV infection and NK/T-lymphoma/leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 58:2683-2694. [PMID: 28367723 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1304762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The human herpes virus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is a known oncogenic virus and plays important roles in life-threatening T/NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (T/NK-cell LPD) such as hypersensitivity to mosquito bite (HMB), chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV), and NK/T-cell lymphoma/leukemia. During the clinical courses of HMB and CAEBV, patients frequently develop malignant lymphomas and the diseases passively progress sequentially. In the present study, gene expression of CD16(-)CD56(+)-, EBV(+) HMB, CAEBV, NK-lymphoma, and NK-leukemia cell lines, which were established from patients, was analyzed using oligonucleotide microarrays and compared to that of CD56brightCD16dim/- NK cells from healthy donors. Principal components analysis showed that CAEBV and NK-lymphoma cells were relatively closely located, indicating that they had similar expression profiles. Unsupervised hierarchal clustering analyses of microarray data and gene ontology analysis revealed specific gene clusters and identified several candidate genes responsible for disease that can be used to discriminate each category of NK-LPD and NK-cell lymphoma/leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Washio
- a Department of Pediatrics , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,b Department of Pathology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Takashi Oka
- b Department of Pathology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Lamia Abdalkader
- b Department of Pathology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan.,c Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine , Mansoura University , Egypt
| | - Michiko Muraoka
- a Department of Pediatrics , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Akira Shimada
- a Department of Pediatrics , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Megumi Oda
- a Department of Pediatrics , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Hiaki Sato
- b Department of Pathology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Katsuyoshi Takata
- b Department of Pathology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Yoshitoyo Kagami
- d Division of Molecular Medicine , Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Norio Shimizu
- e Department of Virology, Division of Virology & Immunology , Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Seiichi Kato
- f Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Nagoya University Hospital , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kimura
- g Department of Virology , Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya , Japan
| | - Kazunori Nishizaki
- h Department of Otorhinolaryngology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Tadashi Yoshino
- b Department of Pathology , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukahara
- a Department of Pediatrics , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
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15
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Haverkos BM, Coleman C, Gru AA, Pan Z, Brammer J, Rochford R, Mishra A, Oakes CC, Baiocchi RA, Freud AG, Porcu P. Emerging insights on the pathogenesis and treatment of extranodal NK/T cell lymphomas (ENKTL). DISCOVERY MEDICINE 2017; 23:189-199. [PMID: 28472613 PMCID: PMC5585079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is a rare aggressive extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) universally associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). ENKTL most commonly occurs in non-elderly immune competent males in Asia and South America. A number of antecedent lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) have been described in Asian and South American patients, but the majority of Caucasian ENKTL patients have no known preceding LPD or underlying immunodeficiency. Other than EBV, no environmental or extrinsic factor has been implicated in oncogenesis. The precise mechanisms by which EBV infects NK or T cells and the virus' role in the pathogenesis of ENKTL have not been fully deciphered. However, a number of recent discoveries including disturbances in cell signaling and mutations in tumor suppressor genes have been identified, which are providing insights into the pathogenesis of ENKTL. In this review, we highlight the molecular, viral, and genetic underpinnings of ENKTL and discuss potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carrie Coleman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alejandro A. Gru
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Zenggang Pan
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jonathan Brammer
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Christopher C. Oakes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robert A. Baiocchi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Aharon G. Freud
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Pierluigi Porcu
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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16
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Greijer AE, Ramayanti O, Verkuijlen SAWM, Novalić Z, Juwana H, Middeldorp JM. Quantitative multi-target RNA profiling in Epstein-Barr virus infected tumor cells. J Virol Methods 2016; 241:24-33. [PMID: 27993616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is etiologically linked to multiple acute, chronic and malignant diseases. Detection of EBV-RNA transcripts in tissues or biofluids besides EBV-DNA can help in diagnosing EBV related syndromes. Sensitive EBV transcription profiling yields new insights on its pathogenic role and may be useful for monitoring virus targeted therapy. Here we describe a multi-gene quantitative RT-PCR profiling method that simultaneously detects a broad spectrum (n=16) of crucial latent and lytic EBV transcripts. These transcripts include (but are not restricted to), EBNA1, EBNA2, LMP1, LMP2, BARTs, EBER1, BARF1 and ZEBRA, Rta, BGLF4 (PK), BXLF1 (TK) and BFRF3 (VCAp18) all of which have been implicated in EBV-driven oncogenesis and viral replication. With this method we determine the amount of RNA copies per infected (tumor) cell in bulk populations of various origin. While we confirm the expected RNA profiles within classic EBV latency programs, this sensitive quantitative approach revealed the presence of rare cells undergoing lytic replication. Inducing lytic replication in EBV tumor cells supports apoptosis and is considered as therapeutic approach to treat EBV-driven malignancies. This sensitive multi-primed quantitative RT-PCR approach can provide broader understanding of transcriptional activity in latent and lytic EBV infection and is suitable for monitoring virus-specific therapy responses in patients with EBV associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Greijer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - O Ramayanti
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S A W M Verkuijlen
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Z Novalić
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Juwana
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J M Middeldorp
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center and Cancer Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Sun L, Che K, Zhao Z, Liu S, Xing X, Luo B. Sequence analysis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early genes BARF1 and BHRF1 in NK/T cell lymphoma from Northern China. Virol J 2015; 12:135. [PMID: 26337172 PMCID: PMC4558833 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NK/T cell lymphoma is an aggressive lymphoma almost always associated with EBV. BamHI-A rightward open reading frame 1 (BARF1) and BamHI-H rightward open reading frame 1 (BHRF1) are two EBV early genes, which may be involved in the oncogenicity of EBV. It has been found that V29A strains, a BARF1 mutant subtype, showed higher prevalence in NPC, which may suggest the association between this variation and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). To characterize the sequence variation patterns of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early genes and to elucidate their association with NK/T cell lymphoma, we analyzed the sequences of BARF1 and BHRF1 in EBV-positive NK/T cell lymphoma samples from Northern China. Methods In situ hybridization (ISH) performed for EBV-encoded small RNA1 (EBER1) with specific digoxigenin-labeled probes was used to select the EBV positive lymphoma samples. Nested-polymerase chain reaction (nested-PCR) and DNA sequence analysis technique were used to obtain the sequences of BARF1 and BHRF1. The polymorphisms of these two genes were classified according to the signature changes and compared with the known corresponding EBV gene variation data. Results Two major subtypes of BARF1 gene, designated as B95-8 and V29A subtype, were identified. B95-8 subtype was the dominant subtype. The V29A subtype had one consistent amino acid change at amino acid residue 29 (V → A). Compared with B95-8, AA change at 88 (L → V) of BHRF1 was found in the majority of the isolates, and AA79 (V → L) mutation in a few isolates. Functional domains of BARF1 and BHRF1 were highly conserved. The distributions of BARF1 and BHRF1 subtypes had no significant differences among different EBV-associated malignancies and healthy donors. Conclusion The sequences of BARF1 and BHRF1 are highly conserved which may contribute to maintain the biological function of these two genes. There is no evidence that particular EBV substrains of BARF1 or BHRF1 is region-restricted or disease-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Sun
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Kui Che
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266555, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Xiaoming Xing
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, China.
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18
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BARF1 gene silencing triggers caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis in Epstein-Barr virus-positive malignant cells. J Biosci 2015; 40:41-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-015-9502-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Houldcroft CJ, Kellam P. Host genetics of Epstein-Barr virus infection, latency and disease. Rev Med Virol 2014; 25:71-84. [PMID: 25430668 PMCID: PMC4407908 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infects 95% of the adult population and is the cause of infectious mononucleosis. It is also associated with 1% of cancers worldwide, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma. Human and cancer genetic studies are now major forces determining gene variants associated with many cancers, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma. Host genetics is also important in infectious disease; however, there have been no large-scale efforts towards understanding the contribution that human genetic variation plays in primary EBV infection and latency. This review covers 25 years of studies into host genetic susceptibility to EBV infection and disease, from candidate gene studies, to the first genome-wide association study of EBV antibody response, and an EBV-status stratified genome-wide association study of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Although many genes are implicated in EBV-related disease, studies are often small, not replicated or followed up in a different disease. Larger, appropriately powered genomic studies to understand the host response to EBV will be needed to move our understanding of the biology of EBV infection beyond the handful of genes currently identified. Fifty years since the discovery of EBV and its identification as a human oncogenic virus, a glimpse of the future is shown by the first whole-genome and whole-exome studies, revealing new human genes at the heart of the host–EBV interaction. © 2014 The Authors. Reviews in Medical Virology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Houldcroft
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK; Division of Biological Anthropology, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Murakami M, Hashida Y, Imajoh M, Maeda A, Kamioka M, Senda Y, Sato T, Fujieda M, Wakiguchi H, Daibata M. PCR array analysis of gene expression profiles in chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection. Microbes Infect 2014; 16:581-6. [PMID: 24801498 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To determine the host cellular gene expression profiles in chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection (CAEBV), peripheral blood samples were obtained from three patients with CAEBV and investigated using a PCR array analysis that focused on T-cell/B-cell activation. We identified six genes with expression levels that were tenfold higher in CAEBV patients compared with those in healthy controls. These results were verified by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. We identified four highly upregulated genes, i.e., IL-10, IL-2, IFNGR1, and INHBA. These genes may be involved in inflammatory responses and cell proliferation, and they may contribute to the development and progression of CAEBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanao Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yumiko Hashida
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masayuki Imajoh
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Akihiko Maeda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mikio Kamioka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Senda
- Faculty of Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mikiya Fujieda
- Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wakiguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masanori Daibata
- Department of Microbiology and Infection, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
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21
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Hoebe EK, Le Large TYS, Greijer AE, Middeldorp JM. BamHI-A rightward frame 1, an Epstein-Barr virus-encoded oncogene and immune modulator. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:367-83. [PMID: 23996634 PMCID: PMC4272418 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) causes several benign and malignant disorders of lymphoid and epithelial origin. EBV-related tumors display distinct patterns of viral latent gene expression, of which the BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) is selectively expressed in carcinomas, regulated by cellular differentiation factors including ΔNp63α. BARF1 functions as a viral oncogene, immortalizing and transforming epithelial cells of different origin by acting as a mitogenic growth factor, inducing cyclin-D expression, and up-regulating antiapoptotic Bcl-2, stimulating host cell growth and survival. In addition, secreted hexameric BARF1 has immune evasive properties, functionally corrupting macrophage colony stimulating factor, as supported by recent functional and structural data. Therefore, BARF1, an intracellular and secreted protein, not only has multiple pathogenic functions but also can function as a target for immune responses. Deciphering the role of BARF1 in EBV biology will contribute to novel diagnostic and treatment options for EBV-driven carcinomas. Herein, we discuss recent insights on the regulation of BARF1 expression and aspects of structure-function relating to its oncogenic and immune suppressive properties. © 2013 The Authors. Reviews in Medical Virology published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline K Hoebe
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Ariza ME, Rivailler P, Glaser R, Chen M, Williams MV. Epstein-Barr virus encoded dUTPase containing exosomes modulate innate and adaptive immune responses in human dendritic cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69827. [PMID: 23894549 PMCID: PMC3718799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) modulates innate immunity in human primary monocyte-derived macrophages through toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 leading to NF-κB activation and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our previous depletion studies indicated that dendritic cells (DCs) may also be a target of the EBV-encoded dUTPase. However, the role of EBV-encoded dUTPase in DC activation/function and its potential contribution to the inflammatory cellular milieu characteristic of EBV-associated diseases remains poorly understood. In the present study, we demonstrate that EBV-encoded dUTPase significantly altered the expression of genes involved in oncogenesis, inflammation and viral defense mechanisms in human primary DCs by microarray analysis. Proteome array studies revealed that EBV-encoded dUTPase modulates DC immune responses by inducing the secretion of pro-inflammatory TH1/TH17 cytokines. More importantly, we demonstrate that EBV-encoded dUTPase is secreted in exosomes from chemically induced Raji cells at sufficient levels to induce NF-κB activation and cytokine secretion in primary DCs and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Interestingly, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in DCs and PBMCs was TLR2-dependent. Together these findings suggest that the EBV-encoded dUTPase may act as an intercellular signaling molecule capable of modulating the cellular microenvironment and thus, it may be important in the pathophysiology of EBV related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eugenia Ariza
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Zhang Y, Ohyashiki JH, Shimizu N, Ohyashiki K. Aberrant expression of NK cell receptors in Epstein-Barr virus-positiveγδT-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Hematology 2013; 15:43-7. [DOI: 10.1179/102453310x12583347009450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- First Department of Internal MedicineTokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junko H. Ohyashiki
- Intractable Diseases Research CenterTokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Shimizu
- Department of VirologyMedical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Ohyashiki
- First Department of Internal MedicineTokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Avanzi S, Alvisi G, Ripalti A. How virus persistence can initiate the tumorigenesis process. World J Virol 2013; 2:102-9. [PMID: 24175234 PMCID: PMC3785046 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v2.i2.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human oncogenic viruses are defined as necessary but not sufficient to initiate cancer. Experimental evidence suggests that the oncogenic potential of a virus is effective in cells that have already accumulated a number of genetic mutations leading to cell cycle deregulation. Current models for viral driven oncogenesis cannot explain why tumor development in carriers of tumorigenic viruses is a very rare event, occurring decades after virus infection. Considering that viruses are mutagenic agents per se and human oncogenic viruses additionally establish latent and persistent infections, we attempt here to provide a general mechanism of tumor initiation both for RNA and DNA viruses, suggesting viruses could be both necessary and sufficient in triggering human tumorigenesis initiation. Upon reviewing emerging evidence on the ability of viruses to induce DNA damage while subverting the DNA damage response and inducing epigenetic disturbance in the infected cell, we hypothesize a general, albeit inefficient hit and rest mechanism by which viruses may produce a limited reservoir of cells harboring permanent damage that would be initiated when the virus first hits the cell, before latency is established. Cells surviving virus generated damage would consequently become more sensitive to further damage mediated by the otherwise insufficient transforming activity of virus products expressed in latency, or upon episodic reactivations (viral persistence). Cells with a combination of genetic and epigenetic damage leading to a cancerous phenotype would emerge very rarely, as the probability of such an occurrence would be dependent on severity and frequency of consecutive hit and rest cycles due to viral reinfections and reactivations.
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25
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Huang Y, de Leval L, Gaulard P. Molecular underpinning of extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2013; 26:57-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Xing Y, Song HM, Wei M, Liu Y, Zhang YH, Gao L. Clinical significance of variations in levels of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) antigen and adaptive immune response during chronic active EBV infection in children. J Immunotoxicol 2013; 10:387-92. [PMID: 23418935 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.758199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric patients were recruited to analyze differences in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) copy numbers and adaptive immune reactions in children with chronic active vs acute EBV infection (CAEBVI vs AEBVI), as well as to examine the relationship between these parameters and the pathogenesis of CAEBVI. Fluorescent qPCR was used to assess EBV-DNA levels, while ELISA, antibody affinity, flow cytometry, and heterophil agglutination (HA) assays were used to evaluate patient EBV-adaptive humoral and cellular immunity. Lastly, ELISPOT was employed to assess interferon (IFN)-γ secretory functions of EBV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) as a marker of subject EBV-specific adaptive cellular immunity. The results indicated that, compared with AEBVI patients or normal children, there was a dramatic elevation in viral copy levels, viral capsid antigen (VCA)-IgA, early antigen (EA)-IgA, and EA-IgG, but a lack of EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA)-IgG and a negative HA in CAEBVI patients (p < 0.01). These subjects also had decreased CD4(+), CD8(+) (naïve), CD8(+)CD38(+), and effective memory T-lymphocyte levels compared with AEBVI patients (p < 0.01), and decreased EBV-specific CTL function compared with normal children (p < 0.01). These results suggest that there is a disturbance in EBV antigen availability and in both the adaptive humoral and cellular immune responses in patients with CAEBVI, and that these outcomes may be associated with the chronic active re-infection process itself associated with CAEBVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xing
- Department of Pediatrics, People's Hospital of Henan Province , Zhengzhou , PR China
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MicroRNA profiling of Epstein-Barr virus-associated NK/T-cell lymphomas by deep sequencing. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42193. [PMID: 22870299 PMCID: PMC3411711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic human Herpes virus involved in the pathogenesis of nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma. EBV encodes microRNAs (miRNAs) and induces changes in the host cellular miRNA profile. MiRNAs are short non-coding RNAs of about 19–25 nt length that regulate gene expression by post-transcriptional mechanisms and are frequently deregulated in human malignancies including cancer. The microRNA profiles of EBV-positive NK/T-cell lymphoma, non-infected T-cell lymphoma and normal thymus were established by deep sequencing of small RNA libraries. The comparison of the EBV-positive NK/T-cell vs. EBV-negative T-cell lymphoma revealed 15 up- und 16 down-regulated miRNAs. In contrast, the majority of miRNAs was repressed in the lymphomas compared to normal tissue. We also identified 10 novel miRNAs from known precursors and two so far unknown miRNAs. The sequencing results were confirmed for selected miRNAs by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR). We show that the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 alpha (IL1A) is a target for miR-142-3p and the oncogenic BCL6 for miR-205. MiR-142-3p is down-regulated in the EBV-positive vs. EBV-negative lymphomas. MiR-205 was undetectable in EBV-negative lymphoma and strongly down-regulated in EBV-positive NK/T-cell lymphoma as compared to thymus. The targets were confirmed by reporter assays and by down-regulation of the proteins by ectopic expression of the cognate miRNAs. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the relevance of deregulated miRNAs for the post-transcriptional gene regulation in nasal NK/T-cell lymphomas.
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Imajoh M, Hashida Y, Murakami M, Maeda A, Sato T, Fujieda M, Wakiguchi H, Daibata M. Characterization of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BZLF1 gene promoter variants and comparison of cellular gene expression profiles in Japanese patients with infectious mononucleosis, chronic active EBV infection, and EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistioc. J Med Virol 2012; 84:940-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wang Y, Wang XF, Sun ZF, Luo B. Unique variations of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BARF1 gene in nasopharyngeal carcinoma biopsies. Virus Res 2012; 166:23-30. [PMID: 22406129 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BamHI-A rightward frame 1 (BARF1) gene is frequently expressed in EBV-associated epithelial malignancies and involves in oncogenicity and immunomodulation. To characterize the variations of BARF1 gene in different populations, the sequences of BARF1 gene in Northern Chinese nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) and healthy donors were analyzed. The correlation of BARF1 variation with polymorphisms of BamHI F fragment (type F and f variants) and EBV-coded viral interleukin-10 (vIL-10) gene (B95-8 and SPM patterns) was also explored. Two major subtypes of BARF1 gene, designated as B95-8 and V29A, were identified. B95-8 subtype had identical amino acid sequence to B95-8 and was the dominant subtype among the EBV isolates from Northern China. V29A subtype, with one consistent amino acid change at residue 29 (V→A) and several nucleotide changes, showed higher frequency in NPC cases (25.3%, 20/79) than in EBVaGC cases (0/45) or healthy donors (4.3%, 2/46) (NPC vs. EBVaGC: P=0.0001; NPC vs. healthy donor: P=0.004). A preferential linkage between BamHI F and BARF1/vIL-10 polymorphisms was found. Type f isolates was specially correlated with the V29A/SPM genotype in NPC isolates and type f/V29A/SPM was preferentially found in NPC. BARF1/c-fms homology domain, transforming domain and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes of BARF1 were highly conserved in most isolates, suggesting the important role of BARF1 in virus infection and the potential usefulness in EBV-targeting immunotherapy of EBV-associated tumors. The relatively higher prevalence of type f/V29A/SPM strains in NPC may also suggest the association between these variations in multiple viral genes and NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao 266021, China
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Kim A, Lee JE, Jang WS, Lee SJ, Park S, Kang HJ, Lee SS. A combination of methotrexate and irradiation promotes cell death in NK/T-cell lymphoma cells via down-regulation of NF-κB signaling. Leuk Res 2012; 36:350-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2011.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Promoter cloning and characterization of the human programmed cell death protein 4 (pdcd4) gene: evidence for ZBP-89 and Sp-binding motifs as essential Pdcd4 regulators. Biosci Rep 2012; 32:281-97. [DOI: 10.1042/bsr20110045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pdcd4 (programmed cell death protein 4) is an important novel tumour suppressor inhibiting transformation, translation, invasion and intravasation, and its expression is down-regulated in several cancers. However, little is known about the transcriptional regulation and the promoter of this important tumour suppressor. So far the following is the first comprehensive study to describe the regulation of Pdcd4 transcription by ZBP-89 (zinc-finger-binding protein 89), besides characterizing the gene promoter. We identified the transcriptional start sites of the human pdcd4 promoter, a functional CCAAT-box, and the basal promoter region. Within this basal region, computer-based analysis revealed several potential binding sites for ZBPs, especially for Sp (specificity protein) family members and ZBP-89. We identified four Sp1/Sp3/Sp4-binding elements to be indispensable for basal promoter activity. However, overexpression of Sp1 and Sp3 was not sufficient to enhance Pdcd4 protein expression. Analysis in different solid cancer cell lines showed a significant correlation between pdcd4 and zbp-89 mRNA amounts. In contrast with Sp transcription factors, overexpression of ZBP-89 led to an enhanced expression of Pdcd4 mRNA and protein. Additionally, specific knockdown of ZBP-89 resulted in a decreased pdcd4 gene expression. Reporter gene analysis showed a significant up-regulation of basal promoter activity by co-transfection with ZBP-89, which could be abolished by mithramycin treatment. Predicted binding of ZBP-89 to the basal promoter was confirmed by EMSA (electrophoretic mobility-shift assay) data and supershift analysis for ZBP-89. Taken together, data for the first time implicate ZBP-89 as a regulator of Pdcd4 by binding to the basal promoter either alone or by interacting with Sp family members.
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Wang FW, Wu XR, Liu WJ, Liang YJ, Huang YF, Liao YJ, Shao CK, Zong YS, Mai SJ, Xie D. The nucleotide polymorphisms within the Epstein-Barr virus C and Q promoters from nasopharyngeal carcinoma affect transcriptional activity in vitro. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 269:931-8. [PMID: 22146864 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-011-1862-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human gamma herpesvirus that is associated with Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), gastric carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), and NK/T-cell lymphoma. Two viral promoters, Cp and Qp, are important for EBV latent infection. The latency Cp, which is used in primary infection, drives expression of the full spectrum of EBV nuclear antigens. Qp is active in EBV-associated tumors and drives the latency I/II expression pattern. In this study, we determined nucleotides polymorphisms in the Cp and Qp promoter regions in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from Cantonese healthy carriers and in biopsies of NPC, nasal NK/T lymphoma, BL, and gastric carcinoma. The sequence changes of -12G>T and +69 C>T in Cp and -197 G>A and +1 G>C in Qp were frequently identified in NPC. Transient transfection studies using luciferase gene reporters revealed a significant reduction (57.11%) in gene expression from the Cp +69T variant and increased expression (43.5%) from the Qp +1C variant compared to the prototype, suggesting that these sequence variations affect promoter activity. Our results indicate that the nucleotides polymorphisms in Cp and Qp occur frequently in NPC and might contribute to the oncogenesis of EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Wei Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. 651, Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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Pont F, Familiades J, Déjean S, Fruchon S, Cendron D, Poupot M, Poupot R, L'faqihi-Olive F, Prade N, Ycart B, Fournié JJ. The gene expression profile of phosphoantigen-specific human γδ T lymphocytes is a blend of αβ T-cell and NK-cell signatures. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:228-40. [PMID: 21968650 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Global transcriptional technologies have revolutionised the study of lymphoid cell populations, but human γδ T lymphocytes specific for phosphoantigens remain far less deeply characterised by these methods despite the great therapeutic potential of these cells. Here we analyse the transcriptome of circulating TCRVγ(+) γδ T cells isolated from healthy individuals, and their relation with those from other lymphoid cell subsets. We report that the gene signature of phosphoantigen-specific TCRVγ(+) γδ T cells is a hybrid of those from αβ T and NK cells, with more 'NK-cell' genes than αβ T cells have and more 'T-cell' genes than NK cells. The expression profile of TCRVγ(+) γδ T cells stimulated with phosphoantigen recapitulates their immediate physiological functions: Th1 cytokine, chemokine and cytotoxic activities reflect their high mitotic activity at later time points and do not indicate antigen-presenting functions. Finally, such hallmarks make the transcriptome of γδ T cells, whether resting or clonally expanding, clearly distinctive from that of NK/T or peripheral T-cell lymphomas of the γδ subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fréderic Pont
- INSERM UMR1037, Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma: toward the identification of clinical molecular targets. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:790871. [PMID: 21541194 PMCID: PMC3085502 DOI: 10.1155/2011/790871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma of nasal type (NKTCL) is a malignant disorder of cytotoxic lymphocytes of NK or more rarely T cells associated with clonal Epstein-Barr virus infection. Extranodal NKTCL is rare in Western countries, but in Asia and Central and South America it can account for up to 10% of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. It is an aggressive neoplasm with very poor prognosis. Although the pathogenesis of extranodal NKTCL remains poorly understood, some insights have been gained in the recent years, especially from genome-wide studies. Based on our own experience and knowledge of the literature, we here review some of the genomic and functional pathway alterations observed in NKTCL that could provide a rationale for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Abstract
Aggressive T-cell lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of malignancies of mature T and natural killer cells, many of which have recently been identified as distinct entities in the classification of non-Hodgkin lymphomas according to the World Health Organization. Owing in part to a limited understanding of the molecular features and pathogenesis of many of these disorders, treatment strategies using conventional lymphoma regimens have been used, with generally inferior outcomes. Recent data are now emerging from gene expression profiling and molecular analysis of tumors, which has led to development of novel, targeted therapeutic strategies and has provided a basis for more accurate diagnosis and prognostic characterization.
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36
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Chen YF, Tung CL, Chang Y, Hsiao WC, Su LJ, Sun HS. Analysis of global methylation using a Zta-expressing nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. Genomics 2011; 97:205-13. [PMID: 21195163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 12/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
EBV infects more than 90% of the human population and persists in most individuals as a latent infection where the viral genome is silenced by host-driven methylation. The lytic cycle is initiated when the viral protein Zta binds to methylated BRLF1 and BRRF1 promoters. Although studies reveal the role of Zta and methylation changes in the viral genome upon EBV infection to reactivation, whether Zta plays any role in alteration of methylation in the host genome remains unknown. Using an inducible model, we demonstrate that global DNA methylation, based on whole-genome 5-methylcytosine content, and regional DNA methylation in repetitive elements, imprinting genes and the X chromosome, remains unchanged in response to Zta expression. Expression of DNA methyltransferases was also unaffected by ectopically expressed Zta. Our data imply that alteration of host gene expression following EBV reactivation may reflect methylation-independent Zta-mediated gene activation and not epigenetic modification of the host genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Fan Chen
- Institute of Basic Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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37
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Quantitative and qualitative RNA-Seq-based evaluation of Epstein-Barr virus transcription in type I latency Burkitt's lymphoma cells. J Virol 2010; 84:13053-8. [PMID: 20943983 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01521-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-seq provides a rich source of transcriptome information with high qualitative and quantitative value. Here, we provide a pipeline for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transcriptome analysis using RNA-seq and we apply it to two type I latency cell lines, Mutu I and Akata. This analysis revealed substantial average expression levels of many lytic genes in predominantly latent cell populations. The lytic transcripts BHLF1 and LF3 were expressed at levels greater than those for 98% of all cellular polyadenylated transcripts. Exon junction mapping accurately identified the Qp-derived EBNA1 splicing pattern, lytic gene splicing, and a complex splicing pattern within the BamHI A region.
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Hutajulu SH, Hoebe EK, Verkuijlen SA, Fachiroh J, Hariwijanto B, Haryana SM, Stevens SJ, Greijer AE, Middeldorp JM. Conserved mutation of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BamHI-A Rightward Frame-1 (BARF1) gene in Indonesian nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Infect Agent Cancer 2010; 5:16. [PMID: 20849661 PMCID: PMC2949665 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-5-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BamHI-A rightward frame-1 (BARF1) is a carcinoma-specific Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encoded oncogene. Here we describe the BARF1 sequence diversity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), other EBV-related diseases and Indonesian healthy EBV carriers in relation to EBV genotype, viral load and serology markers. Nasopharyngeal brushings from 56 NPC cases, blood or tissue from 15 other EBV-related disorders, spontaneous B cell lines (LCL) from 5 Indonesian healthy individuals and several prototype EBV isolates were analysed by PCR-direct sequencing. RESULTS Most NPC isolates revealed specific BARF1 nucleotide changes compared to prototype B95-8 virus. At the protein level these mutations resulted in 3 main substitutions (V29A, W72G, H130R), which are not considered to cause gross tertiary structure alterations in the hexameric BARF1 protein. At least one amino acid conversion was detected in 80.3% of NPC samples compared to 33.3% of non-NPC samples (p < 0.001) and 40.0% of healthy LCLs (p = 0.074). NPC isolates also showed more frequent codon mutation than non-NPC samples. EBV strain typing revealed most isolates as EBV type 1. The viral load of either NPC or non-NPC samples was high, but only in non- NPC group it related to a particular BARF1 variant. Serology on NPC sera using IgA/EBNA-1 ELISA, IgA/VCA-p18 ELISA and immunoblot score showed no relation with BARF1 sequence diversity (p = 0.802, 0.382 and 0.058, respectively). NPC patients had variable antibody reactivity against purified hexameric NPC-derived BARF1 irrespective of the endogenous BARF1 sequence. CONCLUSION The sequence variation of BARF1 observed in Indonesian NPC patients and controls may reflect a natural selection of EBV strains unlikely to be predisposing to carcinogenesis. The conserved nature of BARF1 may reflect an important role in EBV (epithelial) persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna H Hutajulu
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Gene expression profiling identifies emerging oncogenic pathways operating in extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type. Blood 2009; 115:1226-37. [PMID: 19965620 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-05-221275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopsies and cell lines of natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (NKTCL) were subject to combined gene expression profiling and array-based comparative genomic hybridization analyses. Compared with peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified, NKTCL had greater transcript levels for NK-cell and cytotoxic molecules, especially granzyme H. Compared with normal NKcells, tumors were closer to activated than resting cells and overexpressed several genes related to vascular biology, Epstein-Barr Virus-induced genes, and PDGFRA. Notably, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and its phosphorylated form were confirmed at the protein level, and in vitro the MEC04 NKTCL cell line was sensitive to imatinib. Deregulation of the AKT, Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription, and nuclear factor-kappaB pathways was corroborated by nuclear expression of phosphorylated AKT, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3, and RelA in NKTCL, and several deregulated genes in these pathways mapped to regions of recurrent copy number aberrations (AKT3 [1q44], IL6R [1q21.3], CCL2 [17q12], TNFRSF21 [6p12.3]). Several features of NKTCL uncovered by this analysis suggest perturbation of angiogenic pathways. Integrative analysis also evidenced deregulation of the tumor suppressor HACE1 in the frequently deleted 6q21 region. This study highlights emerging oncogenic pathways in NKTCL and identifies novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Kurashina R, Ohyashiki JH, Kobayashi C, Hamamura R, Zhang Y, Hirano T, Ohyashiki K. Anti-proliferative activity of heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 inhibitors via β-catenin/TCF7L2 pathway in adult T cell leukemia cells. Cancer Lett 2009; 284:62-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 02/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Ohyashiki JH, Kobayashi C, Hamamura R, Okabe S, Tauchi T, Ohyashiki K. The oral iron chelator deferasirox represses signaling through the mTOR in myeloid leukemia cells by enhancing expression of REDD1. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:970-7. [PMID: 19298223 PMCID: PMC11158870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of deferasirox in human myeloid leukemia cells, and to identify the molecular pathways responsible for antiproliferative effects on leukemia cells during chelation therapy, we performed gene expression profiling to focus on the pathway involved in the anticancer effect of deferasirox. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of deferasirox was 17-50 microM in three human myeloid cell lines (K562, U937, and HL60), while those in fresh leukemia cells obtained from four patients it varied from 88 to 172 microM. Gene expression profiling using Affymerix GeneChips (U133 Plus 2.0) revealed up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) encoding p21CIP, genes regulating interferon (i.e. IFIT1). Pathways related to iron metabolism and hypoxia such as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and Regulated in development and DNA damage response (REDD1) were also prominent. Based on the results obtained from gene expression profiling, we particularly focused on the REDD1/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway in deferasirox-treated K562 cells, and found an enhanced expression of REDD1 and its down-stream protein, tuberin (TSC2). Notably, S6 ribosomal protein as well as phosphorylated S6, which is known to be a target of mTOR, was significantly repressed in deferasirox-treated K562 cells, and REDD1 small interfering RNA restored phosphorylation of S6. Although iron chelation may affect multiple signaling pathways related to cell survival, our data support the conclusion that REDD1 functions up-stream of tuberin to down-regulate the mTOR pathway in response to deferasirox. Deferasirox might not only have benefit for iron chelation but also may be an antiproliferative agent in some myeloid leukemias, especially patients who need both iron chelation and reduction of leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko H Ohyashiki
- Intractable Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
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Ohyashiki JH, Hamamura R, Kobayashi C, Zhang Y, Ohyashiki K. A network biology approach evaluating the anticancer effects of bortezomib identifies SPARC as a therapeutic target in adult T-cell leukemia cells. Adv Appl Bioinform Chem 2008; 1:85-98. [PMID: 21918608 PMCID: PMC3169936 DOI: 10.2147/aabc.s4133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to identify the regulatory gene interaction of anticancer drugs on target cancer cells. Whole genome expression profiling offers promise in this regard, but can be complicated by the challenge of identifying the genes affected by hundreds to thousands of genes that induce changes in expression. A proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, could be a potential therapeutic agent in treating adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) patients, however, the underlying mechanism by which bortezomib induces cell death in ATL cells via gene regulatory network has not been fully elucidated. Here we show that a Bayesian statistical framework by VoyaGene(®) identified a secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene, a tumor-invasiveness related gene, as a possible modulator of bortezomib-induced cell death in ATL cells. Functional analysis using RNAi experiments revealed that inhibition of the expression SPARC by siRNA enhanced the apoptotic effect of bortezomib on ATL cells in accordance with an increase of cleaved caspase 3. Targeting SPARC may help to treat ATL patients in combination with bortezomib. This work shows that a network biology approach can be used advantageously to identify the genetic interaction related to anticancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko H Ohyashiki
- Intractable Immune System Disease Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Hamamura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiaki Kobayashi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Zhang
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Ohyashiki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Transcriptional repression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 by Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 1 enhances invasiveness of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Oral Oncol 2008; 44:891-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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44
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Sato E, Ohga S, Kuroda H, Yoshiba F, Nishimura M, Nagasawa M, Inoue M, Kawa K. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for Epstein-Barr virus-associated T/natural killer-cell lymphoproliferative disease in Japan. Am J Hematol 2008; 83:721-7. [PMID: 18626884 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated T/NK-cell lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) has been linked to several different disorders. Its prognosis is generally poor and a treatment strategy has yet to be established. There are reports, however, that hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) can cure this disease. To clarify the current situation regarding allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) for EBV-associated T/NK-LPD, a nationwide survey was performed in Japan. Data for 74 patients were collected. There were 42 cases of chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV), 10 cases of EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH), and 22 cases of EBV-associated lymphoma/leukemia (EBV-lymphoma/leukemia). Of those with CAEBV, 54% had the EBV-infected T-cell type and 59% with EBV-lymphoma/leukemia had the EBV-infected NK-cell type. Most patients with EBV-HLH and EBV-lymphoma/leukemia received allo-HSCT within 1 year after onset compared to only 14% of patients with CAEBV. The event-free survival (EFS) rate following allo-HSCT was 0.561 +/- 0.086 for CAEBV, 0.614 +/- 0.186 for EBV-HLH, and 0.309 +/- 0.107 for EBV-lymphoma/leukemia. The EFS of allo-HSCT with conventional conditioning was 0.488 +/- 0.074 and with reduced-intensity conditioning was 0.563 +/- 0.124. Thus, in a substantial number of cases, EBV-associated T/NK-LPD can be cured by either allogeneic conventional stem cell transplantation or reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chronic Disease
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Disease-Free Survival
- Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/complications
- Female
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Humans
- Infant
- Japan/epidemiology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic/epidemiology
- Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic/pathology
- Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic/surgery
- Leukemia, Large Granular Lymphocytic/virology
- Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/etiology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/surgery
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/virology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/drug therapy
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/epidemiology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/surgery
- Lymphoproliferative Disorders/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Transplantation Conditioning
- Transplantation, Homologous
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka, Japan.
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45
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Fiorini S, Ooka T. Secretion of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded BARF1 oncoprotein from latently infected B cells. Virol J 2008; 5:70. [PMID: 18533018 PMCID: PMC2430953 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes two oncogenes, LMP1(Latent Membrane Protein-1) and BARF1 (BamH1-A Reading Frame-1). LMP1 belongs to latent gene family and BARF1 is considered so far as one of early gene family. However BARF1 oncogene was expressed highly in Nasopharyngeal (NPC) and gastric (GC) carcinoma as a type II latency, and in EBV-positive Akata cell and primary epithelial cell infected in vitro by EBV as type I latency. Its expression was also reported in Burkitt's lymphoma's biopsy frequent in Malawi in Africa as well as in nasal NK/T-cell lymphoma. We recently observed a massive secretion of BARF1 protein in serum and saliva of NPC patients. NPC-derived c666-1 epithelial cells also expressed and secreted BARF1 protein without other lytic genes expression. We asked whether this oncogene belongs to latent gene family. To investigate, we examined its transcriptional and translational expression in IB4 and Akata B cells where both cell lines belong to latent cell family. Transcriptional expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. As BARF1 protein is one of secreted proteins, its translational expression was analyzed by immunoblot after concentration of culture medium. Secreted BARF1 protein was futher purified by concanavalin A affinity column. BARF1 was transcribed in both EBV-positive AKATA and IB4 cells, and BARF1 protein was secreted from these latently infected human B cells. Its secretion does not depend EBV genome form in infected cells. Both episomal and integrated form of EBV genome were capable of expressing BARF1 gene. These results suggests that BARF1 is expressed in latent stage and increases its expression during lytic stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Fiorini
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Virologie et Pathogenèse Humaine, FRE 3011, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Tadamasa Ooka
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire, Virologie et Pathogenèse Humaine, FRE 3011, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon-1, Rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372, Lyon Cedex 08, France
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46
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Ito Y, Shibata-Watanabe Y, Ushijima Y, Kawada JI, Nishiyama Y, Kojima S, Kimura H. Oligonucleotide microarray analysis of gene expression profiles followed by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay in chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:663-6. [PMID: 18260761 DOI: 10.1086/527330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection (CAEBV) is characterized by recurrent infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms and has high mortality and morbidity. To clarify the mechanisms of CAEBV, the gene-expression profiles of peripheral blood obtained from patients with CAEBV were investigated. Twenty genes were differentially expressed in 4 patients with CAEBV. This microarray result was verified using a real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay in a larger group of patients with CAEBV. Eventually, 3 genes were found to be significantly upregulated: guanylate binding protein 1, tumor necrosis factor-induced protein 6, and guanylate binding protein 5. These genes may be associated with the inflammatory reaction or with cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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47
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Gottschalk S. Clinical and virological characteristics of patients with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: insights and questions. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46:1535-6. [PMID: 18419487 DOI: 10.1086/587665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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48
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Flori L, Rogel-Gaillard C, Cochet M, Lemonnier G, Hugot K, Chardon P, Robin S, Lefèvre F. Transcriptomic analysis of the dialogue between Pseudorabies virus and porcine epithelial cells during infection. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:123. [PMID: 18331636 PMCID: PMC2335119 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcriptomic approaches are relevant for studying virus-host cell dialogues to better understand the physiopathology of infection and the immune response at the cellular level. Pseudorabies virus (PrV), a porcine Alphaherpesvirus, is a good model for such studies in pig. Since PrV displays a strong tropism for mucous epithelial cells, we developed a kinetics study of PrV infection in the porcine PK15 epithelial cell line. To identify as completely as possible, viral and cellular genes regulated during infection, we simultaneously analyzed PrV and cellular transcriptome modifications using two microarrays i.e. a laboratory-made combined SLA/PrV microarray, consisting of probes for all PrV genes and for porcine genes contained in the Swine Leukocyte Antigen (SLA) complex, and the porcine generic Qiagen-NRSP8 oligonucleotide microarray. We confirmed the differential expression of a selected set of genes by qRT-PCR and flow cytometry. Results An increase in the number of differentially expressed cellular genes and PrV genes especially from 4 h post-infection (pi) was observed concomitantly with the onset of viral progeny while no early global cellular shutoff was recorded. Many cellular genes were down-regulated from 4 h pi and their number increased until 12 h pi. UL41 transcripts encoding the virion host shutoff protein were first detected as differentially expressed at 8 h pi. The viral gene UL49.5 encoding a TAP inhibitor protein was differentially expressed as soon as 2 h pi, indicating that viral evasion via TAP inhibition may start earlier than the cellular gene shutoff. We found that many biological processes are altered during PrV infection. Indeed, several genes involved in the SLA class I antigenic presentation pathway (SLA-Ia, TAP1, TAP2, PSMB8 and PSMB9), were down-regulated, thus contributing to viral immune escape from this pathway and other genes involved in apoptosis, nucleic acid metabolism, cytoskeleton signaling as well as interferon-mediated antiviral response were also modulated during PrV infection. Conclusion Our results show that the gene expression of both PrV and porcine cells can be analyzed simultaneously with microarrays, providing a chronology of PrV gene transcription, which has never been described before, and a global picture of transcription with a direct temporal link between viral and host gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Flori
- INRA, DGA, UMR 314, Laboratoire de Radiobiologie et d'Etude du Génome, Jouy-en-Josas, F-78350 France.
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49
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Kubota N, Wada K, Ito Y, Shimoyama Y, Nakamura S, Nishiyama Y, Kimura H. One-step multiplex real-time PCR assay to analyse the latency patterns of Epstein-Barr virus infection. J Virol Methods 2008; 147:26-36. [PMID: 17870188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a latent infection with three types of viral gene expression. These latency types can be distinguished by the expression patterns of EBV nuclear antigen (EBNA)1, EBNA2, latent membrane protein (LMP)1, and LMP2. The EBV lytic cycle is initiated by the transcription of the EBV immediate early BZLF1 gene, which can be used to distinguish between a latent and a lytic infection. In this study, a one-step multiplex real-time PCR assay was developed to quantify the EBNA1, EBNA2, LMP1, LMP2, and BZLF1 expression levels simultaneously by relative quantification. To validate this assay, the quantitation of viral gene transcription was performed in EBV-positive B, T, and natural killer cell lines. Because of its rapidity, sensitivity, and specificity, this new assay can be used for quantitative analyses of the latency patterns of EBV infection and the switch from latency to lytic viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Kubota
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsuruma-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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50
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The action of Pdcd4 may be cell type specific: evidence that reduction of dUTPase levels might contribute to its tumor suppressor activity in Bon-1 cells. Apoptosis 2007; 13:157-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-007-0153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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