1
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Clark GC, Lai A, Agarwal A, Liu Z, Wang XY. Biopterin metabolism and nitric oxide recoupling in cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 13:1321326. [PMID: 38469569 PMCID: PMC10925643 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1321326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin is a cofactor necessary for the activity of several enzymes, the most studied of which is nitric oxide synthase. The role of this cofactor-enzyme relationship in vascular biology is well established. Recently, tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism has received increasing attention in the field of cancer immunology and immunotherapy due to its involvement in the cytotoxic T cell response. Past research has demonstrated that when the availability of BH4 is low, as it is in chronic inflammatory conditions and tumors, electron transfer in the active site of nitric oxide synthase becomes uncoupled from the oxidation of arginine. This results in the production of radical species that are capable of a direct attack on tetrahydrobiopterin, further depleting its local availability. This feedforward loop may act like a molecular switch, reinforcing low tetrahydrobiopterin levels leading to altered NO signaling, restrained immune effector activity, and perpetual vascular inflammation within the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the evidence for this underappreciated mechanism in different aspects of tumor progression and therapeutic responses. Furthermore, we discuss the preclinical evidence supporting a clinical role for tetrahydrobiopterin supplementation to enhance immunotherapy and radiotherapy for solid tumors and the potential safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene Chatman Clark
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Alan Lai
- School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | | | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
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2
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Shaheryar ZA, Khan MA, Adnan CS, Zaidi AA, Hänggi D, Muhammad S. Neuroinflammatory Triangle Presenting Novel Pharmacological Targets for Ischemic Brain Injury. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748663. [PMID: 34691061 PMCID: PMC8529160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Hundreds of clinical trials have proven ineffective in bringing forth a definitive and effective treatment for ischemic stroke, except a myopic class of thrombolytic drugs. That, too, has little to do with treating long-term post-stroke disabilities. These studies proposed diverse options to treat stroke, ranging from neurotropic interpolation to venting antioxidant activity, from blocking specific receptors to obstructing functional capacity of ion channels, and more recently the utilization of neuroprotective substances. However, state of the art knowledge suggests that more pragmatic focus in finding effective therapeutic remedy for stroke might be targeting intricate intracellular signaling pathways of the 'neuroinflammatory triangle': ROS burst, inflammatory cytokines, and BBB disruption. Experimental evidence reviewed here supports the notion that allowing neuroprotective mechanisms to advance, while limiting neuroinflammatory cascades, will help confine post-stroke damage and disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaib A. Shaheryar
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mahtab A. Khan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Awais Ali Zaidi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
- Imran Idrees College of Pharmacy, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Daniel Hänggi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sajjad Muhammad
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Correia SS, Liu G, Jacobson S, Bernier SG, Tobin JV, Schwartzkopf CD, Atwater E, Lonie E, Rivers S, Carvalho A, Germano P, Tang K, Iyengar RR, Currie MG, Hadcock JR, Winrow CJ, Jones JE. The CNS-penetrant soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator CYR119 attenuates markers of inflammation in the central nervous system. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:213. [PMID: 34537066 PMCID: PMC8449877 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) is observed in many neurological disorders. Nitric oxide-soluble guanylate cyclase-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO–sGC–cGMP) signaling plays an essential role in modulating neuroinflammation. CYR119 is a CNS-penetrant sGC stimulator that amplifies endogenous NO–sGC–cGMP signaling. We evaluated target engagement and the effects of CYR119 on markers of neuroinflammation in vitro in mouse microglial cells and in vivo in quinolinic acid (QA)-induced and high-fat diet-induced rodent neuroinflammation models.
Methods Target engagement was verified in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, rat primary neurons, mouse SIM-A9 cells, and in rats by measuring changes in cGMP and downstream targets of sGC signaling [phosphorylated vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (pVASP), phosphorylated cAMP-response element binding (pCREB)]. In SIM-A9 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), markers of inflammation were measured when cells were treated with or without CYR119. In rats, microinjections of QA and vehicle were administered into the right and left hemispheres of striatum, respectively, and then rats were dosed daily with either CYR119 (10 mg/kg) or vehicle for 7 days. The activation of microglia [ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)] and astrocytes [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)] was measured by immunohistochemistry. Diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were treated daily with CYR119 (10 mg/kg) for 6 weeks, after which inflammatory genetic markers were analyzed in the prefrontal cortex. Results In vitro, CYR119 synergized with exogenous NO to increase the production of cGMP in HEK cells and in primary rat neuronal cell cultures. In primary neurons, CYR119 stimulated sGC, resulting in accumulation of cGMP and phosphorylation of CREB, likely through the activation of protein kinase G (PKG). CYR119 attenuated LPS-induced elevation of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in mouse microglial cells. Following oral dosing in rats, CYR119 crossed the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and stimulated an increase in cGMP levels in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). In addition, levels of proinflammatory markers associated with QA administration or high-fat diet feeding were lower in rodents treated with CYR119 than in those treated with vehicle. Conclusions These data suggest that sGC stimulation could provide neuroprotective effects by attenuating inflammatory responses in nonclinical models of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana S Correia
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Guang Liu
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sarah Jacobson
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Sylvie G Bernier
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jenny V Tobin
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Chad D Schwartzkopf
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Emily Atwater
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | | | - Sam Rivers
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Andrew Carvalho
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Peter Germano
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Kim Tang
- Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Rajesh R Iyengar
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Mark G Currie
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - John R Hadcock
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Juli E Jones
- Cyclerion Therapeutics, 245 First St., Riverview II, 18th Floor, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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4
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Navia-Pelaez JM, Campos GP, Araujo-Souza JC, Stergiopulos N, Capettini LSA. Modulation of nNOS ser852 phosphorylation and translocation by PKA/PP1 pathway in endothelial cells. Nitric Oxide 2017; 72:52-58. [PMID: 29183804 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) is now considered an important player in vascular function. It has a protective role in atherosclerosis and hypertension. However, despite its importance, little is known about the mechanisms that regulate its activity in vascular cells. Here we explore the mechanisms by which nNOS is activated in endothelium. We evaluated aorta relaxation response and phosphorylation of nNOS during protein phosphatases 1 and 2 (PP1 and PP2) inhibition, in eNOS silenced mice. PP1 translocation and interaction between the nuclear inhibitor of PP1 (NIPP1) and PP1 was evaluated in endothelial EA.hy926 cells. We demonstrate here that acetylcholine (Ach)-induced relaxation is completely abolished by nNOS inhibition in eNOS silenced mice aorta which also decreased NO and H2O2 concentrations. ACh induced dephosphorylation of nNOSser852 in aorta after 20 min stimulation. Endothelial cells also showed a decrease in nNOSser852 phosphorylation during 20 min of ACh stimulation. PP2 inhibition had no effect on Ach-induced nNOSSer852 dephosphorylation in endothelial cells and did not modify Ach-induced vasodilation in aorta from eNOS silenced mice. Non-selective PP1/PP2 inhibition prevented nNOSSer852 dephosphorylation in endothelial cells and prevented Ach-induced vasodilation in eNOS silenced mice. ACh induced time-dependent PP1 and NIPP1 dissociation and PP1 translocation to cytoplasm. Protein kinase A (PKA) inhibition abolished PP1 translocation and further nNOSser852 dephosphorylation. In addition, 8-Br-cAMP reduced NIPP1/PP1 interaction, stimulated PP1 translocation and nNOSser852 dephosphorylation. Moreover, PKA Inhibition led to a decreased nNOS translocation to perinuclear region. Taken together, our results elucidate a mechanism whereby PP1 is activated by a cAMP/PKA-dependent pathway, leading to dephosphorylation of nNOSser852 and subsequent NO and possible H2O2 production resulting in endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana M Navia-Pelaez
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Gianne P Campos
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Jessica C Araujo-Souza
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Nikos Stergiopulos
- Laboratory of Hemodynamics and Cardiovascular Technology, Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, BM 5128 Station 17, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Luciano S A Capettini
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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5
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Xia N, Förstermann U, Li H. Effects of resveratrol on eNOS in the endothelium and the perivascular adipose tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1403:132-141. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- Department of Pharmacology; Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center; Mainz Germany
| | - Ulrich Förstermann
- Department of Pharmacology; Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center; Mainz Germany
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology; Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center; Mainz Germany
- Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB); Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center; Mainz Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK); Partner Site Rhine-Main; Mainz Germany
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6
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Förstermann U, Xia N, Li H. Roles of Vascular Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2017; 120:713-735. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 692] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major reactive oxygen species (ROS)–producing systems in vascular wall include NADPH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase, the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase. ROS at moderate concentrations have important signaling roles under physiological conditions. Excessive or sustained ROS production, however, when exceeding the available antioxidant defense systems, leads to oxidative stress. Animal studies have provided compelling evidence demonstrating the roles of vascular oxidative stress and NO in atherosclerosis. All established cardiovascular risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and smoking enhance ROS generation and decrease endothelial NO production. Key molecular events in atherogenesis such as oxidative modification of lipoproteins and phospholipids, endothelial cell activation, and macrophage infiltration/activation are facilitated by vascular oxidative stress and inhibited by endothelial NO. Atherosclerosis develops preferentially in vascular regions with disturbed blood flow (arches, branches, and bifurcations). The fact that these sites are associated with enhanced oxidative stress and reduced endothelial NO production is a further indication for the roles of ROS and NO in atherosclerosis. Therefore, prevention of vascular oxidative stress and improvement of endothelial NO production represent reasonable therapeutic strategies in addition to the treatment of established risk factors (hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Förstermann
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
| | - Ning Xia
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
| | - Huige Li
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (U.F., N.X., H.L.); Center for Translational Vascular Biology (CTVB), Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany (H.L.); and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany (H.L.)
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7
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Peixoto CA, Nunes AKS, Garcia-Osta A. Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors: Action on the Signaling Pathways of Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Cognition. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:940207. [PMID: 26770022 PMCID: PMC4681825 DOI: 10.1155/2015/940207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is) have recently emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy for neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative, and memory loss diseases. Mechanistically, PDE5-Is produce an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotection effect by increasing expression of nitric oxide synthases and accumulation of cGMP and activating protein kinase G (PKG), the signaling pathway of which is thought to play an important role in the development of several neurodiseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The aim of this paper was to review present knowledge of the signaling pathways that underlie the use of PDE5-Is in neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, learning, and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Alves Peixoto
- 1Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães (FIOCRUZ), 50.740-465 Recife, PE, Brazil
- *Christina Alves Peixoto:
| | - Ana Karolina Santana Nunes
- 1Laboratório de Ultraestrutura, Centro de Pesquisa Aggeu Magalhães (FIOCRUZ), 50.740-465 Recife, PE, Brazil
- 2Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50.670-901 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Ana Garcia-Osta
- 3Neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Moldobaeva A, Rentsendorj O, Jenkins J, Wagner EM. Nitric oxide synthase promotes distension-induced tracheal venular leukocyte adherence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106092. [PMID: 25181540 PMCID: PMC4152173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of leukocyte recruitment to the airways in real time has not been extensively studied, yet airway inflammation persists as a major contributor to lung pathology. We showed previously in vivo, that neutrophils are recruited acutely to the large airways after periods of airway distension imposed by the application of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Given extensive literature implicating products of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in lung injury after ventilatory over-distension, we questioned whether similar mechanisms exist in airway post-capillary venules. Yet, endothelial nitric oxide has been shown to be largely anti-inflammatory in other systemic venules. Using intravital microscopy to visualize post-capillary tracheal venules in anesthetized, ventilated mice, the number of adherent leukocytes was significantly decreased in eNOS-/- mice under baseline conditions (2±1 cell/60 min observation) vs wild type (WT) C57BL/6 mice (7±2 cells). After exposure to PEEP (8 cmH2O for 1 min; 5 times), adherent cells increased significantly (29±5 cells) in WT mice while eNOS-/- mice demonstrated a significantly decreased number of adherent cells (11±4 cells) after PEEP. A similar response was seen when thrombin was used as the pro-inflammatory stimulus. In addition, mouse tracheal venular endothelial cells studied in vitro after exposure to cyclic stretch (18% elongation) or thrombin both demonstrated increased p-selectin expression that was significantly attenuated by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) and excess BH4. In vivo treatment with the ROS inhibitor NACA or co-factor BH4 abolished completely the PEEP-induced leukocyte adherence. These results suggest that pro-inflammatory stimuli cause leukocyte recruitment to tracheal endothelium in part due to eNOS uncoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigul Moldobaeva
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Otgonchimeg Rentsendorj
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Jenkins
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Wagner
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Bruce AC, Kelly-Goss MR, Heuslein JL, Meisner JK, Price RJ, Peirce SM. Monocytes are recruited from venules during arteriogenesis in the murine spinotrapezius ligation model. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2012-22. [PMID: 24969773 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic arterial occlusion results in arteriogenesis of collateral blood vessels. This process has been shown to be dependent on the recruitment of growth-promoting macrophages to remodeling collaterals. However, the potential role of venules in monocyte recruitment during microvascular arteriogenesis is not well demonstrated. First, we aim to document that arteriogenesis occurs in the mouse spinotrapezius ligation model. Then, we investigate the temporal and spatial distribution, as well as proliferation, of monocytes/macrophages recruited to collateral arterioles in response to elevated fluid shear stress. APPROACH AND RESULTS Laser speckle flowmetry confirmed a postligation increase in blood velocity within collateral arterioles but not within venules. After 72 hours post ligation, collateral arteriole diameters were increased, proliferating cells were identified in vessel walls of shear-activated collaterals, and perivascular CD206(+) macrophages demonstrated proliferation. A 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay identified proliferation. CD68(+)CD206(+) cells around collaterals were increased 96%, whereas CX3CR1((+/GFP)) cells were increased 126% in ligated versus sham groups after 72 hours. CX3CR1((+/GFP)) cells were predominately venule associated at 6 hours after ligation; and CX3CR1((+/GFP hi)) cells shifted from venule to arteriole associated between 6 and 72 hours after surgery exclusively in ligated muscle. We report accumulation and extravasation of adhered CX3CR1((+/GFP)) cells in and from venules, but not from arterioles, after ligation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that arteriogenesis occurs in the murine spinotrapezius ligation model and implicate postcapillary venules as the site of tissue entry for circulating monocytes. Local proliferation of macrophages is also documented. These data open up questions about the role of arteriole-venule communication during monocyte recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Bruce
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Molly R Kelly-Goss
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Joshua L Heuslein
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Joshua K Meisner
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Richard J Price
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Shayn M Peirce
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
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10
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Wood KC, Cortese-Krott MM, Kovacic JC, Noguchi A, Liu VB, Wang X, Raghavachari N, Boehm M, Kato GJ, Kelm M, Gladwin MT. Circulating blood endothelial nitric oxide synthase contributes to the regulation of systemic blood pressure and nitrite homeostasis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1861-71. [PMID: 23702660 PMCID: PMC3864011 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.301068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mice genetically deficient in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS(-/-)) are hypertensive with lower circulating nitrite levels, indicating the importance of constitutively produced nitric oxide (NO•) to blood pressure regulation and vascular homeostasis. Although the current paradigm holds that this bioactivity derives specifically from the expression of eNOS in endothelium, circulating blood cells also express eNOS protein. A functional red cell eNOS that modulates vascular NO• signaling has been proposed. APPROACH AND RESULTS To test the hypothesis that blood cells contribute to mammalian blood pressure regulation via eNOS-dependent NO• generation, we cross-transplanted wild-type and eNOS(-/-) mice, producing chimeras competent or deficient for eNOS expression in circulating blood cells. Surprisingly, we observed a significant contribution of both endothelial and circulating blood cell eNOS to blood pressure and systemic nitrite levels, the latter being a major component of the circulating NO• reservoir. These effects were abolished by the NOS inhibitor L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester and repristinated by the NOS substrate L-arginine and were independent of platelet or leukocyte depletion. Mouse erythrocytes were also found to carry an eNOS protein and convert (14)C-arginine into (14)C-citrulline in NOS-dependent fashion. CONCLUSIONS These are the first studies to definitively establish a role for a blood-borne eNOS, using cross-transplant chimera models, that contributes to the regulation of blood pressure and nitrite homeostasis. This work provides evidence suggesting that erythrocyte eNOS may mediate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C. Wood
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miriam M. Cortese-Krott
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jason C. Kovacic
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Audrey Noguchi
- Murine Phenotyping Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Virginia B. Liu
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xunde Wang
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nalini Raghavachari
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manfred Boehm
- Translational Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory J. Kato
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Malte Kelm
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mark T. Gladwin
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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11
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Ramos PS, Oates JC, Kamen DL, Williams AH, Gaffney PM, Kelly JA, Kaufman KM, Kimberly RP, Niewold TB, Jacob CO, Tsao BP, Alarcón GS, Brown EE, Edberg JC, Petri MA, Ramsey-Goldman R, Reveille JD, Vilá LM, James JA, Guthridge JM, Merrill JT, Boackle SA, Freedman BI, Scofield RH, Stevens AM, Vyse TJ, Criswell LA, Moser KL, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Langefeld CD, Harley JB, Gilkeson GS. Variable association of reactive intermediate genes with systemic lupus erythematosus in populations with different African ancestry. J Rheumatol 2013; 40:842-9. [PMID: 23637325 PMCID: PMC3735344 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.120989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Little is known about the genetic etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in individuals of African ancestry, despite its higher prevalence and greater disease severity. Overproduction of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species are implicated in the pathogenesis and severity of SLE, making NO synthases and other reactive intermediate-related genes biological candidates for disease susceptibility. We analyzed variation in reactive intermediate genes for association with SLE in 2 populations with African ancestry. METHODS A total of 244 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from 53 regions were analyzed in non-Gullah African Americans (AA; 1432 cases and 1687 controls) and the genetically more homogeneous Gullah of the Sea Islands of South Carolina (133 cases and 112 controls). Single-marker, haplotype, and 2-locus interaction tests were computed for these populations. RESULTS The glutathione reductase gene GSR (rs2253409; p = 0.0014, OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.09-1.44) was the most significant single SNP association in AA. In the Gullah, the NADH dehydrogenase NDUFS4 (rs381575; p = 0.0065, OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.23-3.59) and NO synthase gene NOS1 (rs561712; p = 0.0072, OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44-0.88) were most strongly associated with SLE. When both populations were analyzed together, GSR remained the most significant effect (rs2253409; p = 0.00072, OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.10-1.44). Haplotype and 2-locus interaction analyses also uncovered different loci in each population. CONCLUSION These results suggest distinct patterns of association with SLE in African-derived populations; specific loci may be more strongly associated within select population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Ramos
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Hossain M, Qadri SM, Liu L. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis enhances leukocyte rolling and adhesion in human microvasculature. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2012; 9:28. [PMID: 22812684 PMCID: PMC3414823 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifunctional signaling molecule that regulates important cellular events in inflammation including leukocyte recruitment. Previous studies have shown that pharmacological inhibition of NO synthesis induces leukocyte recruitment in various in vitro and animal models. However, it is not known whether NO modulation has similar effects on leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions within the human microvasculature. The present study explored the effect of systemic L-NAME treatment on leukocyte recruitment in the SCID-hu mouse model. Methods Human skin xenografts were transplanted in SCID mice to study human leukocyte dynamics in human vasculature. Early events of human leukocyte recruitment in human vasculature were studied using intravital microscopy. NO synthesis was pharmacologically inhibited using NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to elucidate E-selectin expression in human xenograft skin. Human neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions were also studied in an in vitro flow chamber assay system. P- and E-selectin expression on cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was measured using ELISA. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) synthesis was detected using a TLC-based assay. Results L-NAME treatment significantly enhanced the rolling and adhesion of human leukocytes to the human vasculature. Functional blocking of P- and E-selectins significantly inhibited rolling but not adhesion induced by inhibition of NO synthesis. Systemic L-NAME treatment enhanced E-selectin expression in human xenograft skin. L-NAME treatment significantly enhanced P- and E-selectin expression on HUVECs. L-NAME treatment did not significantly modify neutrophil rolling or adhesion to HUVECs indicating that L-NAME−induced subtle P- and E-selectin expression was insufficient to elicit dynamic neutrophil-HUVEC interactions in vitro. Moreover, synthesis of endothelial-derived PAF was not significantly modified by L-NAME treatment. These results point to the accelerated leukocyte recruitment in human vasculature following suppression of NO synthesis, effects that are mediated by P- and E-selectins. The findings are, however, not supported by the in vitro data. Conclusion Inhibition of endogenous NO triggers early events of human leukocyte recruitment in human vasculature, involving complex cellular or molecular mechanisms in addition to P- and E-selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokarram Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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eNOS protects from atherosclerosis despite relevant superoxide production by the enzyme in apoE mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30193. [PMID: 22291917 PMCID: PMC3264598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background All three nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms are expressed in atherosclerotic plaques. NOS enzymes in general catalyse NO production. However, under conditions of substrate and cofactor deficiency, the enzyme directly catalyse superoxide formation. Considering this alternative chemistry, the effects of NOS on key events in spontaneous hyperlipidemia driven atherosclerosis have not been investigated yet. Here, we evaluate how endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) modulates leukocyte/endothelial- (L/E) and platelet/endothelial- (P/E) interactions in atherosclerosis and the production of nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide by the enzyme. Principal Findings Intravital microscopy (IVM) of carotid arteries revealed significantly increased L/E-interactions in apolipoproteinE/eNOS double knockout mice (apoE−/−/eNOS−/−), while P/E-interactions did not differ, compared to apoE−/−. eNOS deficiency increased macrophage infiltration in carotid arteries and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression, both in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Despite the expression of other NOS isoforms (inducible NOS, iNOS and neuronal NOS, nNOS) in plaques, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) measurements of NO showed significant contribution of eNOS to total circulating and vascular wall NO production. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic deletion of eNOS reduced vascular superoxide production, indicating uncoupling of the enzyme in apoE−/− vessels. Conclusion Overt plaque formation, increased vascular inflammation and L/E- interactions are associated with significant reduction of superoxide production in apoE−/−/eNOS−/− vessels. Therefore, lack of eNOS does not cause an automatic increase in oxidative stress. Uncoupling of eNOS occurs in apoE−/− atherosclerosis but does not negate the enzyme's strong protective effects.
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Company C, Piqueras L, Naim Abu Nabah Y, Escudero P, Blanes JI, Jose PJ, Morcillo EJ, Sanz MJ. Contributions of ACE and mast cell chymase to endogenous angiotensin II generation and leucocyte recruitment in vivo. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 92:48-56. [PMID: 21622682 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS In vitro studies suggest that mast cell chymase (MCP) is more important than angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) for generating angiotensin II (Ang II) within the cardiovascular system. We investigated in vivo the relative contributions of ACE and MCP to leucocyte recruitment induced by endogenously generated Ang II. METHODS AND RESULTS Exposure of the murine cremasteric microcirculation of C57BL/6 mice to Ang I (100 nM for 4 h) induced leucocyte-endothelium interactions. Either losartan (an Ang II receptor-1 antagonist, AT(1)) or enalapril (an ACE inhibitor), but not chymostatin (a chymase inhibitor), inhibited Ang I-induced responses. Mast cell degranulation with compound 48/80 (CMP48/80, 1 μg/mL) also induced leucocyte adhesion but this was only weakly affected by the inhibitors. When Ang I and CMP48/80 were co-administered, AT(1B) receptor expression was increased, MCP-4 was found surrounding the vessel wall, and ACE was detected in the endothelium. Ang I + CMP48/80 induced enhanced leucocyte adhesion that was attenuated by losartan, enalapril, enalapril + chymostatin, and cromolyn (a mast cell stabilizer). The use of male mast cell-deficient WBB6F1/J-Kit(w)/Kit(w-v) mice (C57BL/6 background) confirmed these findings. CONCLUSION In vivo, Ang II is primarily generated by ACE under basal conditions, but in inflammatory conditions, the release of MCP amplifies local Ang II concentrations and the associated inflammatory process. Thus, AT(1) receptor antagonists may be more effective than ACE inhibitors for treating ongoing Ang II-mediated vascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Company
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Abstract
The rupture of cerebral aneurysm (CA) and subsequent subarachnoid hemorrhage can cause fatal results. Recent experimental findings have suggested that the mechanism of CA formation is based on chronic inflammation in arterial walls by hemodynamic force. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protects arterial walls from vascular inflammation by relieving hemodynamic force through nitric oxide (NO) production. Thus, the expression and protective role of eNOS in CA formation have been investigated in this study. In this study, experimental induced rodent CA models by carotid ligation and systemic hypertension were used. The expression of eNOS was examined in rat CA models and revealed that it was decreased at the site of CA formation. Next, CA was induced in eNOS(-/-) mice to clarify the role of eNOS in CA formation. In eNOS(-/-) mice, the incidence of CA formation was similar to that found in wild-type mice. In CA walls of eNOS(-/-) mice, the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) was upregulated compared with that in wild-type mice, suggesting the compensatory effect of nNOS. Hence, eNOS(-/-) nNOS(-/-) mice were generated, underwent CA induction and confirmed that eNOS(-/-) nNOS(-/-) mice exhibited an increased incidence of CA formation accompanied by accelerated macrophage infiltration. These results suggested that the deficiency of eNOS could be compensated by nNOS upregulation in cerebral arteries and that the eNOS and nNOS complementarily had the protective role in CA formation. The results of this study will provide us with new insight about the mechanisms of CA formation and the functional redundancy between eNOS and nNOS in cerebral arteries.
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Ramesh S, Morrell CN, Tarango C, Thomas GD, Yuhanna IS, Girardi G, Herz J, Urbanus RT, de Groot PG, Thorpe PE, Salmon JE, Shaul PW, Mineo C. Antiphospholipid antibodies promote leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and thrombosis in mice by antagonizing eNOS via β2GPI and apoER2. J Clin Invest 2010; 121:120-31. [PMID: 21123944 DOI: 10.1172/jci39828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) binding to β2 glycoprotein I (β2GPI) induce endothelial cell-leukocyte adhesion and thrombus formation via unknown mechanisms. Here we show that in mice both of these processes are caused by the inhibition of eNOS. In studies of cultured human, bovine, and mouse endothelial cells, the promotion of monocyte adhesion by aPL entailed decreased bioavailable NO, and aPL fully antagonized eNOS activation by diverse agonists. Similarly, NO-dependent, acetylcholine-induced increases in carotid vascular conductance were impaired in aPL-treated mice. The inhibition of eNOS was caused by antibody recognition of domain I of β2GPI and β2GPI dimerization, and it was due to attenuated eNOS S1179 phosphorylation mediated by protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Furthermore, LDL receptor family member antagonism with receptor-associated protein (RAP) prevented aPL inhibition of eNOS in cell culture, and ApoER2-/- mice were protected from aPL inhibition of eNOS in vivo. Moreover, both aPL-induced increases in leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and thrombus formation were absent in eNOS-/- and in ApoER2-/- mice. Thus, aPL-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and thrombosis are caused by eNOS antagonism, which is due to impaired S1179 phosphorylation mediated by β2GPI, apoER2, and PP2A. Our results suggest that novel therapies for APS can now be developed targeting these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Ramesh
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Rolle der endothelialen Stickoxidproduktion bei SDF-1α/TNF-α-vermittelter Migration von Stammzellen in vivo. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR HERZ THORAX UND GEFASSCHIRURGIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00398-010-0800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Li Q, Verma A, Han PY, Nakagawa T, Johnson RJ, Grant MB, Campbell-Thompson M, Jarajapu YPR, Lei B, Hauswirth WW. Diabetic eNOS-knockout mice develop accelerated retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:5240-6. [PMID: 20435587 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-5147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Dysfunction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. This study was undertaken to determine the role of eNOS in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), by investigating the functional consequences of its deficiency in the diabetic state. METHODS Diabetes was induced in eNOS-knockout (eNOS(-/-)) and C57B/6 mice by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. Retinal vasculature was evaluated by albumin extravasation, to quantitatively measure vascular permeability, and by trypsin-digested retinal vascular preparations, to quantify acellular capillaries. Gliosis was evaluated by immunofluorescent techniques. Retinal capillary basement membrane thickness was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Total retinal nitric oxide level was assessed by measuring nitrate/nitrite using a fluorometric-based assay, iNOS expression was examined by real-time PCR. RESULTS Diabetic eNOS(-/-) mice exhibit more severe retinal vascular permeability than age-matched diabetic C57BL/6 mice, detectable as early as 3 weeks after diabetes induction. Diabetic eNOS(-/-) mice also show earlier onset and an increased number of acellular capillaries, sustained gliosis, and increased capillary basement membrane thickness. Total nitric oxide (NO) level was also increased, concomitant with elevated iNOS expression in diabetic eNOS(-/-) retina. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic eNOS(-/-) mice exhibit A significantly wider range of advanced retinal vascular complications than the age-matched diabetic C57BL/6 mice, supporting the notion that eNOS-derived NO plays an essential role in retinal vascular function. This mouse model also faithfully replicates many of the hallmarks of vascular changes associated with human retinopathy, thus providing a unique model to aid in understanding the pathologic mechanisms of and to develop effective therapeutic strategies for diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0284, USA.
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Nicolete R, Arakawa NS, Rius C, Nomizo A, Jose PJ, Da Costa FB, Sanz MJ, Faccioli LH. Budlein A from Viguiera robusta inhibits leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, adhesion molecule expression and inflammatory mediators release. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 16:904-915. [PMID: 19524419 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Budlein A has been reported to exert some analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we have evaluated its effect on LPS-induced leukocyte recruitment in vivo and the mechanisms involved in its anti-inflammatory activity. In vivo, intravital videomicroscopy was used to determine the effects of budlein A on LPS-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in the murine cremasteric microcirculation. In vitro, the effects of budlein A on LPS-induced cytokine, chemokine and nitrites release, T-cell proliferative response as well as cell adhesion molecule expression (CAM) were evaluated. In vivo, intraperitoneal administration of budlein A (2.6 mM/kg) caused a significant reduction of LPS-induced leukocyte rolling flux, adhesion and emigration by 84, 92 and 96% respectively. In vitro, T-cell proliferative response was also affected by budlein A. When murine J774 macrophages were incubated with the sesquiterpene lactone, LPS-induced IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC) release were concentration-dependently inhibited. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), budlein A also reduced the production of TNF-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-8, nitrites and CAM expression elicited by LPS. Budlein A is a potent inhibitor of LPS-induced leukocyte accumulation in vivo. This effect appears to be mediated through inhibition of cytokine and chemokine release and down-regulation of CAM expression. Thus, it has potential therapeutic interest for the control of leukocyte recruitment that occurs in different inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Nicolete
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Zhou L, Bai R, Tian J, Liu X, Lu D, Zhu P, Liu Y, Zeng L, Luo W, Zhang Y, Wang A. Bioinformatic comparisons and tissue expression of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene from the red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:577-584. [PMID: 19647082 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The full length cDNA sequence for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) gene from red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) has been cloned, subjected to bioinformatic analysis, and examined for expression in different tissues. Red drum nNOS showed high identity to nNOS of mammals and other fish species. Notably, a unique 7-aa insertion was found in the important catalytic sites of the NO synthase domain, possibly affecting the function of red drum nNOS. Furthermore, this nNOS was expressed not only in brain but also in most of the internal organs including liver, intestine, spleen, head kidney and thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Department of Life Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China
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Deng S, Kruger A, Schmidt A, Metzger A, Yan T, Gödtel-Armbrust U, Hasenfuss G, Brunner F, Wojnowski L. Differential roles of nitric oxide synthase isozymes in cardiotoxicity and mortality following chronic doxorubicin treatment in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2009; 380:25-34. [PMID: 19308358 PMCID: PMC3085792 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-009-0407-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 02/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The roles of individual nitric oxide synthases (NOS) in anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity are not completely understood. We investigated the effects of a chronic treatment with doxorubicin (DOX) on knockouts of the individual NOS isozymes and on transgenic mice with myocardial overexpression of eNOS. Fractional shortening (FS) was reduced in untreated homozygous nNOS and iNOS knockouts as well as in eNOS transgenics. DOX-induced FS decrease in wild-type mice was attenuated only in eNOS knockouts, which were found to overexpress nNOS. No worsening of contractility was observed in DOX-treated eNOS transgenics and iNOS knockouts. Although the surviving DOX-treated nNOS knockouts exhibited no further impairment in contractility, most (70%) animals died within 7 weeks after treatment onset. In comparison to untreated wild-type hearts, the nitric oxide (NO) level was lower in hearts from DOX-treated wild-type mice and in all three untreated knockouts. DOX treatment had no effect on NO in the knockouts. These data indicate differential roles of the individual NOS in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity. Protection against DOX effects conferred by eNOS deletion may be mediated by a compensatory overexpression of nNOS. NOS inhibition-based prevention of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity should be eNOS-selective, simultaneously avoiding inhibiting nNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Mainz University, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Katada K, Bihari A, Badhwar A, Yoshida N, Yoshikawa T, Potter RF, Cepinskas G. Hindlimb ischemia/reperfusion-induced remote injury to the small intestine: role of inducible nitric-oxide synthase-derived nitric oxide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 329:919-27. [PMID: 19270191 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.148460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, as a consequence of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), negatively influences the function of the affected organs. The objective of this study was to assess the role of nitric oxide (NO) in remote intestinal inflammatory response elicited by hindlimb I/R. To this end, C57BL/6 (wild type; WT) and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS)-deficient mice were subjected to bilateral hindlimb ischemia (1 h) followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Some WT mice were injected with iNOS inhibitor N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl] acetamidine (1400W) (5 mg/kg s.c.) immediately before reperfusion, and proinflammatory response was assessed 6 h later. Hindlimb I/R resulted in dysfunction of the small intestine as assessed by the increase in permeability [blood-to-lumen clearance of Texas Red-dextran (molecular mass 3 kDa)] and an increase in the luminal levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha protein and nitrate/nitrite (NO(2)(-)/NO(3)(-)). The above-mentioned changes were accompanied by up-regulation of the proinflammatory phenotype in the mucosa of small intestine with respect to 1) an increase in TNF-alpha and iNOS protein expression, 2) leukocyte accumulation, 3) formation of edema, 4) an increase in leukocyte rolling/adhesion in the submucosal microvasculature, and 5) activation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB and up-regulation of adhesion molecule expression. Interestingly, the most profound changes with respect to intestinal dysfunction were found in jejunum and ileum, whereas duodenum was affected the least. Interfering with iNOS activity (1400W and iNOS-deficient mice) significantly attenuated hindlimb I/R-induced inflammatory response and dysfunction of the small intestine with respect to the above-mentioned markers of inflammation. The obtained results indicate that hindlimb I/R induces remote inflammatory response in the small intestine through an iNOS-derived NO-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Katada
- The Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4G5, Canada
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Hebeda CB, Teixeira SA, Muscará MN, Vinolo MAR, Curi R, Mello SBVD, Farsky SHP. In vivo blockade of Ca(+2)-dependent nitric oxide synthases impairs expressions of L-selectin and PECAM-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:694-698. [PMID: 18948084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of leukocytes with endothelium play a role for the immune system modulated by endogenous agents, such as glucocorticoids and nitric oxide (NO). Glucocorticoids inhibit leukocyte-endothelial interactions whereas the role of NO is still controversial. In this study, the activity of Ca(+2)-dependent nitric oxide synthases was in vivo blocked in male Wistar rats by given l-NAME, 20mgkg(-1) for 14 days dissolved in drinking water and expression of adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte-endothelial interactions was investigated. Expressions of L-selectin and PECAM-1 in peripheral leukocytes and PECAM-1 in endothelial cells were reduced by l-NAME treatment. Only L-selectin expression was controlled at transcriptional levels. These effects were not dependent on endogenous glucocorticoids, as corticosterone levels were not altered in l-NAME-treated rats. Our results show that NO, produced at physiological levels, controls expression of constitutive adhesion molecules expressions in cell membranes by different mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina B Hebeda
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 0550-900, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes 580-BI13 B, SP, Brazil
| | - Simone A Teixeira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo N Muscará
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio R Vinolo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Suzana B V de Mello
- Rheumatology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra H P Farsky
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 0550-900, Av Prof. Lineu Prestes 580-BI13 B, SP, Brazil.
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Nicolete R, Rius C, Piqueras L, Jose PJ, Sorgi CA, Soares EG, Sanz MJ, Faccioli LH. Leukotriene B4-loaded microspheres: a new therapeutic strategy to modulate cell activation. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:36. [PMID: 18627613 PMCID: PMC2483258 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent inflammatory mediator that also stimulates the immune response. In addition, it promotes polymorphonuclear leukocyte phagocytosis, chemotaxis, chemokinesis and modulates cytokines release. Regarding chemical instability of the leukotriene molecule, in the present study we assessed the immunomodulatory activities conferred by LTB4 released from microspheres (MS). A previous oil-in-water emulsion solvent extraction-evaporation method was chosen to prepare LTB4-loaded MS. Results In the mice cremasteric microcirculation, intraescrotal injection of 0.1 ml of LTB4-loaded MS provoked significant increases in leukocyte rolling flux, adhesion and emigration besides significant decreases in the leukocyte rolling velocity. LTB4-loaded MS also increase peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) expression by murine peritoneal macrophages and stimulate them to generate nitrite levels. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and nitric oxide (NO) productions were also increased when human umbilical vein and artery endothelial cells (HUVECs and HUAECs, respectively) were stimulated with LTB4-loaded MS. Conclusion LTB4-loaded MS preserve the biological activity of the encapsulated mediator indicating their use as a new strategy to modulate cell activation, especially in the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Nicolete
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av, do Café s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. ; Cristina Rius
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The multiple sclerosis degradome: enzymatic cascades in development and progression of central nervous system inflammatory disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 318:133-75. [PMID: 18219817 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-73677-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An array of studies implicate different classes of protease and their endogenous inhibitors in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathogenesis based on expression patterns in MS lesions, sera, and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Growing evidence exists regarding their mechanistic roles in inflammatory and neurodegenerative aspects of this disease. Proteolytic events participate in demyelination, axon injury, apoptosis, and development of the inflammatory response including immune cell activation and extravasation, cytokine and chemokine activation/inactivation, complement activation, and epitope spreading. The potential significance of proteolytic activity to MS therefore relates not only to their potential use as important biomarkers of disease activity, but additionally as prospective therapeutic targets. Experimental data indicate that understanding the net physiological consequence of altered protease levels in MS development and progression necessitates understanding protease activity in the context of substrates, endogenous inhibitors, and proteolytic cascade interactions, which together make up the MS degradome. This review will focus on evidence regarding the potential physiologic role of those protease families already identified as markers of disease activity in MS; that is, the metallo-, serine, and cysteine proteases.
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Kaminski A, Ma N, Donndorf P, Lindenblatt N, Feldmeier G, Ong LL, Furlani D, Skrabal CA, Liebold A, Vollmar B, Steinhoff G. Endothelial NOS is required for SDF-1alpha/CXCR4-mediated peripheral endothelial adhesion of c-kit+ bone marrow stem cells. J Transl Med 2008; 88:58-69. [PMID: 18040270 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In the era of intravascular approaches for regenerative cell therapy, the underlying mechanisms of stem cell migration to non-marrow tissue have not been clarified. We hypothesized that next to a local inflammatory response implying adhesion molecule expression, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-dependent signaling is required for stromal- cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1alpha)-induced adhesion of c-kit+ cells to the vascular endothelium. SDF-1alpha/tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced c-kit+-cell shape change and migration capacity was studied in vitro using immunohistochemistry and Boyden chamber assays. In vivo interaction of c-kit+ cells from bone marrow with the endothelium in response to SDF-1alpha/TNF-alpha stimulation was visualized in the cremaster muscle microcirculation of wild-type (WT) and eNOS (-/-) mice using intravital fluorescence microscopy. In addition, NOS activity was inhibited with N-nitro-L-arginine-methylester-hydrochloride in WT mice. To reveal c-kit+-specific adhesion behavior, endogenous leukocytes (EL) and c-kit+ cells from peripheral blood served as control. Moreover, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and CXCR4 were blocked systemically to determine their role in inflammation-related c-kit+-cell adhesion. In vitro, SDF-1alpha enhanced c-kit+-cell migration. In vivo, SDF-1alpha alone triggered endothelial rolling-not firm adherence-of c-kit+ cells in WT mice. While TNF-alpha alone had little effect on adhesion of c-kit+ cells, it induced maximum endothelial EL adherence. However, after combined treatment with SDF-1alpha+TNF-alpha, endothelial adhesion of c-kit+ cells increased independent of their origin, while EL adhesion was not further incremented. Systemic treatment with anti-ICAM-1 and anti-CXCR4-monoclonal antibody completely abolished endothelial c-kit+-cell adhesion. In N-nitro-L-arginine-methylester-hydrochloride-treated WT mice as well as in eNOS (-/-) mice, firm endothelial adhesion of c-kit+ cells was entirely abrogated, while EL adhesion was significantly increased. The chemokine SDF-1alpha mediates firm adhesion c-kit+ cells only in the presence of TNF-alpha stimulation via an ICAM-1- and CXCR4-dependent mechanism. The presence of eNOS appears to be a crucial and specific factor for firm c-kit+-cell adhesion to the vascular endothelium.
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Maffei A, Di Pardo A, Carangi R, Carullo P, Poulet R, Gentile MT, Vecchione C, Lembo G. Nebivolol Induces Nitric Oxide Release in the Heart Through Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Activation. Hypertension 2007; 50:652-6. [PMID: 17664392 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.094458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nebivolol is a beta1-adrenergic receptor antagonist that also reduces blood pressure by evoking endothelial NO production and vasodilation. We aimed at assessing whether nebivolol induces NO production also in the heart and delineating the molecular mechanisms involved. Using the fluorescent probe diaminofluorescein, we found that nebivolol induces a dose-dependent NO production in the heart, statistically significant already at 10(-7) mol/L. It is not an effect because of the blockade of beta1-adrenergic receptor, because this effect is not shared by another drug of the same class, atenolol. Because nebivolol has been reported to act as an agonist on other beta-adrenergic receptors, we tested NO production in the presence of receptor antagonists. Nebivolol was not able to induce NO production in presence of the beta3-antagonist SR59230A, indicating a fundamental role for beta3-adrenergic receptors in cardiac NO production by nebivolol. Moreover, inducible NO synthase inhibition abolishes NO release in the heart, indicating that nebivolol induces NO production by acting on the inducible isoform of the enzyme. The action of nebivolol on inducible NO synthase was confirmed by real-time PCR experiments, showing cardiac overexpression of inducible NO synthase but not neuronal NO synthase or endothelial NO synthase, after 5 hours of treatment with nebivolol. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that nebivolol also stimulates NO production in the heart. This action of nebivolol is exerted via a signaling pathway starting from the activation of beta3-adrenergic receptors and leading to overexpression of inducible NO synthase. Cardiac NO production by nebivolol could participate in the cardiovascular effects of nebivolol treatment in patients affected by hypertension and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Maffei
- Department of AngioCardioNeurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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Legros E, Tirapelli CR, Carrier E, Brochu I, Fournier A, D'Orléans-Juste P. Characterization of the non-adrenergic/non-cholinergic response to perivascular nerve stimulation in the double-perfused mesenteric bed of the mouse. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:1049-59. [PMID: 17906682 PMCID: PMC2095099 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a capsaicin-sensitive neuromodulator of splanchnic vascular tone in several animal species, remains poorly investigated in mouse models. We therefore assessed whether endogenous CGRP is a non-adrenergic/non-cholinergic (NANC) neuromodulator in the mesenteric vascular bed of the mouse. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Arterial and venous changes in perfusion pressure in response to perivascular nerve stimulation (PNS) were monitored in the mouse mesenteric bed under basal conditions or precontracted with KCl (artery) or U46619 (vein) in circuits pretreated with guanethidine, atropine, indomethacin and prazosin. Arterial responses to NANC were also characterized with a CGRP1 antagonist, halphaCGRP8-37. Finally, the PNS-induced release of arterial CGRP was measured by enzyme immunoassay. KEY RESULTS HalphaCGRP8-37 enhanced PNS-induced arterial increases in perfusion pressure under basal tone. PNS-induced stimulation of NANC triggered an halphaCGRP8-37 or capsaicin- sensitive reduction in perfusion pressure of the pre-contracted arterial bed only. Chemical removal of the endothelium inhibited PNS- and halphaCGRP- induced reduction in perfusion pressure in the arterial mesenteric bed. Responses to NANC nerves were reduced by guanylate and adenylate cyclase inhibitors (1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-a] quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ)) and [9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purin-6-amine] (SQ 22,536), respectively. A neuronal NOS inhibitor (7-nitroindazole; 7-NI) also enhanced the response to NANC in vessels from wild-type, eNOS KO but not iNOS KO mice. Finally, PNS enhanced the release of immunoreactive CGRP from the perfused arterial mesenteric bed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our study demonstrates a role for CGRP in the NANC-dependent reduction in perfusion pressure of the arterial but not venous mesenteric bed of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Legros
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - C R Tirapelli
- Department of Psychiatry Nursing and Human Sciences, College of Nursing of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo (USP) Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - E Carrier
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - I Brochu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - A Fournier
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut national de la recherche scientifique, Université du Québec, Laboratoire d'études moléculaires et, pharmacologiques des peptides Pointe-Claire (Montréal), Québec, Canada
| | - P D'Orléans-Juste
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Author for correspondence:
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Fritzen S, Schmitt A, Köth K, Sommer C, Lesch KP, Reif A. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS-I) knockout increases the survival rate of neural cells in the hippocampus independently of BDNF. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 35:261-71. [PMID: 17459722 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations regarding the regulation of adult neurogenesis, i.e., the generation of new neurons from progenitor cells, have revealed a high degree of complexity. Although the pleiotropic messenger molecule nitric oxide (NO) has been suggested to modulate adult neurogenesis, the evidence is inconclusive due to the presence of different NO synthase isoforms in the brain. We therefore investigated whether stem cell proliferation or survival is altered in mice lacking neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS-I) or both endothelial and neuronal NOS (NOS-I/-III double knockout). While proliferation of neural stem cells was only numerically, but not significantly increased in NOS-I knockdown animals, the survival of newly formed neurons was substantially higher in NOS-I-deficient mice. In contrast, NOS-I/-III double knockout had significantly decreased survival rates. QRT-PCR in NOS-I-deficient mice revealed neither NOS-III upregulation compensating for the loss of NOS-I, nor alterations in VEGF levels as found in NOS-III-deficient animals. As changes in BDNF expression or protein levels were observed in the cortex, cerebellum and striatum, but not the hippocampus, the increase in stem cell survival appears not to be due to a BDNF mediated mechanism. Finally, NOS-I containing neurons in the dentate gyrus are rare and not localized close to progenitor cells, rendering direct NO effects on these cells unlikely. In conclusion, we suggest that NO predominantly inhibits the survival of new-born cells, by an indirect mechanism not involving BDNF or VEGF. Together, these results emphasize the important role of the different NOS isoforms with respect to adult neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Fritzen
- Molecular and Clinical Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Füchsleinstr. 15, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Yamaguchi T, Kamada K, Dayton C, Gaskin FS, Yusof M, Yoshikawa T, Carter P, Korthuis RJ. Role of eNOS-derived NO in the postischemic anti-inflammatory effects of antecedent ethanol ingestion in murine small intestine. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 292:H1435-42. [PMID: 17098834 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00282.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of low levels of ethanol 24 h before [ethanol preconditioning (EPC)] ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) prevents postischemic leukocyte rolling (LR) and adhesion (LA), effects that were abolished by adenosine A(2) receptor (ADO-A(2)R) antagonists or nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) inhibitors. The aims of this study were to determine whether NO derived from endothelial NOS (eNOS) during the period of ethanol exposure triggered entrance into this preconditioned state and whether these events were initiated by an ADO-A(2)R-dependent mechanism. Ethanol or distilled water vehicle was administered to C57BL/6J [wild type (WT)] or eNOS-deficient (eNOS-/-) mice by gavage. Twenty-four hours later, the superior mesenteric artery was occluded for 45 min. LR and LA were quantified by intravital microscopy after 30 and 60 min of reperfusion. I/R increased LR and LA in WT mice, effects that were abolished by EPC or NO donor preconditioning (NO-PC). NO-PC was not attenuated by coincident administration of an ADO-A(2)R antagonist. I/R increased LR and LA in eNOS-/- mice to levels comparable with those noted in WT animals. However, EPC only slightly attenuated postischemic LR and LA, whereas NO-PC remained effective as a preconditioning stimulus in eNOS-/- mice. Preconditioning with an ADO-A(2)R agonist (which we previously demonstrated prevents I/R-induced LR and LA in WT animals) failed to attenuate these postischemic adhesive responses in eNOS-/- mice. Our results indicate that EPC is triggered by NO formed secondary to ADO-A(2)R-dependent eNOS activation during the period of ethanol exposure 24 h before I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Scotland RS, Cohen M, Foster P, Lovell M, Mathur A, Ahluwalia A, Hobbs AJ. C-type natriuretic peptide inhibits leukocyte recruitment and platelet-leukocyte interactions via suppression of P-selectin expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:14452-7. [PMID: 16179391 PMCID: PMC1242301 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0504961102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifaceted process of immune cell recruitment to sites of tissue injury is key to the development of an inflammatory response and involved in the pathogenesis of numerous cardiovascular disorders. We recently identified C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) as an important endothelium-derived mediator that regulates vascular tone and protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Herein, we investigated whether CNP inhibits leukocyte recruitment and platelet aggregation and thereby exerts a potential antiinflammatory influence on the blood vessel wall. We assessed the effects of CNP on leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in mouse mesenteric postcapillary venules in vivo in animals with high basal leukocyte activation (endothelial nitric oxide synthase knockout mice, eNOS(-/-)) or under acute inflammatory conditions (induced by interleukin-1beta or histamine). CNP suppressed basal leukocyte rolling in eNOS(-/-) mice in a rapid, reversible, and concentration-dependent manner. These effects of CNP were mimicked by the selective natriuretic peptide receptor-C agonist cANF(4-23). CNP also suppressed leukocyte rolling induced by IL-1beta or histamine, inhibited platelet-leukocyte interactions, and prevented thrombin-induced platelet aggregation of human blood. Furthermore, analysis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, leukocytes, and platelets revealed that CNP selectively attenuates expression of P-selectin. Thus, CNP is a modulator of acute inflammation in the blood vessel wall characterized by leukocyte and platelet activation. These antiinflammatory effects appear to be mediated, at least in part, via suppression of P-selectin expression. These observations suggest that endothelial CNP might maintain an anti-atherogenic influence on the blood vessel wall and represent a target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona S Scotland
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6AE, United Kingdom
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Carrasco-Martín C, Alonso-Orgaz S, De la Pinta JC, Marques M, Macaya C, Barrientos A, González MM, García-Méndez A, Mateos-Cáceres PJ, Porres JC, Rico LA, López-Farré AJ. Endothelial hypoxic preconditioning in rat hypoxic isolated aortic segments. Exp Physiol 2005; 90:557-69. [PMID: 15769880 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2005.030163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to analyse endothelial hypoxic preconditioning after hypoxia-reperfusion (HR). Endothelial functionality was analysed through the vasorelaxation responses to acetylcholine (Ach) and the level of serine1177 phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (ser1177-eNOS) measured by Western blot in in vitro hypoxic preconditioned (P + HR) isolated rat aortic segments. Relaxation in response to Ach was reduced in phenylephrine-precontracted aortic segments after HR (control: IC50, 5 +/- 2.5 x 10(-8) mol l(-1); HR: IC50, 3 +/- 1.2 x 10(-7) mol l(-1); P < 0.05). Ach-dependent vasodilatation was improved by P + HR. The content of ser1177-eNOS in the HR segments was 1.5-fold lower than in P + HR. Confocal microscopy showed an increased content of both superoxide anion and peroxynitrite in the vascular wall of HR aortic segments, which it was reduced by P + HR. Geldanamycin (10 microg ml(-1)), an agent known to inhibit heat shock protein 90 (hsp90), reduced the level of ser1177-eNOS in P + HR aortic segments. However in the presence of geldanamycin, endothelial hypoxic preconditioning persisted. We conclude that short periods of hypoxia induced endothelial hypoxic preconditioning that was accompanied by enhanced levels of ser1177-eNOS in the vascular wall. The fact that endothelial hypoxic preconditioning persisted in the presence of geldanamycin suggests that other molecular mechanisms are involved in the endothelial adaptation to HR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Carrasco-Martín
- Digestive Research Laboratory, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, C/Profesor Martín Lagos s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Chlopicki S, Kozlovski VI, Lorkowska B, Drelicharz L, Gebska A. Compensation of Endothelium-Dependent Responses in Coronary Circulation of eNOS-Deficient Mice. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005; 46:115-23. [PMID: 15965363 DOI: 10.1097/01.fjc.0000164093.88821.00] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide plays a fundamental role in the regulation of blood flow. Here we analyzed compensatory mechanisms for the genetic eNOS deficiency in aorta and in coronary circulation. Vasodilation induced by acetylcholine, bradykinin, adenosine, and ADP as well as by S-nitroso-penicillamine (SNAP) was assessed in isolated aorta and in isolated mouse hearts from eNOS-/- and age-matched eNOS+/+ mice. In aorta from eNOS+/+ mice acetylcholine-induced vasodilation was entirely dependent on NO, and this response was absent in aorta from eNOS-/- mice. In eNOS+/+ mouse hearts responses induced by bradykinin, adenosine and ADP were partially dependent on NO, but not on PGI2, cytochrome P450-dependent metabolites, or H2O2. On the other hand, vasodilation induced by acetylcholine involved NO, but not PGI2, in its immediate, short-lasting phase, whereas PGI2 and NO mediated delayed, longer-lasting phase of this response. In eNOS-/- mouse hearts coronary vasodilator function was compensated. Responses induced by acetylcholine and adenosine, but not by bradykinin or ADP, were in part compensated by NO, most likely derived from nNOS. However, the major mechanisms compensating for the loss of eNOS in the coronary circulation did not rely on NO, PGI2, cytochrome P450-derived metabolites of arachidonic acid or on H2O2. Deficiency of eNOS is largely compensated in coronary circulation but not in aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Chlopicki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland.
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35
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Ralt D. Intercellular communication, NO and the biology of Chinese medicine. Cell Commun Signal 2005; 3:8. [PMID: 15904530 PMCID: PMC1180462 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-3-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
New multiple categories of health disciplines have become popular in the west and integration between the medicinal approaches has become essential. The hypothesis presented here suggests a novel integrative view that combines Western biochemistry with the Chinese medicinal concept of qi. The core for this hypothesis is that transmission of qi along the meridians is based on informational molecules that travel via an intercellular communication system. Acupuncture at specific points enhances the flow of the signaling molecules through this communication system. Nitric oxide is suggested as a prime candidate for such a signaling molecule in the meridian system. The biochemistry of nitric oxide can shed light on the biology underlying Chinese medicine while Chinese medicinal data can provide a clue to the sought after framework for nitric oxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Ralt
- Izun and Tmura, Integrative Health Inst., 6 Nezach Israel st., Tel Aviv, 64352, Israel.
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36
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Kuhlencordt PJ, Rosel E, Gerszten RE, Morales-Ruiz M, Dombkowski D, Atkinson WJ, Han F, Preffer F, Rosenzweig A, Sessa WC, Gimbrone MA, Ertl G, Huang PL. Role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in endothelial activation: insights from eNOS knockout endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2004; 286:C1195-202. [PMID: 15075219 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00546.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether absence of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) affects the expression of cell surface adhesion molecules in endothelial cells. Murine lung endothelial cells (MLECs) were prepared by immunomagnetic bead selection from wild-type and eNOS knockout mice. Wild-type cells expressed eNOS, but eNOS knockout cells did not. Expression of neuronal NOS and inducible NOS was not detectable in cells of either genotype. Upon stimulation, confluent wild-type MLECs produced significant amounts of NO compared with N(omega)-monomethyl-l-arginine-treated wild-type cells. eNOS knockout and wild-type cells showed no difference in the expression of E-selectin, P-selectin, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 as measured by flow cytometry on the surface of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1/CD31)-positive cells. Both eNOS knockout and wild-type cells displayed the characteristics of resting endothelium. Adhesion studies in a parallel plate laminar flow chamber showed no difference in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions between the two genotypes. Cytokine treatment induced endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression and increased leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in both genotypes. We conclude that in resting murine endothelial cells, absence of endothelial production of NO by itself does not initiate endothelial cell activation or promote leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. We propose that eNOS derived NO does not chronically suppress endothelial cell activation in an autocrine fashion but serves to counterbalance signals that mediate activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Kuhlencordt
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital-East, 149 East 13th St., Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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Ahluwalia A, Foster P, Scotland RS, McLean PG, Mathur A, Perretti M, Moncada S, Hobbs AJ. Antiinflammatory activity of soluble guanylate cyclase: cGMP-dependent down-regulation of P-selectin expression and leukocyte recruitment. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:1386-91. [PMID: 14742866 PMCID: PMC337062 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0304264101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) production by the vascular endothelium maintains an essential antiinflammatory, cytoprotective influence on the blood vessel wall. A key component of this activity is attributed to prevention of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The NO receptor, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), is expressed in endothelial cells but fulfils an unknown function. Therefore, we used intravital microscopy in mesenteric postcapillary venules from WT and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) knockout (eNOS(-/-)) mice, and an sGC activator (BAY 41-2272), to investigate a potential role for sGC in the regulation of adhesion molecule expression and leukocyte recruitment. Leukocyte rolling and adhesion was 6-fold greater in eNOS(-/-) than WT animals. BAY 41-2272 and the NO-donor, diethylamine-NONOate, reduced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in eNOS(-/-) mice to levels observed in WT animals. These effects were blocked by the sGC inhibitor ODQ [1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one], which itself caused a 6-fold increase in leukocyte rolling and adhesion in WT mice. Increased leukocyte rolling and adhesion in IL-1beta-treated mice was also inhibited by BAY 41-2272. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis in vitro and a specific P-selectin neutralizing antibody in vivo revealed that selective down-regulation of P-selectin expression accounted for the antiadhesive effects of sGC activation. These data demonstrate that sGC plays a key antiinflammatory role by inhibiting P-selectin expression and leukocyte recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ahluwalia
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
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Speyer CL, Neff TA, Warner RL, Guo RF, Sarma JV, Riedemann NC, Murphy ME, Murphy HS, Ward PA. Regulatory effects of iNOS on acute lung inflammatory responses in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2004; 163:2319-28. [PMID: 14633605 PMCID: PMC1892362 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of endogenous NO in the regulation of acute lung injury is not well defined. We investigated the effects of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial NOS (eNOS) on the acute inflammatory response in mouse lungs. Acute lung injury was induced by intratracheal instillation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into wild-type (WT) mice and mice deficient in iNOS (iNOS(-/-)) or eNOS (eNOS(-/-)). Endpoints of inflammatory injury were myeloperoxidase (MPO) content and leak of albumin into lung. Inflammatory injury was similar in WT and eNOS(-/-) mice but was substantially increased in iNOS(-/-) mice. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids of iNOS(-/-) and WT mice showed similar levels of CXC chemokines (MIP-2, KC) but enhanced levels of CC chemokines (MCP-1, MCP-3). Increased lung content of MPO in iNOS(-/-) mice was reduced by anti-MCP-1 to values found in WT mice. In vitro stimulation of microvascular endothelial cells with LPS and IFN gamma revealed elevated production of CXC and CC chemokines in cells from iNOS(-/-) mice when compared to endothelial cells from iNOS(+/+) mice. Peritoneal macrophages from iNOS(-/-) donors also revealed increased production of CC chemokines after stimulation with LPS and interferon (IFN gamma). These data indicate that absence of iNOS causes enhanced lung inflammatory responses in mice which may be related to enhanced production of MCP-1 by endothelial cells and macrophages. It appears that iNOS affects the lung inflammatory response by regulating chemokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia L Speyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0602, USA
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Yan PG, Wu CF, Huang M, Liu W, Yang JY. Ascorbic acid antagonizes the inhibitory effect of acute ethanol on nitrite levels in the striatum of freely moving mice. Neurosci Lett 2003; 352:183-6. [PMID: 14625015 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of exogenous ascorbic acid (AA) on acute ethanol-induced decrease in extracellular nitrites contents in striatum of freely moving mice was investigated by using microdialysis coupled to high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The results showed that exogenous AA had no effect on basal extracellular levels of nitrites, but significantly increased striatal extracellular contents of AA in a dose-depended manner. Co-administration of AA with ethanol significantly antagonized the ethanol-induced decrease in extracellular nitrites contents, but did not affect ethanol-induced release of AA. These data provided the first evidence of an antagonistic action of AA on ethanol-induced decrease in extracellular nitrites contents in striatum of freely moving mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Gang Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 110016, Shenyang, China
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Conran N, Gambero A, Ferreira HHA, Antunes E, de Nucci G. Nitric oxide has a role in regulating VLA-4-integrin expression on the human neutrophil cell surface. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:43-50. [PMID: 12818364 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00243-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent research demonstrates that the beta1 integrins may be involved in neutrophil migration. Here, we investigate the role of nitric oxide in the expression and function of the very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) and Mac-1 integrins on human neutrophils. Human blood neutrophils were treated with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and their adhesion to fibronectin (FN) and serum observed. Adhesion of neutrophils to FN and serum increased significantly following incubation with 0.1mM L-NAME by 65.5 and 44.6%, respectively. Increased adhesions to FN and serum were abolished by a VLA-4-specific monoclonal antibody, HP2/1, and a Mac-1-specific monoclonal antibody, ICRF 44, respectively. The microfilament- and microtubule-depolymerizing agents, dihydrochalasin B and nocodazole, were also able to reverse L-NAME-induced adhesion to both FN and serum. L-NAME induced a discrete increase in the expression of CD49d (VLA-4, 25.3+/-4.8%), but not CD11b, on the neutrophil cell surface, as detected by flow cytometry. Results indicate that NO has a role in regulating VLA-4 and Mac-1 function on the human neutrophil cell surface and that this modulation in integrin function is accompanied by cytoskeletal rearrangements and changes in the ability of the neutrophil to adhere to the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Conran
- Department of Pharmacology, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.
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Alvarez A, Hermenegildo C, Issekutz AC, Esplugues JV, Sanz MJ. Estrogens inhibit angiotensin II-induced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions in vivo via rapid endothelial nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase activation. Circ Res 2002; 91:1142-50. [PMID: 12480815 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000046018.23605.3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) may be a key molecule in the development of atherosclerosis. Because the incidence of coronary atherosclerosis in premenopausal women is lower than that observed in men or postmenopausal women, we have investigated the effect of estrogens on Ang II-induced leukocyte recruitment in vivo using intravital microscopy in the rat mesenteric microcirculation. Superfusion for 60 minutes with Ang II induced a significant increase in leukocyte rolling flux, adhesion, and emigration. Administration of 17-beta-estradiol (17-beta-E) after 30 minutes of Ang II superfusion produced a reduction of these leukocyte responses by 55.1%, 72.7%, and 70.9%, respectively, an additional 30 minutes later. The effect observed with 17-beta-E was receptor-mediated and specific. 17-beta-E superfusion did not modify either L-NAME or indomethacin-induced leukocyte responses. Inhibitory responses caused by 17-beta-E were not altered by either 7-nitroindazole or actinomycin D cosuperfusion. Stimulation of endothelial cells with 17-beta-E caused a rapid and dose-dependent release of prostacyclin. Finally, tamoxifen or ICI 182,780 administration provoked a significant increase in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions 90 minutes later, which were significantly attenuated by systemic preadministration with an Ang II AT(1) receptor antagonist. Tamoxifen-induced leukocyte responses were also reduced by systemic pretreatment with an anti-P-selectin mAb and an anti-CD18 mAb. Hence, the antiatherogenic effects of estrogens may be mediated by inhibition of Ang II-induced leukocyte recruitment through endothelial NO and prostacyclin release. Furthermore, scarcity of estrogens resulted in decreased levels of vasodilators and the exposure of the endothelium to the deleterious action of Ang II, which may explain the higher incidence of coronary atherosclerosis in men and postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Alvarez
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic Hospital, University of Valencia, Spain
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Kashiwagi S, Kajimura M, Yoshimura Y, Suematsu M. Nonendothelial source of nitric oxide in arterioles but not in venules: alternative source revealed in vivo by diaminofluorescein microfluorography. Circ Res 2002; 91:e55-64. [PMID: 12480826 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000047529.26278.4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine topographic distribution of microvascular NO generation in vivo. To this end, nitrosonium ion (NO+)-sensitive diaminofluorescein diacetate was superfused continuously on the rat mesentery and the fluorescence was visualized in the microvessels through laser confocal microfluorography. Two major sites exhibited a time-dependent elevation of the fluorescence: microvascular endothelia and mast cells. As judged by the fluorescence sensitivity to local application of different inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS), NO availability in arteriolar endothelium and mast cells appeared to be maintained mainly by NOS1, whereas that in venular endothelium greatly depends on NOS3. In venules, the magnitude of inhibitory responses elicited by the inhibitors was positively correlated with the density of leukocyte adhesion. NOS inhibitors significantly reduced, but did not eliminate, the NO+-associated fluorescence in arterioles, capillaries, and venules, suggesting alternative sources of NO in circulation for these microvessels. Immunohistochemistry for NOS isozymes revealed that NOS1 occurred not only in nerve fibers innervated to arterioles but also abundantly in mast cells. Laser flow cytometry of peritoneal cells in vitro revealed abundant expression of NOS1 in mast cells. Interestingly, NOS3 occurred in endothelia of capillaries and venules but not in those of distal arterioles with comparable diameters. These results suggest that the arterioles receive NO from nonendothelial origins involving NOS1 present in nerve terminals and mast cells, whereas venules depend on the endothelial NOS as a major source. Furthermore, nonenzymatic sources of NO from circulating reservoirs constitute a notable fraction throughout different classes of microvessels. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kashiwagi
- Department of Biochemistry and Integrative Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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Venturini G, Colasanti M, Persichini T, Fioravanti E, Ascenzi P, Palomba L, Cantoni O, Musci G. Beta-amyloid inhibits NOS activity by subtracting NADPH availability. FASEB J 2002; 16:1970-2. [PMID: 12397094 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0186fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid peptides Abeta1-42 and Abeta25-35 strongly inhibited the activity of constitutive neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthases (i.e., NOS-I and NOS-III, respectively) in cell-free assays. The molecular mechanism of NOS inhibition by Ab fragments was studied in detail with Abeta25-35. The inhibitory ability was mostly NADPH-dependent and specific for the soluble form of Abeta25-35. Optical, fluorescence, and NMR spectroscopy showed that the soluble, but not aggregated, Abeta25-35 interacted with NADPH, thus suggesting that a direct recruitment of NADPH may result in diminished availability of the redox cofactor for NOS functioning. To assess the physiological relevance of our findings, rat neuronal-like PC12 and glioma C6 cell lines were used as cellular models. After Abeta25-35 internalization into cells was verified, the activity of constitutive NOS was measured using the DAF-2DA detection system and found to be severely impaired upon Abeta25-35 uptake. Consistent with previous results on the molecular cross-talk between NOS isoforms, repression of constitutive NOS by Abeta25-35 resulted in enhanced expression of inducible NOS (NOS-II) mRNA in C6 cells. Our results represent the first evidence that amyloid fragments impair constitutive NOS activity in cell-free and cellular systems, providing a possible molecular mechanism for the onset and/or maintenance of Alzheimer's disease.
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Abstract
Nitric Oxide Synthases (NOSs) are a group of related proteins that produce nitric oxide (NO). In mammals, there are three known members of this gene family: nNOS (NOS1), iNOS (NOS2) and eNOS (NOS3). Each has been disrupted by targeted gene ablation in mice and the corresponding phenotypes examined. These mice have allowed an examination of the contribution of each NOS in a variety of experimental models and continue to provided insights into the patho-physiological role of NOS and NO. With increasing sophistication, murine transgenic approaches continue to offer a wealth of information, and invaluable tools to further study the NOS system. The focus of this review will be an examination of the tools available, and the insights gained from studies done on murine NOS genetic models in the context of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran N Mungrue
- Division of Cell & Molecular Biology, The Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, 12EN-221, 101 College St, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
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