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Mokni Baizig N, Ben ElHadj M, Hsairi M, Fourati A, Kamoun S, Houcine Y, Gritli S, Driss M. Circulating levels of FoxP3, M2 (sCD163) and IGF-1 as potential biomarkers associated with Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Tunisian patients. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2024; 45:79-92. [PMID: 37936281 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2023.2275802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
We aim to assess the clinical impact of circulating levels of sCD163, FoxP3, IGF-1 in LSCC patients (Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma). The concentrations of sCD163, FoxP3, and IGF-1 were measured using ELISA test in the serum samples collected from 70 pretreatment LSCC patients and 70 age and sex-matched healthy controls. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA to compare the two groups, and the correlation between markers and clinical parameters. Receiver-Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to determine the optimal cutoff values and evaluate the diagnostic impact of these markers. Significant differences in the levels of sCD163, FoxP3, and IGF-1 were observed between LSCC patients and the control group, with respective p-values of 0.01, 0.022, <0.0001. The determined cutoff values for sCD163, FoxP3, IGF-1 concentrations were 314.55 ng/mL, 1.69 ng/mL, and 1.69 ng/mL, respectively. The corresponding area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.67 (95% CI: 0.57-0.76), 0.70 (95% CI: 0.61-0.80), 0.84 (95% CI: 0.76-0.92), respectively. Furthermore, it was found that IGF-1 concentrations exceeding 125.20 ng/mL were positively correlated with lymph node metastasis. Elevated serum levels of sCD163, FoxP3 and IGF-1 are associated with the diagnosis of LSCC. IGF-1 appears to be the most promising indicator for the LSCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehla Mokni Baizig
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Ben ElHadj
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hsairi
- Department of Epidemiology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Asma Fourati
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
- University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Salma Kamoun
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Yoldz Houcine
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Said Gritli
- Department of ORL, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Maha Driss
- Department of Immuno-Histo-Cytology, Salah Azaiez Cancer Institute, Tunis, Tunisia
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2
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Chak PT, Kam NW, Choi TH, Dai W, Kwong DLW. Unfolding the Complexity of Exosome-Cellular Interactions on Tumour Immunity and Their Clinical Prospects in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:919. [PMID: 38473281 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16050919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an epithelial malignancy situated in the posterolateral nasopharynx. NPC poses grave concerns in Southeast Asia due to its late diagnosis. Together with resistance to standard treatment combining chemo- and radiotherapy, NPC presents high metastatic rates and common recurrence. Despite advancements in immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and cytotoxic-T-lymphocytes (CTLs)-based cellular therapy, the exhaustive T cell profile and other signs of immunosuppression within the NPC tumour microenvironment (TME) remain as concerns to immunotherapy response. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles of 30-150 nm in diameter, are increasingly studied and linked to tumourigenesis in oncology. These bilipid-membrane-bound vesicles are packaged with a variety of signalling molecules, mediating cell-cell communications. Within the TME, exosomes can originate from tumour, immune, or stromal cells. Although there are studies on tumour-derived exosomes (TEX) in NPC and their effects on tumour processes like angiogenesis, metastasis, therapeutic resistance, there is a lack of research on their involvement in immune evasion. In this review, we aim to enhance the comprehension of how NPC TEX contribute to cellular immunosuppression. Furthermore, considering the detectability of TEX in bodily fluids, we will also discuss the potential development of TEX-related biomarkers for liquid biopsy in NPC as this could facilitate early diagnosis and prognostication of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paak-Ting Chak
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Centre of Cancer Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ngar-Woon Kam
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Centre of Cancer Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Tsz-Ho Choi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Centre of Cancer Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Centre of Cancer Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Dora Lai-Wan Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Centre of Cancer Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Clinical Oncology Center, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China
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3
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Engku Abd Rahman ENS, Irekeola AA, Shueb RH, Mat Lazim N, Mohamud R, Chen X, Ghazali L, Awang NMSH, Haron A, Chan YY. Aberrant frequency of TNFR2-expressing CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Cytokine 2023; 170:156341. [PMID: 37657236 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
TNFR2 is a surface marker of highly suppressive subset of CD4+ FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in humans and mice. This study examined the TNFR2 expression by Tregs of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients and healthy controls. The proliferation, migration, survival of TNFR2+ Tregs, and association with clinicopathological characteristics were assessed. The expression levels of selected cytokines were also determined. The results demonstrated that in both peripheral blood (PB) (10.45 ± 5.71%) and tumour microenvironment (TME) (54.38 ± 16.15%) of NPC patients, Tregs expressed TNFR2 at noticeably greater levels than conventional T cells (Tconvs) (3.91 ± 2.62%, p < 0.0001), akin to healthy controls. Expression of TNFR2 (1.06 ± 0.99%) was correlated better than CD25+ (0.40 ± 0.46%) and CD127-/low (1.00 ± 0.83% ) with FoxP3 expression in NPC PB (p = 0.0005). Though there was no significant association between TNFR2 expression with the functional capacity (proliferation, migration and survival) of Tregs (p > 0.05), the proportions of PB and TME TNFR2+ Tregs in NPC patients showed more proliferative, higher migration capacity, and better survival ability, as compared to those in healthy controls. Furthermore, TNFR2+ Tregs from NPC patients expressed significantly higher amounts of IL-6 (p = 0.0077), IL-10 (p = 0.0001), IFN-γ (p = 0.0105) and TNF-α (p < 0.0001) than those from healthy controls. Most significantly, TNFR2 expression in maximally suppressive Tregs population were linked to WHO Type III histological type, distant metastasis, progressive disease status, and poor prognosis for NPC patients. Hence, our research implies that TNFR2 expression by PB and TME Tregs may be a useful predictive indicator in NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Engku Nur Syafirah Engku Abd Rahman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Adebayo Irekeola
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia; Microbiology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Summit University Offa, PMB 4412, Offa Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Rafidah Hanim Shueb
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Norhafiza Mat Lazim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rohimah Mohamud
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, 999078 Macau
| | - Liyana Ghazali
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Mohd Syahrul Hafizzi Awang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ali Haron
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Jalan Hospital, 15200 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Yean Yean Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia; Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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4
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Zhu DQ, Su C, Li JJ, Li AW, Luv Y, Fan Q. Update on Radiotherapy Changes of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Tumor Microenvironment. World J Oncol 2023; 14:350-357. [PMID: 37869238 PMCID: PMC10588496 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of radiotherapy (RT) serves as the principal approach for managing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Consequently, it is imperative to investigate the correlation between the radiation microenvironment and radiation resistance in NPC. PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases were accessed to perform a search utilizing the English keywords "nasopharyngeal cancer", "radiotherapy", and "microenvironment". The search time spanned from the establishment of the database until January 20, 2023. A total of 82 articles were included. The post-radiation tumor microenvironment (TME), or the radiation microenvironment, includes several components, such as the radiation-immune microenvironment and the radiation-hypoxic microenvironment. The radiation-immune microenvironment includes various factors like immune cells, signaling molecules, and extracellular matrix. RT can reshape the TME, leading to immune responses with both cytotoxic effects (T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells) and immune escape mechanisms (regulatory T cells (Tregs), macrophages). RT enhances immune responses through DNA release, type I interferons, and immune cell recruitment. Radiation-hypoxic microenvironment affects metabolism and molecular changes. RT-induced hypoxia causes vascular changes, fibrosis, and vessel compression, leading to tissue hypoxia. Hypoxia activates hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α/2α, promoting angiogenesis and glycolysis in tumor cells. TME changes due to hypoxia also involve immune suppressive cells like myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and Tregs. The radiation microenvironment is involved in radiation resistance and holds a significant effect on the prognosis of patients with NPC. Exploring the radiation microenvironment provides new insights into RT and NPC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao Qi Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chao Su
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Jun Li
- NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ai Wu Li
- NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ying Luv
- NanFang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Qin Fan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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5
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Lim DWT, Kao HF, Suteja L, Li CH, Quah HS, Tan DSW, Tan SH, Tan EH, Tan WL, Lee JN, Wee FYT, Jain A, Goh BC, Chua MLK, Liao BC, Ng QS, Hong RL, Ang MK, Yeong JPS, Iyer NG. Clinical efficacy and biomarker analysis of dual PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade in recurrent/metastatic EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2781. [PMID: 37188668 PMCID: PMC10184620 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-agent checkpoint inhibitor (CPI) activity in Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) related nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is limited. Dual CPI shows increased activity in solid cancers. In this single-arm phase II trial (NCT03097939), 40 patients with recurrent/metastatic EBV-positive NPC who failed prior chemotherapy receive nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks and ipilimumab 1 mg/kg every 6 weeks. Primary outcome of best overall response rate (BOR) and secondary outcomes (progression-free survival [PFS], clinical benefit rate, adverse events, duration of response, time to progression, overall survival [OS]) are reported. The BOR is 38% with median PFS and OS of 5.3 and 19.5 months, respectively. This regimen is well-tolerated and treatment-related adverse events requiring discontinuation are low. Biomarker analysis shows no correlation of outcomes to PD-L1 expression or tumor mutation burden. While the BOR does not meet pre-planned estimates, patients with low plasma EBV-DNA titre (<7800 IU/ml) trend to better response and PFS. Deep immunophenotyping of pre- and on-treatment tumor biopsies demonstrate early activation of the adaptive immune response, with T-cell cytotoxicity seen in responders prior to any clinically evident response. Immune-subpopulation profiling also identifies specific PD-1 and CTLA-4 expressing CD8 subpopulations that predict for response to combined immune checkpoint blockade in NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Wan-Teck Lim
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Hsiang-Fong Kao
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lisda Suteja
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Constance H Li
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Sheng Quah
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Shao-Weng Tan
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sze-Huey Tan
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-Huat Tan
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan-Ling Tan
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justina Nadia Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Amit Jain
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Cher Goh
- National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin L K Chua
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bin-Chi Liao
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Quan Sing Ng
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ruey-Long Hong
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Kim Ang
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joe Poh-Sheng Yeong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - N Gopalakrishna Iyer
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
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6
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Zhao Y, Ma Y, Zang A, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Chen Z, Qu S, He J, Chen C, Jin C, Zhu D, Li Q, Liu X, Su W, Ba Y, Hao Y, Chen J, Zhang G, Qu S, Li Y, Feng W, Yang M, Liu B, Ouyang W, Liang J, Yu Z, Kang X, Xue S, Yang G, Yan W, Yang Y, Liu Z, Peng Y, Fanslow B, Huang X, Zhang L, Zhao H. First-in-human phase I/Ib study of QL1706 (PSB205), a bifunctional PD1/CTLA4 dual blocker, in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:50. [PMID: 37158938 PMCID: PMC10169367 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND QL1706 (PSB205) is a single bifunctional MabPair (a novel technical platform) product consisting of two engineered monoclonal antibodies (anti-PD-1 IgG4 and anti-CTLA-4 IgG1), with a shorter elimination half-life (t1/2) for CTLA-4. We report results from a phase I/Ib study of QL1706 in patients with advanced solid tumors who failed standard therapies. METHODS In the phase I study, QL1706 was administered intravenously once every 3 weeks at one of five doses ranging from 0.3 to 10 mg/kg, and the maximum tolerated dose, recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), safety, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of QL1706 were investigated. In the phase Ib study, QL1706 was administered at the RP2D intravenously every 3 weeks, and the preliminary efficacies in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), cervical cancer (CC), and other solid tumors were evaluated. RESULTS Between March 2020 and July 2021, 518 patients with advanced solid tumors were enrolled (phase I, n = 99; phase Ib, n = 419). For all patients, the three most common treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) were rash (19.7%), hypothyroidism (13.5%), and pruritus (13.3%). The TRAEs and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) of grade ≥ 3 occurred in 16.0% and 8.1% of patients, respectively. In phase I, 2 of 6 patients in the 10mg/kg group experienced dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) (grade 3 thrombocytopenia and grade 4 immune-mediated nephritis), so the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was reached at 10 mg/kg. The RP2D was determined to be 5 mg/kg based on comprehensive analysis of tolerability, PK/PD, and efficacy. For all patients who received QL1706 at the RP2D, the objective response rate (ORR) and median duration of response were 16.9% (79/468) and 11.7 months (8.3-not reached [NR]), respectively; and the ORRs were 14.0% (17/121) in NSCLC, 24.5% (27/110) in NPC, 27.3% (15/55) in CC, 7.4% (2/27) in colorectal cancer, 23.1% (6/26) in small cell lung cancer. For immunotherapy-naive patients, QL1706 exhibited promising antitumor activities, especially in NSCLC, NPC, and CC, with ORRs of 24.2%, 38.7%, and 28.3%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS QL1706 was well tolerated and demonstrated promising antitumor activity in solid tumors, especially in NSCLC, NPC, and CC patients. It is currently being evaluated in randomized phase II (NCT05576272, NCT05179317) and phase III (NCT05446883, NCT05487391) trials. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04296994 and NCT05171790.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yuxiang Ma
- Department of Clinical Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Aimin Zang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangcai Wang
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341001, China
| | - Zhendong Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230093, China
| | - Song Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianbo He
- Department of Medical Oncology of Respiratory, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Cancer Institute of Guangxi, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Chuanben Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Chuan Jin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Dongyuan Zhu
- Rare Tumors Department, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Qingshan Li
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, 067000, China
| | - Xianling Liu
- Department of Oncology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Wuyun Su
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Huhhot, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yi Ba
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yanrong Hao
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Oncology Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Junmin Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, 570100, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yuebei People's Hospital, Shaoguan, 512025, China
| | - Shenhong Qu
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Weineng Feng
- Department of Head and Neck/Thoracic Medical Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan City, 528010, China
| | - Mengxiang Yang
- Oncology Department, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, 252004, China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University and Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Weiwei Ouyang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550001, China
| | - Jin Liang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Zhuang Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiaoyan Kang
- Clinical Research Center, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Shilin Xue
- Clinical Research Center, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Guihong Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250000, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Sound Biologics, 21720 23rd Drive SE, Suite200, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Non-Clinical, Qilu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250001, China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Sound Biologics, 21720 23rd Drive SE, Suite200, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA
| | - Yufeng Peng
- Sound Biologics, 21720 23rd Drive SE, Suite200, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA
| | - Bill Fanslow
- Sound Biologics, 21720 23rd Drive SE, Suite200, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA
| | - Xian Huang
- Sound Biologics, 21720 23rd Drive SE, Suite200, Bothell, WA, 98021, USA
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Hongyun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, No. 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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7
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Gong L, Luo J, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Li S, Fang X, Zhang B, Huang J, Chow LKY, Chung D, Huang J, Huang C, Liu Q, Bai L, Tiu YC, Wu P, Wang Y, Tsao GSW, Kwong DLW, Lee AWM, Dai W, Guan XY. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells promote regulatory T cell development and suppressive activity via CD70-CD27 interaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1912. [PMID: 37024479 PMCID: PMC10079957 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the intense CD8+ T-cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, anti-PD-1 immunotherapy shows an unsatisfactory response rate in clinical trials, hindered by immunosuppressive signals. To understand how microenvironmental characteristics alter immune homeostasis and limit immunotherapy efficacy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, here we establish a multi-center single-cell cohort based on public data, containing 357,206 cells from 50 patient samples. We reveal that nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells enhance development and suppressive activity of regulatory T cells via CD70-CD27 interaction. CD70 blocking reverts Treg-mediated suppression and thus reinvigorate CD8+ T-cell immunity. Anti-CD70+ anti-PD-1 therapy is evaluated in xenograft-derived organoids and humanized mice, exhibiting an improved tumor-killing efficacy. Mechanistically, CD70 knockout inhibits a collective lipid signaling network in CD4+ naïve and regulatory T cells involving mitochondrial integrity, cholesterol homeostasis, and fatty acid metabolism. Furthermore, ATAC-Seq delineates that CD70 is transcriptionally upregulated by NFKB2 via an Epstein-Barr virus-dependent epigenetic modification. Our findings identify CD70+ nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells as a metabolic switch that enforces the lipid-driven development, functional specialization and homeostasis of Tregs, leading to immune evasion. This study also demonstrates that CD70 blockade can act synergistically with anti-PD-1 treatment to reinvigorate T-cell immunity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqi Gong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuma Yang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaona Fang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baifeng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiao Huang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Larry Ka-Yue Chow
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dittman Chung
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinlin Huang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cuicui Huang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lu Bai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuen Chak Tiu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pingan Wu
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - George Sai-Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dora Lai-Wan Kwong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Anne Wing-Mui Lee
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, China
| | - Wei Dai
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, China.
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8
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Norouzian M, Mehdipour F, Ashraf MJ, Khademi B, Ghaderi A. Regulatory and effector T cell subsets in tumor-draining lymph nodes of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. BMC Immunol 2022; 23:56. [PMCID: PMC9664675 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-022-00530-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A crucial role for the immune system has been proposed in the establishment and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this study, we investigated the cytokine and regulatory profiles of T cells in tumor draining lymph nodes (TDLNs) of patients with HNSCC.
Results
The frequencies of CD4+TNF-α+ and CD4+TNF-αhi negatively were associated with poor prognostic factors such as LN involvement (P = 0.015 and P = 0.019, respectively), stage of the disease (P = 0.032 and P = 0.010, respectively) and tumor size (P = 0.026 and P = 0.032, respectively). Frequencies of CD8+IFN-γ+ and CD8+IFN-γ+ TNF-α+ T cells showed negative relationship with tumor grade (P = 0.035 and P = 0.043, respectively). While, the frequencies of CD4+IL-4+, CD8+IL-10+, CD8+IL-4+T cells were higher in advanced stages of the disease (P = 0.042, P = 0.041 and P = 0.030, respectively) and CD4+IFN-γ+TNF-α−, CD8+IL-4+ and CD8+IFN-γ+TNF-α− T cells were higher in patients with larger tumor size (P = 0.026 and P = 0.032, respectively). Negative associations were found between the frequencies of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and CD4+CD25+Foxp3+CD127low/− Treg cells and cancer stage (P = 0.015 and P = 0.059).
Conclusion
This study shed more lights on the changes in immune profile of T cells in TDLNs of HNSCC. Larger tumor size and/or LN involvement were associated with lower frequencies of CD4+TNF-α+, CD8+IFN-γ+ and CD8+IFN-γ+TNF-α+ but higher frequency of CD4+IL-4+ T cells. Moreover, Foxp3+Tregs correlated with good prognostic indicators.
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9
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Jiromaru R, Nakagawa T, Yasumatsu R. Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Current and Emerging Treatment Options. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:2681-2689. [PMID: 36117730 PMCID: PMC9480178 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s341472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has seen improved treatment outcomes and a decrease in incidence worldwide in recent years due to developments in medicine and improved public health. However, 70% of cases are still diagnosed at advanced stages and these advanced NPC cases show a poor prognosis. Reports on current and future treatment in advanced NPC are summarized. Chemoradiotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for advanced NPC. The administration of platinum agents as a concurrent drug and intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is the most appropriate irradiation method, and is associated with high local control rates. For induction and adjuvant chemotherapy, platinum-based two- or three-drug combination chemotherapy is recommended. The tumour volume, plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-DNA levels, and the tumour site are used to determine the indication for adjuvant and neo-adjuvant chemotherapy. The tolerability of induction chemotherapy is controversial, and the indications and timing should be carefully considered in each case. Chemotherapy is used for patients with distant metastasis. Gemcitabine/cisplatin is the first-line regimen. The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment has recently been reported for NPC and, as in other areas of the head and neck, it is expected to be effective for patients with recurrent/distant metastasis. Trials are underway for various uses of ICIs, including induction chemotherapy, postoperative treatment, and use in combination with chemoradiotherapy. Immunotherapy for NPC, an EBV-associated cancer, has been reported to have some efficacy with immunotherapy used in other EBV-associated cancers. Immunotherapy may be introduced for NPC in the future, depending on the results of clinical trials. Future changes in the treatment of NPC are expected to include risk classification based on plasma EBV-DNA levels and the development of personalized treatment with individual selection of timing and type of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Jiromaru
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakagawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuji Yasumatsu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Immune Biomarkers in Blood from Sarcoma Patients: A Pilot Study. Curr Oncol 2022; 29:5585-5603. [PMID: 36005179 PMCID: PMC9406743 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29080441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main role of the host immune system is to identify and eliminate cancer cells, which is a complex process, but it is not a fail-safe mechanism. Many sarcoma patients succumb to this disease despite treatments rendered. The aim of this pilot study was to compare the levels of CD4+ T-cells, T-regulatory (Treg) cells, and cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-17A (IL-17A), and transforming growth factor-beta-1 (TGF-β1) in peripheral blood leukocytes of sarcoma patients and healthy controls. For gene expression studies, total ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and genes that were differentially regulated in peripheral blood leukocytes of sarcoma patients compared with healthy controls were determined using a commercial T-helper cell differentiation quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) array. Flow cytometer analysis was performed on blood samples from 26 sarcoma patients and 10 healthy controls to identify the levels of CD4+ T-cells and T-reg cells. The level of cytokines in plasma and culture supernatant were quantified using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. A marked reduction in the percentage of CD4+ T-cells (p = 0.037) and levels of TNF-α (p = 0.004) and IFN-γ (0.010) was observed in sarcoma patients. Gene expression analysis showed five genes (homeobox A10 (HOXA10), GATA binding protein 3 (GATA3), prostaglandin D2 receptor 2 (PTGDR2), thymocyte selection associated high mobility group box (TOX), and C-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3)) were dysregulated (p < 0.05) in sarcoma patients. This study suggests that T-helper-1 immune responses are reduced in sarcoma patients.
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11
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Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy of Epstein–Barr Virus-Associated Malignancies. Viruses 2022; 14:v14051017. [PMID: 35632758 PMCID: PMC9146158 DOI: 10.3390/v14051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) can cause different types of cancer in human beings when the virus infects different cell types with various latent patterns. EBV shapes a distinct and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) to its benefit by influencing and interacting with different components in the TME. Different EBV-associated malignancies adopt similar but slightly specific immunosuppressive mechanisms by encoding different EBV products to escape both innate and adaptive immune responses. Strategies reversing the immunosuppressive TME of EBV-associated malignancies have been under evaluation in clinical practice. As the interactions among EBV, tumor cells, and TME are intricate, in this review, we mainly discuss the epidemiology of EBV, the life cycle of EBV, the cellular and molecular composition of TME, and a landscape of different EBV-associated malignancies and immunotherapy by targeting the TME.
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12
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Lisnawati L, Billianti YD, Manatar AF. Association between Foxp3 Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocyte Expression and Response After Chemoradiation in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a carcinoma originating from the surface epithelium of the nasopharynx with the highest incidence in China and South East Asia. Currently, many researchers are developing tumor microenvironment which can be assessed by tumor-infiltrating lymphochyte, and its association with treatment response in several tumors, including NPC. Foxp3, known as a regulatory T cell (Treg) marker, plays a role in the immunoregulatory environment of tumor cells and can be used as a prognostic factor. The relationship between Foxp3 expression and treatment response is considered as one of the factors affecting the prognosis of NPC.
AIM: This study aims to determine the relationship between Foxp3 expression and treatment response in NPC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was done to analyze the association between Foxp3 and treatment response in NPC. This study included 60 samples who were diagnosed with non-keratinizing NPC at the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from January 2018 until December 2020. Immunohistochemistry was done to evaluate the expression of Foxp3. Foxp3 expression was evaluated in the intratumoral and peritumoral areas.
RESULTS: Among 60 patients, the number of males were more than females (66.7%, 33.3%, respectively) with a ratio of 2:1. There was statistically significant difference between intratumoral and total Foxp3 expression and treatment response (p < 0.05, p = 0.001, respectively); however, no significant differences found between peritumoral Foxp3 expression and treatment response (p = 0.114).
CONCLUSION: Foxp3 expression had a statistically significant relationship with response therapy after chemoradiation.
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13
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Ma F, Vayalil J, Lee G, Wang Y, Peng G. Emerging role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles in T cell suppression and dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003217. [PMID: 34642246 PMCID: PMC8513270 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic drugs including immune checkpoint blockade antibodies have been approved to treat patients in many types of cancers. However, some patients have little or no reaction to the immunotherapy drugs. The mechanisms underlying resistance to tumor immunotherapy are complicated and involve multiple aspects, including tumor-intrinsic factors, formation of immunosuppressive microenvironment, and alteration of tumor and stromal cell metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. T cell is critical and participates in every aspect of antitumor response, and T cell dysfunction is a severe barrier for effective immunotherapy for cancer. Emerging evidence indicates that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by tumor is one of the major factors that can induce T cell dysfunction. Tumor-derived EVs are widely distributed in serum, tissues, and the tumor microenvironment of patients with cancer, which serve as important communication vehicles for cancer cells. In addition, tumor-derived EVs can carry a variety of immune suppressive signals driving T cell dysfunction for tumor immunity. In this review, we explore the potential mechanisms employed by tumor-derived EVs to control T cell development and effector function within the tumor microenvironment. Especially, we focus on current understanding of how tumor-derived EVs molecularly and metabolically reprogram T cell fates and functions for tumor immunity. In addition, we discuss potential translations of targeting tumor-derived EVs to reconstitute suppressive tumor microenvironment or to develop antigen-based vaccines and drug delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiya Ma
- Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jensen Vayalil
- Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Grace Lee
- Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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14
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Campion NJ, Ally M, Jank BJ, Ahmed J, Alusi G. The molecular march of primary and recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncogene 2021; 40:1757-1774. [PMID: 33479496 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) results from the aberrant and uncontrolled growth of the nasopharyngeal epithelium. It is highly associated with the Epstein-Barr virus, especially in regions where it is endemic. In the last decade, significant advances in genetic sequencing techniques have allowed the discovery of many new abnormal molecular processes that undoubtedly contribute to the establishment, growth and spread of this deadly disease. In this review, we consider NPC as EBV induced. We summarise the recent discoveries and how they add to our understanding of the pathophysiology of NPC in the context of genomics first in primary and then in recurrent disease. Overall, we find key early events lead to p16 inactivation and cyclin D1 expression, allowing latent viral infection. Host and viral factors work together to affect a variety of molecular pathways, the most fundamental being activation of NF-κB. Nonetheless, much still yearns to be discovered, especially in recurrent NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Campion
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Rd, Whitechapel, London, E1 1BB, UK. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Munira Ally
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Rd, Whitechapel, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Bernhard J Jank
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jahangir Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Rd, Whitechapel, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Ghassan Alusi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Barts Health NHS Trust, The Royal London Hospital, Whitechapel Rd, Whitechapel, London, E1 1BB, UK
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15
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Lo AKF, Dawson CW, Lung HL, Wong KL, Young LS. The Role of EBV-Encoded LMP1 in the NPC Tumor Microenvironment: From Function to Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:640207. [PMID: 33718235 PMCID: PMC7947715 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.640207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is closely associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. It is also characterized by heavy infiltration with non-malignant leucocytes. The EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is believed to play an important role in NPC pathogenesis by virtue of its ability to activate multiple cell signaling pathways which collectively promote cell proliferation and survival, angiogenesis, invasiveness, and aerobic glycolysis. LMP1 also affects cell-cell interactions, antigen presentation, and cytokine and chemokine production. Here, we discuss how LMP1 modulates local immune responses that contribute to the establishment of the NPC tumor microenvironment. We also discuss strategies for targeting the LMP1 protein as a novel therapy for EBV-driven malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong Lok Lung
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Leung Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lawrence S. Young
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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16
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Liu Y, He S, Wang XL, Peng W, Chen QY, Chi DM, Chen JR, Han BW, Lin GW, Li YQ, Wang QY, Peng RJ, Wei PP, Guo X, Li B, Xia X, Mai HQ, Hu XD, Zhang Z, Zeng YX, Bei JX. Tumour heterogeneity and intercellular networks of nasopharyngeal carcinoma at single cell resolution. Nat Commun 2021; 12:741. [PMID: 33531485 PMCID: PMC7854640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21043-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of tumour microenvironment (TME) underlying diverse treatment responses remains unclear in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here, we profile 176,447 cells from 10 NPC tumour-blood pairs, using single-cell transcriptome coupled with T cell receptor sequencing. Our analyses reveal 53 cell subtypes, including tumour-infiltrating CD8+ T, regulatory T (Treg), and dendritic cells (DCs), as well as malignant cells with different Epstein-Barr virus infection status. Trajectory analyses reveal exhausted CD8+ T and immune-suppressive TNFRSF4+ Treg cells in tumours might derive from peripheral CX3CR1+CD8+ T and naïve Treg cells, respectively. Moreover, we identify immune-regulatory and tolerogenic LAMP3+ DCs. Noteworthily, we observe intensive inter-cell interactions among LAMP3+ DCs, Treg, exhausted CD8+ T, and malignant cells, suggesting potential cross-talks to foster an immune-suppressive niche for the TME. Collectively, our study uncovers the heterogeneity and interacting molecules of the TME in NPC at single-cell resolution, which provide insights into the mechanisms underlying NPC progression and the development of precise therapies for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, People's Republic of China
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Liang Wang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Peng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Yan Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Mei Chi
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie-Rong Chen
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Wei Han
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Wang Lin
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Qi Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian-Yu Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Rou-Jun Peng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan-Pan Wei
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Guo
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- RNA Biomedical Institute, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Qiang Mai
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Da Hu
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Zemin Zhang
- BIOPIC, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Xin Bei
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
- The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518033, People's Republic of China.
- Center for Precision Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Cho JH, Lim YC. Prognostic impact of regulatory T cell in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol 2020; 112:105084. [PMID: 33181417 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2020.105084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The impact of regulatory T (Treg) cells as a prognostic factor of survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains controversial. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of Treg cells in patients with HNSCC through a meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Through a literature search in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane, we included 11 articles in this meta-analysis and investigated the effect of Treg cell level on the survival of patients with HNSCC. Also, we performed a subgroup analysis according to the study sample (blood vs. tumor tissue), primary tumor site, HPV infectivity, or Treg cell marker. RESULTS High levels of circulating Treg cells in the peripheral blood of patients with HNSCC can significantly increase the disease specific survival rate of patients. Moreover, subgroup analysis showed that high levels of Treg in peripheral blood were significantly associated with better disease specific survival in patients with oral cancer, a subsite of HNSCC, but not in those with other head and neck subsite. Positivity of HPV infection did not influence the prognosis of patients with HNSCC. CONCLUSION Increase in the levels of circulating Treg cells in peripheral blood can be a prognostic factor of survival in patients with oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chang Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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18
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Wang J, Luo Y, Bi P, Lu J, Wang F, Liu X, Zhang B, Li X. Mechanisms of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 favor Tregs accumulation in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Med 2020; 9:5598-5608. [PMID: 32573058 PMCID: PMC7402843 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Documented reports proved that Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection increased infiltration of Tregs in malignancy. However, the mechanism of EBV recruitment Tregs into nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissues has not been detailed discussion. Methods Expression of EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and Foxp3 in NPC tissue samples was detected by immunohistochemistry. EBNA1+ NPC cell lines were used to coculture with PBMC, naïve T cells, Tregs, and monocytes. Percent of Treg was detected by flow cytometry. Results EBNA1 protein was overexpressed in NPC tissues, and was associated with a number of infiltrated Tregs. EBNA1+ NPC cells converted naïve T cells into Tregs by up‐regulated TGF‐β1. Enhanced CCL20 production in EBNA1‐expressed tumor cells increased Tregs migration. Polarized‐M2 macrophages by EBNA1 expression cells converted naïve T cells into Tregs. Conclusions EBNA1 favors accumulation of Tregs in NPC through: (a) upregulated TGF‐β1 converted naïve T cell into Treg; (b) upregulated CCL20 increased Treg migration; and (c) polarized‐M2 macrophage converted naïve T cell into Treg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunfan Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Bi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangping Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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19
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Predictive Value of CD8 Expression and FoxP3 Methylation in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients Treated with Chemoradiotherapy in a Non-endemic Area. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2459-2467. [PMID: 32564263 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00859-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Undifferentiated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (UNPC) is associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) and characterized by an abundant immune infiltrate potentially influencing the prognosis. Thus, we retrospectively assessed the significance of immunosuppression in the UNPC microenvironment as prognostic biomarker of treatment failure in a non-endemic area, and monitored the variation of systemic EBV-specific immunity before and after chemoradiotherapy (CRT). DNA and RNA were extracted from diagnostic biopsies obtained by tumor and adjacent mucosa from 63 consecutive EBV+ UNPC patients who underwent radical CRT. Among these patients 11 relapsed within 2 years. The expression of the EBV-derived UNPC-specific BARF1 gene and several immune-related genes was monitored through quantitative RT-PCR and methylation-specific PCR analyses. Peripheral T cell responses against EBV and BARF1 were measured in 14 patients (7 relapses) through IFN-γ ELISPOT assay. We found significantly higher expression levels of BARF1, CD8, IFN-γ, IDO, PD-L1, and PD-1 in UNPC samples compared to healthy tissues. CD8 expression was significantly reduced in both tumor and healthy tissues in UNPC patients who relapsed within two years. We observed a hypomethylated FOXP3 intron 1 exclusively in relapsed UNPC patients. Finally, we noticed a significant decrease in EBV- and BARF1-specific T-cells after CRT only in relapsing patients. Our data suggest that a high level of immunosuppression (low CD8, hypomethylated FoxP3) in UNPC microenvironment may predict treatment failure and may allow an early identification of patients who could benefit from the addition of immune modulating strategies to improve first line CRT.
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20
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Novel Therapies Boosting T Cell Immunity in Epstein Barr Virus-Associated Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124292. [PMID: 32560253 PMCID: PMC7352617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant tumour of the head and neck affecting localised regions of the world, with the highest rates described in Southeast Asia, Northern Africa, and Greenland. Its high morbidity rate is linked to both late-stage diagnosis and unresponsiveness to conventional anti-cancer treatments. Multiple aetiological factors have been described including environmental factors, genetics, and viral factors (Epstein Barr Virus, EBV), making NPC treatment that much more complex. The most common forms of NPCs are those that originate from the epithelial tissue lining the nasopharynx and are often linked to EBV infection. Indeed, they represent 75–95% of NPCs in the low-risk populations and almost 100% of NPCs in high-risk populations. Although conventional surgery has been improved with nasopharyngectomy’s being carried out using more sophisticated surgical equipment for better tumour resection, recent findings in the tumour microenvironment have led to novel treatment options including immunotherapies and photodynamic therapy, able to target the tumour and improve the immune system. This review provides an update on the disease’s aetiology and the future of NPC treatments with a focus on therapies activating T cell immunity.
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21
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Baloche V, Ferrand FR, Makowska A, Even C, Kontny U, Busson P. Emerging therapeutic targets for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: opportunities and challenges. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:545-558. [PMID: 32249657 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1751820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a major public health problem in several countries, especially those in Southeast Asia and North Africa. In its typical poorly differentiated form, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome is present in the nuclei of all malignant cells with restricted expression of a few viral genes. The malignant phenotype of NPC cells results from the influence of these viral products in combination with cellular genetic, epigenetic and functional alterations. With regard to host/tumor interactions, NPC is a remarkable example of immune escape in the context of a hot tumor.Areas covered: This article has an emphasis on emerging therapeutic targets that are considered upstream or at an early stage of clinical application. It examines targets related to cellular oncogenic alterations, latent EBV infection and tumor interactions with the immune system.Expert opinion: There is a remarkable emergence of new agents that target EBV products. The clinical application of these agents would benefit from a systematic and comprehensive molecular classification of NPCs and from easy access to pre-clinical models in public repositories. There is a strong rationale for more investigations on the potential of immune modulators, especially those related to NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Baloche
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Gustave Roussy and Uuniversité Paris-Saclay, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Anna Makowska
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Caroline Even
- Département de cancérologie cervico-faciale, Gustave Roussy and université Paris-Saclay, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Udo Kontny
- Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS, UMR 9018, Gustave Roussy and Uuniversité Paris-Saclay, 39, rue Camille Desmoulins, Villejuif, France
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22
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An N, Wang H, Jia W, Jing W, Liu C, Zhu H, Yu J. The prognostic role of circulating CD8 + T cell proliferation in patients with untreated extensive stage small cell lung cancer. J Transl Med 2019; 17:402. [PMID: 31796037 PMCID: PMC6892179 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppression caused by tumorigenesis may promote tumor progress and invasion. Here, we investigated whether the characteristics of circulating T lymphocyte subtypes in patients with extensive small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC) can be used as an alternative marker of tumor progression. METHODS This study included 36 newly diagnosed ED-SCLC patients before treatment and the patients were followed up. 22 age and sex-matched healthy volunteers were selected as control. The percentages and proliferation potential of T lymphocyte subpopulations from peripheral blood were measured. RESULTS CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) were elevated in ED-SCLC patients compared with healthy controls (p = 0.0083). In contrast, the percentages of CD3+ and CD3+CD4+ T cells were significantly lower in SCLC patients (p < 0.001; p = 0.0014). The proliferation (%divided) of CD8+ T cells of SCLC patients was suppressed compared with healthy controls (p = 0.0058), but not of CD4+ T cells (p = 0.1611). Multivariate analyses showed that the %divided of CD8+ T cells is an independent predictor for PFS (HR: 4.342, 95% CI 1.324-14.245; p = 0.015). The percentages of peripheral Tregs and the degree of chemotherapy or radiotherapy induced lymphopenia negatively correlated with the proliferation of CD8+ T cells (p = 0.0225, r = - 0.379; p = 0.0003, r = - 0.464). CONCLUSION The present study indicates that SCLC patients have impaired immunity in peripheral blood, and the proliferation potential of circulating CD8+ T cells is a significant predicator for PFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning An
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Haoyi Wang
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenxiao Jia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Wang Jing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
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23
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Hernandez AL, Young CD, Wang JH, Wang XJ. Lessons learned from SMAD4 loss in squamous cell carcinomas. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1648-1655. [PMID: 31140647 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SMAD4 is a potent tumor suppressor and a central mediator of the TGFß signaling pathway. SMAD4 genetic loss is frequent in squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). Reports of SMAD4 expression in SCCs vary significantly possibly due to inter-tumor heterogeneity or technical reasons. SMAD4 loss is an initiation event for SCCs. In tumor epithelial cells, SMAD4 loss causes increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and "Brca-like" genomic instability associated with DNA repair defects. SMAD4 loss also plays a role in the expansion of cancer stem cells. Epithelial SMAD4 loss causes overexpression of TGFß that is released into the tumor microenvironment and contributes to SCC progression through proinflammatory and immune evasive mechanisms. SMAD4 loss, while not a direct therapeutic target, is associated with multiple targetable pathways that require further therapeutic studies. Altogether, SMAD4 loss is a potential biomarker in SCCs that should be further studied for its values in prognostic and therapeutic predictions. Such information will potentially guide future biomarker-driven clinical trial designs and improve SCC patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel L Hernandez
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christian D Young
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jing H Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, Colorado
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24
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Han W, Duan Z. Roles of exosomes in liver metastases: Novel diagnosis and treatment choices. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21588-21600. [PMID: 31093975 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Tumors tend to metastasize to the liver. Premetastatic niche formation is a vital step in liver metastasis. Tumor-derived exosomes can influence premetastatic niche formation from three aspects: vascular leakiness and angiogenesis, recruitment of nonresident cells, and changes in local resident cells. Exosomes from other tissues, such as mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes and engineered exosomes, also have therapeutic potential, but further research on these exosomes is required. Based on the mechanism of premetastatic niche formation, we summarize the therapeutic and diagnostic potential of exosomes in inhibiting liver metastases in this review in an attempt to provide new avenues for the prevention and treatment of liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Han
- Difficult & Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure, Artificial Liver Treatment and Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongping Duan
- Difficult & Complicated Liver Diseases and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Liver Failure, Artificial Liver Treatment and Research, Beijing, China
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25
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Kara İ, Çağlı S, Vural A, Yüce İ, Gündoğ M, Deniz K, Kökoğlu K. The effect of FoxP3 on tumour stage, treatment response, recurrence and survivalability in nasopharynx cancer patients. Clin Otolaryngol 2019; 44:349-355. [PMID: 30756505 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between the cell percentage of T regulator (Treg) cells of patients' specimens and disease severity, survivability, recurrence and metastasis in patients who were diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Sixty patients who were diagnosed as NPC and treated by the same protocol were enrolled to the study. Patient files were reviewed retrospectively and their clinical and pathological results were recorded. Deparaffinized samples of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients were stained immunohistochemically with anti-FoxP3 monoclonal antibody. All patients's Anti-FoxP3 stained slides were evaluated by the same pathologist. Stained Treg lymphocytes around the tumoral foci were investigated. Patients were divided into two groups according to the total anti-FoxP3-stained Treg cell counts of the specimens; that is, less than 20% of the total or more than 20% of the total. These groups were compared statistically. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intensity of FoxP3 which is related to negative tumor response was the main outcome measure. It was evaluated in terms of stage, survival, recurrence and metastasis. RESULTS The study group consisted of 42 male patients (70%) and 18 female patients (30%). The mean age was 47 ± 14.9. NPC subtypes among the patients were undifferentiated non-keratinized type in 54 patients (90%), differentiated non-keratinized type in 4 patients (6.66%) and keratinized type squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in 2 patients (3.33%). When the two groups were compared in terms of pathological subtype, there was no significant variation between the two groups. There was also no significant variation between the two groups when compared on the basis of tumor stage (P = 0.36 for T phase, P = 0.122 for N phase), early stage, late phase (P = 0.15), survival rate (P = 0.69 for general survival), recurrence (P = 0.2 for local recurrence, P = 0.37 for regional recurrence) and distant metastasis (P = 0.3). CONCLUSION There was no significant relationship between the concentration of these cells in the stained specimens and the disease stage, survival rate, recurrence and distant metastasis discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrfan Kara
- ENT Clinic, Besni State Hospital, Adıyaman, Turkey
| | - Sedat Çağlı
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Alperen Vural
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - İmdat Yüce
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mete Gündoğ
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kemal Deniz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kerem Kökoğlu
- ENT Clinic, Develi HMK State Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
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26
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Schoenhals JE, Cushman TR, Barsoumian HB, Li A, Cadena AP, Niknam S, Younes AI, Caetano MDS, Cortez MA, Welsh JW. Anti-glucocorticoid-induced Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Protein (GITR) Therapy Overcomes Radiation-Induced Treg Immunosuppression and Drives Abscopal Effects. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2170. [PMID: 30294332 PMCID: PMC6158365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the potential to cure metastatic disease, immunotherapy on its own often fails outright or early on due to tumor immune evasion. To address this obstacle, we investigated combinations of anti-GITR, anti-PD1 and radiation therapy (XRT) in our previously developed anti-PD1 resistant 344SQ non-small cell lung adenocarcinoma preclinical tumor model. We hypothesized that targeting multiple mechanisms of immune evasion with this triple therapy would lead to an enhanced tumor-specific immune response and improve survival more so than any mono- or dual therapy. In a two tumor 344SQR murine model, treatment with anti-GITR, anti-PD1, and XRT led to significantly improved survival and an abscopal response, with half of the mice becoming tumor free. These mice showed durable response and increased CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory on tumor rechallenge. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) expressed the highest level of GITR at the tumor site and anti-GITR therapy drastically diminished Tregs at the tumor site. Anti-tumor effects were largely dependent on CD4+ T cells and partially dependent on CD8+ T cells. Anti-GITR IgG2a demonstrated superior efficacy to anti-GITR IgG1 in driving antitumor effects. Collectively, these results suggest that combinatorial strategies targeting multiple points of tumor immune evasion may lead to a robust and lasting antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Schoenhals
- Experimental Radiation Oncology Departments, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Taylor R Cushman
- Experimental Radiation Oncology Departments, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hampartsoum B Barsoumian
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ailin Li
- Experimental Radiation Oncology Departments, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alexandra P Cadena
- Experimental Radiation Oncology Departments, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Sharareh Niknam
- Experimental Radiation Oncology Departments, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Ahmed I Younes
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mauricio da Silva Caetano
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maria Angelica Cortez
- Experimental Radiation Oncology Departments, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - James W Welsh
- Division of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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27
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Sequeira I, Neves JF, Carrero D, Peng Q, Palasz N, Liakath-Ali K, Lord GM, Morgan PR, Lombardi G, Watt FM. Immunomodulatory role of Keratin 76 in oral and gastric cancer. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3437. [PMID: 30143634 PMCID: PMC6109110 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratin 76 (Krt76) is expressed in the differentiated epithelial layers of skin, oral cavity and squamous stomach. Krt76 downregulation in human oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) correlates with poor prognosis. We show that genetic ablation of Krt76 in mice leads to spleen and lymph node enlargement, an increase in regulatory T cells (Tregs) and high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Krt76-/- Tregs have increased suppressive ability correlated with increased CD39 and CD73 expression, while their effector T cells are less proliferative than controls. Loss of Krt76 increases carcinogen-induced tumours in tongue and squamous stomach. Carcinogenesis is further increased when Treg levels are elevated experimentally. The carcinogenesis response includes upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enhanced accumulation of Tregs in the tumour microenvironment. Tregs also accumulate in human OSCC exhibiting Krt76 loss. Our study highlights the role of epithelial cells in modulating carcinogenesis via communication with cells of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Sequeira
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Joana F Neves
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Dido Carrero
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Qi Peng
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Natalia Palasz
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kifayathullah Liakath-Ali
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, 265 Campus Drive, CA, 94305-5453, USA
| | - Graham M Lord
- Department of Experimental Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Peter R Morgan
- Department of Mucosal and Salivary Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Immunoregulation Laboratory, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Fiona M Watt
- Centre for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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28
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Fernandes Q, Merhi M, Raza A, Inchakalody VP, Abdelouahab N, Zar Gul AR, Uddin S, Dermime S. Role of Epstein-Barr Virus in the Pathogenesis of Head and Neck Cancers and Its Potential as an Immunotherapeutic Target. Front Oncol 2018; 8:257. [PMID: 30035101 PMCID: PMC6043647 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in the development and progression of tumor cells has been described in various cancers. Etiologically, EBV is a causative agent in certain variants of head and neck cancers such as nasopharyngeal cancer. Proteins expressed by the EVB genome are involved in invoking and perpetuating the oncogenic properties of the virus. However, these protein products were also identified as important targets for therapeutic research in the past decades, particularly within the context of immunotherapy. The adoptive transfer of EBV-targeted T-cells as well as the development of EBV vaccines has opened newer lines of research to conceptualize novel therapeutic approaches toward the disease. This review addresses the most important aspects of the association of EBV with head and neck cancers from an immunological perspective. It also aims to highlight the current and future prospects of enhanced EBV-targeted immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Queenie Fernandes
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maysaloun Merhi
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Afsheen Raza
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Varghese Philipose Inchakalody
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nassima Abdelouahab
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdul Rehman Zar Gul
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahab Uddin
- Interim Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Said Dermime
- Translational Cancer Research Facility, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
- National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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Lu J, Chen XM, Huang HR, Zhao FP, Wang F, Liu X, Li XP. Detailed analysis of inflammatory cell infiltration and the prognostic impact on nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 2018; 40:1245-1253. [PMID: 29493822 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiao-Mei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Hao-Ran Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Fei-Peng Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University; Southwest Medical University; Luzhou China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiong Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiang-Ping Li
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
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30
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Mishra AK, Kadoishi T, Wang X, Driver E, Chen Z, Wang XJ, Wang JH. Squamous cell carcinomas escape immune surveillance via inducing chronic activation and exhaustion of CD8+ T Cells co-expressing PD-1 and LAG-3 inhibitory receptors. Oncotarget 2018; 7:81341-81356. [PMID: 27835902 PMCID: PMC5340255 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second commonest type of skin cancer. Moreover, about 90% of head and neck cancers are SCCs. SCCs develop at a significantly higher rate under chronic immunosuppressive conditions, implicating a role of immune surveillance in controlling SCCs. It remains largely unknown how SCCs evade immune recognition. Here, we established a mouse model by injecting tumor cells derived from primary SCCs harboring KrasG12D mutation and Smad4 deletion into wild-type (wt) or CD8−/− recipients. We found comparable tumor growth between wt and CD8−/− recipients, indicating a complete escape of CD8+ T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses by these SCCs. Mechanistically, CD8+ T cells apparently were not defective in infiltrating tumors given their relatively increased percentage among tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). CD8+ TILs exhibited phenotypes of chronic activation and exhaustion, including overexpression of activation markers, co-expression of programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), as well as TCRβ downregulation. Among CD4+ TILs, T regulatory cells (Tregs) were preferentially expanded. Contradictory to prior findings in melanoma, Treg expansion was independent of CD8+ T cells in our SCC model. Unexpectedly, CD8+ T cells were required for promoting NK cell infiltration within SCCs. Furthermore, we uncovered AKT-dependent lymphocyte-induced PD-L1 upregulation on SCCs, which was contributed greatly by combinatorial effects of CD8+ T and NK cells. Lastly, dual blockade of PD-1 and LAG-3 inhibited the tumor growth of SCCs. Thus, our findings identify novel immune evasion mechanisms of SCCs and suggest that immunosuppressive mechanisms operate in a cancer-type specific and context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameet K Mishra
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Tanya Kadoishi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Emily Driver
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Zhangguo Chen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jing H Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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31
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Yi M, Cai J, Li J, Chen S, Zeng Z, Peng Q, Ban Y, Zhou Y, Li X, Xiong W, Li G, Xiang B. Rediscovery of NF-κB signaling in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: How genetic defects of NF-κB pathway interplay with EBV in driving oncogenesis? J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5537-5549. [PMID: 29266238 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a unique EBV-associated subtype of head and neck cancer, which has the highest incidence in Southern China and eastern South Asia. The interaction between genetic risk factors and environmental challenge, have been considered to contribute to the development of nasopharyngeal carcinogenesis. Constitutive activation of NF-κB signaling has been seen in NPC tissues and is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Recently, several whole exome sequencing study consistently revealed that high frequency mutations of NF-κB pathway negative regulators is common in nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which reinforce the importance of NF-κB driving oncogenesis. This review focuses on the current state of research in role of NF-κB in NPC carcinogenesis. We summarized the newly identified loss of function (LOF) mutations on NF-κB negative regulators leading to it's activation bypass LMP-1 stimulation. We discussed the critical role of NF-κB activation in immortalization and transformation of nasopharygeal epithelium. We also depicted how NF-κB signaling mediated chronic inflammation contribute to persistent EBV infection, immune evasion of EBV infected cells, metabolic reprogramming, and cancer stem cells (CSCs) formation in NPC. Lastly, we discussed the clinical resonance of targeting NF-κB for NPC precise therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yi
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Cai
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shengnan Chen
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ban
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiang
- Hunan Provincial Cancer Hospital and Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya Medical School, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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32
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Zhou X, Xiao X, Huang T, Du C, Wang S, Mo Y, Ma N, Murata M, Li B, Wen W, Huang G, Zeng X, Zhang Z. Epigenetic inactivation of follistatin-like 1 mediates tumor immune evasion in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 7:16433-44. [PMID: 26918942 PMCID: PMC4941326 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Follistatin like-1 (FSTL1) is a secreted glycoprotein involved in a series of physiological and pathological processes. However, its contribution to the development of cancer, especially the pathogenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), remains to be elucidated. We aimed to investigate the dysregulation of FSTL1 and its possible function in NPC. FSTL1 was frequently downregulated in NPC cell lines and primary tumor biopsies by promoter hypermethylation. Ectopic expression of FSTL1 significantly suppressed the colony formation, proliferation, migration and invasion ability of NPC cells and induced cell apoptosis. Overexpression of FSTL1 decreased the tumorigenicity of NPC cells in vivo. In addition, the proliferation of NPC cells in vitro was inhibited by treatment with soluble recombinant FSTL1 protein. The protein level of FSTL1 was decreased in primary NPC tumors and was associated with downregulated interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). Furthermore, recombinant human FSTL1 protein induced secretion of IL-1β and TNF-α in macrophage cultures, therefore FSTL1 might activate macrophages and attenuate the immune evasion of NPC cells. In conclusion, the epigenetic downregulation of FSTL1 may suppress the proliferation and migration of NPC cells, leading to dysfunctional innate responses in surrounding macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Medical Research Center, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xue Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Chunping Du
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shumin Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yingxi Mo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China.,Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Ning Ma
- Faculty of Nursing Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
| | - Mariko Murata
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Medicine, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wensheng Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Guangwu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xianjie Zeng
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Resteghini C, Alfieri S, Quattrone P, Dominoni F, Garzone G, Orlandi E, Locati L, Bergamini C, Galbiati D, Iacovelli NA, Fallai C, Licitra L, Bossi P. RANK expression in EBV positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma metastasis: a ready-to-treat target? Oncotarget 2017; 8:96184-96189. [PMID: 29221197 PMCID: PMC5707091 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) related Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC), is an highly chemo- and radiosensitive endemic malignancy in southeast Asia. More than one third of locally advanced cases relapse after curative treatment, especially because of bone, liver and lung metastases. Lymphocyte sub-populations favour EBV-associated carcinogenesis and tumour progression and several strategies aim to reverse this phenomenon. Receptor activator of NF-kB (RANK) and its Ligand (RANKL), key regulator of bone metabolisms, are expressed in several malignancies and tumor-infiltrating Tregs. We collected 17 paired FFPE specimen of primary and metachronous metastatic or regionally relapsed EBV related NPC and evaluated RANK expression by immunohistochemistry. All primary tumour specimens resulted not evaluable whereas all metastatic specimens, regardless of sites, showed high RANK IHC expression in the tumor with no staining in normal surrounding tissues. This observation deserves further clarifications and could open the way to trials testing the hypotesis that targeting the RANK/RANKL pathway with denosumab, an already available, clinically approved monoclonal antibody for metastatic bone lesions, might restore proper anti-tumor immune response in NPC metastatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Resteghini
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Alfieri
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Quattrone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Dominoni
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Garzone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ester Orlandi
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Locati
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Bergamini
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Donata Galbiati
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Fallai
- Radiation Oncology Unit 2, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Licitra
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bossi
- Head and Neck Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
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The immunologic advantage of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma from the viewpoint of Galectin-9/Tim-3-related changes in the tumour microenvironment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10349. [PMID: 28871094 PMCID: PMC5583393 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Given salvage treatment for recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains a clinical dilemma, immunotherapy targeting NPC-specific immunosuppression may bring new hope. We analyzed the expression of CD8, CD4, Foxp3 and Tim-3 in lymphocytes, and of Galectin-9 in tumour cells between paired primary and recurrent NPC from 95 patients and we noted that there was significant increase in the expression of Galectin-9+ tumour cells (p < 0.001) and Foxp3+ lymphocytes (p < 0.001) but a significant decrease in the expression of CD8+ lymphocytes (p = 0.01) between paired primary and recurrent NPC. Of all patients, 53 patients (55.79%) and 57 patients (60%) had increased percentages of Galectin-9+ tumour cells and of Foxp3+ lymphocytes, respectively. Conversely, 42 patients (44.21%) had decreased percentages of CD8+ lymphocytes. The patients with high Galectin-9 expression in recurrent NPC frequently also had high Tim-3 (p = 0.04) and Foxp3 (p = 0.01), and low CD8 (p = 0.04) expression in lymphocytes. After multivariate analyses, low CD8 expression in lymphocytes was an independent risk factor for relapse-free survival (p = 0.002) and overall survival (p = 0.02). Our data suggests that recurrent NPC may had more immunologic advantage than primary NPC, especially the Galectin-9/Tim-3 pathway. The immunotherapies targeting Galectin-9/Tim-3/Foxp3 interaction may serve as a potential salvage treatment for recurrent NPC.
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Age-related spontaneous lacrimal keratoconjunctivitis is accompanied by dysfunctional T regulatory cells. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:743-756. [PMID: 27706128 PMCID: PMC5380589 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In both humans and animal models, the development of Sjögren syndrome (SS) and non-SS keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) increases with age. Here, we investigated the ocular surface and lacrimal gland (LG) phenotype of NOD.B10.H2b mice at 7-14, 45-50, and 96-100 weeks. Aged mice develop increased corneal permeability, CD4+ T-cell infiltration, and conjunctival goblet cell loss. Aged mice have LG atrophy with increased lymphocyte infiltration and inflammatory cytokine levels. An increase in the frequency of CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) was observed with age in the cervical lymph node (CLN), spleen, and LG. These CD4+CD25+ cells lose suppressive ability, while maintaining expression of Foxp3 (forkhead box P3) and producing interleukin-17 (IL-17) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). An increase of Foxp3+IL-17+ or Foxp3+IFN-γ+ cells was observed in the LG and LG-draining CLN. In adoptive transfer experiments, recipients of either purified Tregs or purified T effector cells from aged donors developed lacrimal keratoconjunctivitis, whereas recipients of young Tregs or young T effector cells failed to develop disease. Overall, these results suggest inflammatory cytokine-producing CD4+Foxp3+ cells participate in the pathogenesis of age-related ocular surface disease.
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Xie X, O'Neill W, Pan Q. Immunotherapy for head and neck cancer: the future of treatment? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:701-708. [PMID: 28368668 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1315100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with >500,000 cases diagnosed each year. HNSCC patients often present to the clinic with advanced disease and are managed with a multi-disciplinary approach consisting of surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. Morbidity and quality of life issues are major challenges in this patient population due to the debilitating effects of standard of care treatment paradigms. There is a critical need for new therapeutic approaches to manage HNSCC with better anti-tumor activities and toxicity profiles. Immunotherapy has gained traction as a precision medicine initiative to manage solid malignancies. Areas covered: The authors review current knowledge of immune escape mechanisms and discuss key immunotherapies in HNSCC with an emphasis on clinical trials data. Expert opinion: The excitement over the potential of immunotherapy to manage solid malignancies, including HNSCC is high and warranted based on the impressive clinical data accrued to date. Research in immunity and immune modulation in cancer has been invigorated and offers the potential to reveal novel vulnerabilities that may be exploitable pharmacologically. The evolution of immunotherapy will continue and move toward rational combinations with other immunotherapies or molecularly-targeted agents in the first-line, adjuvant, and recurrent/metastatic settings in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Xie
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Wendi O'Neill
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Quintin Pan
- b Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus , OH , USA.,c Translational Therapeutics Program , The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
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Regulatory T Cells in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Patients Are Associated with Poor Outcomes: A Prospective, Longitudinal Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167841. [PMID: 28033393 PMCID: PMC5199096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficiencies in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific T cell immunosurveillance appear to precede the development of endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL), a malaria-associated pediatric cancer common in sub-Saharan Africa. However, T cell contributions to eBL disease progression and survival have not been characterized. Our objective was to investigate regulatory and inflammatory T cell responses in eBL patients associated with clinical outcomes. By multi-parameter flow cytometry, we examined peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 38 eBL patients enrolled in a prospective cohort study in Kisumu, Kenya from 2008–2010, and 14 healthy age-matched Kenyan controls. Children diagnosed with eBL were prospectively followed and outcomes categorized as 2-year event-free survivors, cases of relapses, or those who died. At the time of diagnosis, eBL children with higher CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cell frequencies were less likely to survive than patients with lower Treg frequencies (p = 0·0194). Non-survivors also had higher absolute counts of CD45RA+Foxp3lo naïve and CD45RA-Foxp3hi effector Treg subsets compared to survivors and healthy controls. Once patients went into clinical remission, Treg frequencies remained low in event-free survivors. Patients who relapsed, however, showed elevated Treg frequencies months prior to their adverse event. Neither concurrent peripheral blood EBV load nor malaria infection could explain higher Treg cell frequencies. CD8+ T cell PD-1 expression was elevated in all eBL patients at time of diagnosis, but relapse patients tended to have persistently high PD-1 expression compared to long-term survivors. Non-survivors produced more CD4+ T-cell IL-10 in response to both Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen-1 (EBNA-1) (p = 0·026) and the malaria antigen Plasmodium falciparum Schizont Egress Antigen-1 (p = 0·0158) compared to survivors, and were concurrently deficient in (EBNA-1)-specific CD8+ T-cell derived IFN-γ production (p = 0·002). In addition, we identified the presence of Foxp3-IL10+ regulatory Type 1 cells responding to EBNA-1 in contrast to the malaria antigen tested. These novel findings suggest that poor outcomes in eBL patients are associated with a predominantly immuno-regulatory environment. Therefore, Treg frequencies could be a predictive biomarker of disease progression and manipulation of Treg activity has potential as a therapeutic target to improve eBL survival.
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PD-1/CTLA-4 Blockade Inhibits Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Lymphoma Growth in a Cord Blood Humanized-Mouse Model. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005642. [PMID: 27186886 PMCID: PMC4871349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection causes B cell lymphomas in humanized mouse models and contributes to a variety of different types of human lymphomas. T cells directed against viral antigens play a critical role in controlling EBV infection, and EBV-positive lymphomas are particularly common in immunocompromised hosts. We previously showed that EBV induces B cell lymphomas with high frequency in a cord blood-humanized mouse model in which EBV-infected human cord blood is injected intraperitoneally into NOD/LtSz-scid/IL2Rγnull (NSG) mice. Since our former studies showed that it is possible for T cells to control the tumors in another NSG mouse model engrafted with both human fetal CD34+ cells and human thymus and liver, here we investigated whether monoclonal antibodies that block the T cell inhibitory receptors, PD-1 and CTLA-4, enhance the ability of cord blood T cells to control the outgrowth of EBV-induced lymphomas in the cord-blood humanized mouse model. We demonstrate that EBV-infected lymphoma cells in this model express both the PD-L1 and PD-L2 inhibitory ligands for the PD-1 receptor, and that T cells express the PD-1 and CTLA-4 receptors. Furthermore, we show that the combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade strikingly reduces the size of lymphomas induced by a lytic EBV strain (M81) in this model, and that this anti-tumor effect requires T cells. PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade markedly increases EBV-specific T cell responses, and is associated with enhanced tumor infiltration by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In addition, PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade decreases the number of both latently, and lytically, EBV-infected B cells. These results indicate that PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade enhances the ability of cord blood T cells to control outgrowth of EBV-induced lymphomas, and suggest that PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade might be useful for treating certain EBV-induced diseases in humans. EBV is a human herpesvirus that remains in the host for life, but is normally well controlled by the host immune response. Nevertheless, EBV causes lymphomas in certain individuals, particularly when T cell function is impaired. Antibodies against two different inhibitory receptors on T cells, PD-1 and CTLA-4, have been recently shown to improve T cell cytotoxic function against a subset of non-virally associated tumors. Here we have used an EBV-infected cord blood-humanized mouse model to show that EBV-infected lymphomas express both the PD-L1 and PD-L2 inhibitory ligands for PD-1. Importantly, we find that the combination of PD-1 and CTLA-4 blockade decreases the growth of EBV-induced lymphomas in this model, and demonstrate that this anti-tumor effect requires T cells and enhances their responses to EBV. Our results suggest that PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade might be useful for treating certain EBV-associated diseases in humans.
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Eckert AW, Wickenhauser C, Salins PC, Kappler M, Bukur J, Seliger B. Clinical relevance of the tumor microenvironment and immune escape of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Transl Med 2016; 14:85. [PMID: 27044404 PMCID: PMC4820994 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in the tumor microenvironment and immune surveillance represent crucial hallmarks of various kinds of cancer, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and a close crosstalk of hypoxia regulating genes, an activation of chemokines and immune cells has been described. METHODS A review about the pivotal role of HIF-1, its crosstalk to various cornerstones in OSCC tumorigenesis is presented. RESULTS Hypoxia is a frequent event in OSCC and leads to a reprogramming of the cellular metabolism in order to prevent cell death. Hypoxic OSCC cells induce different adaptive changes such as anaerobic glycolysis, pH stabilisation and alterations of the gene and protein expression profile. This complex metabolic program is orchestrated by the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1, the master regulator of early tumor progression. Hypoxia-dependent and -independent alterations in immune surveillance lead to different immune evasion strategies, which are partially mediated by alterations of the tumor cells, changes in the frequency, activity and repertoire of immune cell infiltrates and of soluble and environmental factors of the tumor micromilieu with consecutive generation of an immune escape phenotype, progression of disease and poor clinical outcome of OSCC patients. CONCLUSIONS This review focusses on the importance of HIF-1 in the adaption and reprogramming of the metabolic system to reduced oxygen values as well as on the role of the tumor microenvironment for evasion of OSCC from immune recognition and destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Eckert
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Claudia Wickenhauser
- Institute of Pathology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 8, 06110, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Paul C Salins
- Mazumdar Shaw Cancer Center and Narayana Hrudayalaya Multi Specialty Hospital, 258/A, Bommasandra Industrial Area, Bangalore, 560099, India
| | - Matthias Kappler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Juergen Bukur
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06110, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute of Medical Immunology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 2, 06110, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Zhang NN, Chen JN, Xiao L, Tang F, Zhang ZG, Zhang YW, Feng ZY, Jiang Y, Shao CK. Accumulation Mechanisms of CD4(+)CD25(+)FOXP3(+) Regulatory T Cells in EBV-associated Gastric Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18057. [PMID: 26673957 PMCID: PMC4682180 DOI: 10.1038/srep18057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of gastric carcinomas are associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and are defined as EBV-associated gastric carcinomas (EBVaGCs). EBVaGCs are known to be accompanied by massive CD8+ cytotoxic T cell (CTL) infiltration; however, adoptive cellular immunotherapy based on EBV-specific CD8+ CTLs has been explored with limited success. Because regulatory T cells (Tregs) are regarded as a critical hurdle in anti-tumour immunity, we assessed the distribution of Tregs in 45 cases of EBVaGC and 45 cases of EBV-negative gastric carcinoma (EBVnGC) with matched clinicopathological parameters by immunohistochemistry. We showed that Tregs were significantly increased in EBVaGC compared to EBVnGC (15.92 ± 11.45/HPF vs. 8.45 ± 6.16/HPF, p = 0.001). In addition, we explored the accumulation mechanisms of Tregs in EBVaGC by using EBV (+) gastric carcinoma cell lines SNU719 and GT39 as ex vivo models. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were co-cultured with EBV (+) gastric carcinoma cell lines, the Treg frequency increased, and they underwent phenotypic and functional changes. The enhanced recruitment by CCL22 produced by EBVaGC cells, the decreased emigration due to CCR7 downregulation on the Treg surface, the higher proliferation rate, and the lower apoptosis rate of Tregs at tumour sites may promote the accumulation of Tregs in EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-na Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Jian-ning Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Fang Tang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhi-gang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yi-wang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Zhi-ying Feng
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ye Jiang
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Chun-kui Shao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou 510630, China
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is arguably one of the most successful pathogens of humans, persistently infecting over ninety percent of the world's population. Despite this high frequency of carriage, the virus causes apparently few adverse effects in the vast majority of infected individuals. Nevertheless, the potent growth transforming ability of EBV means the virus has the potential to cause malignancies in infected individuals. Indeed, EBV is thought to cause 1% of human malignancies, equating to 200,000 malignancies each year. A clear factor as to why virus-induced disease is relatively infrequent in healthy infected individuals is the presence of a potent immune response to EBV, in particular, that mediated by T cells. Thus, patient groups with immunodeficiencies or whose cellular immune response is suppressed have much higher frequencies of EBV-induced disease and, in at least some cases, these diseases can be controlled by restoration of the T-cell compartment. In this chapter, we will primarily review the role the αβ subset of T cells in the control of EBV in healthy and diseased individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Hislop
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Graham S Taylor
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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42
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Allen CT, Clavijo PE, Van Waes C, Chen Z. Anti-Tumor Immunity in Head and Neck Cancer: Understanding the Evidence, How Tumors Escape and Immunotherapeutic Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:2397-414. [PMID: 26690220 PMCID: PMC4695900 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7040900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many carcinogen- and human papilloma virus (HPV)-associated head and neck cancers (HNSCC) display a hematopoietic cell infiltrate indicative of a T-cell inflamed phenotype and an underlying anti-tumor immune response. However, by definition, these tumors have escaped immune elimination and formed a clinically significant malignancy. A number of both genetic and environmental mechanisms may allow such immune escape, including selection of poorly antigenic cancer cell subsets, tumor produced proinflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokines, recruitment of immunosuppressive immune cell subsets into the tumor and expression of checkpoint pathway components that limit T-cell responses. Here, we explore concepts of antigenicity and immunogenicity in solid tumors, summarize the scientific and clinical data that supports the use of immunotherapeutic approaches in patients with head and neck cancer, and discuss immune-based treatment approaches currently in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint T Allen
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Paul E Clavijo
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Zhong Chen
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Yu T, Guo P, Wu Y, Zhao J, Wu L, Li C, Liu K, Zhu G, Chen J, Xu C, Cai Y, Liu J, Wang Z. The role of chemotherapy and operation on lymphocytes accumulation in peripheral blood obtained from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:698. [PMID: 26587366 PMCID: PMC4643067 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The "Cancer Immunoediting" concept has provided critical insights suggesting dual functions of immune system during the cancer initiation and development. However, the dynamics and roles of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, CD19(+) B cells, and CD56(+) NK cells in the patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma during treatment remain unclear. A total of 43 patients with OSCC were divided into different groups according to different clinical factors (TNM staging, pathological patterns, age and genders) for assessment of relations with CD3(+)CD4(+) T cells, CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells, CD3(-)CD19(+) B cells and CD3(-)CD16(+)CD56(+) NK cells and different chemotherapy and radical operation. The expression of CD3(+)CD4(+) T cells were significantly increased in advanced tumor stage, large tumor size and positive lymph nodes metastasis, compared to that in early groups. The accumulation of CD3(+)CD4(+) T cells were significantly increased in OSCC patients received 2 cycles CT and radical operation. Moreover, the accumulation of CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells were significantly decreased in OSCC patients received 2 cycles CT and radical operation. The distribution of circulating CD3(-)CD19(+) B cells was related with radical operation in patients with OSCC. This study indicate that CD4(+) T cells have opposing roles in OSCC progression and outcomes, which provides new insights relevant for the development of effective cancer immunotherapeutic approaches. 2 cycles TP regime chemotherapy and radical therapy may contribute to increase the effects of anti-tumor immunity on patients with OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Sec.4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic Ofchina
| | - Ping Guo
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Sec.4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic Ofchina
| | - Yingying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic Ofchina
| | - Jiafeng Zhao
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Sec.4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic Ofchina
| | - Lichun Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Sec.4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic Ofchina
| | - Chunhua Li
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Sec.4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic Ofchina
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Sec.4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic Ofchina
| | - Guiquan Zhu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Sec.4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic Ofchina
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Sec.4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic Ofchina
| | - Chuan Xu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Sec.4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic Ofchina
| | - Yongcong Cai
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Sec.4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic Ofchina
| | - Jifeng Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Sec.4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic Ofchina
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology Surgery, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, No.55, Sec.4, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan People's Republic Ofchina
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Zheng Y, Parsonage G, Zhuang X, Machado LR, James CH, Salman A, Searle PF, Hui EP, Chan ATC, Lee SP. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) A*1101-Restricted Epstein-Barr Virus-Specific T-cell Receptor Gene Transfer to Target Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:1138-47. [PMID: 25711537 PMCID: PMC4456157 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0203-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Infusing virus-specific T cells is effective treatment for rare Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated posttransplant lymphomas, and more limited success has been reported using this approach to treat a far more common EBV-associated malignancy, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, current approaches using EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines to reactivate EBV-specific T cells for infusion take 2 to 3 months of in vitro culture and favor outgrowth of T cells targeting viral antigens expressed within EBV(+) lymphomas, but not in NPC. Here, we explore T-cell receptor (TCR) gene transfer to rapidly and reliably generate T cells specific for the NPC-associated viral protein LMP2. We cloned a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A*1101-restricted TCR, which would be widely applicable because 40% of NPC patients carry this HLA allele. Studying both the wild-type and modified forms, we have optimized expression of the TCR and demonstrated high-avidity antigen-specific function (proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine release) in both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells. The engineered T cells also inhibited LMP2(+) epithelial tumor growth in a mouse model. Furthermore, transduced T cells from patients with advanced NPC lysed LMP2-expressing NPC cell lines. Using this approach, within a few days large numbers of high-avidity LMP2-specific T cells can be generated reliably to treat NPC, thus providing an ideal clinical setting to test TCR gene transfer without the risk of autoimmunity through targeting self-antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zheng
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Immunology & Immunotherapy Centre (CIIC), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Parsonage
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Immunology & Immunotherapy Centre (CIIC), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Immunology & Immunotherapy Centre (CIIC), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lee R Machado
- School of Health, University of Northampton, Boughton Green Road, Northampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christine H James
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Immunology & Immunotherapy Centre (CIIC), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Asmaa Salman
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Immunology & Immunotherapy Centre (CIIC), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peter F Searle
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Immunology & Immunotherapy Centre (CIIC), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Edwin P Hui
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Anthony T C Chan
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, Department of Clinical Oncology, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Steven P Lee
- School of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Immunology & Immunotherapy Centre (CIIC), University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Bourouba M, Zergoun AA, Maffei JS, Chila D, Djennaoui D, Asselah F, Amir-Tidadini ZC, Touil-Boukoffa C, Zaman MH. TNFα antagonization alters NOS2 dependent nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumor growth. Cytokine 2015; 74:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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46
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Solinas A, Calvisi DF. Lessons from rare tumors: Hepatic lymphoepithelioma-like carcinomas. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:3472-3479. [PMID: 25834311 PMCID: PMC4375568 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i12.3472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we focus on lymphoepithelioma-like hepatocellular carcinomas (LEL-HCC) and lymphoepithelioma-like cholangiocarcinomas (LEL-ICC). Despite their rarity, these tumors are of general interest because of their epidemiological and clinical features, and because they represent a distinct model of interaction between the immune system and neoplastic cells. Approximately half of LEL-HCC arise in the context of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and have been described both in Eastern and Western patients. By contrast, LEL-ICC is associated in almost all cases with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and exhibits the same epidemiological features of EBV related malignancies. Compared with classical hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma of corresponding stage, both LEL-HCC and LEL-ICC are characterized by lower rates of recurrence after surgery and better overall survival. How this behavior is related to distinct genetic alterations and tumor microenvironment is unclear. The pathophysiological mechanisms of lymphoid infiltrations seem to be different among the two groups of tumors. In fact, LEL-HCC frequently arises in the context of inflammatory changes driven by HCV infection, and has been recognized as a variant of classical hepatocellular carcinoma. At variance, lymphocyte recruitment of LEL-ICC is similar to that described in nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric LEL, and possibly depends on the expression pattern of latent EBV infection.
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Shen Y, Zhang S, Sun R, Wu T, Qian J. Understanding the interplay between host immunity and Epstein-Barr virus in NPC patients. Emerg Microbes Infect 2015; 4:e20. [PMID: 26038769 PMCID: PMC4395660 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2015.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been used as a paradigm for studying host-virus interactions, not only because of its importance as a human oncogenic virus associated with several malignancies including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) but also owing to its sophisticated strategies to subvert the host antiviral responses. An understanding of the interplay between EBV and NPC is critical for the development of EBV-targeted immunotherapy. Here, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the host immune responses and EBV immune evasion mechanisms in the context of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China ; ZJU-UCLA Joint Center for Medical Education and Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Suzhan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China ; ZJU-UCLA Joint Center for Medical Education and Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ren Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China ; ZJU-UCLA Joint Center for Medical Education and Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China ; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Tingting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Cancer Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang Province, China ; ZJU-UCLA Joint Center for Medical Education and Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China ; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jing Qian
- ZJU-UCLA Joint Center for Medical Education and Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China ; Research Center of Infection and Immunity, Zhejiang University School of Medicine , Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang Province, China
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Mrizak D, Martin N, Barjon C, Jimenez-Pailhes AS, Mustapha R, Niki T, Guigay J, Pancré V, de Launoit Y, Busson P, Moralès O, Delhem N. Effect of nasopharyngeal carcinoma-derived exosomes on human regulatory T cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014; 107:363. [PMID: 25505237 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dju363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T cells (Treg) and tumor-exosomes are thought to play a role in preventing the rejection of malignant cells in patients bearing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). METHODS Treg recruitment by exosomes derived from NPC cell lines (C15/C17-Exo), exosomes isolated from NPC patients' plasma (Patient-Exo), and CCL20 were tested in vitro using Boyden chamber assays and in vivo using a xenograft SCID mouse model (n = 5), both in the presence and absence of anti-CCL20 monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Impact of these NPC exosomes (NPC-Exo) on Treg phenotype and function was determined using adapted assays (FACS, Q-PCR, ELISA, and MLR). Experiments were performed in comparison with exosomes derived from plasma of healthy donors (HD-Exo). The Student's t test was used for group comparisons. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS CCL20 allowed the intratumoral recruitment of human Treg. NPC-Exo also facilitated Treg recruitment (3.30 ± 0.34 fold increase, P < .001), which was statistically significantly inhibited (P < .001) by an anti-CCL20 blocking mAb. NPC-Exo also recruited conventional CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells and mediated their conversion into inhibitory CD4(+)CD25(high) cells. Moreover, NPC-Exo enhanced (P = .0048) the expansion of human Treg, inducing the generation of Tim3(Low) Treg with increased expression of CD25 and FOXP3. Finally, NPC-Exo induced an overexpression of cell markers associated with Treg phenotype, properties and recruitment capacity. For example, GZMB mean fold change was 21.45 ± 1.75 (P < .001). These results were consistent with a stronger suppression of responder cells' proliferation and the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines (IL10, TGFB1). CONCLUSION Interactions between NPC-Exo and Treg represent a newly defined mechanism that may be involved in regulating peripheral tolerance by tumors and in supporting immune evasion in human NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhafer Mrizak
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Nathalie Martin
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Clément Barjon
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Anne-Sophie Jimenez-Pailhes
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Rami Mustapha
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Toshiro Niki
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Joël Guigay
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Véronique Pancré
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Yvan de Launoit
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Pierre Busson
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG)
| | - Olivier Moralès
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG).
| | - Nadira Delhem
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Université de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR142, Lille, France (DM, NM, RM, VP, YdL, OM, ND); Université Paris-sud, CNRS UMR 8126 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (CB, ASJP, PB); GalPharma Co., Ltd. 884-3-302, Fuseishi-Cho, Takamatsu-shi, Kagawa 761-8071 Japan (TN); Department of Immunology, Kagawa University. 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-Cho, Kagawa 761-0793 Japan (TN); Department of head and Neck Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (JG).
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Control of the inflammatory response mechanisms mediated by natural and induced regulatory T-cells in HCV-, HTLV-1-, and EBV-associated cancers. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:564296. [PMID: 25525301 PMCID: PMC4267219 DOI: 10.1155/2014/564296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infections are involved in chronic inflammation and, in some cases, cancer development. Although a viral infection activates the immune system's response that eradicates the pathogen mainly through inflammatory mechanisms, it is now recognized that this inflammatory condition is also favorable to the development of tumors. Indeed, it is well described that viruses, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV) or human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), are important risk factors for tumor malignancies. The inflammatory response is a fundamental immune mechanism which involves several molecular and cellular components consisting of cytokines and chemokines that are released by various proinflammatory cells. In parallel to this process, some endogenous recruited components release anti-inflammatory mediators to restore homeostasis. The development of tools and strategies using viruses to hijack the immune response is mostly linked to the presence of regulatory T-cells (Treg) that can inhibit inflammation and antiviral responses of other effector cells. In this review, we will focus on current understanding of the role of natural and induced Treg in the control and the resolution of inflammatory response in HCV-, HTLV-1-, and EBV-associated cancers.
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Cai Y, Li J, Lu A, Zhong W, Gao J, Zheng Y, Zeng H, Wang W, Tang M. Increased serum levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-3α and cystatin a predict a poor prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2014; 93:e123. [PMID: 25396333 PMCID: PMC4616319 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed to investigate the roles of serum macrophage inflammatory protein-3α (MIP-3α) and cystatin A in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) prognosis.The serum levels of MIP-3α and cystatin A in 140 primary NPC patients without distant metastasis were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before and after treatment. The results were compared with those in 100 healthy controls. The log-rank test was used to compare survival curves of the 2 groups. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors used Cox proportional hazards regression model.Serum levels of MIP-3α and cystatin A in pretreatment patients with NPC were higher than those in healthy controls. Concentrations of these 2 factors in the majority of patients after the therapy decreased to control level. Patients with high serum level of MIP-3α and cystatin A before treatment had poorer overall survival (OS), local recurrence-free survival, and distant metastasis-free survival than the ones with low level. In addition, serum pretreatment MIP-3α and cystatin A levels were independent prognostic factors for OS and distant metastasis-free survival of NPC patients; serum posttreatment MIP-3α and cystatin A levels were independent prognostic factors of local recurrence-free survival.Our results revealed that serum MIP-3α and cystatin A may be promising candidate prognostic factors for NPC, and higher serum levels of MIP-3α and cystatin A correlate with shorter probability of OS, local recurrence, and distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Cai
- Wuzhou Health System Key Laboratory for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Etiology and Molecular Mechanism (YC, JL, AL, YZ, HZ, MT); Clinical Laboratory (YC, JL, AL); Department of Radiation Oncology (WZ, JG), Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, Guangxi; Second People's Hospital of Zhuhai (WW), Zhuhai, Guangdong; and College of Life Science and Bioengineering (MT), Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
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