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Kou F, Mei Y, Wang W, Wei X, Xiao H, Wu X. Phellinus linteus polysaccharides: A review on their preparation, structure-activity relationships, and drug delivery systems. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128702. [PMID: 38072341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Phellinus linteus polysaccharides exhibit antitumor, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, mitigate insulin resistance, and enhance the diversity and abundance of gut microbiota. However, the bioactivities of P. linteus polysaccharides vary owing to the complex structure, thereby, limiting their application. Various processing strategies have been employed to modify them for improving the functional properties and yield. Herein, we compare the primary modes of extraction and purification employed to improve the yield and purity, review the structure-activity relationships, and discuss the application of P. linteus polysaccharides using nano-carriers for the encapsulation and delivery of various drugs to improve bioactivity. The limitations and future perspectives are also discussed. Exploring the bioactivity, structure-activity relationship, processing methods, and delivery routes of P. linteus polysaccharides will facilitate the development of functional foods and dietary supplements rich in P. linteus polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Kou
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South Korea; College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuxia Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weihao Wang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.
| | - Xuetuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hang Xiao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States of America
| | - Xian Wu
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Health, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States of America
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Chou P, Lu Y, Sheu M. Phellinus merrillii extracts induce apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7900-7909. [PMID: 38107129 PMCID: PMC10724586 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Restenosis frequently occurs after balloon angioplasty. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-induced artery damage is a significant part of triggering restenosis of the vascular smooth muscles (VSMC). This study aimed to study how ethanol extract of Phellinus merrillii (EPM) affected balloon injury-induced overgrowth of VSMC, indicating neointima formation. Firstly, our results demonstrated that EPM notably decreased VSMC viability. A fragmentation assay and Annexin V/Propidium Iodide apoptosis assay showed that higher doses of EPM significantly induced the apoptosis of VSMC after 24 h of exposure. Total protein extracted from VSMC treated with EPM in various time and concentration periods was then conducted in Western blotting analysis. Our data demonstrated that EPM substantially elevated the p53, p21, Fas, Bax, p-p38, and active caspase-3 protein expressions. The results indicated that EPM induces VSMC apoptosis via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Also, our results demonstrated that EPM effectively attenuated the balloon injury-induced neointima formation. In conclusion, the information offers a mechanism of EPM in inducing the VSMC apoptosis, thus as a potential interference for restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Yu Chou
- Department of NursingNational Chi Nan UniversityNantouTaiwan
| | - Ya‐Ting Lu
- Department of Hematology & OncologyTainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation)Tainan CityTaiwan
| | - Ming‐Jyh Sheu
- Department of PharmacyChina Medical University, Beigang HospitalYunlin CountyTaiwan
- School of PharmacyChina Medical UniversityTaichung CityTaiwan
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Wang W, Song J, Lu N, Yan J, Chen G. Sanghuangporus sanghuang extract inhibits the proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Nutr Res Pract 2023; 17:1070-1083. [PMID: 38053828 PMCID: PMC10694423 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.6.1070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Sanghuangporus sanghuang (SS) has various medicinal effects, including anti-inflammation and anticancer activities. Despite the extensive research on SS, its molecular mechanisms of action on lung cancer are unclear. This study examined the impact of an SS alcohol extract (SAE) on lung cancer using in vitro and in vivo models. MATERIALS/METHODS Different concentrations of SAE were used to culture lung cancer cells (A549 and H1650). A cell counting kit-8 assay was used to detect the survival ability of A549 and H1650 cells. A scratch assay and transwell cell invasion assay were used to detect the migration rate and invasive ability of SAE. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl2-associated X (Bax), cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinases 4 (CDK4), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3). Lung cancer xenograft mice were used to detect the inhibiting ability of SAE in vivo. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the effect of SAE on the structural changes to the tumor and the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, cyclin D1, CDK4, STAT3, and p-STAT3 in lung cancer xenograft mice. RESULTS SAE could inhibit lung cancer proliferation significantly in vitro and in vivo without cytotoxicity. SAE suppressed the viability, migration, and invasion of lung cancer cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. The SAE treatment significantly decreased the proapoptotic Bcl-2/Bax ratio and the expression of pro-proliferative proteins Cyclin D1 and CDK4 in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, SAE also inhibited STAT3 expression. CONCLUSIONS SAE reduced the cell viability and suppressed cell migration and invasion in human lung cancer cells. Moreover, SAE also exhibited anti-proliferation effects in vivo. Therefore, SAE may have benefits in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Wang
- Institute of Vegetable Science, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jiling Song
- Institute of Vegetable Science, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Na Lu
- Institute of Vegetable Science, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jing Yan
- Institute of Vegetable Science, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Guanping Chen
- Cancer Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310012, China
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Luo M, Zhao Z, Yi J. Osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell in hyperglycemia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1150068. [PMID: 37415664 PMCID: PMC10321525 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1150068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been shown to be a clinical risk factor for bone diseases including osteoporosis and fragility. Bone metabolism is a complicated process that requires coordinated differentiation and proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Owing to the regenerative properties, BMSCs have laid a robust foundation for their clinical application in various diseases. However, mounting evidence indicates that the osteogenic capability of BMSCs is impaired under high glucose conditions, which is responsible for diabetic bone diseases and greatly reduces the therapeutic efficiency of BMSCs. With the rapidly increasing incidence of DM, a better understanding of the impacts of hyperglycemia on BMSCs osteogenesis and the underlying mechanisms is needed. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge of the osteogenesis of BMSCs in hyperglycemia, the underlying mechanisms, and the strategies to rescue the impaired BMSCs osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianru Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Chalertpet K, Sangkheereeput T, Somjit P, Bankeeree W, Yanatatsaneejit P. Effect of Smilax spp. and Phellinus linteus combination on cytotoxicity and cell proliferation of breast cancer cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:177. [PMID: 37264344 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the prevalence of breast cancer (BC) has been reduced in recent years, proficient therapeutic regimens should be further investigated with the aim of further reducing the mortality rate. To obtain more effective treatment, the present study aimed to observe the effects of PL synergistically combined with Smilax corbularia and S. glabra extracts (PSS) on BC cell lines, MCF7, T47D, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468. METHODS The half-maximal inhibition (IC50) concentrations of PSS and PL were determined in a dose- and time-dependent manner using MTT assay. The activity of PSS and PL on anti-BC proliferation was evaluated using BrdU assay, and colony formation assay. Moreover, cell cycle analysis and apoptosis induction as a result of PSS and PL exposure were investigated using propidium iodide (PI) staining and co-staining of annexin V DY634 and PI combined flow cytometric analysis, respectively. Finally, changes in the mRNA expression of genes involved in proliferative and apoptotic pathways (MKI67, HER2, EGFR, MDM2, TNFα, PI3KCA, KRAS, BAX, and CASP8) were explored using RT-qPCR following PSS and PL treatment. RESULTS The PSS and PL extracts exhibited significant potential in BC cytotoxicity which were in were in dose- and time-dependent response. This inhibition of cell growth was due to the suppression of cell proliferation, the cell cycle arrest, and the induction of apoptosis. Additionally, an investigation of the underlying molecular mechanism revealed that PSS and PL are involved in downregulation of the MKI67, HER2, EGFR, MDM2, TNFα, and PI3KCA expression. CONCLUSIONS This present study has suggested that PSS and PL possess anti-BC proliferative activity mediated via the downregulation of genes participating in the relevant pathways. PSS or PL may be combined with other agents to alleviate the adverse side effects resulted from conventional chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwalat Chalertpet
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Human Genetics Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Thanawitch Sangkheereeput
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Human Genetics Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Prakaithip Somjit
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Human Genetics Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Wichanee Bankeeree
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Plant Biomass Utilization Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pattamawadee Yanatatsaneejit
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Human Genetics Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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Wu D, Yuan X, Zhou R, Chen W, Li W, Li Z, Li X, Zhu R, Wang H, Yang Y. Aqueous extract of Sanghuangporus baumii induces autophagy to inhibit cervical carcinoma growth. Food Funct 2023; 14:2374-2384. [PMID: 36779533 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02887e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Sanghuangporus baumii, an edible fungus rich in heteropolysaccharides, has been found to have some anti-cervical cancer effects. In the current study, the effects of an aqueous extract of S. baumii on cervical cancer were investigated in a U14 cervical carcinoma cell implanted female Kunming mouse model. An aqueous extract of S. baumii (SHWE) was administered to tumor-bearing mice by gavage for 21 days. SHWE treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth by 67.4% at a dose of 400 mg per kg bodyweight. Transcriptomic results showed that the expression of key genes GABARAP, VMP1, VAMP8 and STX17 which are involved in the autophagy pathway was regulated after SHWE treatment, suggesting that SHWE may induce autophagy in tumors. The results were further confirmed by measuring the LC3II/LC3I ratio using western blotting. Moreover, some differentially expressed genes were involved in the insulin signaling pathway, implying that SHWE induced autophagy by disturbing glucose uptake and utilization in tumors. The analysis of the gut microbiota indicated that SHWE treatment stimulated the proliferation of Akkermansia, a well-known probiotic that presented benefits in metabolic regulation and cancer therapy. In conclusion, SHWE administration modified the gut microbiota, disturbed the glucose metabolism and induced autophagy in tumors, and then inhibited the development of cervical carcinoma in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Xuemei Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ruijie Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wanchao Chen
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Wen Li
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Zhengpeng Li
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201403, China.
| | - Xueyin Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Sciences, National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 201403, China.
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Lin G, Li Y, Chen X, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Zhang A. Extraction, structure and bioactivities of polysaccharides from Sanghuangporus spp.: A review. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Yu K, Tan Z, Xin Y. Systematic evaluation of the anti-tumor effect of Phellinus linteus polysaccharide in thyroid carcinoma in vitro. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2785-2793. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Song T, Zhang Z, Jin Q, Feng W, Shen Y, Fan L, Cai W. Nutrient profiles, functional compositions, and antioxidant activities of seven types of grain fermented with Sanghuangporus sanghuang fungus. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 58:4091-4101. [PMID: 34538893 PMCID: PMC8405792 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04868-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Sanghuangporus sanghuang (SS) is a rare medicinal polypore fungus that grows solely on Morus trees. In this study, seven grains (oats, barley, millet, rice, buckwheat, corn, and coix seed) were used as solid substrates for SS fermentation and characterized in their nutrition, functional composition, and antioxidant activities. After fermentation, the nutrient compositions of crude protein (F 1,41 = 111.1, P < 0.01), soluble protein (F 1,41 = 595.7, P < 0.01), soluble sugar (F 1,41 = 51.4, P < 0.01) and ash (F 1,41 = 227.3, P < 0.01) increased significantly. Oats were one of the best grains for SS fermentation, SS-Oat produced 6.23 mg QE/g polyphenols, 21.8 mg rutin/g flavonoids, and 2.3% triterpene. In addition, the antioxidant capacities of the seven grains all increased. Principal component analysis analysis shows that the antioxidant properties of the grains were similar after SS fermentation. The changes of antioxidant activity due to SS fermentation were corrected with corresponding grain and remarked as ΔT-AOC/ABTS+/DPPH/DNAp, that was correlated to part of changes in polyphenol, carotenoid, triterpenoids, and flavonoid contents. In summary, oats have the greatest potential for use as a fermentation substrate for health food development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Song
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Zuofa Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Qunli Jin
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Weilin Feng
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingyue Shen
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijun Fan
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiming Cai
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021 Zhejiang People’s Republic of China
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Nowakowski P, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Bielecka J, Mielcarek K, Grabia M, Socha K. Treasures from the forest: Evaluation of mushroom extracts as anti-cancer agents. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112106. [PMID: 34482165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mushrooms provide a reliable source of bioactive compounds and have numerous nutritional values, which is one of the reasons why they are widely used for culinary purposes. They may also be a remedy for several medical conditions, including cancer diseases. Given the constantly increasing number of cancer incidents, the great anticancer potential of mushrooms has unsurprisingly become an object of interest to researchers. Therefore, this review aimed to collect and summarize all the available scientific data on the anti-cancer activity of mushroom extracts. Our research showed that mushroom extracts from 92 species, prepared using 12 different solvents, could reduce the viability of 38 various cancers. Additionally, we evaluated different experimental models: in vitro (cell model), in vivo (mice and rat model, case studies and randomized controlled trials), and in silico. Breast cancer proved to be sensitive to the highest number of mushroom extracts. The curative mechanisms of the studied mushrooms consisted in: inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, unregulated proportion of cells in cell cycle phases, induction of autophagy and phagocytosis, improved response of the immune system, and induction of apoptotic death of cells via upregulation of pro-apoptotic factors and downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes. The processes mainly involved the expression of caspases -3, -8, -9, AKT, p27, p53, BAX, and BCL2. The quoted results could lead to the classification of mushrooms as nutraceuticals used to prevent a variety of disorders or to support treatment of cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Nowakowski
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland.
| | - Renata Markiewicz-Żukowska
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Bielecka
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Konrad Mielcarek
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Monika Grabia
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Socha
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland
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Hispolon Induces Apoptosis, Suppresses Migration and Invasion of Glioblastoma Cells and Inhibits GBM Xenograft Tumor Growth In Vivo. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154497. [PMID: 34361649 PMCID: PMC8348445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hispolon, a polyphenol compound isolated from Phellinus linteus, has been reported to exhibit antioxidant, antiproliferative, and antitumor activities. This study aimed to explore the antitumor effects of hispolon on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that hispolon significantly inhibited GBM cell proliferation and induced apoptosis through caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. Hispolon also induced cell cycle G2/M phase arrest in GBM cells, as supported by flow cytometry analysis and confirmed by a decrease in cyclin B1, cdc2, and cdc25c protein expressions in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, hispolon suppressed the migration and invasion of GBM cells by modulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers via wound healing, transwell assays, and real-time PCR. Moreover, hispolon significantly reduced tumor growth in DBTRG xenograft mice and activated caspase-3 in hispolon-treated tumors. Thus, our findings revealed that hispolon is a potential candidate for the treatment of GBM.
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Grape Seed Procyanidins Inhibit the Growth of Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells by Down-Regulating the EGFR/VEGF/MMP9 Pathway. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x21991691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. However, it is not clear about its effective treatments. As a potential anticancer agent, grape seed procyanidins (GSPs) have been shown to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. In this study, it was shown that GSPs significantly inhibit MCF-7 cell proliferation in a concentration/time-dependent manner. The flow cytometric data clearly demonstrated that GSPs cause cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, followed by cell apoptosis. Moreover, it also confirmed that growth inhibition mediated by treatment with GSPs is related to the induction of apoptosis due to p53 elevation, purportedly by inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) pathway. Taken together, these findings suggest that GSPs inhibit MCF-7 cells proliferation and induce cell apoptosis by suppressing EGFR/VEGF/MMP9 pathway.
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Fang J, Gao S, Islam R, Teramoto Y, Maeda H. Extracts of Phellinus linteus, Bamboo ( Sasa senanensis) Leaf and Chaga Mushroom ( Inonotus obliquus) Exhibit Antitumor Activity through Activating Innate Immunity. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12082279. [PMID: 32751371 PMCID: PMC7469031 DOI: 10.3390/nu12082279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have attracted great interest for some time as alternative methods against cancers by fulfilling immunomodulating properties. In this study, we investigated the activity of hot water extracts (120 °C, >30 min) of Phellinus linteus, fresh leaves of Kumaizasa bamboo and Chaga mushroom which we called MeshimaMax, for cancer prevention and treatment by using different solid tumor models. In the implanted mouse sarcoma S180 tumor, MeshimaMax treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth when it was applied at the early stage of tumor inoculation. The effect was further confirmed by using carcinogen induced tumors, i.e., azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced mouse colon cancer and 7,12-dimethylbenz anthracene (DMBA) induced rat breast cancer. In both cases the occurrences of tumors were remarkably suppressed by administration of MeshimaMax which consists of three components above. More importantly, when MeshimaMax was combined with an anticancer chemotherapeutic drug, the therapeutic effect was remarkably improved. In vitro studies showed that when MeshimaMax was applied to mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells the phagocytosis of macrophages was significantly activated, which was evaluated by using living yeast cells as well as synthetic nanoparticles. A cytotoxicity assay showed the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) was higher than 1 mg/mL and normal cells were 2–3 times more tolerant to MeshimaMax than cancer cells. These findings suggest the potential application of MeshimaMax for cancer prevention and as supplement regimen for anticancer chemotherapy, probably functioning through activation of innate immunity, which may benefit cancer patients as an alternative supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; (S.G.); (R.I.)
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (H.M.); Tel.: +81-96-326-4137 (J.F.); +81-96-383-4577 (H.M.)
| | - Shanghui Gao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; (S.G.); (R.I.)
- Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan;
| | - Rayhanul Islam
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan; (S.G.); (R.I.)
| | - Yuji Teramoto
- Department of Applied Microbial Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Life Science, Sojo University, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
- Biodynamics Research Foundation, Kumamoto 862-0954, Japan
- Correspondence: (J.F.); (H.M.); Tel.: +81-96-326-4137 (J.F.); +81-96-383-4577 (H.M.)
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Wang T, Sun S, Liang C, Li H, Liu A, Zhu H. Effective isolation of antioxidant Phelligridin LA from the fermentation broth of Inonotus baumii by macroporous resin. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:2095-2106. [PMID: 32607861 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phelligridin LA (PLA) is a natural product with vigorous free radical scavenging activities accumulated in the liquid fermentation of herbal medicinal fungus Inonotus baumii. Aiming to establish an efficient isolation method of PLA from the fermentation broth, we evaluated the adsorption of PLA by macroporous resins. The best resin ADS-17 was screened for six candidates with various physical properties and adsorption behaviors. Studies on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the process revealed that the adsorption reaction could take place spontaneously, which implied that the heat generated in adsorption might compensate for the decrease in entropy. The Freundlich theory could be utilized to fit the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order equation could describe the process, and the adsorption rate was primarily controlled by liquid film diffusion and pore diffusion. The influencing operation factors (temperature, pH, and the ratio of fermentation broth to resin) of the adsorption process were optimized with response surface methodology. The optimized condition (temperature 22.81 °C, pH 5.19, and the ratio of fermentation broth to resin or RLS 5.11) supported an adsorption rate of 97.03%. These findings would be indispensable for further optimization of the efficient separation of PLA from the fermentation broth, and the fermentation production of PLA in which separation would be included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Wang
- College of Life Sciences, and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Shiwei Sun
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Chen Liang
- College of Life Sciences, and Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Hui Li
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Ao Liu
- Centre for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), 66 Changjiang West Road, Qingdao, 266580, China
| | - Hu Zhu
- Fujian Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, 32 Shangsan Road, Fuzhou, 350007, People's Republic of China.
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15
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The high-efficient production of phelligridin LA by Inonotus baumii with an integrated fermentation-separation process. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1141-1151. [PMID: 32078046 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The phelligridin LA was one of the valuable metabolites synthesized by the medicinal fungus Sanghuang in liquid fermentation. In the improvement of PLA productivity by fermentation, we investigated the optimal conditions for the efficient separation of PLA from the fermentation broth with a chromatographic column packed with the macroporous resin ADS-17. Based on the findings, we further developed an integrated bioreactor system that coupled the fermentation and separation of PLA. Fermentation experiments with the bioreactor system testified the performance of our design in fortification of the PLA production: an improvement of PLA production by 2.14 folds was successfully achieved due to the prompt removal of the PLA, while the formation of hyphae biomass was not affected. Also, the integrated system could afford a simultaneous purification of PLA to a purity of 92.95% with a recovery of 84.3%, which was comparable to that of the PLA purified with an additional process (97.53%), at a reasonable recovery. This study provided a feasible approach for the improved production of PLA by fermentation. Besides, the design of the integrated bioreactor system offered a useful reference for the fermentation process development of fungi for the production of diverse valuable metabolites.
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Jana P, Acharya K. Mushroom: A New Resource for Anti-Angiogenic Therapeutics. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1721529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Jana
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | - Krishnendu Acharya
- Molecular and Applied Mycology and Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
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17
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Wen Y, Wan YZ, Qiao CX, Xu XF, Wang J, Shen Y. Immunoregenerative effects of the bionically cultured Sanghuang mushrooms (Inonotus sanghuagn) on the immunodeficient mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112047. [PMID: 31394179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Description of the pharmacological activities of Sanghuang mushrooms (Inonotus Sanghuang) can be traced back to Tang dynasty of China 1300 years ago. This mushroom has been widely accepted in China, Japan, Korea and certain regions of Europe as a nutraceutical medicine for enhancing immunity or an alternative medicine for prevention or inhibition of tumorigenesis. However, this mushroom is rarely available from the mulberry trees in the wild because of the rigorous conditions needed for formation of the Sanghuang mushrooms. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aims to establish a practical protocol for culture, particularly for a bunch of production of Sanghuang mushrooms possibly to commercialize the cultured Sanghuang based on deep comparison of quality and pharmacological activities between the cultured and the wild Sanghuang. MATERIALS AND METHODS A phylogenetic tree containing five strains of the wild Sanghuang was constructed using rDNA markers. Different temperatures and medium compositions were surveyed to develop a practical protocol for culture of the Sanghuang mushrooms. 5-fluorouracil was used to induce the immunodeficient mice. Chemotherapeutic components and pharmacological activities were deeply analyzed between a cultured strain (SG) and three strains of the wild Sanghuang. RESULTS Maintenance of a temperature of 22-28 °C and a high relative humidity of 90-95%, and use of a high ratio (80%) of mulberry tree sticks in the medium were critical to successful culture of Sanghuang. The cultured mushrooms were yellow with a uniform shape, while the wild Sanghuang was dark brown with a smaller and irregular shape. The cultured mushrooms contained significantly higher levels of polysaccharides, amino acids, and water-soluble nutraceuticals, whereas flavones in the wild Sanghuang were significantly higher (P < 0.05). Use of a dose of 8 mg/kg or 16 mg/kg to immunoregenerate the immunodeficient mice was comparable between the cultured and wild Sanghang based on analysis of hematological parameters and histological examination of the thymus and spleen in the treated mice. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of the immunoregenerative functions of the cultured Sanghuang for cancer chemotherapy and suggests that the cultured Sanghuang can be an alternative to wild Sanghuang used for nutraceutical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
| | - Yi-Zhen Wan
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; College of Agronomy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
| | - Chun-Xia Qiao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Xiao-Feng Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
| | - Yi Shen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, China; Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang 212018, China.
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18
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Cheng S, Castillo V, Sliva D. CDC20 associated with cancer metastasis and novel mushroom‑derived CDC20 inhibitors with antimetastatic activity. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:2250-2256. [PMID: 31081056 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of cell division cycle 20 (CDC20) is associated with malignant progression and poor prognosis in various types of cancer. The development of specific CDC20 inhibitors may be a novel strategy for the treatment of cancer with elevated expression of CDC20. The aim of the current study was to elucidate the role of CDC20 in cancer cell invasiveness and to identify novel natural inhibitors of CDC20. The authors found that CDC20 knockdown inhibited the migration of chemoresistant PANC‑1 pancreatic cancer cells and the metastatic MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cell line. By contrast, the overexpression of CDC20 by plasmid transfection promoted the metastasizing capacities of the PANC‑1 cells and MCF‑7 breast cancer cells. It was also identified that a triterpene mixture extracted from the mushroom Poria cocos (PTE), purified triterpenes dehydropachymic acid, and polyporenic acid C (PPAC) downregulated the expression of CDC20 in PANC‑1 cells dose‑dependently. Migration was also suppressed by PTE and PPAC in a dose‑dependent manner, which was consistent with expectations. Taken together, the present study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to demonstrate that CDC20 serves an important role in cancer metastasis and that triterpenes from P. cocos inhibit the migration of pancreatic cancer cells associated with CDC20. Further investigations are in progress to investigate the specific mechanism associated with CDC20 and these triterpenes, which may have future potential use as natural agents in the treatment of metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Cheng
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211198, P.R. China
| | - Victor Castillo
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Daniel Sliva
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Gao W, Wang W, Sun W, Wang M, Zhang N, Yu S. Antitumor and immunomodulating activities of six Phellinus igniarius polysaccharides of different origins. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4627-4632. [PMID: 29109758 PMCID: PMC5663028 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to compare the antitumor efficiency of Phellinus igniarius polysaccharides (PIP) from six different origins and preliminarily investigate its potential mechanisms. PIP was extracted using the microwave extraction method. The corresponding in vivo antitumor efficacy was assessed in Kunming mice bearing H22 tumors and Gansu PIP (GPIP) was identified to have a significantly higher antitumor efficacy compared with the control group (P<0.05), while no significant difference was observed following treatment with PIP from different origins (P>0.05). The spleen index of the GPIP group significantly increased compared with the saline and CTX groups (P<0.01). The in vitro MTT assay of GPIP on HepG2 cells indicated that GPIP had no direct cytotoxicity. The serum immune cytokines of interleukin-2, interleukin-12 and interferon-γ were assessed using the ELISA method. The concentration of all three serum cytokines significantly increased compared with saline and CTX groups (P<0.01) indicating that activating the immune system may be a potential antitumor mechanism. These results demonstrated that GPIP has great potential as a natural antitumor agent with immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
| | - Wangdi Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Wenjian Sun
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Mingfang Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shuwen Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250013, P.R. China
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20
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Optimization to the Phellinus experimental environment based on classification forecasting method. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185444. [PMID: 28957375 PMCID: PMC5619749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phellinus is a kind of fungus and known as one of the elemental components in drugs to avoid cancer. With the purpose of finding optimized culture conditions for Phellinus production in the lab, plenty of experiments focusing on single factor were operated and large scale of experimental data was generated. In previous work, we used regression analysis and GA Gene-set based Genetic Algorithm (GA) to predict the production, but the data we used depended on experimental experience and only little part of the data was used. In this work we use the values of parameters involved in culture conditions, including inoculum size, PH value, initial liquid volume, temperature, seed age, fermentation time and rotation speed, to establish a high yield and a low yield classification model. Subsequently, a prediction model of BP neural network is established for high yield data set. GA is used to find the best culture conditions. The forecast accuracy rate more than 90% and the yield we got have a slight increase than the real yield.
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21
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Su HH, Chu YC, Liao JM, Wang YH, Jan MS, Lin CW, Wu CY, Tseng CY, Yen JC, Huang SS. Phellinus linteus Mycelium Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury through Autophagic Regulation. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:175. [PMID: 28420993 PMCID: PMC5378821 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is rapidly increasing around the world and this disease is a major contributor to global morbidity and mortality. It is known that regulation of programmed cell death including apoptosis and autophagy reduces the impact of myocardial IR injury. In this study, the cardioprotective effects and underlying mechanisms of Phellinus linteus (Berk. and Curt.) Teng, Hymenochaetaceae (PL), a type of medicinal mushroom, were examined in rats subjected to myocardial IR injury. The left main coronary artery of rats was ligated for 1 h and reperfused for 3 h. The arrhythmia levels were monitored during the entire process and the infarct size was evaluated after myocardial IR injury. Furthermore, the expression levels of proteins in apoptotic and autophagic pathways were observed. Pretreatment with PL mycelium (PLM) significantly reduced ventricular arrhythmia and mortality due to myocardial IR injury. PLM also significantly decreased myocardial infarct size and plasma lactate dehydrogenase level after myocardial IR injury. Moreover, PLM administration resulted in decreased caspase 3 and caspase 9 activation and increased Bcl-2/Bax ratio. Phosphorylation level of AMPK was elevated while mTOR level was reduced. Becline-1 and p62 levels decreased. These findings suggest that PLM is effective in protecting the myocardium against IR injury. The mechanism involves mediation through suppressed pro-apoptotic signaling and regulation of autophagic signaling, including stimulation of AMPK-dependent pathway and inhibition of beclin-1-dependent pathway, resulting in enhancement of protective autophagy and inhibition of excessive autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Hui Su
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chun Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiuan-Miaw Liao
- Department of Physiology, Chung Shan Medical University and Chung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsin Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiou Jan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichung, Taiwan.,Immunology Research Center, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Yeh Wu
- Department of Culinary Arts, Chung Chou University of Science and TechnologyChanghua, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yin Tseng
- Department of Health Food, Chung Chou University of Science and TechnologyChanghua, Taiwan
| | - Jiin-Cherng Yen
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Suo Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University HospitalTaichung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, Chung Shan Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
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22
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Cheng S, Castillo V, Welty M, Alvarado M, Eliaz I, Temm CJ, Sandusky GE, Sliva D. BreastDefend enhances effect of tamoxifen in estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 17:115. [PMID: 28209156 PMCID: PMC5314617 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1621-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tamoxifen (TAM) has been widely used for the treatment of estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer and its combination with other therapies is being actively investigated as a way to increase efficacy and decrease side effects. Here, we evaluate the therapeutic potential of co-treatment with TAM and BreastDefend (BD), a dietary supplement formula, in ER-positive human breast cancer. METHODS Cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined in ER-positive human breast cancer cells MCF-7 by MTT assay, quantitation of cytoplasmic histone-associated DNA fragments and expression of cleaved PARP, respectively. The molecular mechanism was identified using RNA microarray analysis and western blotting. Tumor tissues from xenograft mouse model were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Our data clearly demonstrate that a combination of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) with BD lead to profound inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. This effect is consistent with the regulation of apoptotic and TAM resistant genes at the transcription and translation levels. Importantly, TAM and BD co-treatment significantly enhanced apoptosis, suppressed tumor growth and reduced tumor weight in a xenograft model of human ER-positive breast cancer. CONCLUSION BD sensitized ER-positive human breast cancer cells to 4-OHT/TAM treatment in vitro and in vivo. BreastDefend can be used in an adjuvant therapy to increase the therapeutic effect of tamoxifen in patients with ER-positive breast cancer.
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Optimization to the Culture Conditions for Phellinus Production with Regression Analysis and Gene-Set Based Genetic Algorithm. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1358142. [PMID: 27610365 PMCID: PMC5004040 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1358142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phellinus is a kind of fungus and is known as one of the elemental components in drugs to avoid cancers. With the purpose of finding optimized culture conditions for Phellinus production in the laboratory, plenty of experiments focusing on single factor were operated and large scale of experimental data were generated. In this work, we use the data collected from experiments for regression analysis, and then a mathematical model of predicting Phellinus production is achieved. Subsequently, a gene-set based genetic algorithm is developed to optimize the values of parameters involved in culture conditions, including inoculum size, PH value, initial liquid volume, temperature, seed age, fermentation time, and rotation speed. These optimized values of the parameters have accordance with biological experimental results, which indicate that our method has a good predictability for culture conditions optimization.
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24
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Pectasides E, Miksad R, Pyatibrat S, Srivastava A, Bullock A. Spontaneous Regression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Multiple Lung Metastases: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Dig Dis Sci 2016; 61:2749-54. [PMID: 27038447 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-016-4141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous regression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a rare event. Here we present a case of spontaneous regression of metastatic HCC. A 53-year-old man with hepatitis C and alcoholic cirrhosis was found to have a large liver mass consistent with HCC based on its radiographic features. Imaging also revealed left portal and hepatic vein thrombosis, as well as multiple lung nodules concerning for metastases. Approximately 2 months after the initial diagnosis, both the primary liver lesion and the lung metastases decreased in size and eventually resolved without any intervention. Thereafter, the left hepatic vein thrombus progressed into the inferior vena cava and the right atrium, and the patient died due to right heart failure. In this case report and literature review, we discuss the potential mechanisms for and review the literature on spontaneous regression of metastatic HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Pectasides
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.,Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Chen H, Tian T, Miao H, Zhao YY. Traditional uses, fermentation, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Phellinus linteus : A review. Fitoterapia 2016; 113:6-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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26
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Cheng S, Castillo V, Welty M, Eliaz I, Sliva D. Honokiol inhibits migration of renal cell carcinoma through activation of RhoA/ROCK/MLC signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1525-1530. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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27
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Sun YS, Zhao Z, Zhu HP. Hispolon inhibits TPA-induced invasion by reducing MMP-9 expression through the NF-κB signaling pathway in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:536-542. [PMID: 26171065 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hispolon has been demonstrated to possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. However, whether hispolon prevents the invasion of breast carcinoma cells and the underlying mechanisms of its action remain unknown. In the present study, various assays, including a matrigel-based Transwell invasion assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, were used to investigate the anti-invasion effect of hispolon and explore its mechanism of action. The results revealed that hispolon inhibited the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells at non-toxic concentrations. Hispolon also prevented the TPA-induced secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and reduced its expression at the transcriptional and translational levels. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of IκBα was reduced by hispolon, which resulted in the suppression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay demonstrated that NF-κB DNA-binding activity was induced by TPA and inhibited by hispolon. In addition, Bay 11-7082, which is a specific inhibitor of NF-κB, functioned in a similar manner as hispolon and blocked the secretion and expression of MMP-9. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicated that hispolon inhibited TPA-induced migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells by reducing the secretion and expression of MMP-9 through the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sheng Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Centre of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P.R. China
| | - Han-Ping Zhu
- Key Lab of Vaccine against Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310051, P.R. China
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Lee WY, Hsu KF, Chiang TA, Chen CJ. Phellinus linteus extract induces autophagy and synergizes with 5-fluorouracil to inhibit breast cancer cell growth. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:275-84. [PMID: 25622112 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.989374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Phellinus linteus (PL) is a medicinal mushroom due to its several biological properties, including anticancer activity. However, the mechanisms of its anticancer effect remain to be elucidated. We evaluated the inhibitory effects of the ethanolic extract from the PL combined with 5-FU on MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line and to determine the mechanism of cell death. Individually, PL extract and 5-FU significantly inhibited the proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner. PL extract (30 mg/mL) in combination with 5-FU (10 μg/mL) synergistically inhibited MDA-MB-231 cells by 1.8-fold. PL did not induce apoptosis, as demonstrated by the DNA fragmentation assay, the sub-G1 population, and staining with annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide. The exposure of MDA-MB-231 cells to PL extracts resulted in several confirmed characteristics of autophagy, including the appearance of autophagic vacuoles revealed by monodansylcadaverine staining, the formation of acidic vesicular organelles, autophagosome membrane association of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) characterized by cleavage of LC3 and its punctuate redistribution, and ultrastructural observation of autophagic vacuoles by transmission electron microscopy. We concluded that PL extracts synergized with low doses of 5-FU to inhibit triple-negative breast cancer cell growth and demonstrated that PL extract can induce autophagy-related cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ying Lee
- a Department of Pathology , Chi Mei Medical Center , Tainan , Taiwan ; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine , Taipei Medical University , Taipei , Taiwan ; and Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology , Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology , Tainan , Taiwan
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29
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Gan D, Zeng X, Liu RH, Ye H. Potential mechanism of mycelium polysaccharide from Pholiota dinghuensis Bi in regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells through p38/MAPK pathway. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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30
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Konno S, Chu K, Feuer N, Phillips J, Choudhury M. Potent Anticancer Effects of Bioactive Mushroom Extracts (Phellinus linteus) on a Variety of Human Cancer Cells. J Clin Med Res 2014; 7:76-82. [PMID: 25436023 PMCID: PMC4245057 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr1996w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although several therapeutic options are currently available for patients with various cancers, the outcomes are often disappointing and a more effective modality needs to be promptly established. We have been exploring an alternative approach using natural agents and two bioactive mushroom extracts isolated from Phellinus linteus (PL), namely PL-ES and PL-I-ES, were of our interest. As anticancer effects of similar extracts have been reported in several cancers, we investigated whether PL-ES and PL-I-ES might have such anticancer activities on a variety of human cancer cells in vitro. Methods Ten different types of human cancer cell lines, including three metastatic prostate, bladder, kidney, lung, breast, stomach, liver, and brain cancer cells, were employed and tested with PL-ES or PL-I-ES. Cell growth/viability, exertion of oxidative stress, and induction of apoptosis were assessed by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assay, lipid peroxidation (LPO) assay, and specific enzymatic assay, respectively. Results PL-ES (100 µg/mL) exhibited potent anticancer activity, resulting in a significant (40-80%) growth reduction in all 10 cancer cells at 72 hours. PL-I-ES (100 µg/mL) was effective on only four cancer cells but its higher concentration at 250 µg/mL led to a significant (25-90%) growth reduction in seven cancer cells. LPO assays indicated that such a significant growth reduction by PL-ES (100 µg/mL) or PL-I-ES (100 or 250 µg/mL) could result from cell death due to a cytotoxic effect of oxidative stress (through free radicals). Moreover, enzymatic assays for caspase-3 (Csp-3) and caspase-9 (Csp-9), the pro-apoptotic regulators, showed that both enzymes were significantly activated by PL-ES or PL-I-ES, indicating that cell death due to oxidative stress was more likely associated with apoptosis. Conclusions The present study shows that both PL-ES and PL-I-ES indeed have anticancer effects on a variety of cancer cells, although PL-ES appears to be more potent than PL-I-ES. Such an anticancer effect is presumably attributed to oxidative stress, which will ultimately lead to apoptosis. Therefore, these two bioactive mushroom extracts may have clinical implications in a more effective therapeutic option for a variety of human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensuke Konno
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Kevin Chu
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Nicholas Feuer
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - John Phillips
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Muhammad Choudhury
- Department of Urology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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Kim YK, Iwahashi H. Properties of Polysaccharides Extracted fromPhellinus LinteusUsing High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing and Hot Water Treatment. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young-Kyung Kim
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu City 501-1193 Japan
| | - Hitoshi Iwahashi
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science; Gifu University; 1-1 Yanagido Gifu City 501-1193 Japan
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LEE YURAN, KIM KIMO, JEON BYEONGHWA, CHOI SUNGA. The hexane fraction of Naematoloma sublateritium extract suppresses the TNF-α-induced metastatic potential of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through modulation of the JNK and p38 pathways. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1284-92. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Li J, Zou L, Chen W, Zhu B, Shen N, Ke J, Lou J, Song R, Zhong R, Miao X. Dietary mushroom intake may reduce the risk of breast cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis of observational studies. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93437. [PMID: 24691133 PMCID: PMC3972098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have investigated the potential anticancer effects of mushroom intake. This review aims to clarify the evidence on the association of dietary mushroom intake with breast cancer risk and to quantify its dose-response relationship. Relevant studies were identified by a search of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar up to December 31, 2013. Observational studies with relative risks (RRs) or hazard ratios (HRs) or odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of breast cancer for three or more categories of mushroom intake were eligible. The quality of included studies was assessed by using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A dose-response meta-analysis was performed by utilizing generalized least squares trend estimation. Eight case-control studies and two cohort studies with a total of 6890 cases were ultimately included. For dose-response analysis, there was no evidence of non-linear association between mushroom consumption and breast cancer risk (P = 0.337) and a 1 g/d increment in mushroom intake conferred an RR of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.96–0.98) for breast cancer risk, with moderate heterogeneity (I2 = 56.3%, P = 0.015). Besides, available menopause data extracted from included studies were used to evaluate the influence of menopausal statues. The summary RRs of mushroom consumption on breast cancer were 0.96 (95% CI: 0.91–1.00) for premenopausal women and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.91–0.97) for postmenopausal women, respectively. Our findings demonstrated that mushroom intake may be inversely associated with risk of breast cancer, which need to be confirmed with large-scale prospective studies further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaoyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Beibei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juntao Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ranran Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (XM); (RZ)
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), MOE (Ministry of Education) Key Laboratory of Environment & Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (XM); (RZ)
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Aghamohammadi A, Hosseinimehr SJ. Antiangiogenic Agents in Natural Products for the Treatment of Gynecologic Disorders. Nutr Cancer 2014; 66:206-13. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.865136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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van Griensven LJ, Verhoeven HA. Phellinus linteus polysaccharide extracts increase the mitochondrial membrane potential and cause apoptotic death of THP-1 monocytes. Chin Med 2013; 8:25. [PMID: 24344650 PMCID: PMC3878362 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-8-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The differentiation resp. death of human monocytic THP-1 cells induced by polysaccharide extracts of the medicinal mushrooms Phellinus linteus, Agaricus bisporus and Agaricus brasiliensis have been studied. This study aims to identify leads for the causal effects of these mushroom components on cell differentiation and death. Methods THP-1 cells were treated with different polysaccharide extracts of mushrooms and controls. Morphological effects were observed by light microscopy. Flow cytometry was applied to follow the cell differentiation by cell cycle shifts after staining with propidium iodide, changes of mitochondrial membrane potential after incubation with JC-1, and occurrence of intracellular reactive oxygen species after incubation with hydroethidine. Principal component analysis of the data was performed to evaluate the cellular effects of the different treatments. Results P. linteus polysaccharide extracts induced dose-dependent apoptosis of THP-1 cells within 24 h, while A. bisporus and A. brasiliensis polysaccharide extracts caused differentiation into macrophages. A pure P. linteus polysaccharide had no effect. Apoptosis was inhibited by preincubating THP-1 cells with human serum. The principal component analysis revealed that P. linteus, A. bisporus and A. brasiliensis polysaccharide extracts increased reactive oxygen species production. Both A. bisporus and A. brasiliensis polysaccharide extracts decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential, while this was increased by P. linteus polysaccharide extracts. Conclusions P. linteus polysaccharide extracts caused apoptosis of THP-1 monocytes while A. bisporus and A. brasiliensis polysaccharide extracts caused these cells to differentiate into macrophages. The protective effects of human serum suggested that P. linteus polysaccharide extract induced apoptosis by extrinsic pathway, i.e. by binding to the TRAIL receptor. The mitochondrial membrane potential together with reactive oxygen species seems to play an important role in cell differentiation and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Jld van Griensven
- Department of Bioscience, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6700AA, The Netherlands.
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Yoon SW, Jeong JS, Kim JH, Aggarwal BB. Cancer Prevention and Therapy: Integrating Traditional Korean Medicine Into Modern Cancer Care. Integr Cancer Ther 2013; 13:310-31. [PMID: 24282099 DOI: 10.1177/1534735413510023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of billions of dollars spent on cancer research each year, overall cancer incidence and cancer survival has not changed significantly in the last half century. Instead, the recent projection from the World Health Organization suggests that global cancer incidence and death is expected to double within the next decade. This requires an "out of the box" thinking approach. While traditional medicine used for thousands of years is safe and affordable, its efficacy and mechanism of action are not fully reported. Demonstrating that traditional medicine is efficacious and how it works can provide a "bed to bench" and "bench to bed" back approach toward prevention and treatment of cancer. This current review is an attempt to describe the contributions of traditional Korean medicine (TKM) to modern medicine and, in particular, cancer treatment. TKM suggests that cancer is an outcome of an imbalance of body, mind, and spirit; thus, it requires a multimodal treatment approach that involves lifestyle modification, herbal prescription, acupuncture, moxibustion, traditional exercise, and meditation to restore the balance. Old wisdoms in combination with modern science can find a new way to deal with the "emperor of all maladies."
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Woo Yoon
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Jeong
- Department of Korean Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bharat B Aggarwal
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Li X, Wang J, Wang W, Liu C, Sun S, Gu J, Wang X, Boraschi D, Huang Y, Qu D. Immunomodulatory activity of a novel, synthetic beta-glucan (β-glu6) in murine macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80399. [PMID: 24223225 PMCID: PMC3819285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural β-glucans extracted from plants and fungi have been used in clinical therapies since the late 20th century. However, the heterogeneity of natural β-glucans limits their clinical applicability. We have synthesized β-glu6, which is an analog of the lentinan basic unit, β-(1→6)-branched β-(1→3) glucohexaose, that contains an α-(1→3)-linked bond. We have demonstrated the stimulatory effect of this molecule on the immune response, but the mechanisms by which β-glu6 activates innate immunity have not been elucidated. In this study, murine macrophages and human PBMCs were used to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of β-glu6. We showed that β-glu6 activated ERK and c-Raf phosphorylation but suppressed the AKT signaling pathway in murine macrophages. Additionally, β-glu6 enhanced the secretion of large levels of cytokines and chemokines, including CD54, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-16, IL-17, IL-23, IFN-γ, CCL1, CCL3, CCL4, CCL12, CXCL10, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and G-CSF in murine macrophages as well as IL-6, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL1 and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in human PBMCs. In summary, it demonstrates the immunomodulatory activity of β-glu6 in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianxin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Research Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Wang
- Shanghai Blood Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Diana Boraschi
- Laboratory of Cytokines, Unit of Immunobiology, Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Yuxian Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (DQ); (YH)
| | - Di Qu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of MOE and MOH, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (DQ); (YH)
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Hsiao PC, Hsieh YH, Chow JM, Yang SF, Hsiao M, Hua KT, Lin CH, Chen HY, Chien MH. Hispolon induces apoptosis through JNK1/2-mediated activation of a caspase-8, -9, and -3-dependent pathway in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells and inhibits AML xenograft tumor growth in vivo. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:10063-73. [PMID: 24093560 DOI: 10.1021/jf402956m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hispolon is an active phenolic compound of Phellinus igniarius, a mushroom that was recently shown to have antioxidant and anticancer activities in various solid tumors. Here, the molecular mechanisms by which hispolon exerts anticancer effects in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells was investigated. The results showed that hispolon suppressed cell proliferation in the various AML cell lines. Furthermore, hispolon effectively induced apoptosis of HL-60 AML cells through caspases-8, -9, and -3 activations and PARP cleavage. Moreover, treatment of HL-60 cells with hispolon induced sustained activation of JNK1/2, and inhibition of JNK by JNK1/2 inhibitor or JNK1/2-specific siRNA significantly abolished the hispolon-induced activation of the caspase-8/-9/-3. In vivo, hispolon significantly reduced tumor growth in mice with HL-60 tumor xenografts. In hispolon-treated tumors, activation of caspase-3 and a decrease in Ki67-positive cells were observed. Our results indicated that hispolon may have the potential to serve as a therapeutic tool to treat AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ching Hsiao
- School of Medicine, ‡Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, and §Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University , No. 110, Section 1, Chien-Kuo N Road, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
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Jiang CK, Lee KA, Kim CJ, Lee JY, Hur SJ, Lee SK. Quality characteristics of Cheonggukjang containing Phellinus linteus extracts and antitumor effects in hep-2 and SK-MES cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Antigenotoxic and anticlastogenic potential of Agaricus bisporus against MMS induced toxicity in human lymphocyte cultures and in bone marrow cells of mice. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Zhou XD, Chen HX, Guan RN, Lei YP, Shu X, Zhu Y, Lv NH. Protein kinase B phosphorylation correlates with vascular endothelial growth factor A and microvessel density in gastric adenocarcinoma. J Int Med Res 2013; 40:2124-34. [PMID: 23321169 DOI: 10.1177/030006051204000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The signalling molecule protein kinase B (Akt) modulates many cellular processes. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathways play important roles in tumour angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) in angiogenesis and its correlation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A in gastric adenocarcinoma. METHODS Tumour tissue and matched healthy gastric mucosa were obtained from patients undergoing surgical resection of gastric adenocarcinoma. Akt and pAkt were detected via Western blotting. VEGF-A, pAkt and CD34 were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Akt and pAkt protein levels were significantly higher in gastric cancer tissue than in normal tissue (n = 48 patients). Positive VEGF-A immunostaining was significantly associated with pAkt immunostaining. Microvessel density was correlated with both VEGF-A and pAkt positivity. CONCLUSIONS Phosphorylated Akt and VEGF-A are involved in angiogenesis of gastric adenocarcinoma, and Akt activation may contribute to angiogenesis via VEGF-A upregulation. The PI3K/Akt/VEGF signalling pathway may be involved in gastric adeno carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- X D Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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AKT signalling and mitochondrial pathways are involved in mushroom polysaccharide-induced apoptosis and G1 or S phase arrest in human hepatoma cells. Food Chem 2013; 138:2130-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Cheng S, Eliaz I, Lin J, Thyagarajan-Sahu A, Sliva D. Triterpenes from Poria cocos suppress growth and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells through the downregulation of MMP-7. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1869-74. [PMID: 23588713 PMCID: PMC3699575 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poria cocos is a medicinal mushroom that is widely used in traditional Asian medicine. Here, we show that a characterized mixture of triterpenes extracted from P. cocos (PTE) and three purified triterpenes: pachymic acid (PA), dehydropachymic acid (DPA) and polyporenic acid C (PPAC) suppress the proliferation of the human pancreatic cancer cell lines Panc-1, MiaPaca-2, AsPc-1 and BxPc-3. Moreover, the most effective compound, PA, only slightly affects the proliferation of HPDE-6 normal pancreatic duct epithelial cells. The anti-proliferative effects of PTE on BxPc-3 cells are mediated by the cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. DNA microarray analysis demonstrated that PTE significantly downregulates the expression of KRAS and matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) in BxPc-3 cells. In addition, PTE and PA suppress the invasive behavior of BxPc-3 cells. The inhibition of invasiveness by PTE and PA was associated with the reduction of MMP-7 at the protein level and the role of MMP-7 further confirmed by the gene silencing of MMP-7 which also suppressed the invasiveness of BxPc-3 cells. In conclusion, triterpenes from P. cocos demonstrate anticancer and anti-invasive effects on human pancreatic cancer cells and can be considered as new therapeutic agents in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Chien YC, Huang GJ, Cheng HC, Wu CH, Sheu MJ. Hispolon attenuates balloon-injured neointimal formation and modulates vascular smooth muscle cell migration via AKT and ERK phosphorylation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:1524-1533. [PMID: 22967007 DOI: 10.1021/np3002145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathological mechanism of restenosis is attributed primarily to excessive proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). The preventive effects of hispolon (1) on balloon injury-induced neointimal formation were investigated, and 1 showed potent activity in inhibiting fetal bovine serum-induced VSMC outgrowth. Hispolon (1) significantly inhibited VSMC migration, as shown by trans-well assays. Compound 1 decreased the expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The expression of the endogenous inhibitors of these proteins, namely, tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2), increased. The inhibition by noncytotoxic doses of 1 of VSMC migration was through its negative regulatory effects on FAK phosphorylation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and PI3K/AKT. These results demonstrate that 1 can inhibit the migration of VSMC by reduced expression of MMP-9 through the suppression of the FAK signaling pathway and of the activity of PI3K/AKT. The data obtained suggest that 1 might block balloon injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia via the inhibition of VSMC proliferation and migration, without inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chung Chien
- Department of Life Science and Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Jiang J, Thyagarajan-Sahu A, Loganathan J, Eliaz I, Terry C, Sandusky GE, Sliva D. BreastDefend™ prevents breast-to-lung cancer metastases in an orthotopic animal model of triple-negative human breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1139-45. [PMID: 22842551 PMCID: PMC3583511 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that a natural dietary supplement BreastDefend (BD), which contains extracts from medicinal mushrooms (Coriolus versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus), medicinal herbs (Scutellaria barbata, Astragalus membranaceus, Curcuma longa), and purified biologically active nutritional compounds (diindolylmethane and quercetin), inhibits proliferation and metastatic behavior of MDA-MB-231 invasive human breast cancer cells in vitro. In the present study, we evaluated whether BD suppresses growth and breast-to lung cancer metastasis in an orthotopic model of human breast cancer cells implanted in mice. Oral application of BD (100 mg/kg of body weight for 4 weeks) by intragastric gavage did not affect body weight or activity of liver enzymes and did not show any sign of toxicity in liver, spleen, kidney, lung and heart tissues in mice. Moreover, BD significantly decreased the change in tumor volume over time compared to the control group (p=0.002). BD treatment also markedly decreased the incidence of breast-to-lung cancer metastasis from 67% (control) to 20% (BD) (p<0.05) and the number of metastases from 2.8 (0.0, 48.0) in the control group to 0.0 (0.0, 14.2) in the BD treatment group (p<0.05). Finally, anti-metastatic activity of BD in vivo was further confirmed by the downregulation of expression of PLAU (urokinase plasminogen activator, uPA) and CXCR4 (C-X-C chemokine receptor-4) genes in breast tumors. In conclusion, BD may be considered as a biological therapeutic agent against invasive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Jiang
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Methodist Research Institute, Indiana University Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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NAHA, a novel hydroxamic acid-derivative, inhibits growth and angiogenesis of breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34283. [PMID: 22479587 PMCID: PMC3315582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have recently synthesized novel N-alkylated amino acid-derived hydroxamate, 2-[Benzyl-(2-nitro-benzenesulfonyl)-amino]-N-hydroxy-3-methyl-N-propyl-butyramide (NAHA). Here, we evaluate the anticancer activity of NAHA against highly invasive human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 in vitro and in vivo. Methodology/Principal Findings Cell growth was evaluated by MTT and soft agar assays. Protein expression was determined by DNA microarray and Western blot analysis. Metastatic potential was evaluated by cell adhesion, migration, invasion, capillary morphogenesis, and ELISA assays. The anticancer activity in vivo was evaluated in mouse xenograft model. NAHA inhibited proliferation and colony formation of MDA-MB-231 cells together with the down-regulation of expression of Cdk2 and CDC20 proteins. NAHA inhibited cell adhesion, migration, and invasion through the suppression of secretion of uPA. NAHA suppressed secretion of VEGF from MDA-MB-231 cells and inhibited capillary morphogenesis of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Finally, NAHA at 50 mg/kg was not toxic and decreased tumor volume and tumor weight in vivo. This suppression of tumor growth was associated with the inhibition of mitotic figures and induction of apoptosis, and the reduction of CD31 and VEGF positive cells in tumors. Conclusion NAHA could be a novel promising compound for the development of new drugs for the therapy of invasive breast cancers.
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Xu W, Huang JJH, Cheung PCK. Extract of Pleurotus pulmonarius suppresses liver cancer development and progression through inhibition of VEGF-induced PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34406. [PMID: 22470568 PMCID: PMC3314644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Conventional chemotherapies are limited by the development of drug resistance and various side effects. Because of its non-toxicity and potent biopharmacological activity, metabolites derived from mushrooms have received more attention in cancer therapy. Our previous studies have demonstrated the anticancer effects of polysaccharide-protein complexes derived from the Pleurotus mushrooms. The aim of this study was to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism of the anticancer activity of a hot water extract containing a polysaccharide-protein complex isolated from Pleurotus pulmonarius (PP) in liver cancer cells. Our results indicated that exposure of liver cancer cells to PP not only significantly reduced the in vitro cancer cell proliferation and invasion but also enhanced the drug-sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug Cisplatin. Both oral administration and intraperitoneal injection of PP significantly inhibited the tumor growth in xenograft BALB/c nude mice. PP triggered a marked suppression of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, and overexpression of the constitutively active form of AKT, Myr-AKT, abrogated this effect and the inhibited proliferation and invasion by PP. Both western blot and ELISA results showed that PP-treated liver cancer cells had reduced expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Addition of recombinant human VEGF attenuated the inhibitory effects of PP on PI3K/AKT pathway and the cancer phenotypes. Our results demonstrated that PP suppressed the proliferation, invasion, and drug-resistance of liver cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, mediated by the inhibition of autocrine VEGF-induced PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This study suggests the potential therapeutic implication of PP in the treatment of human liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Xu
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jim Jun-hui Huang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Marine Biology Institute, Shatou University, Shatou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Peter Chi Keung Cheung
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Polysaccharides from Phellinus linteus inhibit cell growth and invasion and induce apoptosis in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biologia (Bratisl) 2012. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-011-0160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Zhou LW, Qin WM. Inonotus tenuicontextus sp. nov. (Hymenochaetaceae) from Guizhou, southwest China with a preliminary discussion on the phylogeny of its kin. Mycol Prog 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-011-0792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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