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Tamimi A, Javid M, Sedighi-Pirsaraei N, Mirdamadi A. Exosome prospects in the diagnosis and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1420281. [PMID: 39144666 PMCID: PMC11322140 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1420281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of NAFLD and its global health burden have provoked considerable research on possible diagnostic and therapeutic options for NAFLD. Although various pathophysiological mechanisms and genetic factors have been identified to be associated with NAFLD, its treatment remains challenging. In recent years, exosomes have attracted widespread attention for their role in metabolic dysfunctions and their efficacy as pathological biomarkers. Exosomes have also shown tremendous potential in treating a variety of disorders. With increasing evidence supporting the significant role of exosomes in NAFLD pathogenesis, their theragnostic potential has become a point of interest in NAFLD. Expectedly, exosome-based treatment strategies have shown promise in the prevention and amelioration of NAFLD in preclinical studies. However, there are still serious challenges in preparing, standardizing, and applying exosome-based therapies as a routine clinical option that should be overcome. Due to the great potential of this novel theragnostic agent in NAFLD, further investigations on their safety, clinical efficacy, and application standardization are highly recommended.
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Xu H, Xin Y, Wang J, Liu Z, Cao Y, Li W, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu P. The TICE Pathway: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2023; 25:653-662. [PMID: 37736845 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-023-01147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) is a non-biliary pathway that excretes excess cholesterol from the body through feces. This article focuses on the research progress of the TICE pathway in the last few years, including the discovery process of the TICE pathway, its molecular mechanism, and potential clinical applications. RECENT FINDINGS Cholesterol homeostasis is vital for cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Beyond the cholesterol excretion via hepatobiliary pathway, TICE contributes significantly to reverse cholesterol transport ex vivo and in vivo. Nuclear receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate cholesterol metabolism. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and liver X receptor (LXR) activated, respectively, by oxysterols and bile acids promote intestinal cholesterol secretion through ABCG5/G8. Nutrient regulators and intestinal flora also modulate cholesterol secretion through the TICE pathway. TICE allows direct elimination of plasma cholesterol, which may provide an attractive therapeutic targets. TICE pathway may provide a potential target to stimulate cholesterol elimination and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yiyang Xin
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yutong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Weiguo Li
- People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Henan, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Henan, China.
| | - Yandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- People's Hospital of Hebi, Henan University, Henan, China.
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Singh H, Almaazmi SY, Dutta T, Keyzers RA, Blatch GL. In silico identification of modulators of J domain protein-Hsp70 interactions in Plasmodium falciparum: a drug repurposing strategy against malaria. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1158912. [PMID: 37621993 PMCID: PMC10445141 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1158912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum is a unicellular, intracellular protozoan parasite, and the causative agent of malaria in humans, a deadly vector borne infectious disease. A key phase of malaria pathology, is the invasion of human erythrocytes, resulting in drastic remodeling by exported parasite proteins, including molecular chaperones and co-chaperones. The survival of the parasite within the human host is mediated by P. falciparum heat shock protein 70s (PfHsp70s) and J domain proteins (PfJDPs), functioning as chaperones-co-chaperones partnerships. Two complexes have been shown to be important for survival and pathology of the malaria parasite: PfHsp70-x-PFE0055c (exported); and PfHsp70-2-PfSec63 (endoplasmic reticulum). Virtual screening was conducted on the drug repurposing library, the Pandemic Response Box, to identify small-molecules that could specifically disrupt these chaperone complexes. Five top ranked compounds possessing preferential binding affinity for the malarial chaperone system compared to the human system, were identified; three top PfHsp70-PfJDP binders, MBX 1641, zoliflodacin and itraconazole; and two top J domain binders, ezetimibe and a benzo-diazepinone. These compounds were validated by repeat molecular dockings and molecular dynamics simulation, resulting in all the compounds, except for MBX 1461, being confirmed to bind preferentially to the malarial chaperone system. A detailed contact analysis of the PfHsp70-PfJDP binders identified two different types of modulators, those that potentially inhibit complex formation (MBX 1461), and those that potentially stabilize the complex (zoliflodacin and itraconazole). These data suggested that zoliflodacin and itraconazole are potential novel modulators specific to the malarial system. A detailed contact analysis of the J domain binders (ezetimibe and the benzo-diazepinone), revealed that they bound with not only greater affinity but also a better pose to the malarial J domain compared to that of the human system. These data suggested that ezetimibe and the benzo-diazepinone are potential specific inhibitors of the malarial chaperone system. Both itraconazole and ezetimibe are FDA-approved drugs, possess anti-malarial activity and have recently been repurposed for the treatment of cancer. This is the first time that such drug-like compounds have been identified as potential modulators of PfHsp70-PfJDP complexes, and they represent novel candidates for validation and development into anti-malarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Hans Raj Mahila Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, India
| | - Shaikha Y. Almaazmi
- Biomedical Research and Drug Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tanima Dutta
- Department of Diagnostic Genomics, Path West Nedlands, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Robert A. Keyzers
- Centre for Biodiscovery & School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gregory L. Blatch
- Biomedical Research and Drug Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Higher Colleges of Technology, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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Yang XY, Yu H, Fu J, Guo HH, Han P, Ma SR, Pan LB, Zhang ZW, Xu H, Hu JC, Zhang HJ, Bu MM, Zhang XF, Yang W, Wang JY, Jin JY, Zhang HC, Li DR, Lu JY, Lin Y, Jiang JD, Tong Q, Wang Y. Hydroxyurea ameliorates atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- mice by potentially modulating Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein through the gut microbiota. Theranostics 2022; 12:7775-7787. [PMID: 36451858 PMCID: PMC9706578 DOI: 10.7150/thno.76805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The efficacy and mechanism of hydroxyurea in the treatment of atherosclerosis have rarely been reported. The goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of hydroxyurea in high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice against atherosclerosis and examine the possible mechanism underlying treatment outcomes. Methods: ApoE-/- mice were fed a high-fat diet for 1 month and then administered hydroxyurea by gavage continuously for 2 months. Aortic root hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining and oil red O staining were used to verify the efficacy of hydroxyurea; biochemical methods and ELISA were used to detect changes in relevant metabolites in serum. 16S rRNA was used to detect composition changes in the intestinal bacterial community of animals after treatment with hydroxyurea. Metabolomics methods were used to identify fecal metabolites and their changes. Immunohistochemical staining and ELISA were used for the localization and quantification of intestinal NPC1L1. Results: We showed that aortic root HE staining and oil red O staining determined the therapeutic efficacy of hydroxyurea in the treatment of atherosclerosis in high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice. Serological tests verified the ability of hydroxyurea to lower total serum cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. The gut microbiota was significantly altered after HU treatment and was significantly different from that after antiplatelet and statin therapy. Meanwhile, a metabolomic study revealed that metabolites, including stearic acid, palmitic acid and cholesterol, were significantly enriched in mouse feces. Further histological and ELISAs verified that the protein responsible for intestinal absorption of cholesterol in mice, NPC1L1, was significantly reduced after hydroxyurea treatment. Conclusions: In high-fat diet-fed ApoE-/- mice, hydroxyurea effectively treated atherosclerosis, lowered serum cholesterol, modulated the gut microbiota at multiple levels and affected cholesterol absorption by reducing NPC1L1 in small intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Yang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui-Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Pei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Shu-Rong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Li-Bin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jia-Chun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hao-Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Meng-Meng Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xian-Feng Zhang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wei Yang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jing-Yue Wang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jing-Yu Jin
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Hui-Cong Zhang
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Dong-Rui Li
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Jin-Yue Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Y. Wang (+86-10-63165238, ) or, Q. Tong (+86-13074337289, ) or, J-D. Jiang (+86-10-63017906, ) or, L. Yuan (+86-13720009342, )
| | - Jian-Dong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Y. Wang (+86-10-63165238, ) or, Q. Tong (+86-13074337289, ) or, J-D. Jiang (+86-10-63017906, ) or, L. Yuan (+86-13720009342, )
| | - Qian Tong
- The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Y. Wang (+86-10-63165238, ) or, Q. Tong (+86-13074337289, ) or, J-D. Jiang (+86-10-63017906, ) or, L. Yuan (+86-13720009342, )
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: Y. Wang (+86-10-63165238, ) or, Q. Tong (+86-13074337289, ) or, J-D. Jiang (+86-10-63017906, ) or, L. Yuan (+86-13720009342, )
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Zhang R, Liu W, Zeng J, Meng J, Jiang H, Wang J, Xing D. Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 inhibitors for reducing cholesterol absorption. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 230:114111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Synthesis of 3-Amino-4-substituted Monocyclic ß-Lactams—Important Structural Motifs in Medicinal Chemistry. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010360. [PMID: 35008788 PMCID: PMC8745335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyclic ß-lactams (azetidin-2-ones) exhibit a wide range of biological activities, the most important of which are antibacterial, anticancer, and cholesterol absorption inhibitory activities. The synthesis of decorated monocyclic ß-lactams is challenging because their ring is highly constrained and consequently reactive, which is also an important determinant of their biological activity. We present the optimized synthesis of orthogonally protected 3-amino-4-substituted monocyclic ß-lactams. Among several possible synthetic approaches, Staudinger cycloaddition proved to be the most promising method for initial ring formation, yielding monocyclic ß-lactams with different substituents at the C-4 position, a phthalimido-protected 3-amino group, and a (dimethoxy)benzyl protected ring nitrogen. Challenging deprotection methods were then investigated. Oxidative cleavage with cerium ammonium nitrate and ammonia-free Birch reduction was found to be most effective for selective removal of ring nitrogen protection. Hydrazine hydrate was used for deprotection of the phthalimido group, and the procedure had to be modified by the addition of HCl in the case of aromatic substituents at the C-4 position. The presented methods and the synthesized 3-amino-4-substituted monocyclic ß-lactam derivatives are an important step toward new ß-lactams with potential pharmacological activities.
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Ezetimibe blocks Toxoplasma gondii-, Neospora caninum- and Besnoitia besnoiti-tachyzoite infectivity and replication in primary bovine endothelial host cells. Parasitology 2021; 148:1107-1115. [PMID: 34024307 PMCID: PMC8273898 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Coccidia are obligate apicomplexan parasites that affect humans and animals. In fast replicating species, in vitro merogony takes only 24–48 h. In this context, successful parasite proliferation requires nutrients and other building blocks. Coccidian parasites are auxotrophic for cholesterol, so they need to obtain this molecule from host cells. In humans, ezetimibe has been applied successfully as hypolipidaemic compound, since it reduces intestinal cholesterol absorption via blockage of Niemann−Pick C-1 like-1 protein (NPC1L1), a transmembrane protein expressed in enterocytes. To date, few data are available on its potential anti-parasitic effects in primary host cells infected with apicomplexan parasites of human and veterinary importance, such as Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Besnoitia besnoiti. Current inhibition experiments show that ezetimibe effectively blocks T. gondii, B. besnoiti and N. caninum tachyzoite infectivity and replication in primary bovine endothelial host cells. Thus, 20 μm ezetimibe blocked parasite proliferation by 73.1−99.2%, via marked reduction of the number of tachyzoites per meront, confirmed by 3D-holotomographic analyses. The effects were parasitostatic since withdrawal of the compound led to parasite recovery with resumed proliferation. Ezetimibe-glucuronide, the in vivo most effective metabolite, failed to affect parasite proliferation in vitro, thereby suggesting that ezetimibe effects might be NPC1L1-independent.
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Nabi R, Alvi SS, Shah A, Chaturvedi CP, Faisal M, Alatar AA, Ahmad S, Khan MS. Ezetimibe attenuates experimental diabetes and renal pathologies via targeting the advanced glycation, oxidative stress and AGE-RAGE signalling in rats. Arch Physiol Biochem 2021:1-16. [PMID: 33508970 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2021.1874996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The current in-vivo study was premeditated to uncover the protective role of ezetimibe (EZ) against advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs)-related pathologies in experimental diabetes. Our results showed that EZ markedly improved the altered biochemical markers of diabetes mellitus (DM) (FBG, HbA1c, insulin, microalbumin, and creatinine) and cardiovascular disease (in-vivo lipid/lipoprotein level and hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity) along with diminished plasma carboxymethyl-lysine (CML) and renal fluorescent AGEs level. Gene expression study revealed that EZ significantly down-regulated the renal AGEs-receptor (RAGE), nuclear factor-κB (NFκB-2), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) mRNA expression, however, the neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) mRNA expression was up-regulated. In addition, EZ also maintained the redox status via decreasing the lipid peroxidation and protein-bound carbonyl content (CC) and increasing the activity of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated-paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) and renal antioxidant enzymes as well as also protected renal histopathological features. We conclude that EZ exhibits antidiabetic and reno-protective properties in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Nabi
- IIRC-5, Clinical Biochemistry and Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sahir Sultan Alvi
- IIRC-5, Clinical Biochemistry and Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Arunim Shah
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Chandra P Chaturvedi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Mohammad Faisal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A Alatar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saheem Ahmad
- IIRC-5, Clinical Biochemistry and Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - M Salman Khan
- IIRC-5, Clinical Biochemistry and Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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Grabrijan K, Strašek N, Gobec S. Monocyclic beta-lactams for therapeutic uses: a patent overview (2010-2020). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2021; 31:247-266. [PMID: 33327805 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2021.1865919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monocyclic beta-lactams are four-membered cyclic amides with various structural modifications of the nucleus that determine their chemical reactivity and target specificity. Their historical use is based on their antibacterial activity, but they have recently appeared in other areas as well. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the relevant patent development on monocyclic beta-lactams in various therapeutic areas over the last 10 years. The majority of patents describe compounds with antibacterial activity, while there are some recent patents describing the neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anticoagulant and antihyperlipidemic effects of 2-azetidinones. EXPERT OPINION Monocyclic beta-lactams can be considered safe and nontoxic drugs, as they have been used in the clinic for almost half of the century. Recently, monocyclic beta-lactams have been increasingly recognized for their non-antibiotic activity, which has led to some promising new clinical candidates in the field of neurodegenerative diseases and coagulation therapy. With regard to their antibacterial activity, there is still room for improvement of their activity and broadening of their spectrum of action, especially in Gram-positive bacteria and on drug-insensitive penicillin-binding proteins, and in increasing their beta-lactamase stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nika Strašek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Hayakawa EH, Kato H, Nardone GA, Usukura J. A prospective mechanism and source of cholesterol uptake by Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes co-cultured with HepG2 cells. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102179. [PMID: 32853776 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) parasites still cause lethal infections worldwide, especially in Africa (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/world-malaria-report-2019). During P. falciparum blood-stage infections in humans, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein and cholesterol levels in the blood become low. Because P. falciparum lacks a de novo cholesterol synthesis pathway, it must import cholesterol from the surrounding environment. However, the origin of the cholesterol and how it is taken up by the parasite across the multiple membranes that surround it is not fully understood. To answer this, we used a cholesterol synthesis inhibiter (simvastatin), a cholesterol transport inhibitor (ezetimibe), and an activating ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, called ciprofibrate, to investigate the effects of these agents on the intraerythrocytic growth of P. falciparum, both with and without HepG2 cells as the lipoprotein feeders. P. falciparum growth was inhibited in the presence of ezetimibe, but ezetimibe was not very effective at inhibiting P. falciparum growth when used in the co-culture system, unlike simvastatin, which strongly promoted parasite growth in this system. Ezetimibe is known to inhibit cholesterol absorption by blocking the activity of Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) protein, and simvastatin is known to enhance NPC1L1 expression in the human body's small intestine. Collectively, our results support the possibility that cholesterol import by P. falciparum involves hepatocytes, and cholesterol uptake into the parasite occurs via NPC1L1 protein or an NPC1L1 homolog during the erythrocytic stages of the P. falciparum lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri H Hayakawa
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Hirotomo Kato
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Glenn A Nardone
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5766, USA
| | - Jiro Usukura
- Institute of Material and Systems for Sustainability, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Abstract
Rosuvastatin/ezetimibe combines two lipid-lowering agents: rosuvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (i.e. statin) with particularly strong inhibitory effects on hepatic cholesterol synthesis, and ezetimibe, which inhibits the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. A fixed-dose combination (FDC) of rosuvastatin/ezetimibe is indicated as an adjunctive therapy to diet for the management of primary hypercholesterolemia in adults in numerous countries worldwide. In well-designed clinical trials evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of rosuvastatin/ezetimibe administered as either separate agents or as an FDC, rosuvastatin/ezetimibe was significantly more effective than rosuvastatin monotherapy (including at double the dose of rosuvastatin) or simvastatin/ezetimibe in reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol in adults with hypercholesterolemia. Furthermore, rosuvastatin/ezetimibe enabled significantly higher proportions of patients to achieve recommended LDL-C levels than rosuvastatin monotherapy or simvastatin/ezetimibe. Rosuvastatin/ezetimibe did not significantly differ from rosuvastatin monotherapy with respect to incidences of treatment-related or serious adverse events in these short-term trials and displayed a similar safety profile to simvastatin/ezetimibe. While additional cardiovascular outcomes data and head-to-head comparisons with atorvastatin/ezetimibe would be of interest, rosuvastatin/ezetimibe is a potent and generally well-tolerated drug combination that extends the range of options available for the pharmacological management of primary hypercholesterolemia in adults.
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Calderon-Ospina CA, Hernández-Sómerson M, García AM, Mejia A, Tamayo-Agudelo C, Laissue P, Fonseca Mendoza DJ. A Pharmacogenomic Dissection of a Rosuvastatin-Induced Rhabdomyolysis Case Evokes the Polygenic Nature of Adverse Drug Reactions. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2020; 13:59-70. [PMID: 32184647 PMCID: PMC7060025 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s228709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Rosuvastatin, is a widely-used statin for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Although rosuvastatin is well tolerated, about 3/10.000 patients can suffer severe myopathy. Rhabdomyolysis is a severe medical condition that causes injury to the skeletal muscle, electrolyte imbalances, acute renal failure and extreme creatine kinase (CK) elevation. Little is known regarding the molecular involvement of rosuvastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis (RIR). It has been demonstrated that genomic variants associated with decreased enzymatic activity of proteins are important determinants in plasmatic and skeletal muscle distribution of rosuvastatin and its toxicity. Until now, no interactions of ticagrelor, ezetimibe and rosuvastatin have been described with the consideration of pharmacogenomics predisposition. The present report involves a whole-exome sequencing (WES), in a patient affected by rosuvastatin-induced rhabdomyolysis. A pharmacogenomic dissection was performed by analyzing a comprehensive subset of candidate genes (n=160) potentially related to RIR. The genes were selected according to their implication in drug metabolism or inherited myopathies. Using an innovative approach of bioinformatics analysis, considering rare and common variants, we identified 19 genomic variations potentially related to the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modifications of rosuvastatin, ezetimibe and ticagrelor. The affected genes are involved in Phase I metabolism (CYP2C19, CYP2E1, CYP1A1, CYP2D6 and CYP2C9), Phase II metabolism (UGT2B15 and UGT2B7), influx transportation (SLCO1B3 and SLCO2B1), efflux transportation (ABCG8, ABCB11, ABCC4 and ABCB1), drug targeting (NPC1L1) and inherited myopathy etiology (OBSCN). We report three rare, potentially pathogenic molecular variants in CYP2C19, NPC1L1 and OBSCN genes. Pharmacogenetic analysis indicated that the patient was a carrier of inactivating alleles in several pharmacogenes involved in drug toxicity. The whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis presented here represents an innovative way to identify genomic variants contributing with RIR´s origin and evokes the polygenic nature of adverse drug reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Calderon-Ospina
- Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences. Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mario Hernández-Sómerson
- Medical Clinic Service, Hospital Universitario Mayor Méderi-Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ana María García
- Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences. Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Mejia
- Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences. Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Caroll Tamayo-Agudelo
- Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences. Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Paul Laissue
- Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences. Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Dora Janeth Fonseca Mendoza
- Center for Research in Genetics and Genomics-CIGGUR, GENIUROS Research Group, School of Medicine and Health Sciences. Universidad Del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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13
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Kiourtzidis M, Kühn J, Schutkowski A, Baur AC, Hirche F, Stangl GI. Inhibition of Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1 by ezetimibe reduces uptake of deuterium-labeled vitamin D in mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105504. [PMID: 31682937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, orally ingested vitamin D was assumed to enter the body exclusively via simple passive diffusion. Recent data from in vitro experiments have described Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1 (Npc1l1) as an important sterol transporter for vitamin D absorption. However, short-term applications of ezetimibe, which inhibits Npc1l1, were not associated with reduced vitamin D uptake in animals and humans. The current study aimed to elucidate the effect of long-term inhibition of Npc1l1 by ezetimibe on the uptake and storage of orally administered triple deuterated vitamin D3 (vitamin D3-d3). Therefore, 30 male wild-type mice were randomly assigned into three groups and received diets with 25 μg/kg of vitamin D3-d3 that contained 0 (control group), 50 or 100 mg/kg ezetimibe for six weeks. Mice fed diets with 50 or 100 mg/kg ezetimibe had lower circulating levels of cholesterol than control mice (-12 %, -15 %, P < 0.01). In contrast, the concentrations of 7-dehydrocholesterol in serum (P < 0.001) and liver (P < 0.05) were higher in mice treated with ezetimibe than in control mice, indicating an increased sterol synthesis to compensate for cholesterol reduction. Long-term application of ezetimibe significantly reduced the concentrations of vitamin D3-d3 in the serum and tissues of mice. The magnitude of vitamin D3 reduction was comparable between the two ezetimibe groups. In comparison to the control group, mice treated with ezetimibe had lower concentrations of deuterated vitamin D3 compared with the control group in serum (62 %, P < 0.001), liver (79 %, P < 0.001), kidney (54 %, P < 0.001), adipose tissues (55 %, P < 0.001) and muscle (41 %, P < 0.001). Surprisingly, the serum concentration of deuterated 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was higher in the group fed 100 mg/kg ezetimibe than in the control group (P < 0.05). The protein expression of the vitamin D hydroxylases Cyp2r1, Cyp27a1, Cyp3a11, Cyp24a1 and Cyp2j3 in liver and Cyp27b1 and Cyp24a1 in kidney remained largely unaffected by ezetimibe. To conclude, Npc1l1 appears to be crucial for the uptake of orally ingested vitamin D because long-term inhibition of Npc1l1 by ezetimibe strongly reduced the levels of deuterium-labeled vitamin D in the body; the observed rise in deuterated 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in serum of these mice can not be explained by the expression levels of the key enzymes involved in vitamin D hydroxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikis Kiourtzidis
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
| | - Julia Kühn
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Schutkowski
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
| | - Anja C Baur
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; Competence Cluster of Cardiovascular Health and Nutrition (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Frank Hirche
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany.
| | - Gabriele I Stangl
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; Competence Cluster of Cardiovascular Health and Nutrition (nutriCARD), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
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14
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Xia B, Lin P, Ji Y, Yin J, Wang J, Yang X, Li T, Yang Z, Li F, Guo S. Ezetimibe promotes CYP7A1 and modulates PPARs as a compensatory mechanism in LDL receptor-deficient hamsters. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:24. [PMID: 32035489 PMCID: PMC7007651 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-1202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The LDL-C lowering effect of ezetimibe has been attributed primarily to increased catabolism of LDL-C via up-regulation of LDL receptor (LDLR) and decreased cholesterol absorption. Recently, ezetimibe has been demonstrated to have reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) promoting effects in mice, hamsters and humans. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not clear. The aim of this study is to investigate whether ezetimibe improves RCT-related protein expression in LDLR−/− hamsters. Methods A high-fat diet was used to induce a human-like hyperlipidemia in LDLR−/− hamsters. Lipid profiles were assayed by commercially available kits, and the effects of ezetimibe on lipid metabolism-related protein expression were carried out via western blot. Results Our data demonstrated that ezetimibe administration significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol (~ 51.6% reduction, P < 0.01) and triglyceride (from ~ 884.1 mg/dL to ~ 277.3 mg/dL) levels in LDLR−/− hamsters fed a high-fat diet. Ezetimibe administration (25 mg/kg/d) significantly promoted the protein expression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase A1 (CYP7A1), LXRβ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ; and down-regulated the protein expression of PPARα and PPARβ. However, it showed no significant effect on sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c, SREBP-2, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), and ATP-biding cassette (ABC) G5/G8. Conclusion Ezetimibe may accelerate the transformation from cholesterol to bile acid via promoting CYP7A1 and thereby enhance RCT. As a compensatory mechanism of TG lowering, ezetimibe promoted the protein expression of PPARγ and decreased PPARα and β. These results are helpful in explaining the lipid-lowering effects of ezetimibe and the potential compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xia
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yubin Ji
- College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Jiayu Yin
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.,College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.,College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Ting Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.,College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Zixun Yang
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.,College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China
| | - Fahui Li
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Shoudong Guo
- Institute of Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Innovative Drug Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, 7166# Baotongxi Street, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China. .,College of Pharmacy Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, China.
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15
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Strilchuk L, Tocci G, Fogacci F, Cicero AFG. An overview of rosuvastatin/ezetimibe association for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:531-539. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1714028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larysa Strilchuk
- Department of Therapy and Medical Diagnostics, Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Giuliano Tocci
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Cardiology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Federica Fogacci
- Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Arrigo F. G. Cicero
- Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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16
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Heterozygous Ldlr-Deficient Hamster as a Model to Evaluate the Efficacy of PCSK9 Antibody in Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235936. [PMID: 31779098 PMCID: PMC6929182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) plays a key role in cholesterol homeostasis and atherogenesis. However, there are only limited rodent models, with a functional low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) pathway and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) to evaluate the drug candidates targeting the PCSK9/LDLR pathway, that are translatable to humans. Here, by using our recently generated LDLR heterozygote (Ldlr+/−) hamster model with functional LDLR pathway and CETP function, we seek to evaluate the effect of a PCSK9 antibody, evolocumab, on dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis compared with ezetimibe, an effective inhibitor of cholesterol absorption, as a positive therapeutic control. We show that the plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) were significantly increased in Ldlr+/− hamsters fed a high-fat high-cholesterol (HFHC) diet; therefore, areas of atherosclerotic lesion in the aorta were obviously increased and positively correlated with plasma LDL-C and TC. Circulating free PCSK9 was downregulated by the HFHC diet and was undetectable in the evolocumab treated group, as expected. Most importantly, either evolocumab or ezetimibe treatment prevented HFHC diet-induced hyperlipidemia and subsequent atherosclerotic plaque formation. The results indicate that Ldlr+/− hamsters fed an HFHC diet represent an ideal rodent model to evaluate drug candidates that affect LDLR pathways.
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Abstract
Context Vitamin D is frequently prescribed as a supplement, yet its absorption remains poorly understood. Objective This systematic review was performed to evaluate data on mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption of vitamin D. Data Sources PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched. Study Selection The following studies were included: experimental laboratory studies of vitamin D absorption through the enterocyte brush-border membrane; absorption tests that used radiolabeled vitamin D; and clinical trials in adults that investigated a single dose of cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol and reported at least 2 measurements of serum cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol, or 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Data Extraction From 2069 articles identified, 46 met the inclusion criteria. Results Different methods were employed to evaluate vitamin D absorption. Recent research suggests that vitamin D absorption is not an exclusive simple diffusion process. Vitamin D was better absorbed when it was consumed with fat-containing meals, but absorption also occurred without fat or oily vehicles. Factors that modified cholesterol absorption also altered vitamin D absorption. Conclusion Vitamin D is probably absorbed through passive diffusion and a mechanism involving membrane carriers, especially cholesterol transporters, although data remain scarce. Some data suggest that fat, when consumed concomitantly with vitamin D, improves vitamin D absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Costa Silva
- School of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Tania Weber Furlanetto
- School of Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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18
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Combined Effect of Diosgenin Along with Ezetimibe or Atorvastatin on the Fate of Labelled Bile Acid and Cholesterol in Hypercholesterolemic Rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040627. [PMID: 30791676 PMCID: PMC6406618 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the effect of diosgenin, administered with atorvastatin or ezetimibe, on the fate of 3H(G)-taurocholic acid or 26-14C-cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic rats. Male Wistar rats received a hypercholesterolemic diet (HD), HD + atorvastatin (HD+ATV), HD + ezetimibe (HD+EZT), HD + diosgenin (HD+DG), HD+ATV+EZT, or HD+ATV+DG for 40 days. We also included a control normal group (ND). The labelled compounds were administered on day 30. The animals were placed in metabolic cages for daily feces collection. At day 40 the rats were sacrificed. Lipid extracts from blood, liver, spinal cord, testicles, kidneys, epididymis, intestine, and feces were analyzed for radioactivity. Cholesterol activity was the highest in the liver in HD rats. DG diminished one half of this activity in HD+DG and HD+ATV+DG groups in comparison with the HD group. HD+ATV rats showed four to almost ten-fold cholesterol activity in the spinal cord compared with the ND or HD rats. Fecal elimination of neutral steroids was approximately two-fold higher in the HD+DG and HD+ATV+DG groups. Taurocholic acid activity was four to ten-fold higher in HD+DG intestine as compared to the other experimental groups. Taurocholic activity in the liver of HD and HD+DG groups was two and a half higher than in ND. Our results show that the combination of DG and ATV induced the highest cholesterol reduction in the liver and other tissues.
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19
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Peyrovi M, Hadjmohammadi M, Saeidi I. Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticle-based molecularly imprinted polymer as a selective sorbent for efficient extraction of ezetimibe from biological samples. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4404. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moazameh Peyrovi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Mazandaran; Babolsar Iran
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20
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Kim W, Yoon YE, Shin SH, Bae JW, Hong BK, Hong SJ, Sung KC, Han SH, Kim W, Rhee MY, Kim SH, Lee SE, Hyon MS, Hwang GS, Son JW, Kim JY, Kim MK, Kim SW, Park JH, Shin JH, Park CG. Efficacy and Safety of Ezetimibe and Rosuvastatin Combination Therapy Versus Those of Rosuvastatin Monotherapy in Patients With Primary Hypercholesterolemia. Clin Ther 2018; 40:993-1013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss recent insights into the measurement and cellular basis of transintestinal cholesterol excretion (TICE) in humans and to explore TICE as a therapeutic target for increasing reverse cholesterol transport. RECENT FINDINGS TICE is the net effect of cholesterol excretion by the enterocyte into the intestinal lumen and is the balance between input and output fluxes through the enterocytes. These fluxes are: cholesterol excretion into the intestinal lumen mainly via ATP-binding cassette (ABC) G5/8, cholesterol absorption from the intestine by Niemann-Pick C1 like protein 1, the uptake of plasma lipoproteins by enterocytes at the basolateral membrane, and the excretion of cholesterol in chylomicrons into the lymph. Multiple studies have shown that TICE contributes to fecal neutral sterol (FNS) excretion in humans. TICE can be targeted with plant sterols, liver X receptor agonists, bile acids, ezetimibe, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors. SUMMARY TICE contributes significantly to FNS excretion in humans, independently of the biliary pathway. Knowledge about its underlying cellular mechanisms surges through in-vivo and in-vitro studies in mice and humans. TICE might be an interesting therapeutic target for increasing cholesterol disposal with the feces. Albeit multiple therapeutic options are available, studies showing clinical benefit are still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Albert K Groen
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late Phase III trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. The monographs are published in printed form and on diskettes that allow customization. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800–322–4349. The March 2003 monograph topics are adalimumab, eletriptan, cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion, montelukast for allergic rhinitis, and icodextrin peritoneal dialysis solution. The DUE is on adalimumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J. Cada
- The Formulary, 310 North Riverpoint Boulevard, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210–1495
| | - Terri Levien
- Drug Information Pharmacist, Drug Information Center, Washington State University Spokane, 310 North Riverpoint Boulevard, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210–1495
| | - Danial E. Baker
- Drug Information Center and College of Pharmacy, Washington State University Spokane, 310 North Riverpoint Boulevard, PO Box 1495, Spokane, WA 99210–1495
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23
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Anchi P, Khurana A, Bale S, Godugu C. The Role of Plant-derived Products in Pancreatitis: Experimental and Clinical Evidence. Phytother Res 2017; 31:591-623. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Anchi
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar; Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar; Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Swarna Bale
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar; Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology; National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar; Hyderabad Telangana India
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Fraunberger P, Gröne E, Gröne HJ, Drexel H, Walli AK. Ezetimibe reduces cholesterol content and NF-kappaB activation in liver but not in intestinal tissue in guinea pigs. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2017; 14:3. [PMID: 28167864 PMCID: PMC5288872 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-017-0150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Statins (HMG CoA reductase inhibitors), in addition to reducing circulating cholesterol and incidence of coronary heart disease, also have pleiotropic, anti-inflammatory effects. Patients with chronic liver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) or hepatitis C are often excluded from statin therapy because of adverse effects in a small cohort of patients despite increased cardiovascular risk cholesterol. Ezetimibe, which inhibits cholesterol absorption by inhibition of Niemann-Pick C1 like 1 (NPC1L1) protein in the brush border of intestinal cells, has been suggested as a new therapeutic option in these patients. Methods Effects of ezetimibe on lipoprotein metabolism, hepatic and intestinal lipid content in guinea pigs, an animal model with a lipoprotein profile and pattern similar to humans were investigated. In order to investigate a possible effect of ezetimibe on cholesterol induced inflammation NF-kappaB activation as an indicator for inflammatory processes in liver and gut tissue was measured. Results Lipid enriched diet led to accumulation of lipids in hepatic tissue which caused strong hepatic NF-kappaB activation. Ezetimibe reduced lipid diet induced increase of circulating cholesterol by about 77% and prevent hepatic NF-kappaB activation almost completely. In contrast in intestinal cells Ezetimibe, though lowering diet induced cholesterol accumulation, increased triglyceride content and subsequent NF-kappaB activation. Conclusion In summary these data show, that ezetimibe effectively reduced diet induced circulating cholesterol levels, hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in our guinea pig model. However this drug elicited a local inflammatory response in intestinal tissue. Whether these diverse effects of ezetimibe on inflammatory parameters such as NF-kappaB have clinical relevance remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fraunberger
- Medical Central Laboratories, Carinagasse 41, A-6800 Feldkirch, Austria.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Gröne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heinz Drexel
- Vorarlberger Institute of Vascular Investigation and Treatment (VIVIT), Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Autar K Walli
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Nashimoto S, Sato Y, Takekuma Y, Sugawara M. Inhibitory effect of ezetimibe can be prevented by an administration interval of 4 h between α-tocopherol and ezetimibe. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 38:280-289. [PMID: 28027412 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tocopherol is used not only as an ethical drug but also as a supplement. In 2008, it was reported that α-tocopherol is partly transported via an intestinal cholesterol transporter, Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1). Ezetimibe, a selective inhibitor of NPC1L1, is administered for a long time to inhibit cholesterol absorption and there is a possibility that the absorption of α-tocopherol is also inhibited by ezetimibe. This study investigated the influence of ezetimibe on the absorption of α-tocopherol with single administration and long-term administration. An approach to avoid its undesirable consequence was also examined. α-Tocopherol (10 mg/kg) and ezetimibe (0.1 mg/kg) were administered to rats, and the plasma concentration profiles of α-tocopherol and tissue concentrations were investigated. The plasma concentration of α-tocopherol was decreased by the combination use of ezetimibe in the case of concurrent single administration. On the other hand, inhibition of the absorption of α-tocopherol was prevented by an administration interval of 4 h. In a group of rats administered for 2 months with a 4 h interval, not only the plasma concentration but also the liver concentration was increased compared with those in a group with concurrent combination intake of α-tocopherol and ezetimibe. The absorption of α-tocopherol was inhibited by ezetimibe. The inhibitory effect of ezetimibe can be prevented by an administration interval of 4 h, although ezetimibe is a medicine of enterohepatic circulation. Attention should be paid to the use of ezetimibe and components of NPC1L1 substrates such as α-tocopherol. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Nashimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yoh Takekuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sugawara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita-12-jo, Nishi-6-chome, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan
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Effects of Combination of Ezetimibe and Rosuvastatin on Coronary Artery Plaque in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 25:459-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Takekawa Y, Sato Y, Yamaki Y, Imai M, Noto K, Sumi M, Takekuma Y, Iseki K, Sugawara M. An Approach to Improve Intestinal Absorption of Poorly Absorbed Water-Insoluble Components via Niemann–Pick C1-Like 1. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:301-7. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Takekawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Yuki Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Mei Imai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Kazuma Noto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Masato Sumi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Yoh Takekuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Ken Iseki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
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Sim DS, Jeong MH, Park DS, Kim JH, Lim KS, Kim HK, Kim SS, Cho JY, Jeong HC, Park KH, Hong YJ, Kim JH, Ahn Y, Cho JG, Park JC. Effect of pretreatment of ezetimibe/simvastatin on arterial healing and endothelialization after drug-eluting stent implantation in a porcine coronary restenosis model. Korean Circ J 2015; 45:110-6. [PMID: 25810732 PMCID: PMC4372976 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2015.45.2.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives We sought to evaluate the effect of the early use of ezetimibe/simvastatin (Vytorin®) on arterial healing and endothelialization after the implantation of a drug-eluting stent (DES) in a porcine model of coronary restenosis. Materials and Methods A total of 20 pigs (40 coronary arteries) were randomly allocated to a pretreatment or no treatment group. The pretreatment group (n=20) received oral ezetimibe/simvastatin (10/20 mg) daily for 7 days before stenting and the no pretreatment group (n=20) did not. All pigs were treated with ezetimibe/simvastatin (10/20 mg) daily after stenting for 4 weeks. Stenting was performed using a bare-metal stent (BMS, n=10) and three types of DES: biolimus A9-eluting stent (BES, n=10), zotarolimus-eluting stent (ZES, n=10), and everolimus-eluting stents (EES, n=10). Four weeks later, pigs underwent a follow-up coronary angiography and were sacrificed for histopathologic analysis. Results There were no significant differences between the pretreatment and no pretreatment groups in the internal elastic lamina area, lumen area, neointima area, stenotic area, injury score, fibrin score, and inflammation score. In both groups, the fibrin score was higher in pigs with DES than in BMS, particularly in ZES and EES. The inflammatory score was not different between DES and BMS. Conclusion In a porcine model of coronary restenosis, pretreatment with ezetimibe/simvastatin before DES implantation failed to improve arterial healing and endothelialization compared to treatment after stenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Sun Sim
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myung Ho Jeong
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dae Sung Park
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung Ha Kim
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung Seob Lim
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun Kuk Kim
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Cho
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hae Chang Jeong
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Keun Ho Park
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Joon Hong
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Gwan Cho
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong Chun Park
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital Designated by Korea Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, Gwangju, Korea
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Baťová J, Imramovský A, Hanusek J. Aminolysis of ezetimibe. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:495-500. [PMID: 25686539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aminolysis of ezetimibe (1) and the structurally similar (3R*,4S*)-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methylazetidin-2-one (4a) giving the corresponding β-aminoamides 2a-d and 5a-c was studied spectrophotometrically under pseudo-first order conditions in aqueous butylamine, 3-methoxypropylamine, 2-methoxyethylamine and 2-hydroxyethylamine buffer solutions at 39°C. It was found that the reaction mechanism involves uncatalyzed nucleophilic attack of an amine on the azetidinone carbonyl group as the rate-limiting step. On the basis of the Brønsted β(Nuc) value (0.58 and 0.55 respectively) an early transition state was proposed in which the extent of C-N(amine) bond formation is low and the C-N(lactam) bond remains almost intact. It was also found that the presence of the phenolic group has a crucial role in the aminolysis because the analogous O-methyl derivative 4b does not react with amines at all. This observation would explain the fact that aminolysis of ezetimibe was not observed in human serum albumins where faster glucuronidation which blocks the phenolic hydroxide group occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Baťová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, The Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Imramovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, The Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Hanusek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, 532 10 Pardubice, The Czech Republic.
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Mohammadi A, Vafaei SA, Nabi Moradi M, Ahmadi M, Pourjafar M, Abbasi Oshaghi E. Combination of Ezetimibe and Garlic Reduces Serum Lipids and Intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 Expression More Effectively in Hypercholesterolemic Mice. AVICENNA JOURNAL OF MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.17795/ajmb-23205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Zhang D, Su J. Investigation of reduction process and related impurities in ezetimibe. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 107:355-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zambrano T, Saavedra N, Lanas F, Caamaño J, Salazar LA. Efficacy of Ezetimibe Is Not Related to NPC1L1 Gene Polymorphisms in a Pilot Study of Chilean Hypercholesterolemic Subjects. Mol Diagn Ther 2015; 19:45-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-014-0128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Baťová J, Imramovský A, HájÍček J, Hejtmánková L, Hanusek J. Kinetics and Mechanism of the Base-Catalyzed Rearrangement and Hydrolysis of Ezetimibe. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2240-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mensi A, Borel P, Goncalves A, Nowicki M, Gleize B, Roi S, Chobert JM, Haertlé T, Reboul E. β-lactoglobulin as a vector for β-carotene food fortification. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5916-5924. [PMID: 24857546 DOI: 10.1021/jf501683s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Food fortification is a strategy to overcome vitamin A deficiency in developing countries. Our aim was to investigate the involvement of the bovine milk protein β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), a potential retinoid carrier, in vitamin A absorption. In vivo experiments were conducted by force-feeding mice with retinol or β-carotene associated with either β-Lg or oil-in-water emulsion, with subsequent determination of both vitamin A intestinal mucosa and plasma contents. Caco-2 cells were then used to investigate the mechanisms of vitamin A uptake when delivered by either β-Lg or mixed micelles. We showed that β-Lg was as efficient as emulsion to promote β-carotene, but not retinol, absorption in mice. Similar results were obtained in vitro. Interestingly, an inhibitor of the Scavenger Receptor Class B Type I significantly decreased the uptake of micellar β-carotene but not that of β-carotene bound to β-Lg. Overall, we showed that β-Lg would be a good vector for β-carotene food fortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza Mensi
- Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, UR 1268 , F-44316 Nantes, France
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Amano Y, Shimada M, Miura S, Adachi R, Tozawa R. Antidyslipidemic effects of a farnesoid X receptor antagonist in primates. Life Sci 2014; 106:25-31. [PMID: 24787893 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated antidyslipidemic effects of a farnesoid X receptor antagonist compound-T3 in non-human primates as a novel treatment approach for dyslipidemia. MAIN METHODS Cynomolgus monkeys were fed a high-fat diet over 3 weeks. Drugs were administered to the monkeys for a week, and their plasma and fecal lipid parameters were measured. KEY FINDINGS Compound-T3 dose-dependently decreased the plasma non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels in high-fat diet-fed cynomolgus monkeys. The plasma levels of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, a marker of hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase activity, and total fecal bile acid levels increased, suggesting that the hypocholesterolemic effects would be dependent on the activation of cholesterol catabolism in the liver. Compound-T3 significantly increased the plasma levels of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I. In this condition, the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe significantly decreased the plasma non-HDL cholesterol levels and increased the fecal cholesterol levels without affecting plasma HDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine tended to decrease plasma non-HDL cholesterol and increase fecal bile acid levels. The cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor torcetrapib significantly increased plasma HDL cholesterol levels without affecting plasma non-HDL cholesterol and fecal cholesterol levels. SIGNIFICANCE The results of ezetimibe, cholestyramine, and torcetrapib treatments indicate that our high-fat diet fed monkey model would be a preferred animal model for studying non-statin type antidyslipidemic drugs. Compound-T3 significantly decreased non-HDL cholesterol levels and increased HDL cholesterol levels in the monkey model, suggesting that a farnesoid X receptor antagonist could be a therapeutic option in human dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Amano
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Mitsuyuki Shimada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shotaro Miura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Adachi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Tozawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Mangili OC, Moron Gagliardi AC, Mangili LC, Mesquita CH, Machado Cesar LA, Tanaka A, Schaefer EJ, Maranhão RC, Santos RD. Favorable effects of ezetimibe alone or in association with simvastatin on the removal from plasma of chylomicrons in coronary heart disease subjects. Atherosclerosis 2014; 233:319-25. [PMID: 24503114 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reductions on the clearance from plasma of chylomicrons are associated with atherosclerosis. Statins improve the removal from plasma of chylomicrons in a dose dependent manner. There is controversy whether ezetimibe modifies the plasma clearance of chylomicrons. Effects of ezetimibe alone or in combination with simvastatin were compared with low and high dose of the latter, upon the kinetics of a chylomicron-like emulsion in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. METHODS 25 CHD patients were randomized for treatment with ezetimibe 10 mg (group 1) or simvastatin 20 mg (group 2) with progression to ezetimibe + simvastatin 10/20 mg or simvastatin 80 mg, respectively. Kinetic studies were performed at baseline and after each treatment period of 6 weeks. The fractional catabolic rates (FCR) of the emulsion labeled with (14)C-CE and (3)H-TG, that represent respectively chylomicron remnant and triglyceride removal, were calculated. Comparisons were made by ANOVA. RESULTS The (14)CE-FCR in group 1 were 0.005 ± 0.004, 0.011 ± 0.008 and 0.018 ± 0.005 min(-1) and in group 2 were 0.004 ± 0.003, 0.011 ± 0.008 and 0.019 ± 0.007 min(-1) respectively at baseline, after 6 and 12 weeks (p < 0.05 vs. baseline, and 6 vs. 12 weeks). The (3)H-TG-FCR in group 1 were 0.017 ± 0.011, 0.024 ± 0.011 and 0.042 ± 0.013 min(-1) and in group 2 were 0.016 ± 0.009, 0.022 ± 0.009 and 0.037 ± 0.012 min(-1) at baseline, after 6 and 12 weeks (p < 0.05 vs. baseline, and 6 vs. 12 weeks). There were no differences between groups in time. CONCLUSION Both treatments increased similarly the removal from plasma of chylomicron and remnants in CHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otavio Celeste Mangili
- Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo Medical Scholl Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana C Moron Gagliardi
- Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo Medical Scholl Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos H Mesquita
- Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, IPEN, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Machado Cesar
- Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo Medical Scholl Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ernst J Schaefer
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University and Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raul C Maranhão
- Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo Medical Scholl Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raul D Santos
- Heart Institute (InCor) University of Sao Paulo Medical Scholl Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Bandyopadhyay S, Katare OP, Singh B. Development of optimized supersaturable self-nanoemulsifying systems of ezetimibe: effect of polymers and efflux transporters. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:479-92. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.877885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Wang TY, Liu M, Portincasa P, Wang DQH. New insights into the molecular mechanism of intestinal fatty acid absorption. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:1203-23. [PMID: 24102389 PMCID: PMC3996833 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary fat is one of the most important energy sources of all the nutrients. Fatty acids, stored as triacylglycerols (also called triglycerides) in the body, are an important reservoir of stored energy and derived primarily from animal fats and vegetable oils. DESIGN Although the molecular mechanisms for the transport of water-insoluble amphipathic fatty acids across cell membranes have been debated for many years, it is now believed that the dominant means for intestinal fatty acid uptake is via membrane-associated fatty acid-binding proteins, that is, fatty acid transporters on the apical membrane of enterocytes. RESULTS These findings indicate that intestinal fatty acid absorption is a multistep process that is regulated by multiple genes at the enterocyte level, and intestinal fatty acid absorption efficiency could be determined by factors influencing intraluminal fatty acid molecules across the brush border membrane of enterocytes. To facilitate research on intestinal, hepatic and plasma triacylglycerol metabolism, it is imperative to establish standard protocols for precisely and accurately measuring the efficiency of intestinal fatty acid absorption in humans and animal models. In this review, we will discuss the chemical structure and nomenclature of fatty acids and summarize recent progress in investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the intestinal absorption of fatty acids, with a particular emphasis on the physical chemistry of intestinal lipids and the molecular physiology of intestinal fatty acid transporters. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the molecular mechanism of intestinal fatty acid absorption should lead to novel approaches to the treatment and the prevention of fatty acid-related metabolic diseases that are prevalent worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Y Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Lotfy HM, Hegazy MAM. Simultaneous determination of some cholesterol-lowering drugs in their binary mixture by novel spectrophotometric methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 113:107-114. [PMID: 23711399 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Four simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods manipulating ratio spectra were developed and validated for simultaneous determination of simvastatin (SM) and ezetimibe (EZ) namely; extended ratio subtraction (EXRSM), simultaneous ratio subtraction (SRSM), ratio difference (RDSM) and absorption factor (AFM). The proposed spectrophotometric procedures do not require any preliminary separation step. The accuracy, precision and linearity ranges of the proposed methods were determined, and the methods were validated and the specificity was assessed by analyzing synthetic mixtures containing the cited drugs. The four methods were applied for the determination of the cited drugs in tablets and the obtained results were statistically compared with each other and with those of a reported HPLC method. The comparison showed that there is no significant difference between the proposed methods and the reported method regarding both accuracy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayam Mahmoud Lotfy
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, 11562 Cairo, Egypt
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van der Wulp MYM, Verkade HJ, Groen AK. Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:1-16. [PMID: 22721653 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It is caused by a disturbed balance between cholesterol secretion into the blood versus uptake. The pathways involved are regulated via a complex interplay of enzymes, transport proteins, transcription factors and non-coding RNA's. The last two decades insight into underlying mechanisms has increased vastly but there are still a lot of unknowns, particularly regarding intracellular cholesterol transport. After decades of concentration on the liver, in recent years the intestine has come into focus as an important control point in cholesterol homeostasis. This review will discuss current knowledge of cholesterol physiology, with emphasis on cholesterol absorption, cholesterol synthesis and fecal excretion, and new (possible) therapeutic options for hypercholesterolemia.
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Wang HH, Portincasa P, de Bari O, Liu KJ, Garruti G, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Wang DQH. Prevention of cholesterol gallstones by inhibiting hepatic biosynthesis and intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Eur J Clin Invest 2013; 43:413-26. [PMID: 23419155 PMCID: PMC3996849 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholesterol cholelithiasis is a multifactorial disease influenced by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors and represents a failure of biliary cholesterol homoeostasis in which the physical-chemical balance of cholesterol solubility in bile is disturbed. DESIGN The primary pathophysiologic event is persistent hepatic hypersecretion of biliary cholesterol, which has both hepatic and small intestinal components. The majority of the environmental factors are probably related to Western-type dietary habits, including excess cholesterol consumption. RESULTS Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in the United States, is nowadays a major treatment for gallstones. However, it is invasive and can cause surgical complications, and not all patients with symptomatic gallstones are candidates for surgery. The hydrophilic bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), has been employed as first-line pharmacological therapy in a subgroup of symptomatic patients with small, radiolucent cholesterol gallstones. Long-term administration of UDCA can promote the dissolution of cholesterol gallstones. However, the optimal use of UDCA is not always achieved in clinical practice because of failure to titrate the dose adequately. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, the development of novel, effective and noninvasive therapies is crucial for reducing the costs of health care associated with gallstones. In this review, we summarize recent progress in investigating the inhibitory effects of ezetimibe and statins on intestinal absorption and hepatic biosynthesis of cholesterol, respectively, for the treatment of gallstones, as well as in elucidating their molecular mechanisms by which combination therapy could prevent this very common liver disease worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen H Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
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43
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Bandyopadhyay S, Katare O, Singh B. Optimized self nano-emulsifying systems of ezetimibe with enhanced bioavailability potential using long chain and medium chain triglycerides. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 100:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Shirouchi B, Nakamura Y, Furukawa Y, Shiraishi A, Tomoyori H, Imaizumi K, Sato M. Ezetimibe inhibits lymphatic transport of esterified cholesterol but not free cholesterol in thoracic lymph duct-cannulated rats. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2012; 26:427-31. [PMID: 22798197 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-012-6403-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ezetimibe has been shown to inhibit dietary cholesterol absorption in animal models and humans, but studies on lymphatic lipid transport have not yet been performed. Rats subjected to permanent lymph duct cannulation were used to investigate the effects of ezetimibe on lipid transport. METHODS Rats were fed diets with and without ezetimibe (5.0 mg/kg), and their lymph was collected after feeding to quantify lymphatic lipid levels. Total cholesterol content in the intestinal mucosa was also measured. RESULTS Rats that consumed ezetimibe had significantly lower lymphatic total cholesterol transport with the reduction of esterified cholesterol transport. According to the calculation based on cholesterol consumption, ezetimibe reduced the total cholesterol lymphatic recovery rate by 54 %. We also determined that ezetimibe significantly reduced the total cholesterol content in the intestinal mucosa. CONCLUSION This is the first direct evidence that ezetimibe inhibits esterified but not free cholesterol lymphatic transport in thoracic duct-cannulated rats. The results also indicate that ezetimibe is not involved in the lymphatic transport of triacylglycerols, phospholipids, or α-tocopherol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bungo Shirouchi
- Laboratory of Nutrition Chemistry, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, , Higashi-ku,, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
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Araujo M, Botto P, Mazza C. Uso de ezetimibe en el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia. An Pediatr (Barc) 2012; 77:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Naples M, Baker C, Lino M, Iqbal J, Hussain MM, Adeli K. Ezetimibe ameliorates intestinal chylomicron overproduction and improves glucose tolerance in a diet-induced hamster model of insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G1043-52. [PMID: 22345552 PMCID: PMC4380478 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00250.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ezetimibe is a cholesterol uptake inhibitor that targets the Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 cholesterol transporter. Ezetimibe treatment has been shown to cause significant decreases in plasma cholesterol levels in patients with hypercholesterolemia and familial hypercholesterolemia. A recent study in humans has shown that ezetimibe can decrease the release of atherogenic postprandial intestinal lipoproteins. In the present study, we evaluated the mechanisms by which ezetimibe treatment can lower postprandial apoB48-containing chylomicron particles, using a hyperlipidemic and insulin-resistant hamster model fed a diet rich in fructose and fat (the FF diet) and fructose, fat, and cholesterol (the FFC diet). Male Syrian Golden hamsters were fed either chow or the FF or FFC diet ± ezetimibe for 2 wk. After 2 wk, chylomicron production was assessed following intravenous triton infusion. Tissues were then collected and analyzed for protein and mRNA content. FFC-fed hamsters treated with ezetimibe showed improved glucose tolerance, decreased fasting insulin levels, and markedly reduced circulating levels of TG and cholesterol in both the LDL and VLDL fractions. Examination of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fractions showed that ezetimibe treatment reduced postprandial cholesterol content in TRL lipoproteins as well as reducing apoB48 content. Although ezetimibe did not decrease TRL-TG levels in FFC hamsters, ezetimibe treatment in FF hamsters resulted in decreases in TRL-TG. Jejunal apoB48 protein expression was lower in ezetimibe-treated hamsters. Reductions in jejunal protein levels of scavenger receptor type B-1 (SRB-1) and fatty acid transport protein 4 were also observed. In addition, ezetimibe-treated hamsters showed significantly lower jejunal mRNA expression of a number of genes involved in lipid synthesis and transport, including srebp-1c, sr-b1, ppar-γ, and abcg1. These data suggest that treatment with ezetimibe not only inhibits cholesterol uptake, but may also alter intestinal function to promote improved handling of dietary lipids and reduced chylomicron production. These, in turn, promote decreases in fasting and postprandial lipid levels and improvements in glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Naples
- 1Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
| | - Chris Baker
- 1Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
| | - Marsel Lino
- 1Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
| | | | | | - Khosrow Adeli
- 1Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada;
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Abstract
Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) often have dyslipidemia along with other features of metabolic syndrome such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. The dyslipidemia in NAFLD is characterized by increased serum triglycerides, increased small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL nontype A) particles, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. The pathogenesis of dyslipidemia in NAFLD is not well understood, but it is likely related to hepatic overproduction of the very low-density lipoprotein particles and dysregulated clearance of lipoproteins from the circulation. There is unequivocal evidence that cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of mortality in patients with NAFLD. Aggressive treatment of dyslipidemia plays a critical role in the overall management of patients with NAFLD. Statins are the first-line agents to treat high cholesterol and their dosage should be adjusted based on achieving therapeutic targets and tolerability. Although all statins appear to be effective in improving cholesterol levels in patients with NAFLD, there is more experience with atorvastatin in patients with NAFLD; furthermore, it is the only statin to date to show a reduced cardiovascular morbidity in patients with NAFLD. The risk for serious liver injury from statins is quite rare and patients with NAFLD are not at increased risk for statin hepatotoxicity. Omega-3 fatty acids are perhaps the first choice to treat hypertriglyceridemia because of their safety, tolerability, and efficacy in improving serum triglycerides, as well as their potential to improve liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Chatrath
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Raj Vuppalanchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Naga Chalasani
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Enhancement of Intestinal Permeability Utilizing Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Increases γ-Tocotrienol Oral Bioavailability. Lipids 2012; 47:461-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3655-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Chimalakonda KR, Gudala V, Gutta M, Polisetty S, Koduri SVS. Development and Validation of Chiral HPLC Method for Identification and Quantification of (R)-Enantiomer in Ezetimibe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2012.37063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Harrison EH. Mechanisms involved in the intestinal absorption of dietary vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1821:70-7. [PMID: 21718801 PMCID: PMC3525326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient for humans and is converted to the visual chromophore, 11-cis-retinal, and to the hormone, retinoic acid. Vitamin A in animal-derived foods is found as long chain acyl esters of retinol and these are digested to free fatty acids and retinol before uptake by the intestinal mucosal cell. The retinol is then reesterified to retinyl esters for incorporation into chlylomicrons and absorbed via the lymphatics or effluxed into the portal circulation facilitated by the lipid transporter, ABCA1. Provitamin A carotenoids such as β-carotene are found in plant-derived foods. These and other carotenoids are transported into the mucosal cell by scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). Provitamin A carotenoids are partly converted to retinol by oxygenase and reductase enzymes and the retinol so produced is available for absorption via the two pathways described above. The efficiency of vitamin A and carotenoid intestinal absorption is determined by the regulation of a number of proteins involved in the process. Polymorphisms in genes for these proteins lead to individual variability in the metabolism and transport of vitamin A and carotenoids. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Retinoid and Lipid Metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl H Harrison
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, 350 Campell Hall, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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