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Guo L, Liu Y, Han J, Zhu H, Wang X. Effects of Biotite V supplementation on growth performance and the immunological responses of weaned pigs after an Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bojalil R, Mata-González MT, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Yee Y, Argueta I, Bolaños L, Amezcua-Guerra LM, Camacho-Villegas TA, Sánchez-Castrejón E, García-Ubbelohde WJ, Licea-Navarro AF, Márquez-Velasco R, Paniagua-Solís JF. Anti-tumor necrosis factor VNAR single domains reduce lethality and regulate underlying inflammatory response in a murine model of endotoxic shock. BMC Immunol 2013; 14:17. [PMID: 23548047 PMCID: PMC3621089 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In sepsis, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is the key factor triggering respiratory burst, tissue injury and disseminated coagulation. Anti-TNF strategies based on monoclonal antibodies or F(ab')₂ fragments have been used in sepsis with contradictory results. Immunoglobulin new antigen receptors (IgNAR) are a unique subset of antibodies consisting of five constant (CNAR) and one variable domains (VNAR). VNAR domains are the smallest, naturally occurring, antibody-based immune recognition units, having potential use as therapy. Our aim was to explore the impact of an anti-TNF VNAR on survival in an experimental model of endotoxic shock. Also, mRNA expression and serum protein of several inflammatory molecules were measured. RESULTS Endotoxic shock was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in male Balb/c mice. Animals were treated with anti-TNF VNAR domains, F(ab')₂ antibody fragments, or saline solution 15 minutes before, 2 h and 24 h after lethal dose₁₀₀ (LD₁₀₀) LPS administration. TNF blockade with either VNAR domains or F(ab')₂ fragments were associated with lower mortality (60% and 75%, respectively) compared to LD₁₀₀. Challenge with LPS induced significant production of serum TNF and interleukins -10 and -6 at 3 h. After that, significant reduction of IL-6 at 24 h (vs 3 h) was shown only in the VNAR group. Nitrites level also increased in response to LPS. In liver, TNF and IL-10 mRNA expression showed a pro-inflammatory imbalance in response to LPS. Blocking TNF was associated with a shift towards an anti-inflammatory status; however, polarization was more pronounced in animals receiving F(ab')₂ fragments than in those with VNAR therapy. With regard to IL-6, gene expression was increased at 3 h in all groups. TNF blockade was associated with rapid and sustained suppression of IL-6 expression, even more evident in the VNAR group. Finally, expression of inducible-nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) increased in response to LPS at 3 h, but this was decreased at 24 h only in the anti-TNF VNAR group. CONCLUSIONS Anti-TNF VNAR single domains improved survival in a murine model of endotoxic shock. Protection was associated with regulation in the TNF/IL-10 balance, attenuation of IL-6 and iNOS gene expression in the liver as well as decreased serum IL-6 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bojalil
- Department of Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
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Castegren M, Skorup P, Lipcsey M, Larsson A, Sjölin J. Endotoxin tolerance variation over 24 h during porcine endotoxemia: association with changes in circulation and organ dysfunction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53221. [PMID: 23326400 PMCID: PMC3542331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance (ET), defined as reduced inflammatory responsiveness to endotoxin challenge following a first encounter with endotoxin, is an extensively studied phenomenon. Although reduced mortality and morbidity in the presence of ET has been demonstrated in animal studies, little is known about the temporal development of ET. Further, in acute respiratory distress syndrome ET correlates to the severity of the disease, suggesting a complicated relation between ET and organ dysfunction. Eighteen pigs were subjected to intensive care and a continuous endotoxin infusion for 24 h with the aim to study the time course of early ET and to relate ET to outcome in organ dysfunction. Three animals served as non-endotoxemic controls. Blood samples for cytokine analyses were taken and physiological variables registered every third hour. Production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 before and after endotoxin stimulation ex vivo was measured. The difference between cytokine values after and before ex vivo LPS stimulation (Δ-values) was calculated for all time points. ΔTNF-α was employed as the principal marker of ET and lower ΔTNF-α values were interpreted as higher levels of ET. During endotoxin infusion, there was suppression of ex vivo productions of TNF-α and IL-6 but not of IL-10 in comparison with that at 0 h. The ex vivo TNF-α values followed another time concentration curve than those in vivo. ΔTNF-α was at the lowest already at 6 h, followed by an increase during the ensuing hours. ΔTNF-α at 6 h correlated positively to blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance and negatively to cardiac index at 24 h. In this study a temporal variation of ET was demonstrated that did not follow changes in plasma TNF-α concentrations. Maximal ET occurred early in the course and the higher the ET, the more hyperdynamic the circulation 18 h later.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Castegren
- Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Maity B, Yadav SK, Patro BS, Tyagi M, Bandyopadhyay SK, Chattopadhyay S. Molecular mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of a natural diarylnonanoid, malabaricone C. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1680-91. [PMID: 22343417 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The spice-derived phenolic, malabaricone C (mal C), has recently been shown to accelerate healing of the indomethacin-induced gastric ulceration in mice. In this study, we explored its anti-inflammatory activity and investigated the underlying mechanism of the action. Mal C suppressed the microvascular permeability and the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and nitric oxide in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-administered mice. At a dose of 10 mg/kg, it showed anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of omeprazole (5 mg/kg) and dexamethasone (50 mg/kg). It also reduced the expression and activities of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, as well as the pro- vs anti-inflammatory cytokine ratio in the LPS-treated RAW macrophages. Mal C was found to inhibit LPS-induced NF-kB activation in RAW 264.7 cells by blocking the MyD88-dependent pathway. Mal C suppressed NF-κB activation and iNOS promoter activity, which correlated with its inhibitory effect on IκB phosphorylation and degradation, and NF-κB nuclear translocation, in the LPS-stimulated macrophages. It also inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 and JNK, which are also upstream activators of NF-κB, without affecting Akt phosphorylation. Mal C also effectively blocked the PKR-mediated activation of NF-κB. These findings indicate that mal C exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through NF-κB-responsive inflammatory gene expressions by inhibiting the p38 and JNK-dependent canonical NF-κB pathway as well as the PKR pathway, and is a potential therapeutic agent against acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Maity
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. B.C. Roy Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences & IPGME&R, 244B, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose Road, Kolkata 700 020, India
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Non-enzymatic NO production in human skin: Effect of UVA on cutaneous NO stores. Nitric Oxide 2010; 22:120-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Pietrzak L, Mogielnicki A, Buczko W. Nicotinamide and its metabolite N-methylnicotinamide increase skin vascular permeability in rats. Clin Exp Dermatol 2008; 34:380-4. [PMID: 19175785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that topically applied nicotinamide and its metabolite N-methylnicotinamide (NMN(+)) might be useful agents for treatment of dermatological disorders such as acne vulgaris and rosacea. AIM This study aimed to find out if the mechanism of these therapeutic effects depends on their vascular effects, by investigating if nicotinamide and NMN(+) are able to influence vascular permeability of the vessels in the skin on the back of Wistar rats. METHODS AND RESULTS A dose-dependent increase in vascular permeability was seen in rats treated intradermally with nicotinamide and NMN(+). Interestingly, a significantly stronger effect of NMN(+) compared with nicotinamide was evident. Increased vascular permeability in rats treated with 0.5% NMN(+) ointment was seen. Moreover, indomethacin, a cyclo-oxygenase 1 and 2 inhibitor and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, reduced the observed effects of nicotinamide and NMN(+). CONCLUSIONS This study provides direct in vivo evidence that nicotinamide and its metabolite NMN(+) increase skin vascular permeability in rats by a mechanism that may involve NO and prostaglandins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pietrzak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland
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Nakai K, Kadiiska MB, Jiang JJ, Stadler K, Mason RP. Free radical production requires both inducible nitric oxide synthase and xanthine oxidase in LPS-treated skin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:4616-21. [PMID: 16537416 PMCID: PMC1450220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0510352103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radical formation has been investigated in diverse experimental models of LPS-induced inflammation. Here, using electron spin resonance (ESR) and the spin trap alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone, we have detected an ESR spectrum of alpha-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone radical adducts in the lipid extract of mouse skin treated with LPS for 6 h. The ESR spectrum was consistent with the trapping of lipid-derived radical adducts. In addition, a secondary radical-trapping technique using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) demonstrated methyl radical formation, revealing the production of hydroxyl radical. Radical adduct formation was suppressed by aminoguanidine, N-(3-aminomethyl)benzylacetamidine (1400W), or allopurinol, suggesting a role for both inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and xanthine oxidase (XO) in free radical formation. The radical formation was also suppressed in iNOS knockout (iNOS(-/-)) mice, demonstrating the involvement of iNOS. NADPH oxidase was not required in the formation of these radical adducts because the ESR signal intensity was increased by LPS treatment in NADPH oxidase knockout (gp91(phox-/-)) mice as much as it was in the wild-type mouse. Nitric oxide (*NO) end products were increased in LPS-treated skin. As expected, the *NO end products were not suppressed by allopurinol but were by aminoguanidine. Interestingly, nitrotyrosine formation in LPS-treated skin was also suppressed by aminoguanidine and allopurinol independently. Pretreatment with the ferric iron chelator Desferal had no effect on free radical formation. Our results imply that both iNOS and XO, but neither NADPH oxidase nor ferric iron, work synergistically to form lipid radical and nitrotyrosine early in the skin inflammation caused by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Nakai
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, MD F0-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Maria B. Kadiiska
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, MD F0-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Jin-Jie Jiang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, MD F0-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Krisztian Stadler
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, MD F0-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Ronald P. Mason
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, MD F0-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
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Ramirez R, Chong T, Victorino GP. Angiotensin II effect on hydraulic permeability: interaction with endothelin-1, nitric oxide, and platelet activating factor. J Surg Res 2006; 134:259-64. [PMID: 16515797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2006.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2005] [Revised: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purposes of this study were: 1) to examine the influence of endothelin (ET-1) release on the ability of angiotensin (Ang) II to modulate permeability, 2) to determine if the action of Ang II on microvascular permeability is dependent on nitric oxide (NO) release, and 3) to explore the effect of Ang II in microvessels activated with platelet activating factor (PAF). METHODS Hydraulic permeability (L(p)) was measured using the modified Landis in vivo micro occlusion technique during perfusion with: 1) the ET-1 receptor antagonist PD145065 (50 microM), then PD145065 + Ang II, 2) Ang II (20 nm), a NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (100 microM), then L-NAME + Ang II, and 3) after endothelial activation with 10 nM of PAF, then PAF + Ang II. RESULTS 1) The ET-1 antagonist increased L(p) 2.5-fold, Ang II alone increased L(p) five-fold, while Ang II perfusion during ET-1 antagonism increased L(p) over 6-fold (P < 0.04); 2) L-NAME increased L(p) over 3-fold. Ang II perfusion during NO synthase inhibition had no effect compared to NO synthase inhibition alone (P = 0.9) while Ang II alone increased L(p) 5-fold (P < or = 0.01); 3) PAF + Ang II (L(p) = 2.74 +/- 0.12) was decreased versus PAF alone (L(p) = 4.66 +/- 0.25) (P < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Ang II does not increase hydraulic permeability via ET-1 release. Ang II may act via NO release to increase hydraulic permeability in the basal state. Finally, Ang II attenuates the increase in hydraulic permeability because of endothelial activation with platelet activating factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Ramirez
- Department of Surgery, UCSF-East Bay, Alameda County Medical Center, Oakland, California, USA
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Nishida T, Miyata S, Itoh Y, Mizuki N, Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Ilieva IB, Ohno S, Taylor AW. Anti-inflammatory effects of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone against rat endotoxin-induced uveitis and the time course of inflammatory agents in aqueous humor. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 4:1059-66. [PMID: 15222980 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effects of the immunosuppressive neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) on rat endotoxin-induced uveitis, and to measure the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines with and without the alpha-MSH treatment over the course of the disease. METHODS We injected Lewis rats once with Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce uveitis. The rats were given intravenous injections of 250, 500 or 1000 microg of alpha-MSH. The eyes were examined over the next 24 h for inflammation. Aqueous humor was collected 6, 12 and 24 h after endotoxin injections and the number of infiltrating cells were counted in anterior chamber. In addition, we assayed the concentration of protein, nitric oxide, TNF-alpha, IL-6, MCP-1 and MIP-2. RESULTS Rats injected with alpha-MSH showed a significant decrease in the number of infiltrating cells in anterior chamber. Moreover, alpha-MSH-treated rats with endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) showed significantly lower concentrations of protein, nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in their aqueous humor. Even the early stages of EIU were suppressed by the injection of alpha-MSH. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the immunosuppressive neuropeptide alpha-MSH inhibits the early induction events of endotoxin-induced inflammation in the eye; therefore, suppresses the subsequent infiltration of cells and intraocular production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in eyes. alpha-MSH has a possibility of being a therapeutic strategy for anterior uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Nishida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, 3-9, Fukuura, Kanazawa, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan.
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Hildebrandt T, Mansour M, Al Samsam R. The use of steroids in children with septicemia: review of the literature and assessment of current practice in PICUs in the UK. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15:358-65. [PMID: 15828985 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2004.01540.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Hildebrandt
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK.
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Chen LW, Hwang B, Wang JS, Chen JS, Hsu CM. Hypertonic saline-enhanced postburn gut barrier failure is reversed by inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Crit Care Med 2005; 32:2476-84. [PMID: 15599154 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000147831.07329.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase to stabilize endothelial permeability and to retain hypertonic saline in the vascular space will ameliorate burn-induced gut barrier dysfunction. DESIGN Prospective, experimental study. SETTING Research laboratory at a university hospital. SUBJECTS Thermal injury models in the rat. INTERVENTIONS In experiment 1, specific pathogen free rats underwent 3% total body surface area burn or sham burn and were given 7.5 mL/kg hypertonic saline (7.5% NaCl), 7.5 mg/kg saline, or 50 mL/kg saline (nearly equal sodium load with hypertonic saline) in the right femoral vein for 15 mins for fluid resuscitation at 0, 4, or 8 hrs after burn. In experiment 2, S-methylisothiourea (7.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), a specific inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, was given immediately after burn to rats from different groups as in experiment 1. At 24 hrs after burn, the intestinal mucosa was assayed for myeloperoxidase activity and lipid peroxidation, the distribution of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran across the lumen of the small intestine was determined, and bacterial translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes and ileum histology were also examined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Burn induced significant increases in intestinal mucosa inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, myeloperoxidase activity, lipid peroxidation, intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes, and villi sloughing in rats. Hypertonic saline administration at 0 or 4 hrs after burn worsened intestinal mucosa lipid peroxidation, neutrophil sequestration, intestinal permeability, and villi sloughing compared with those of burn + 7.5 mg/kg saline and burn + 50 mL/kg saline rats. To the contrary, burn + S-methylisothiourea rats with hypertonic saline injection at 4 or 8 hrs after burn showed an improvement of gut barrier function compared with burn + S-methylisothiourea + 7.5 mg/kg saline and burn + S-methylisothiourea + 50 mL/kg saline rats. Administration of hypertonic saline at 8 hrs after burn and S-methylisothiourea injection also significantly attenuated the bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes and villi sloughing. CONCLUSIONS Using hypertonic saline as a resuscitation fluid in early burn shock markedly augmented the thermal injury-induced intestinal mucosa neutrophil deposition, lipid peroxidation, and intestinal hyperpermeability. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase not only significantly attenuated neutrophil deposition and mucosa lipid peroxidation but also reversed the deteriorating effects of hypertonic saline on thermal injury-induced gut barrier dysfunction and bacterial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Wei Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Olajide OA, Aderogba MA, Adedapo ADA, Makinde JM. Effects of Anacardium occidentale stem bark extract on in vivo inflammatory models. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2004; 95:139-142. [PMID: 15507326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 06/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The methanol extract of Anacardium occidentale stem bark was evaluated for activities against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock, as well as LPS-induced microvascular permeability in mice. Pre-treatment with Anacardium occidentale extract (25-200 mg/kg) caused a dose-dependent and significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the elevated levels of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases in the sera of D-galactosamine-primed mice injected with LPS. The highest dose of the extract studied (200 mg/kg) produced a 100% protection against death from sepsis. Pentoxifylline (100 mg/kg) and L-NAME (5 mg/kg) offered 100% protection against LPS-induced septic shock, and produced marked reduction in elevated levels of transferases. A dose-related inhibition of LPS-induced microvascular permability in mice was also produced by pentoxifylline, L-NAME and the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumayokun A Olajide
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Cals-Grierson MM, Ormerod AD. Nitric oxide function in the skin. Nitric Oxide 2004; 10:179-93. [PMID: 15275864 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2004.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2003] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO) has a remarkably diverse range of biological functions, including a role in neurotransmission, smooth muscle relaxation, and the response to immunogens. Over the last 10 years, it has become clear that this extraordinary molecular messenger also plays a vital role in the skin, orchestrating normal regulatory processes and underlying some of the pathophysiological ones. We thought it pertinent to review the current literature concerning the possible function of NO in normal skin, its clinical and pathological significance, and the potential for therapeutic advances. The keratinocytes, which make up the bulk of the epidermis, constitutively express the neuronal isoform of NO synthase (NOS1), whereas the fibroblasts in the dermis and other cell types in the skin express the endothelial isoform (NOS3). Under certain conditions, virtually all skin cells appear to be capable of expressing the inducible NOS isoform (NOS2). The expression of NOS2 is also strongly implicated in psoriasis and other inflammatory skin conditions. Constitutive, low level NO production in the skin seems to play a role in the maintenance of barrier function and in determining blood flow rate in the microvasculature. Higher levels of NOS activity, stimulated by ultraviolet (UV) light or skin wounding, initiate other more complex reactions that require the orchestration of various cell types in a variety of spatially and temporally coordinated sets of responses. The NO liberated following UV irradiation plays a significant role in initiating melanogenesis, erythema, and immunosuppression. New evidence suggests that it may also be involved in protecting the keratinocytes against UV-induced apoptosis. The enhanced NOS activity in skin wounding (reviewed recently in this journal [Nitric oxide 7 (2002) 1]) appears to be important in guiding the infiltrating white blood cells and initiating the inflammation. In response to both insults, UV irradiation and skin wounding, the activation of constitutive NOS proceeds and overlaps with the expression of NOS2. Thus, at a macro-level, at least three different rates of NO production can occur in the skin, which seem to play an important part in organizing the skin's unique adaptability and function.
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Kubo K, Kita T, Tsujimura T, Nakashima T. Effect of Nicotine-Induced Corticosterone Elevation on Nitric Oxide Production in the Passive Skin Arthus Reaction in Rats. J Pharmacol Sci 2004; 94:31-8. [PMID: 14745115 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.94.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the anti-inflammatory action of nicotine-induced corticosterone elevation on the passive skin Arthus reaction (PSAR), we investigated the inflammatory process in the PSAR. The polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNs) infiltration was observed just before as well as after elicitation by measuring extractable myeloperoxidase. The plasma exudation was significantly inhibited by anti-rat tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha antibody (5 microg/site, i.d.) at the time of sensitization or by superoxide dismutase (52500 units/kg, i.p.) 1 h before elicitation or N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (100 mg/kg, i.v.) just at elicitation. Pretreatment with a single injection of nicotine (0.8 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min before elicitation suppressed the plasma exudation but not the PMNs infiltration. This nicotine-induced decreasing effect was abolished in animals supplemented with L-arginine (300 mg/kg, i.v.) just at elicitation. The production of nitric oxide (NO) in peritoneal PMNs derived from an animal injected peritoneally with oyster glycogen was significantly suppressed by pretreatment with nicotine (0.8 mg/kg, i.v.) 30 min prior to harvesting. This inhibitory action of nicotine was abolished in animals pretreated with mifepristone (30 mg/kg, s.c.), a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. These findings indicate that a single systematic administration of nicotine may attenuate the plasma exudation in the PSAR by suppressing the production of NO in the PMNs primed with TNF-alpha via nicotine-induced endogenous glucocorticoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kubo
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan.
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Olajide OA, Okpako DT, Makinde JM. Anti-inflammatory properties of Bridelia ferruginea stem bark. Inhibition of lipopolysaccaride-induced septic shock and vascular permeability. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2003; 88:221-224. [PMID: 12963146 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(03)00219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Bridelia ferruginea stem bark was further evaluated in models which are mediated by tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha). The effect of the extract on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced septic shock was evaluated by measuring the number of deaths and the levels of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases following intraperitoneal injection of LPS (1 microg/kg) into D-galactosamine-primed mice. LPS-induced vascular permeability on the back skin of mice was measured by the local accumulation of Evan's blue after subcutaneous injection of LPS. Pre-treatment with Bridelia ferruginea extract (10-80 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent inhibition of the septic shock syndrome in mice, with 80 mg/kg of the extract exhibiting comparable activity as pentoxifylline (100 mg/kg). LPS-induced dye leakage in the skin of mice was also suppressed by the extract (10-80 mg/kg). Our study suggests that one of the mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory effects of Bridelia ferruginea possibly involve the suppression of TNFalpha up-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumayokun A Olajide
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Abstract
Stress from many sources, including pain, fever, and hypotension, activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis with the sustained secretion of corticotropin and cortisol. Increased glucocorticoid action is an essential component of the stress response, and even minor degrees of adrenal insufficiency can be fatal in the stressed host. HPA dysfunction is a common and underdiagnosed disorder in the critically ill. We review the risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and management of HPA dysfunction in the critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Marik
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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18
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Nishikori T, Irie K, Suganuma T, Ozaki M, Yoshioka T. Anti-inflammatory potency of FR167653, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, in mouse models of acute inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 451:327-33. [PMID: 12242095 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02238-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory effect of FR167653 (1-[7-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-8-(4-pyridyl)pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-2-yl]-2-phenylethanedione sulfate monohydrate), a p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor, was examined in two mouse models of acute inflammation. Carrageenan-induced paw edema was inhibited by pretreatment with FR167653, anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha antibody, and NS-398 (N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl) methanesulfonamide), a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Carrageenan increased TNF-alpha and prostaglandin E(2) levels in the paw, both of which were suppressed by FR167653. Subcutaneous injection of lipopolysaccharide at the back of mouse caused local increase in vascular permeability determined by leakage of Pontamine sky blue. FR167653 dose-dependently inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced plasma leakage. FR167653 also inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced increases in serum TNF-alpha level, and skin TNF-alpha and prostaglandin E(2) levels at the injection site. On the other hand, FR167653 did not reduce arachidonic acid-induced plasma leakage which is not mediated by cyclooxygenase-2. FR167653 exhibits anti-inflammatory effects against both carrageenan-induced paw edema and lipopolysaccharide-induced plasma leakage through inhibiting the synthesis of inflammatory mediators that are regulated by p38 MAP kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Nishikori
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
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Sugita H, Kaneki M, Tokunaga E, Sugita M, Koike C, Yasuhara S, Tompkins RG, Martyn JAJ. Inducible nitric oxide synthase plays a role in LPS-induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2002; 282:E386-94. [PMID: 11788371 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00087.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying endotoxin-induced insulin resistance remain unclear. Endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection is a potent stimulator of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). This study in rats, using the specific iNOS inhibitor aminoguanidine, investigated the role of iNOS in endotoxin-induced hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. LPS injection led to hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and increased iNOS protein expression and activity. Aminoguanidine prevented LPS-induced hyperglycemia without affecting insulin levels or iNOS expression. Aminoguanidine attenuated the LPS-induced insulin resistance, reflected by the requirement for a higher glucose infusion rate to maintain euglycemia during a hyperinsulinemic clamp study. Aminoguanidine completely blocked the LPS-elevated hepatic glucose output and also inhibited LPS-induced increases in hepatic glycogen phosphorylase activities and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA expression, key enzymes for glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, respectively. Thus, these data demonstrate an important role for iNOS in LPS-induced insulin resistance, evidenced by the attenuation of LPS-induced hyperglycemia and reversal of increased hepatic glucose output by aminoguanidine. The protective effect of aminoguanidine on insulin resistance is probably by attenuation of hepatic glucose output via its inhibition of key enzymes for glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, including glycogen phosphorylase and PEPCK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Sugita
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Irie K, Fujii E, Ishida H, Wada K, Suganuma T, Nishikori T, Yoshioka T, Muraki T. Inhibitory effects of cyclic AMP elevating agents on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microvascular permeability change in mouse skin. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133:237-42. [PMID: 11350859 PMCID: PMC1572781 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory effects of cyclic AMP elevating agents were examined in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced microvascular permeability change. Vascular permeability on the back skin was measured by the local accumulation of Pontamine sky blue (PSB) after subcutaneous injection of LPS (400 microg site-1) from Salmonella typhimurium. Dye leakage in the skin was significantly increased 2 h after injection of LPS. This LPS-induced dye leakage was suppressed by phosphodiesterase inhibitors, including pentoxifylline (160 mg kg-1), milrinone (5 - 10 mg kg-1), rolipram (0.5 - 10 mg kg-1) and zaprinast (5 - 10 mg kg-1). The dye leakage was also inhibited by beta-adrenoceptor agonists, including isoproterenol (0.5 - 5 mg kg-1) and salbutamol (0.05 - 5 mg kg-1), an adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin (5 mg kg-1), and a cell permeable cyclic AMP analogue, 8-bromo-cyclic AMP (8-Br-cAMP, 10 mg kg-1). LPS caused a transient increase in serum TNF-alpha level peaking at 1 h after the injection. This increase in serum TNF-alpha was completely blocked by a pretreatment with pentoxifylline (160 mg kg-1), milrinone (5 mg kg-1), rolipram (1 mg kg-1), zaprinast (10 mg kg-1), salbutamol (0.5 mg kg-1), forskolin (1 mg kg-1) and 8-Br-cAMP (10 mg kg-1). LPS caused an increase in serum IL-1alpha level peaking at 3 h after injection. This increase in serum IL-1alpha was not significantly suppressed by the cyclic AMP elevating agents. Our study suggests that cyclic AMP elevating agents attenuate LPS-induced microvascular permeability change by suppressing TNF-alpha up regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Irie
- Department of Pharmacology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, School of Medicine, Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
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