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Dai Y, Kretz CA, Kim PY, Gross PL. A specific fluorescence resonance energy quenching-based biosensor for measuring thrombin activity in whole blood. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:1627-1639. [PMID: 38382740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At sites of vessel injury, thrombin acts as the central mediator of coagulation by catalyzing fibrin clot formation and platelet activation. Thrombin generation is most frequently measured in plasma samples using small-molecule substrates; however, these have low specificity for thrombin and limited utility in whole blood. Plasma assays are limited because they ignore the hemostatic contributions of blood cells and require anticoagulation and the addition of supraphysiological concentrations of calcium. OBJECTIVES To overcome these limitations, we designed and characterized a fluorescence resonance energy quenching-based thrombin sensor (FTS) protein. METHODS The fluorescence resonance energy quenching pair of mAmetrine and tTomato, separated by a thrombin recognition sequence, was developed. The protein was expressed using Escherichia coli, and purity was assessed using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The cleavage of FTS was monitored by fluorescence using excitation at 406 nm and emission at 526 nm and 581 nm. RESULTS Compared with small-molecule substrates, the FTS demonstrated high specificity for thrombin; it is not cleaved by thrombin or inhibited by α2-macroglobulin and interacts with thrombin's anion-binding exosite I. The FTS can effectively measure thrombin generation in plasma and in finger-prick whole blood, which allows it to be developed into a point-of-care test of thrombin generation. The FTS does not inhibit standard thrombin-generation assays. Lastly, FTS-based thrombin generation in nonanticoagulated finger-prick blood was delayed but enhanced compared with that in citrated plasma. CONCLUSION The FTS will broaden our understanding of thrombin generation in ways that are not attainable with current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dai
- Hamilton Health Sciences and Departments of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin A Kretz
- Hamilton Health Sciences and Departments of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Y Kim
- Hamilton Health Sciences and Departments of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter L Gross
- Hamilton Health Sciences and Departments of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Millán Solano MV, Salinas Lara C, Sánchez-Garibay C, Soto-Rojas LO, Escobedo-Ávila I, Tena-Suck ML, Ortíz-Butrón R, Choreño-Parra JA, Romero-López JP, Meléndez Camargo ME. Effect of Systemic Inflammation in the CNS: A Silent History of Neuronal Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11902. [PMID: 37569277 PMCID: PMC10419139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections including meningitis and encephalitis, resulting from the blood-borne spread of specific microorganisms, provoke nervous tissue damage due to the inflammatory process. Moreover, different pathologies such as sepsis can generate systemic inflammation. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces the release of inflammatory mediators and damage molecules, which are then released into the bloodstream and can interact with structures such as the CNS, thus modifying the blood-brain barrier's (BBB´s) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier´s (BCSFB´s) function and inducing aseptic neuroinflammation. During neuroinflammation, the participation of glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) plays an important role. They release cytokines, chemokines, reactive oxygen species, nitrogen species, peptides, and even excitatory amino acids that lead to neuronal damage. The neurons undergo morphological and functional changes that could initiate functional alterations to neurodegenerative processes. The present work aims to explain these processes and the pathophysiological interactions involved in CNS damage in the absence of microbes or inflammatory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Verónica Millán Solano
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.V.M.S.); (C.S.-G.); (L.O.S.-R.); (I.E.-Á.); (J.P.R.-L.)
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos’ıo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - Citlaltepetl Salinas Lara
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.V.M.S.); (C.S.-G.); (L.O.S.-R.); (I.E.-Á.); (J.P.R.-L.)
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Carlos Sánchez-Garibay
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.V.M.S.); (C.S.-G.); (L.O.S.-R.); (I.E.-Á.); (J.P.R.-L.)
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Luis O. Soto-Rojas
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.V.M.S.); (C.S.-G.); (L.O.S.-R.); (I.E.-Á.); (J.P.R.-L.)
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - Itzel Escobedo-Ávila
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.V.M.S.); (C.S.-G.); (L.O.S.-R.); (I.E.-Á.); (J.P.R.-L.)
- Departamento de Neurodesarrollo y Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Lilia Tena-Suck
- Departamento de Neuropatología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suarez, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Rocío Ortíz-Butrón
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología de ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico;
| | - José Alberto Choreño-Parra
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Genetics, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cos’ıo Villegas, Mexico City 14080, Mexico;
| | - José Pablo Romero-López
- Red MEDICI, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico; (M.V.M.S.); (C.S.-G.); (L.O.S.-R.); (I.E.-Á.); (J.P.R.-L.)
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Laboratorio 4, Edificio A4, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla 54090, Mexico
| | - María Estela Meléndez Camargo
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Manuel Luis Stampa S/N, U.P. Adolfo López Mateos, Mexico City 07738, Mexico;
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Sepsis-Induced Brain Dysfunction: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:1328729. [PMID: 36062193 PMCID: PMC9433216 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1328729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated host response to infection, which cause life-threatening organ dysfunction, was defined as sepsis. Sepsis can cause acute and long-term brain dysfunction, namely, sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) and cognitive impairment. SAE refers to changes in consciousness without direct evidence of central nervous system infection. It is highly prevalent and may cause poor outcomes in sepsis patients. Cognitive impairment seriously affects the life quality of sepsis patients and increases the medical burden. The pathogenesis of sepsis-induced brain dysfunction is mainly characterized by the interaction of systemic inflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, neuroinflammation, microcirculation dysfunction, and brain dysfunction. Currently, the diagnosis of sepsis-induced brain dysfunction is based on clinical manifestation of altered consciousness along with neuropathological examination, and the treatment is mainly involves controlling sepsis. Although treatments for sepsis-induced brain dysfunction have been tested in animals, clinical treat sepsis-induced brain dysfunction is still difficult. Therefore, we review the underlying mechanisms of sepsis-induced brain injury, which mainly focus on the influence of systemic inflammation on BBB, neuroinflammation, brain microcirculation, and the brain function, which want to bring new mechanism-based directions for future basic and clinical research aimed at preventing or ameliorating brain dysfunction.
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Platelet binding to polymerizing fibrin is avidity driven and requires activated αIIbβ3 but not fibrin cross-linking. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3986-4002. [PMID: 34647980 PMCID: PMC8945615 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet interaction with polymerizing fibrin is avidity driven and requires activated αIIbβ3 but not fibrin cross-linking. The mechanism by which αIIbβ3 interacts with polymerizing fibrin differs subtly from the interaction of αIIbβ3 with fibrinogen.
The molecular basis of platelet-fibrin interactions remains poorly understood despite the predominance of fibrin in thrombi. We have studied the interaction of platelets with polymerizing fibrin by adding thrombin to washed platelets in the presence of the peptide RGDW, which inhibits the initial platelet aggregation mediated by fibrinogen binding to αIIbβ3 but leaves intact a delayed increase in light transmission (delayed wave; DW) as platelets interact with the polymerizing fibrin. The DW was absent in platelets from a patient with Glanzmann thrombasthenia, indicating a requirement for αIIbβ3. The DW required αIIbb3 activation and it was inhibited by the αIIbβ3 antagonists eptifibatide and the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 7E3, but only at much higher concentrations than needed to inhibit platelet aggregation initiated by a thrombin receptor activating peptide (T6). Surface plasmon resonance and scanning electron microscopy studies both supported fibrin having greater avidity for αIIbβ3 than fibrinogen rather than greater affinity, consistent with fibrin’s multivalency. mAb 10E5, a potent inhibitor of T6-induced platelet aggregation, did not inhibit the DW, suggesting that fibrin differs from fibrinogen in its mechanism of binding. Inhibition of factor XIII–mediated fibrin cross-linking by >95% reduced the DW by only 32%. Clot retraction showed a pattern of inhibition similar to that of the DW. We conclude that activated αIIbβ3 is the primary mediator of platelet-fibrin interactions leading to clot retraction, and that the interaction is avidity driven, does not require fibrin cross-linking, and is mediated by a mechanism that differs subtly from that of the interaction of αIIbβ3 with fibrinogen.
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5
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Beraldo E, Coelho GR, Sciani JM, Pimenta DC. Proteomic characterization of Naja mandalayensis venom. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200125. [PMID: 34394208 PMCID: PMC8331017 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Naja mandalayensis is a spitting cobra from Myanmar. To the
best of our knowledge, no studies on this venom composition have been
conducted so far. On the other hand, few envenomation descriptions state
that it elicits mainly local inflammation in the victims’ eyes, the
preferred target of this spiting cobra. Symptoms would typically include
burning and painful sensation, conjunctivitis, edema and temporary loss of
vision. Methods We have performed a liquid-chromatography (C18-RP-HPLC) mass spectrometry
(ESI-IT-TOF/MS) based approach in order to biochemically characterize
N. mandalayensis venom. Results A wide variety of three-finger toxins (cardiotoxins) and metallopeptidases
were detected. Less abundant, but still representative, were cysteine-rich
secretory proteins, L-amino-acid oxidases, phospholipases A2,
venom 5'-nucleotidase and a serine peptidase inhibitor. Other proteins were
present, but were detected in a relatively small concentration. Conclusion The present study set the basis for a better comprehension of the
envenomation from a molecular perspective and, by increasing the interest
and information available for this species, allows future venom comparisons
among cobras and their diverse venom proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emídio Beraldo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Graduation Program in Science - Toxinology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Mozer Sciani
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, SP, Brazil
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6
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Gao Q, Hernandes MS. Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Inflammation 2021; 44:2143-2150. [PMID: 34291398 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening clinical condition caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a common but poorly understood neurological complication of sepsis, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. SAE clinical presentation may range from mild confusion and delirium to severe cognitive impairment and deep coma. Important mechanisms associated with SAE include excessive microglial activation, impaired endothelial barrier function, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Endotoxemia and pro-inflammatory cytokines produced systemically during sepsis lead to microglial and brain endothelial cell activation, tight junction downregulation, and increased leukocyte recruitment. The resulting neuroinflammation and BBB dysfunction exacerbate SAE pathology and aggravate sepsis-induced brain dysfunction. In this mini-review, recent literature surrounding some of the mediators of BBB dysfunction during sepsis is summarized. Modulation of microglial activation, endothelial cell dysfunction, and the consequent prevention of BBB permeability represent relevant therapeutic targets that may significantly impact SAE outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzeng Gao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 308, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Marina Sorrentino Hernandes
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 308, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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7
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we discuss recent developments and trends in the perioperative management of thrombocytopenia. RECENT FINDINGS Large contemporary data base studies show that preoperative thrombocytopenia is present in about 8% of asymptomatic patients, and is associated with increased risks for bleeding and 30-day mortality. Traditionally specific threshold platelet counts were recommended for specific procedures. However, the risk of bleeding may not correlate well with platelet counts and varies with platelet function depending on the underlying etiology. Evidence to support prophylactic platelet transfusion is limited and refractoriness to platelet transfusion is common. A number of options exist to optimize platelet counts prior to procedures, which include steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, thrombopoietin receptor agonists, and monoclonal antibodies. In addition, intraoperative alternatives and adjuncts to transfusion should be considered. It appears reasonable to use prophylactic desmopressin and antifibrinolytic agents, whereas activated recombinant factor VII could be considered in severe bleeding. Other options include enhancing thrombin generation with prothrombin complex concentrate or increasing fibrinogen levels with fibrinogen concentrate or cryoprecipitate. SUMMARY Given the lack of good quality evidence, much research remains to be done. However, with a multidisciplinary multimodal perioperative strategy, the risk of bleeding can be decreased effectively.
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8
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Buitrago L, Zafar H, Zhang Y, Li J, Walz T, Coller BS. Dominant role of αIIbβ3 in platelet interactions with cross-linked fibrin fragment D-dimer. Blood Adv 2020; 4:2939-2949. [PMID: 32603423 PMCID: PMC7362365 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although much is known about the interaction of fibrinogen with αIIbβ3, much less is known about the interaction of platelets with cross-linked fibrin. Fibrinogen residue Lys406 plays a vital role in the interaction of fibrinogen with αIIbβ3, but because it participates in fibrin cross-linking, it is not available for interacting with αIIbβ3. We studied the adhesion of platelets and HEK cells expressing normal and constitutively active αIIbβ3 to both immobilized fibrinogen and D-dimer, a proteolytic fragment of cross-linked fibrin, as well as platelet-mediated clot retraction. Nonactivated platelets and HEK cells expressing normal αIIbβ3 adhered to fibrinogen but not D-dimer, whereas activated platelets as well as HEK cells expressing activated αIIbβ3 both bound to D-dimer. Small-molecule antagonists of the αIIbβ3 RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) binding pocket inhibited adhesion to D-dimer, and an Asp119Ala mutation that disrupts the β3 metal ion-dependent adhesion site inhibited αIIbβ3-mediated adhesion to D-dimer. D-dimer and a polyclonal antibody against D-dimer inhibited clot retraction. The monoclonal antibody (mAb) 10E5, directed at αIIb and a potent inhibitor of platelet interactions with fibrinogen, did not inhibit the interaction of activated platelets with D-dimer or clot retraction, whereas the mAb 7E3, directed at β3, inhibited both phenomena. We conclude that activated, but not nonactivated, αIIbβ3 mediates interactions between platelets and D-dimer, and by extrapolation, to cross-linked fibrin. Although the interaction of αIIbβ3 with D-dimer differs from that with fibrinogen, it probably involves contributions from regions on β3 that are close to, or that are affected by, changes in the RGD binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hina Zafar
- Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology and
| | - Yixiao Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Electron Microscopy, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Jihong Li
- Laboratory of Blood and Vascular Biology and
| | - Thomas Walz
- Laboratory of Molecular Electron Microscopy, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
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9
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Litvinov RI, Weisel JW. What Is the Biological and Clinical Relevance of Fibrin? Semin Thromb Hemost 2016; 42:333-43. [PMID: 27056152 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1571342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As our knowledge of the structure and functions of fibrinogen and fibrin has increased tremendously, several key findings have given some people a superficial impression that the biological and clinical significance of these clotting proteins may be less than earlier thought. Most strikingly, studies of fibrinogen knockout mice demonstrated that many of these mice survive to weaning and beyond, suggesting that fibrin(ogen) may not be entirely necessary. Humans with afibrinogenemia also survive. Furthermore, in recent years, the major emphasis in the treatment of arterial thrombosis has been on inhibition of platelets, rather than fibrin. In contrast to the initially apparent conclusions from these results, it has become increasingly clear that fibrin is essential for hemostasis; is a key factor in thrombosis; and plays an important biological role in infection, inflammation, immunology, and wound healing. In addition, fibrinogen replacement therapy has become a preferred, major treatment for severe bleeding in trauma and surgery. Finally, fibrin is a unique biomaterial and is used as a sealant or glue, a matrix for cells, a scaffold for tissue engineering, and a carrier and/or a vector for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rustem I Litvinov
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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10
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A Platelet/CMC coupled with offline UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS for screening antiplatelet activity components from aqueous extract of Danshen. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 117:178-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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11
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Lisman T, de Groot PG. The role of cell surfaces and cellular receptors in the mode of action of recombinant factor VIIa. Blood Rev 2015; 29:223-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Schmid D, Jarvis GE, Fay F, Small DM, Greene MK, Majkut J, Spence S, McLaughlin KM, McCloskey KD, Johnston PG, Kissenpfennig A, Longley DB, Scott CJ. Nanoencapsulation of ABT-737 and camptothecin enhances their clinical potential through synergistic antitumor effects and reduction of systemic toxicity. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1454. [PMID: 25299779 PMCID: PMC4649518 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous delivery of multiple cancer drugs in combination therapies to achieve optimal therapeutic effects in patients can be challenging. This study investigated whether co-encapsulation of the BH3-mimetic ABT-737 and the topoisomerase I inhibitor camptothecin (CPT) in PEGylated polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) was a viable strategy for overcoming their clinical limitations and to deliver both compounds at optimal ratios. We found that thrombocytopenia induced by exposure to ABT-737 was diminished through its encapsulation in NPs. Similarly, CPT-associated leukopenia and gastrointestinal toxicity were reduced compared with the administration of free CPT. In addition to the reduction of dose-limiting side effects, the co-encapsulation of both anticancer compounds in a single NP produced synergistic induction of apoptosis in both in vitro and in vivo colorectal cancer models. This strategy may widen the therapeutic window of these and other drugs and may enhance the clinical efficacy of synergistic drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schmid
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - G E Jarvis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - F Fay
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - D M Small
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - M K Greene
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - J Majkut
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - S Spence
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - K M McLaughlin
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - K D McCloskey
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - P G Johnston
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - A Kissenpfennig
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - D B Longley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - C J Scott
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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13
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Diesel exhaust particles impair platelet response to collagen and are associated with GPIbα shedding. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:930-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Vanassche T, Kauskot A, Verhaegen J, Peetermans WE, van Ryn J, Schneewind O, Hoylaerts MF, Verhamme P. Fibrin formation by staphylothrombin facilitates Staphylococcus aureus-induced platelet aggregation. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:1107-21. [PMID: 22437005 DOI: 10.1160/th11-12-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Interactions of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and platelets play an important role in the pathogenesis of intravascular infections such as infective endocarditis (IE). A typical feature of S. aureus is the ability to generate thrombin activity through the secretion of two prothrombin activating molecules, staphylocoagulase and von Willebrand factor-binding protein (vWbp), which bind to human prothrombin to form the enzymatically active staphylothrombin complex. The role of staphylothrombin in the interaction between S. aureus and platelets has not yet been studied. We found that in contrast with thrombin, staphylothrombin did not directly activate human platelets. However, the staphylothrombin-mediated conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin initiated platelet aggregation and secondary activation and facilitated S. aureus-platelet interactions. Both the genetic absence of staphylocoagulase and vWbp and pharmacological inhibition of staphylothrombin increased the lag time to aggregation, and reduced platelet trapping by S. aureus in high shear stress conditions. The combined inhibition of staphylothrombin and immunoglobulin binding to platelets completely abolished the ability of S. aureus to aggregate platelets in vitro. In conclusion, although staphylothrombin did not directly activate platelets, the formation of a fibrin scaffold facilitated bacteria-platelet interaction, and the inhibition of staphylothrombin resulted in a reduced activation of platelets by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanassche
- Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, University Hospitals Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Jarvis GE, Bihan D, Hamaia S, Pugh N, Ghevaert CJG, Pearce AC, Hughes CE, Watson SP, Ware J, Rudd CE, Farndale RW. A role for adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein in collagen-induced platelet activation mediated via integrin α(2) β(1). J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:268-77. [PMID: 22103309 PMCID: PMC3791415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagen-induced platelet activation is a key step in the development of arterial thrombosis via its interaction with the receptors glycoprotein (GP)VI and integrin α(2) β(1) . Adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein (ADAP) regulates α(IIb) β(3) in platelets and α(L) β(2) in T cells, and is phosphorylated in GPVI-deficient platelets activated by collagen. OBJECTIVES To determine whether ADAP plays a role in collagen-induced platelet activation and in the regulation and function of α(2) β(1). METHODS Using ADAP(-/-) mice and synthetic collagen peptides, we investigated the role of ADAP in platelet aggregation, adhesion, spreading, thromboxane synthesis, and tyrosine phosphorylation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Platelet aggregation and phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ2 induced by collagen were attenuated in ADAP(-/-) platelets. However, aggregation and signaling induced by collagen-related peptide (CRP), a GPVI-selective agonist, were largely unaffected. Platelet adhesion to CRP was also unaffected by ADAP deficiency. Adhesion to the α(2) β(1) -selective ligand GFOGER and to a peptide (III-04), which supports adhesion that is dependent on both GPVI and α(2) β(1), was reduced in ADAP(-/-) platelets. An impedance-based label-free detection technique, which measures adhesion and spreading of platelets, indicated that, in the absence of ADAP, spreading on GFOGER was also reduced. This was confirmed with non-fluorescent differential-interference contrast microscopy, which revealed reduced filpodia formation in ADAP(-/-) platelets adherent to GFOGER. This indicates that ADAP plays a role in mediating platelet activation via the collagen-binding integrin α(2) β(1). In addition, we found that ADAP(-/-) mice, which are mildly thrombocytopenic, have enlarged spleens as compared with wild-type animals. This may reflect increased removal of platelets from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Jarvis
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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16
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Brazón J, Hughes CE, Mori J, Sevcik C, D'suze G, Watson SP. Tityus discrepans scorpion venom activates platelets through GPVI and a novel Src-dependent signaling pathway. Platelets 2011; 22:165-72. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2010.544343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Chen B, Cheng Q, Yang K, Lyden PD. Thrombin mediates severe neurovascular injury during ischemia. Stroke 2010; 41:2348-52. [PMID: 20705928 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.584920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cerebral ischemia initiates cascades of pathological events such as edema, blood-brain barrier breakdown, and tissue degeneration. Thrombin activation is a key step in coagulation, and thrombin has recently been shown to mediate endothelial permeability and cellular toxicity in vitro. We examined the effect of thrombin on vasculature during ischemia in vivo. METHODS Focal ischemia was induced in adult Sprague-Dawley rats by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 4 hours followed by a short period of reperfusion. High-molecular-weight fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran was injected before surgery to label the severe vascular disruption. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to identify dying cells, which were quantified with manual counts. Intra-arterial thrombin or intravenous thrombin inhibitors were infused during ischemia and reperfusion. RESULTS Infusion of thrombin (3 U/kg) intra-arterially during ischemia greatly enlarged the volume of severe vascular disruption, as visualized by fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran extravasation (P<0.05). Thrombin also promoted blood-brain barrier leakage of IgG during ischemia. Vascular disruption was blocked by intravenous infusion of the direct thrombin inhibitor argatroban (1.69 mg/kg, P<0.05). Greater numbers of dying cells were found in regions of severe vascular disruption, and interventions that reduced vascular leakage also reduced the numbers of dying cells. CONCLUSIONS Thrombin mediates severe vascular disruption during ischemia and thrombin inhibitors may partially ameliorate vascular disruption. Further work is needed to establish whether thrombin, entering parenchyma due to increased vascular permeability, augments neurotoxicity during ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, Calif, USA.
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Chackalamannil S, Xia Y. Thrombin receptor (PAR-1) antagonists as novel antithrombotic agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 16:493-505. [PMID: 20144050 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.4.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its central role in haemostasis and wound healing, thrombin activates platelets and smooth muscle cells by proteolytic activation of cell surface protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), which is also known as the thrombin receptor. Thrombin is the most potent activator of human platelets and, as such, a thrombin receptor antagonist is likely to exert potent antithrombotic effect in platelet-rich arterial thrombosis. As thrombin receptor antagonism does not inhibit the ability of thrombin to generate fibrin, such an agent is likely to have less bleeding liability than conventional anticoagulants. The proof-of-concept of the antithrombotic effect of PAR-1 antagonists has been established in several non-human primate models. The current success of PAR-1 research is underscored by the advancement of two candidates into clinical trails for acute coronary syndrome by Schering-Plough and Eisai Company.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chackalamannil
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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19
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Liang XM, Han SJ, Reems JA, Gao DY, Sniadecki NJ. Platelet retraction force measurements using flexible post force sensors. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:991-8. [PMID: 20358105 PMCID: PMC4918627 DOI: 10.1039/b918719g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Platelets play an important role in hemostasis by forming a thrombotic plug that seals the vessel wall and promotes vascular healing. After platelets adhere and aggregate at the wound site, their next step is to generate contractile forces through the coordination of physicochemical interactions between actin, myosin, and alpha(IIb)beta(3) integrin receptors that retract the thrombus' size and strengthen its adhesion to the exposed matrix. Although platelet contractile forces (PCF) are a definitive feature of hemostasis and thrombosis, there are few approaches that can directly measure them. In this study, we describe the development of an approach to measure PCF in microthrombi using a microscopic flexible post force sensor array. Quasi-static measurements and live microscopic imaging of thrombin-activated platelets on the posts were conducted to assay the development of PCF to various hemostatic conditions. Microthrombi were observed to produce forces that monotonically increased with thrombin concentration and activation time, but forces subsided when thrombin was removed. PCF results were statistically similar on arrays of posts printed with fibronectin or fibrinogen. PCF measurements were combined with clot volume measurements to determine that the average force per platelet was 2.1 +/- 0.1 nN after 60 min, which is significantly higher than what has been measured with previous approaches. Overall, the flexible post arrays for PCF measurements are a promising approach for evaluating platelet functionality, platelet physiology and pathology, the impacts of different matrices or agonists on hemostatic responses, and in providing critical information regarding platelet activity that can guide new hemostatic or thrombotic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin M. Liang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Sangyoon J. Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | | | - Dayong Y. Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Nathan J. Sniadecki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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Soslau G, Prest PJ, Class R, Jost M, Mathews L. Inhibition of gamma-thrombin-induced human platelet aggregation by histone H1subtypes and H1.3 fragments. Platelets 2009; 20:349-56. [PMID: 19637099 DOI: 10.1080/09537100903047745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Human platelets are differentially activated by varying concentrations of alpha-thrombin or by beta- and gamma-thrombin via three thrombin receptors, PAR-1, PAR-4 and GPIbalpha.It is likely that the development of a normal or abnormal hemostatic event in humans is dictated, in part, by the selective activation of these receptors. The ability to differentially inhibit these thrombin receptors could, therefore, have clinical significance. We have previously demonstrated that histone H1 selectively inhibits the PAR-4 receptor. In the current study we investigated whether five subtypes of the H1 molecule or fragments of the H1.3 subtype differentially inhibited the PAR-4 receptor. PAR-4 inhibition by all H1 subtypes was saturated at 1 uM with no statistical difference observed with the five H1 subtypes tested. Of the five fragments generated from the H1.3 molecule only one had significant inhibitory activity against PAR-4. The C-terminal fragment, N.1, generated by the proteolysis of the parent molecule by Asp-N endoproteinase (Aeromonas proteolytica) at the single aspartate residue, showed the same level of PAR-4 inhibition as the intact H1.3 at 1 uM concentrations. Removal of two N-terminal amino acids (Asp-Val as determined by MALDI analysis) from the N.1 fragment further enhanced its inhibitory activity. These studies may help to develop specific drugs to differentially inhibit the platelet thrombin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Soslau
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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21
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Abstract
Thrombin is a potent agonist of platelets. In the current article, the research on the interaction of thrombin with blood platelets is reviewed starting with the first studies demonstrating the direct action of thrombin on platelets and ending with an analysis of the importance of the protease-activated receptors (PARs) and the GpIb complex. The antithrombin activity of platelets is discussed in terms of the binding of thrombin to receptor(s) on the platelet surface. Evaluation of the PAR receptors and the GpIb supports a model where thrombin binds to the GpIb receptor prior to the proteolysis of the PAR receptor(s). Thus, the maximal hemostatic response requires both PAR receptors and the GpIb receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Lundblad
- Department of Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27516-6695, USA.
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22
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Shabalovskaya SA, Rondelli GC, Undisz AL, Anderegg JW, Burleigh TD, Rettenmayr ME. The electrochemical characteristics of native Nitinol surfaces. Biomaterials 2009; 30:3662-71. [PMID: 19345407 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study explored the avenues for the improvement of native Nitinol surfaces for implantation obtained using traditional procedures such as mechanical polishing, chemical etching, electropolishing and heat treatments for a better understanding of their electrochemical behavior and associated surface stability, conductivity, reactivity and biological responses. The corrosion resistance (cyclic potential polarization, open circuit potential and polarization resistance) of Nitinol disc and wire samples were evaluated for various surface states in strain-free and strained wire conditions. The surface response to tension strain was studied in situ. Surface chemistry and structure were explored using XPS and Auger spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical methods, respectively. It was found that the polarization resistance of the Nitinol surfaces varied in a range from 100 kOmega to 10 MOmega cm(2) and the open circuit potentials from -440 mV to -55 mV. The surfaces prepared in chemical solutions showed consistent corrosion resistance in strain-free and strained states, but mechanically polished and heat treated samples were prone to pitting. Nitinol surface oxides are semiconductors with the band gaps of either 3.0 eV (rutile) or 3.4 eV (amorphous). The conductivity of semiconducting Nitinol surfaces relevant to their biological performances is discussed in terms of oxide stoichiometry and variable Ni content. Such biological characteristics of Nitinol surfaces as Ni release, fibrinogen adsorption and platelets behavior are re-examined based on the analysis of the results of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A Shabalovskaya
- Institute of Material Science and Technology, Metallic Materials, Friedrich-Schiller University, Loebdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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23
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Grygielska B, Hughes CE, Watson SP. Molecular basis of platelet activation by an alphaIIbbeta3-CHAMPS peptide. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:339-46. [PMID: 19036072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel method, known as computed helical anti-membrane protein (CHAMP), for the design of peptides that bind with high affinity and selectivity to transmembrane helices was recently described and illustrated using peptides that bind alphaIIb- and alphav-integrin subunits, which induce selective activation of integrins alphaIIbbeta3 and alphavbeta3, respectively. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we have investigated the ability of an alphaIIb-CHAMPS peptide (termed integrin-activatory-peptide or IAP) to stimulate protein tyrosine phosphorylation and aggregation in human and mouse platelets. METHODS The ability of IAP to stimulate platelet aggregation and dense granule secretion was measured in washed preparations of human and mouse platelets. Samples were taken for measurement of tyrosine phosphorylation. RESULTS IAP stimulates robust tyrosine phosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase Syk and the FcR gamma-chain, but only weak phosphorylation of PLCgamma2. Aggregation to low but not high concentrations of IAP is reduced in the presence of the Src kinase inhibitor, PP1, or by inhibitors of the two feedback agonists, ADP and thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) suggesting that activation is reinforced by Src kinase-driven release of ADP and TxA(2). Unexpectedly, aggregation by IAP is only partially inhibited in human and mouse platelets deficient in integrin alphaIIbbeta3. Further, IAP induces partial aggregation of formaldehyde-fixed platelets. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that the alphaIIb-CHAMPS peptide induces platelet activation through integrin alphaIIbbeta3-dependent and independent pathways with the former mediating tyrosine phosphorylation of FcR gamma-chain and Syk. The use of the alphaIIb-CHAMPS peptide to study integrin alphaIIbbeta3 function is compromised by non-integrin-mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grygielska
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, Division of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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24
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Weeterings C, Lisman T, de Groot PG. Tissue factor-independent effects of recombinant factor VIIa on hemostasis. Semin Hematol 2008; 45:S12-5. [PMID: 18544417 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2008.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms responsible for the hemostatic efficacy of recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa; NovoSeven, Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) in platelet-related bleeding disorders remain unclear. The general concept is that rFVIIa locally enhances thrombin generation at the site of injury, where tissue factor (TF) has become exposed. However, a growing amount of evidence shows that rFVIIa is also able to exert its activity in a manner independent of TF. Using an in vitro flow model, we recently showed that TF-independent thrombin generation is responsible for increased platelet deposition onto injured vessels following rFVIIa administration. Furthermore, it has been shown that rFVIIa can restore platelet aggregation in Glanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) patients via TF-independent thrombin generation. However, the mechanism behind TF-independent thrombin generation remains to be elucidated. It is postulated that, in vivo, both the TF-dependent and TF-independent thrombin generation induced by rFVIIa contribute to the control of hemorrhage in patients with platelet-related bleeding disorders and, perhaps, other causes of hemorrhagic diatheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees Weeterings
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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25
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Jarvis GE, Raynal N, Langford JP, Onley DJ, Andrews A, Smethurst PA, Farndale RW. Identification of a major GpVI-binding locus in human type III collagen. Blood 2008; 111:4986-96. [PMID: 18305222 PMCID: PMC2602586 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-08-108472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the adhesion of human and murine platelets, and of recombinant human and murine GpVI ectodomains, to synthetic triple-helical collagen-like peptides. These included 57 peptides derived from the sequence of human type III collagen and 9 peptides derived from the cyanogen bromide fragment of bovine type III collagen, alpha1(III)CB4. We have identified several peptides that interact with GpVI, in particular a peptide designated III-30 with the sequence GAOGLRGGAGPOGPEGGKGAAGPOGPO. Both human and murine platelets bound to peptide III-30 in a GpVI-dependent manner. III-30 also supported binding of recombinant GpVI ectodomains. Cross-linked III-30 induced aggregation of human and murine platelets, although with a lower potency than collagen-related peptide. Modifications of the peptide sequence indicated that the hydroxyproline residues play a significant role in supporting its GpVI reactivity. However, many peptides containing OGP/GPO motifs did not support adhesion to GpVI. These data indicate that the ability of a triple-helical peptide to bind GpVI is not solely determined by the presence or spatial arrangement of these OGP/GPO motifs within the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin E Jarvis
- Departments of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Downing Site, Cambridge CB2 1QW, United Kingdom.
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26
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Hu Y, Ek-Rylander B, Karlström E, Wendel M, Andersson G. Osteoclast size heterogeneity in rat long bones is associated with differences in adhesive ligand specificity. Exp Cell Res 2007; 314:638-50. [PMID: 18086469 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Prothrombin (PT) is an RGD-containing bone-residing precursor to the serine protease thrombin (TH), which acts as an agonist for a variety of cellular responses in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. We show here that PT, TH, osteopontin (OPN) and fibronectin (FN) promoted adhesion of isolated neonatal rat long bone osteoclasts. However, the cells that adhered to PT and TH were smaller in size, rounded and contained 3-4 nuclei, in comparison to the cells adhering to OPN and FN, which were larger with extended cytoplasmic processes and 6-7 nuclei. Attachment of the larger osteoclasts to OPN and FN was inhibited by antibodies towards beta 3 and beta 1 integrin subunits, respectively. Whereas an RGD-containing peptide inhibited adhesion of the smaller osteoclasts to PT and TH, this was not seen with the beta 3 or beta 1 antibodies. In contrast, the beta 1 antibody augmented osteoclast adhesion to PT and TH in an RGD-dependent manner. Small osteoclasts were less efficient in resorbing mineralized bovine bone slices, as well as expressed lower mRNA levels of MMP-9 and the cathepsins K and L compared to large osteoclasts. The small osteoclast adhering to PT and TH may represent either an immature, less functional precursor to the large osteoclast or alternatively constitute a distinct osteoclast population with a specific role in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Hu
- Center for Oral Biology, Department of Odontology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 04 Huddinge, Sweden
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27
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Michno A, Bielarczyk H, Pawełczyk T, Jankowska-Kulawy A, Klimaszewska J, Szutowicz A. Alterations of adenine nucleotide metabolism and function of blood platelets in patients with diabetes. Diabetes 2007; 56:462-7. [PMID: 17259392 DOI: 10.2337/db06-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Increased activity of blood platelets contributes to vascular complications in patients with diabetes. The aim of this work was to investigate whether persisting hyperglycemia in diabetic patients generates excessive accumulation of ATP/ADP, which may underlie platelet hyperactivity. Platelet ATP and ADP levels, thiobarbituric acid-reactive species synthesis, and aggregation of platelets from patients with diabetes were 18-82% higher than in platelets from healthy participants. In patients with diabetes, platelet stimulation with thrombin caused about two times greater release of ATP and ADP than in the healthy group while decreasing intraplatelet nucleotide content to similar levels in both groups. This indicates that the increased content of adenylate nucleotides in the releasable pool in the platelets of diabetic patients does not affect their level in metabolic cytoplasmic/mitochondrial compartments. Significant correlations between platelet ATP levels and plasma fructosamine, as well as between platelet ATP/ADP and platelet activities, have been found in diabetic patients. In conclusion, chronic hyperglycemia-evoked elevations of ATP/ADP levels and release from blood platelets of patients with diabetes may be important factors underlying platelet hyperactivity in the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Michno
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dêbinki 7, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
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Chackalamannil S. Thrombin receptor (protease activated receptor-1) antagonists as potent antithrombotic agents with strong antiplatelet effects. J Med Chem 2006; 49:5389-403. [PMID: 16942011 DOI: 10.1021/jm0603670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chackalamannil
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA. samuel.
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29
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Pabón D, Jayo A, Xie J, Lastres P, González-Manchón C. Thrombin induces GPIb-IX-mediated fibrin binding to alphaIIbbeta3 in a reconstituted Chinese hamster ovary cell model. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:2238-47. [PMID: 16999852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.02141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction of thrombin with platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V has been recently suggested to induce fibrin-dependent platelet aggregation associated with signaling events. The approaches used to avoid the protease-activated receptor (PAR) thrombin receptors in platelets have provided controversial conclusions regarding the precise mechanism and molecules involved in the response. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we developed a cellular model to investigate the functional consequences following the binding of thrombin to GPIb-IX. METHODS We used Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing human alpha(IIb)beta(3) and/or GPIb-IX complexes (CHO-alpha(IIb)beta(3)-IbIX cells) to analyze the effect of thrombin on the binding of polymerizing fibrin by using fluorescein isothiocyanate-fibrinogen as precursor. RESULTS Thrombin induces, in a dose-dependent manner, the binding of polymerizing fibrin to CHO-alpha(IIb)beta(3)-IbIX cells. This response is not observed in cells expressing only one of the receptors, and it can be blocked by monoclonal antibodies against alpha(IIb)beta(3) and GPIbalpha. We show that the reaction is not due to simple cell trapping by the fibrin clot, and provide data supporting a role of a signaling pathway in which the 14-3-3zeta adaptor and calcium-calmodulin-dependent events are involved. CONCLUSIONS The present data support a significant role of GPIb-IX and alpha(IIb)beta(3) receptors in an alternative fibrin-mediated pathway of platelet activation induced by thrombin.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pabón
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathophysiology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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30
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Hosokawa K, Ohnishi T, Kawakami A, Wakabayashi S, Koide T. Chemically modified thrombin and anhydrothrombin that differentiate macromolecular substrates of thrombin. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:2703-11. [PMID: 16246253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombin is a primary inducer of thrombus formation by activations of coagulation cascade and platelet aggregation. Hitherto, several types of thrombin inhibitors have been developed for therapeutic purpose. OBJECTIVES We prepared modified thrombin (M-thrombin) and modified anhydrothrombin (M-anhydrothrombin) by chemical modification of carboxyl groups of thrombin and anhydrothrombin, respectively, to present a new strategy for a potent antiplatelet-anticoagulant agent and new tools for investigation of thrombin functions. RESULTS M-anhydrothrombin retained high affinity for factor VIII (FVIII), but demonstrated lower affinity than anhydrothrombin for fibrinogen and factor V (FV). Both M-anhydrothrombin and anhydrothrombin prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) without affecting prothrombin time, and M-anhydrothrombin prolonged APTT much more than anhydrothrombin. M-anhydrothrombin also retained affinity for the recombinant extracellular domain peptide of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1). M-thrombin exhibited marginal clotting activity (4% of thrombin), but induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma without forming a fibrin clot, which was completely suppressed by anti-PAR1 antibody (ATAP2) and by M-anhydrothrombin, but not by anhydrothrombin. These results indicate that M-thrombin induced platelet aggregation through the activation of PAR1, and M-anhydrothrombin inhibited this process completely. In contrast, neither M-anhydrothrombin nor anhydrothrombin apparently inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Only in the presence of the Gly-Pro-Arg-Pro (GPRP) peptide that inhibits polymerization of fibrin, M-anhydrothrombin completely inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. CONCLUSION M-thrombin is PAR1-specific and M-anhydrothrombin is FVIII- and PAR1-specific derivatives, and thereby, are new tools as specific agonist and antagonist, respectively, of PAR1. Furthermore, M-anhydrothrombin may be an attractive model for development of a potent anticoagulant-antiplatelet agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hosokawa
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Harima Science Garden City, Hyogo, Japan
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31
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Chackalamannil S, Xia Y, Greenlee WJ, Clasby M, Doller D, Tsai H, Asberom T, Czarniecki M, Ahn HS, Boykow G, Foster C, Agans-Fantuzzi J, Bryant M, Lau J, Chintala M. Discovery of potent orally active thrombin receptor (protease activated receptor 1) antagonists as novel antithrombotic agents. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5884-7. [PMID: 16161991 DOI: 10.1021/jm0502236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Structurally novel thrombin receptor (protease activated receptor 1, PAR-1) antagonists based on the natural product himbacine are described. The prototypical PAR-1 antagonist 55 showed a Ki of 2.7 nM in the binding assay, making it the most potent PAR-1 antagonist reported. 55 was highly active in several functional assays, showed excellent oral bioavailability in rat and monkey models, and showed complete inhibition of agonist-induced ex vivo platelet aggregation in cynomolgus monkeys after oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chackalamannil
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
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Jarvis GE, Best D, Watson SP. Glycoprotein VI/Fc receptor gamma chain-independent tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of murine platelets by collagen. Biochem J 2005; 383:581-8. [PMID: 15283702 PMCID: PMC1133752 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the ability of collagen to induce signalling and functional responses in suspensions of murine platelets deficient in the FcRgamma (Fc receptor gamma) chain, which lack the collagen receptor GPVI (glycoprotein VI). In the absence of the FcRgamma chain, collagen induced a unique pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation which was potentiated by the thromboxane analogue U46619. Immunoprecipitation studies indicated that neither collagen alone nor the combination of collagen plus U46619 induced phosphorylation of the GPVI-regulated proteins Syk and SLP-76 (Src homology 2-containing leucocyte protein of 76 kDa). A low level of tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase Cgamma2 was observed, which was increased in the presence of U46619, although the degree of phosphorylation remained well below that observed in wild-type platelets (approximately 10%). By contrast, collagen-induced phosphorylation of the adapter ADAP (adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adapter protein) was substantially potentiated by U46619 to levels equivalent to those observed in wild-type platelets. Collagen plus U46619 also induced significant phosphorylation of FAK (focal adhesion kinase). The functional significance of collagen-induced non-GPVI signals was highlighted by the ability of U46619 and collagen to induce the secretion of ATP in FcRgamma chain-deficient platelets, even though neither agonist was effective alone. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation and the release of ATP were abolished by the anti-(alpha2 integrin) antibodies Ha1/29 and HMalpha2, but not by blockade of alphaIIbbeta3. These results illustrate a novel mechanism of platelet activation by collagen which is independent of the GPVI-FcRgamma chain complex, and is facilitated by binding of collagen to integrin alpha2beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin E Jarvis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
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Reheman A, Gross P, Yang H, Chen P, Allen D, Leytin V, Freedman J, Ni H. Vitronectin stabilizes thrombi and vessel occlusion but plays a dual role in platelet aggregation. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3:875-83. [PMID: 15733060 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of vitronectin (Vn) in thrombosis is currently controversial; both inhibitory and supportive roles have been reported. To monitor directly the function of Vn in thrombotic events at the site of vascular injury, we studied Vn-deficient (Vn-/-) and wild-type (WT) control mice with two real-time intravital microscopy thrombosis models. In the mesenteric arteriole model, vessel injury was induced by ferric chloride. We observed unstable thrombi and a significantly greater number of emboli in Vn-/- mice. Vessel occlusion was also delayed and frequent vessel re-opening occurred. In the cremaster muscle arteriole model, vessel injury was induced by a nitrogen dye laser. We observed significantly fewer platelets, lower fibrin content, and unstable fibrin within the thrombi of Vn-/- mice. To define further the role of Vn in thrombus growth, we studied platelet aggregation in vitro. Consistent with our in vivo data, the second wave of thrombin-induced aggregation of gel-filtered platelets was abolished at a low concentration of thrombin in Vn-/- platelets. Interestingly, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation was significantly increased in Vn-/- platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and this effect was attenuated by adding purified plasma Vn. We also observed increased platelet aggregation induced by shear stress in Vn-/- whole blood. These data demonstrate that Vn is a thrombus stabilizer. However, in contrast to released platelet granule Vn which enhances platelet aggregation, plasma Vn inhibits platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reheman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Jarvis GE, Best D, Watson SP. Differential roles of integrins alpha2beta1 and alphaIIbbeta3 in collagen and CRP-induced platelet activation. Platelets 2005; 15:303-13. [PMID: 15370101 DOI: 10.1080/09537100410001710254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Collagen and collagen-related peptide (CRP) activate platelets by interacting with glycoprotein (GP)VI. In addition, collagen binds to integrin alpha2beta1 and possibly to other receptors. In this study, we have compared the role of integrins alpha2beta1 and alphaIIbbeta3 in platelet activation induced by collagen and CRP. Inhibitors of ADP and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) substantially attenuated collagen-induced platelet aggregation and dense granule release, whereas CRP-induced responses were only partially inhibited. Under these conditions, a proportion of platelets adhered to the collagen fibres resulting in dense granule release and alphaIIbbeta3 activation. This adhesion was substantially mediated by alpha2beta1. The alphaIIbbeta3 antagonist lotrafiban potentiated CRP-induced dense granule release, suggesting that alphaIIbbeta3 outside-in signalling may attenuate GPVI signals. By contrast, lotrafiban inhibited collagen-induced dense granule release. These results emphasise the differential roles of alpha2beta1 and alphaIIbbeta3 in platelet activation induced by collagen and CRP. Further, they show that although ADP and TxA2 greatly facilitate collagen-induced platelet activation, collagen can induce full activation of those platelets to which it binds in the absence of these mediators, via a mechanism that is dependent on adhesion to alpha2beta1.
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McCarty OJT, Zhao Y, Andrew N, Machesky LM, Staunton D, Frampton J, Watson SP. Evaluation of the role of platelet integrins in fibronectin-dependent spreading and adhesion. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2:1823-33. [PMID: 15456495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2004.00925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that platelet adhesion and subsequent aggregation can occur in vivo in the absence of the two principal platelets adhesive ligands, von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen. These results highlight a possible role for fibronectin in supporting thrombus formation. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS To evaluate the platelet integrins and subsequent activation pathways associated with fibronectin-dependent platelet adhesion utilizing both human and murine platelets. RESULTS Platelets can adhere to fibronectin via the integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3), leading to formation of lamellipodia. This is mediated through an interaction with the tenth type III domain in fibronectin. Spreading on fibronectin promotes alpha(IIb)beta(3)-mediated Ca(2+) mobilization and tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and phospholipase C gamma2. In contrast, studies with blocking antibodies and mice demonstrate that alpha(5)beta(1) and alpha(v)beta(3) support adhesion and promote formation of filopodia but not lamellipodia or tyrosine phosphorylation of these proteins. Further, neither alpha(5)beta(1) nor alpha(v)beta(3) is able to induce formation of lamellipodia in the presence of platelets agonists, such as collagen-related-peptide (CRP). CONCLUSIONS These observations demonstrate that integrins alpha(5)beta(1) and alpha(v)beta(3) support platelet adhesion and the generation of filopodia but that, in contrast to the integrin alpha(IIb)beta(3), are unable to promote formation of lamellipodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- O J T McCarty
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, The Institute of Biomedical Research, Division of Medical Sciences, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Soslau G, Favero M. The GPIb-thrombin pathway: evidence for a novel role of fibrin in platelet aggregation. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2:522-4. [PMID: 15009477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7933.2004.00591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lisman T, Adelmeijer J, Heijnen HFG, de Groot PG. Recombinant factor VIIa restores aggregation of αIIbβ3-deficient platelets via tissue factor–independent fibrin generation. Blood 2004; 103:1720-7. [PMID: 14592825 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-07-2287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractRecombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) is a safe and effective prohemostatic drug for patients with Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT). However, the mechanism of action of rFVIIa in these patients is still unclear. Although patients with GT are characterized by a complete absence of platelet aggregation to a variety of agonists, it has been shown that GT platelets are able to form aggregates, provided polymerizing fibrin is present. We studied the effect of rFVIIa-mediated fibrin formation on aggregation of αIIbβ3-deficient platelets. When washed platelets from GT patients or platelets from healthy volunteers treated with an arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl–containing peptide were activated with collagen in the presence of rFVIIa and purified coagulation factors X, II, and fibrinogen, complete aggregation occurred after a lag phase. Fibrin generation proceeded via rFVIIa-mediated thrombin generation on the activated platelet surface independently of tissue factor. Electron microscopic analysis of αIIbβ3-independent platelet aggregates showed a densely packed structure suggestive of a true platelet-fibrin interaction and not via trapping of platelets into a fibrin network. Also, rFVIIa-mediated αIIbβ3-independent aggregation was demonstrated under conditions of flow using a collagen-coated surface. In conclusion, the efficacy of rFVIIa in GT patients might be explained by induction of αIIbβ3-independent platelet aggregation, which compensates the lack of αIIbβ3-dependent aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ton Lisman
- Thrombosis and Hemostasis Laboratory, Department of Hematology, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Vanhoorelbeke K, Ulrichts H, Romijn RA, Huizinga EG, Deckmyn H. The GPIbα–thrombin interaction: far from crystal clear. Trends Mol Med 2004; 10:33-9. [PMID: 14720584 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2003.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vanhoorelbeke
- Laboratory for Thrombosis Research, IRC, KU Leuven Campus Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium
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