1
|
Zizzo MG, Cicio A, Bruno M, Serio R. Essential oil of Sicilian Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. and its major component, β-ocimen, affect contractility in rat small and large intestine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 313:116531. [PMID: 37164254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl is an Apiaceae plant, widely used in traditional medicine. Recently, chemical composition and biological activities of its essential oil (Prangroil) have been reported, but there are no studies on possible effects on intestinal contractility. AIMS OF THE STUDY We investigated the effects of essential oil Sicilian Prangoil on the contractility of rat small (duodenum) and large (colon) intestine and the related action mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Responses to Prangoil and to its major component β-ocimen in intestinal segments were assessed in vitro as changes in isometric tension. RESULTS Prangoil, induced in duodenum, depending upon doses, contraction and/or muscular relaxation. Instead, in colon Prangoil only reduced the phasic contractions and induced muscular relaxation. β-ocimen, in both segments, produced only reduction of the spontaneous contractions without affecting basal tone. Prangoil contractile effects were abolished by ω-conotoxin, neural N-type Ca2+ channels blocker, atropine, muscarinic receptor antagonist, neostigmine, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, suggesting that Prangoil-induced contraction would be the result of an increase in neuronal cholinergic activity. Prangoil and β-ocimen inhibitory effects were unaffected by ω-conotoxin, L-NAME, blocker of the NO synthase, ODQ, soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor, excluding involvement of neurotransmitter release or NO synthesis in the inhibitory effects. Potassium channel blocker did not affect Prangoil or β-οcimen inhibitory responses. Prangoil or β-οcimen inhibited the Ca2+ and high-KCl solution -induced contractions and the Carbachol-induced contractions in calcium free solution. CONCLUSION Prangoil affects the contractility of small and large intestine in rat, with regional differences, via potentiation of neural cholinergic activity, blockade of L-type voltage-gated calcium channel and reduction of Ca2+ release from the intracellular store. The Prangroil main components, β-ocimen, contributes to the inhibitory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Zizzo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy; ATeN (Advanced Technologies Network) Center, Viale delle Scienze, University of Palermo, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Adele Cicio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Bruno
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Rosa Serio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Igarashi-Hisayoshi Y, Ihara E, Bai X, Higashi C, Ikeda H, Tanaka Y, Hirano M, Ogino H, Chinen T, Taguchi Y, Ogawa Y. Determination of Region-Specific Roles of the M 3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor in Gastrointestinal Motility. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:439-450. [PMID: 35947306 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The specific role of the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor in gastrointestinal motility under physiological conditions is unclear, due to a lack of subtype-selective compounds. AIMS The objective of this study was to determine the region-specific role of the M3 receptor in gastrointestinal motility. METHODS We developed a novel positive allosteric modulator (PAM) for the M3 receptor, PAM-369. The effects of PAM-369 on the carbachol-induced contractile response of porcine esophageal smooth muscle and mouse colonic smooth muscle (ex vivo) and on the transit in mouse small intestine and rat colon (in vivo) were examined. RESULTS PAM-369 selectively potentiated the M3 receptor under the stimulation of its orthosteric ligands without agonistic or antagonistic activity. Half-maximal effective concentrations of PAM activity for human, mouse, and rat M3 receptors were 0.253, 0.345, and 0.127 μM, respectively. PAM-369 enhanced carbachol-induced contraction in porcine esophageal smooth muscle and mouse colonic smooth muscle without causing any contractile responses by itself. The oral administration of 30 mg/kg PAM-369 increased the small intestinal transit in both normal motility and loperamide-induced intestinal dysmotility mice but had no effects on the colonic transit, although the M3 receptor mRNA expression is higher in the colon than in the small intestine. CONCLUSIONS This study provided the first direct evidence that the M3 receptor has different region-specific roles in the motility function between the small intestine and colon in physiological and pathophysiological contexts. Selective PAMs designed for targeted subtypes of muscarinic receptors are useful for elucidating the subtype-specific function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Igarashi-Hisayoshi
- Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotemba, 412-8524, Japan.
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Eikichi Ihara
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Xiaopeng Bai
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chika Higashi
- Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotemba, 412-8524, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ikeda
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirano
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Research Institute of Angiocardiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruei Ogino
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Chinen
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yasushi Taguchi
- Research Center, Mochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 722 Uenohara, Jimba, Gotemba, 412-8524, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ogawa
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Claßen R, Pouokam E, Wickleder M, Diener M, Mattern A. Atropine-functionalized gold nanoparticles binding to muscarinic receptors after passage across the intestinal epithelium. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220244. [PMID: 36249335 PMCID: PMC9533000 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles have a high potential to be a treatment of diseases by their specific drug delivery properties and multivalent receptor stimulation. For the present project, spherical gold nanoparticles were synthesized and functionalized with the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (Au-MUDA-AT NPs). The diameter of the gold core could precisely be controlled by using different synthetic methods and reducing agents resulting in functionalized gold nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 8 to 16 nm. The ability to interact with intestinal muscarinic receptors is size-dependent. When using intestinal chloride secretion induced by the stable acetylcholine derivative, carbachol, as read-out, the strongest inhibition, i.e. the most efficient blockade of muscarinic receptors, was observed with 13 nm sized Au-MUDA-AT NPs. Functional experiments indicate that Au-MUDA-AT NPs with a diameter of 14 nm are able to pass the intestinal mucosa in a time-dependent manner after administration to the intestinal lumen. For example, luminally administered Au-MUDA-AT NPs inhibited contractions of the small intestinal longitudinal muscle layer induced by electrical stimulation of myenteric neurons. A similar inhibition of basolateral epithelial receptors was observed after luminal administration of Au-MUDA-AT NPs when using carbachol-induced chloride secretion across the intestinal epithelium as a test system. Thus, Au-MUDA-AT NPs might be a therapeutic tool for the modulation of intestinal secretion and motility after oral application in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Claßen
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ervice Pouokam
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wickleder
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Diener
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Annabelle Mattern
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstrasse 6, 50939 Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ricci MF, Béla SR, Barbosa JL, Moraes MM, Mazzeti AL, Bahia MT, Horta LS, Santiago HDC, Cruz JS, Capettini LDSA, Arantes RME. A Potential Role of Cholinergic Dysfunction on Impaired Colon Motility in Experimental Intestinal Chagas Disease. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:483-500. [PMID: 35799242 PMCID: PMC9274474 DOI: 10.5056/jnm21074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Chagasic megacolon is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, which promotes in several cases, irreversible segmental colonic dilation. This alteration is the major anatomic-clinical disorder, characterized by the enteric nervous system and muscle wall structural damage. Herein, we investigate how T. cruzi-induced progressive colonic structural changes modulate the colonic contractile pattern activity. Methods We developed a murine model of T. cruzi-infection that reproduced long-term modifications of the enlarged colon. We evaluated colonic and total intestinal transit time in animals. The patterns of motor response at several time intervals between the acute and chronic phases were evaluated using the organ bath assays. Enteric motor neurons were stimulated by electric field stimulation. The responses were analyzed in the presence of the nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Western blot was performed to evaluate the expression of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. The neurotransmitter expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results In the chronic phase of infection, there was decreased intestinal motility associated with decreased amplitude and rhythmicity of intestinal contractility. Pharmacological tests suggested a defective response mediated by acetylcholine receptors. The contractile response induced by acetylcholine was decreased by atropine in the acute phase while the lack of its action in the chronic phase was associated with tissue damage, and decreased expression of choline acetyltransferase, nicotinic subunits of acetylcholine receptors, and neurotransmitters. Conclusions T. cruzi-induced damage of smooth muscles was accompanied by motility disorders such as decreased intestinal peristalsis and cholinergic system response impairment. This study allows integration of the natural history of Chagasic megacolon motility disorders and opens new perspectives for the design of effective therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayra F Ricci
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Samantha R Béla
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Joana L Barbosa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Michele M Moraes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana L Mazzeti
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Maria T Bahia
- Escola de Medicina & Núcleo de Pesquisas em Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Laila S Horta
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Helton da C Santiago
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Jader S Cruz
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Luciano dos S A Capettini
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Rosa M E Arantes
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Anandita NW, Nurdiana N, Wahyuni ES, Sujuti H. Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate, Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, Calcium, and Phosphorylated Myosin Light Chain Regulation Through M2 and M3 Muscarinic Receptors of Scleral Fibroblast Cells in Rat Myopia Model. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: This study aims to investigate the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3), calcium (Ca2+), and the expression phosphorylated myosin light chain (MLC) in Rattus norvegicus scleral fibroblast cells.
METHODOLOGY: This study utilized an in vitro experimental study by applying Rattus norvegicus scleral fibroblast cell culture. The cultured cells were divided into control and lens-induced myopia (LIM) groups. The control and LIM culture groups were each divided into five groups, namely, negative control, 0.1 μM acetylcholine, 0.1 μM himbacine, 0.1 μM methoctramine, and 0.1 μM 4-DAMP group. The cAMP, IP3, and Ca2+ concentration were analyzed in the 0th, 5th, 10th, 20th, and 30th. The phosphorylated MLC expression was analyzed using confocal microscope.
RESULTS: In the LIM group, the highest cAMP concentration is visible at the 10th min on the himbacine group (0.304 ± 0; p = 0.043) and on the 4-DAMP group (0.346 ± 0; p = 0.043). The highest IP3 concentration is found on the LIM group at the 20th min in comparison to the control group (2503.6 ± 11 vs. 2039.2 ± 2.1; p = 0.046). The highest Ca2+ concentration belongs to the 4-DAMP treatment group from the 5th to the 30th min. The highest average phosphorylated MLC expression value in the LIM group is shown by the 0.1μM 4-DAMP treatment (184.2 ± 37.9c au).
CONCLUSION: The regulation of cAMP, IP3, Ca2+, and phosphorylated MLC on the M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor of the scleral fibroblast cells of myopia animal models differs from normal animal models which may be due to interactions of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor as compensation reaction or crosstalk on myopia induction.
Collapse
|
6
|
Tanahashi Y, Komori S, Matsuyama H, Kitazawa T, Unno T. Functions of Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscle: A Review of Studies with Receptor-Knockout Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E926. [PMID: 33477687 PMCID: PMC7831928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasympathetic signalling via muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) regulates gastrointestinal smooth muscle function. In most instances, the mAChR population in smooth muscle consists mainly of M2 and M3 subtypes in a roughly 80% to 20% mixture. Stimulation of these mAChRs triggers a complex array of biochemical and electrical events in the cell via associated G proteins, leading to smooth muscle contraction and facilitating gastrointestinal motility. Major signalling events induced by mAChRs include adenylyl cyclase inhibition, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, intracellular Ca2+ mobilisation, myofilament Ca2+ sensitisation, generation of non-selective cationic and chloride currents, K+ current modulation, inhibition or potentiation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ currents and membrane depolarisation. A lack of ligands with a high degree of receptor subtype selectivity and the frequent contribution of multiple receptor subtypes to responses in the same cell type have hampered studies on the signal transduction mechanisms and functions of individual mAChR subtypes. Therefore, novel strategies such as genetic manipulation are required to elucidate both the contributions of specific AChR subtypes to smooth muscle function and the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this article, we review recent studies on muscarinic function in gastrointestinal smooth muscle using mAChR subtype-knockout mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Tanahashi
- Department of Advanced Life Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan;
| | - Seiichi Komori
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.K.); (H.M.)
| | - Hayato Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.K.); (H.M.)
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan;
| | - Toshihiro Unno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (S.K.); (H.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu JYH, Du P, Rudd JA. Acetylcholine exerts inhibitory and excitatory actions on mouse ileal pacemaker activity: role of muscarinic versus nicotinic receptors. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G97-G107. [PMID: 32475128 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00003.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on pacemaking and spontaneous contractions in the gastrointestinal tract is not well characterized. The current study aims to profile the effect of several muscarinic and nicotinic receptor agonists and antagonists on pacemaker potentials in the ICR mouse ileum. Pacemaker potentials of whole thickness mouse ileal segments were recorded extracellularly using a 60-channel microelectrode array (MEA) platform. A spatiotemporal analysis integrated the frequency, amplitude, and velocity measurements of pacemaker currents. Comparative data were obtained by recording spontaneous smooth muscle tone in a conventional organ bath. On the MEA, ACh (0.3-300 μM) and bethanechol (0.3-300 μM) significantly reduced ileal pacemaker potentials. The inhibitory effect of ACh was mimicked by donepezil (300 μM) but not nicotine (0.3-7 mM). Atropine (300 μM), but not hexamethonium (300 μM), reversed the inhibitory actions of ACh and bethanechol and revealed excitatory properties manifested as increases in pacemaker frequency. A spatial analysis also revealed that atropine, but not hexamethonium, reversed the ACh-induced distortion of pacemaker propagation activity. Atropine (0.001-3 mM) and hexamethonium (0.3-7 mM) alone were inactive. In the organ bath, ACh (300 nM) and bethanechol (30 μM) induced ileal tonic contractions, while inhibiting basal spontaneous contractions at 300 μM. Atropine (1 μM), but not hexamethonium (1-300 μM), reversed both the tonic contractions and the inhibition of the spontaneous contractions of ACh and bethanechol and revealed an excitatory effect manifested as an increasing in the frequency of contractions. Muscarinic, but not nicotinic, receptors appear to mediate the inhibitory actions of ACh on mouse ileal pacemaker potentials.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The study discovered an acute action of acetylcholine on pacemaker potentials that is mediated by muscarinic receptors on the mouse ileum. Bethanechol, but not nicotine, mimicked the inhibitory actions of acetylcholine on pacemaker potentials. Atropine, but not hexamethonium, reversed the inhibitory actions of acetylcholine. When introduced after acetylcholine, atropine exhibited excitatory actions that increased the pacemaker frequency. Acetylcholine and bethanechol distorted the propagation activity and pattern, and this was also reversed by atropine. These actions of acetylcholine on pacemaker potentials may contribute to pathophysiology in bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Yuen Hang Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Du
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John Anthony Rudd
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Alom F, Matsuyama H, Nagano H, Fujikawa S, Tanahashi Y, Unno T. Involvement of transient receptor potential melastatin 4 channels in the resting membrane potential setting and cholinergic contractile responses in mouse detrusor and ileal smooth muscles. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:217-228. [PMID: 30518701 PMCID: PMC6395210 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigated the effects of 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (9-phenanthrol), a potent and selective transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) channel blocker, on the resting membrane potential and cholinergic contractile responses to elucidate the functional role of TRPM4 channels in the contractile activities of mouse detrusor and ileal longitudinal smooth muscles. We observed that, 9-phenanthrol (3-30 µM) did not significantly inhibit high K+-induced contractions in both preparations; however, 9-phenanthrol (10 µM) strongly inhibited cholinergic contractions evoked by electrical field stimulation in detrusor preparations compared to inhibitions in ileal preparations. 9-Phenanthrol (10 µM) significantly inhibited the muscarinic agonist, carbachol-induced contractile responses and slowed the maximum upstroke velocities of the contraction in detrusor preparations. However, the agent (10 µM) did not inhibit the contractions due to intracellular Ca2+ release evoked by carbachol, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of 9-phenanthrol may primarily be due to the inhibition of the membrane depolarization process incurred by TRPM4 channels. On the other hand, 9-phenanthrol (10 µM) did not affect carbachol-induced contractile responses in ileal preparations. Further, 9-phenanthrol (10 µM) significantly hyperpolarized the resting membrane potential and decreased the basal tone in both detrusor and ileal muscle preparations. Taken together, our results suggest that TRPM4 channels are constitutively active and are involved in setting of the resting membrane potential, thereby regulating the basal tone in detrusor and ileal smooth muscles. Thus, TRPM4 channels play a significant role in cholinergic signaling in detrusor, but not ileal, smooth muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firoj Alom
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hayato Matsuyama
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagano
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Saki Fujikawa
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Tanahashi
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Unno
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Schneider S, Wright CM, Heuckeroth RO. Unexpected Roles for the Second Brain: Enteric Nervous System as Master Regulator of Bowel Function. Annu Rev Physiol 2019; 81:235-259. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021317-121515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
At the most fundamental level, the bowel facilitates absorption of small molecules, regulates fluid and electrolyte flux, and eliminates waste. To successfully coordinate this complex array of functions, the bowel relies on the enteric nervous system (ENS), an intricate network of more than 500 million neurons and supporting glia that are organized into distinct layers or plexi within the bowel wall. Neuron and glial diversity, as well as neurotransmitter and receptor expression in the ENS, resembles that of the central nervous system. The most carefully studied ENS functions include control of bowel motility, epithelial secretion, and blood flow, but the ENS also interacts with enteroendocrine cells, influences epithelial proliferation and repair, modulates the intestinal immune system, and mediates extrinsic nerve input. Here, we review the many different cell types that communicate with the ENS, integrating data about ENS function into a broader view of human health and disease. In particular, we focus on exciting new literature highlighting relationships between the ENS and its lesser-known interacting partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schneider
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Christina M. Wright
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Robert O. Heuckeroth
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li H, Qu Y, Zhang J, Zhang J, Gao W. Spasmolytic activity of Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum extract on gastrointestinal motility involves muscarinic receptors, calcium channels and NO release. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2018; 56:559-566. [PMID: 31070538 PMCID: PMC6292371 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2018.1492000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Aquilariae Lignum Resinatum (ALR), the dry rhizome of Aquilaria agallocha R. (Thymelaeaeeae), has been widely used to treat emesis, stomachache and gastrointestinal dysfunction. OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the effects of ALR methanol extract on gastrointestinal motility (GIM) and possible mechanisms of the action involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo, the study evaluated the effects of ALR (200-800 mg/kg) on gastric emptying and small intestinal motility in normal and neostigmine-induced adult KM mice. The in vitro effects of ALR (0.2-1.6 mg/mL) on GIM were performed on isolated jejunum of Wistar rats, pretreated with acetylcholine (ACh), KCl, CaCl2, and pre-incubation with l-NAME (a selective inhibitor of the nitric oxide synthase). RESULTS In vivo, ALR (800 mg/kg) decreased gastric emptying (70.82 ± 9.81%, p < 0.01, compared with neostigmine group 91.40 ± 7.81%), small intestinal transit (42.82 ± 3.82%, p < 0.01, compared with neostigmine group 85.53 ± 5.57%). In vitro, ALR concentration dependently decreased the contractions induced by ACh (10-5 M) and KCl (60 mM) with respective EC50 values of 0.35 and 0.32 mg/mL. The Ca2+ concentration-response curves were shifted by ALR to the right, similar to that caused by verapamil (the positive). The spasmolytic activity of ALR was inhibited by pre-incubation with l-NAME. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ALR played a spasmolytic role in GIM, which is probably mediated through inhibition of muscarinic receptors, blockade of Ca2+ influx and NO release. This is the first study presenting a comprehensive description of the effects of ALR on GIM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Special Drugs R&D Center of People’s Armed Police Forces, Logistics University of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanfei Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Special Drugs R&D Center of People’s Armed Police Forces, Logistics University of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Special Drugs R&D Center of People’s Armed Police Forces, Logistics University of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingze Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Special Drugs R&D Center of People’s Armed Police Forces, Logistics University of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
- CONTACT Jingze Zhang Department of Pharmacy, Logistics College of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Tianjin300162, China; Wenyuan Gao School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin300072, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- CONTACT Jingze Zhang Department of Pharmacy, Logistics College of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Target Organ Injury, Tianjin300162, China; Wenyuan Gao School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road, Tianjin300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang B, Murakami Y, Ono M, Fujikawa S, Matsuyama H, Unno T, Naitou K, Tanahashi Y. Muscarinic suppression of ATP-sensitive K + channels mediated by the M 3/G q/11/phospholipase C pathway contributes to mouse ileal smooth muscle contractions. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G618-G630. [PMID: 30001145 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00069.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels are expressed in gastrointestinal smooth muscles, and their activity is regulated by muscarinic receptor stimulation. However, the physiological significance and mechanisms of muscarinic regulation of KATP channels are not fully understood. We examined the effects of the KATP channel opener cromakalim and the KATP channel blocker glibenclamide on electrical activity of single mouse ileal myocytes and on mechanical activity in ileal segment preparations. To explore muscarinic regulation of KATP channel activity and its underlying mechanisms, the effect of carbachol (CCh) on cromakalim-induced KATP channel currents ( IKATP) was studied in myocytes of M2 or M3 muscarinic receptor-knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. Cromakalim (10 µM) induced membrane hyperpolarization in single myocytes and relaxation in segment preparations from WT mice, whereas glibenclamide (10 µM) caused membrane depolarization and contraction. CCh (100 µM) induced sustained suppression of IKATP in cells from both WT and M2KO mice. However, CCh had a minimal effect on IKATP in M3KO and M2/M3 double-KO cells. The Gq/11 inhibitor YM-254890 (10 μM) and PLC inhibitor U73122 (1 μM), but not the PKC inhibitor calphostin C (1 μM), markedly decreased CCh-induced suppression of IKATP in WT cells. These results indicated that KATP channels are constitutively active and contribute to the setting of resting membrane potential in mouse ileal smooth muscles. M3 receptors inhibit the activity of these channels via a Gq/11/PLC-dependent but PKC-independent pathways, thereby contributing to membrane depolarization and contraction of smooth muscles. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We systematically investigated the regulation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels by muscarinic receptors expressed on mouse ileal smooth muscles. We found that M3 receptors inhibit the activity of ATP-sensitive K+ channels via a Gq/11/PLC-dependent, but PKC-independent, pathway. This muscarinic suppression of ATP-sensitive K+ channels contributes to membrane depolarization and contraction of smooth muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ban Wang
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Yuri Murakami
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Maiki Ono
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Saki Fujikawa
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Hayato Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Toshihiro Unno
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University , Gifu , Japan
| | - Kiyotada Naitou
- Department of Basic Veterinary Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Tanahashi
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chłopecka M, Mendel M, Dziekan N, Karlik W. The effect of pyriproxyfen on the motoric activity of rat intestine - In vitro study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:1146-1152. [PMID: 30029324 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of pyriproxyfen (PPF) to drinking water and constant exposure of the whole population to this insecticide is an unprecedented action on a world scale and presents a new and serious challenge for toxicology. The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential effect of PPF on the intestine muscle activity. The experiments were performed on isolated duodenum and jejunum strips of rat, in isometric conditions. Doses of PPF in the range of 0.032-100 μM were used in the experiments. The obtained results indicate that PPF affected significantly the spontaneous activity of duodenum and jejunum strips, PPF caused the muscle relaxation when used in the concentration of 0.8 μM and higher. The reaction to acetylcholine (ACh) when PPF preceded or followed ACh application was also reduced. It is demonstrated that the reduction of the contraction caused by ACh was stronger when duodenum strips were preincubated in the presence of PPF solution than in case of ACh-precontracted strips. The first significant reaction of duodenal strips appeared in the presence of PPF in a dose of 0.16 μM and 0.8 μM when the insecticide application preceded and followed ACh treatment, respectively. Besides, the duodenum turned out to be much more susceptible to the tested insecticide than jejunum. Taking into account PPF kinetic data obtained in animals, the observed disturbances were caused by the insecticide used in relatively high concentrations. However, the full risk estimation requires the kinetic data obtained in human, especially from monitoring studies on general population after long-term exposure to PPF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Chłopecka
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8, Ciszewskiego St., 02-786, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Mendel
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8, Ciszewskiego St., 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Dziekan
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8, Ciszewskiego St., 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Karlik
- Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8, Ciszewskiego St., 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Alom F, Miyakawa M, Matsuyama H, Nagano H, Tanahashi Y, Unno T. Possible antagonistic effects of the TRPC4 channel blocker ML204 on M 2 and M 3 muscarinic receptors in mouse ileal and detrusor smooth muscles and atrial myocardium. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1407-1415. [PMID: 29973432 PMCID: PMC6160885 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ML204, a potent transient receptor potential canonical 4 (TRPC4) channel blocker, is often used to elucidate the involvement of TRPC4 channels in receptor-operated signaling processes in
visceral smooth muscles. In the present study, we investigated the possible antagonistic actions of ML204 on M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors, which mediate contractions
in mouse ileal and detrusor smooth muscles. In ileal and detrusor smooth muscle preparations, ML204 (3 or 10 µM) significantly inhibited electrical field stimulation
(EFS)-evoked cholinergic contractions. However, it did not significantly inhibit high K+-induced and EFS-evoked non-cholinergic contractions in the ileal preparations. When the
muscarinic agonist, carbachol was cumulatively applied, ML204 (1, 3 and 10 µM) caused a rightward parallel shift of the concentration-response curves of carbachol.
Additionally, ML204 (1, 3 and 10 µM) inhibited carbachol-induced negative chronotropic response in atrial preparations, which is mediated by M2 muscarinic
receptors. Furthermore, ML204 significantly inhibited the contractions evoked by carbachol-induced intracellular Ca2+ release, which is mediated by M3 muscarinic
receptors. These results suggested that ML204 might exhibit antagonistic actions on M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors; in addition, the inhibitory effects of ML204 against
EFS-induced cholinergic contractions might be attributed to this receptor antagonism rather than inhibition of TRPC4 channel activity. Therefore, these effects should be considered when
ML204 is used as a TRPC4 channel blocker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firoj Alom
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Masumi Miyakawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hayato Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagano
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Tanahashi
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-ku, Kyoto 603-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Unno
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kurimoto E, Matsuda S, Shimizu Y, Sako Y, Mandai T, Sugimoto T, Sakamoto H, Kimura H. An Approach to Discovering Novel Muscarinic M1 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulators with Potent Cognitive Improvement and Minimized Gastrointestinal Dysfunction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 364:28-37. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.243774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
15
|
Functional autoantibodies targeting G protein-coupled receptors in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2017; 13:648-656. [PMID: 28855694 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest and most diverse family of integral membrane proteins that participate in different physiological processes such as the regulation of the nervous and immune systems. Besides the endogenous ligands of GPCRs, functional autoantibodies are also able to bind GPCRs to trigger or block intracellular signalling pathways, resulting in agonistic or antagonistic effects, respectively. In this Review, the effects of functional GPCR-targeting autoantibodies on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatic diseases, are discussed. Autoantibodies targeting β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors, which are expressed by cardiac and airway smooth muscle cells, respectively, have an important role in the development of asthma and cardiovascular diseases. In addition, high levels of autoantibodies against the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 as well as those targeting endothelin receptor type A and type 1 angiotensin II receptor have several implications in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases such as Sjögren syndrome and systemic sclerosis. Expanding the knowledge of the pathophysiological roles of autoantibodies against GPCRs will shed light on the biology of these receptors and open avenues for new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
|
16
|
Trailović SM, Marjanović DS, Uzelac TV, Milovanović M, Trailović JN. Two opposite dose-dependent effects of diazinon on the motor activity of the rat ileum. Res Vet Sci 2017; 112:18-25. [PMID: 28107667 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acute poisoning with OPs may lead to a range of neurological effects, which cannot be explained by AChE inhibition alone. Several OPs interact directly with cholinergic receptors in mammals, but such data does not exist for invertebrates. The aim of current study was to investigate the direct and indirect effects of diazinon on the contractions of rat ileum and to compare those effects on the nervemuscle preparation of the Ascaris suum. In the presence of increasing concentrations of diazinon (3, 10 and 30nM), EFS-induced ileal contractions were increased significantly. In the same preparation, diazinon 3nM, significantly increased contractions induced by EFS, but did not affect the contractions caused by 5MFI. Contrarily, 1μM of diazinon significantly and reversibly inhibited the EFS-induced ileal contractions. Diazinon exhibited competitive and non-competitive inhibitions of 5MFI induced contractions. The control EC50 of 5MFI was 2.48μM with Rmax=1.88g. In the presence of diazinon, EC50 was 12.45μM, while Rmax was reduced to 0.43g. After washing, the EC50 and Rmax values were again closer to the control level (3.80μM and 1.04g). Diazinon 1μM did not inhibit Ascaris suum contractions caused by ACh, but it increased the Rmax. Diazinon in our study exhibits two opposite effects on the motor activity of the ileum. In low nanomolar concentrations the dominat is its effect on AChE and the stimulation of contractions. Furthermore, in concentrations that approach micromolar values diazinon has a direct inhibitory effect on muscarinic receptors. The direct inhibitory effect of diazinon on A. suum contractions was not found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saša M Trailović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Beograd, Serbia.
| | - Djordje S Marjanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Beograd, Serbia
| | - Teodora Vidonja Uzelac
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", Department of Physiology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Beograd, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Milovanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Beograd, Serbia
| | - Jelena Nedeljković Trailović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Nutrition, University of Belgrade, Bulevar oslobođenja 18, 11000 Beograd, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
β1/2 or M2/3 Receptors Are Required for Different Gastrointestinal Motility Responses Induced by Acupuncture at Heterotopic or Homotopic Acupoints. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168200. [PMID: 27978539 PMCID: PMC5158317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acupuncture at homotopic acupoints or heterotopic acupoints is known to either inhibit or facilitate gastrointestinal motility, depending on the acupoint location. However, little effort has been made to investigate the roles of specific receptors (such as adrenergic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors) in mediating the effects of acupuncture at heterotopic and homotopic acupoints. Different adrenergic receptor subtypes or cholinergic receptor subtypes are predominantly expressed in various sections of the gut, resulting in variations between the effects of acupuncture at heterotopic or homotopic acupoints on gastrointestinal motility. Here, we investigated the role of β1/β2 receptors and M2/M3 receptors in gastrointestinal motility regulated by acupuncture at ST37, a heterotopic acupoint, and ST25, a homotopic acupoint, by simultaneously recording intraluminal pressures in the distal colon and stomach or jejunum and examining fecal phenol red excretion in β1/2 receptor-knockout mice and M2/3 receptor-knockout mice. We found that knockout of the M2/3 receptor significantly inhibited ST37 acupuncture-induced enhancement of gastric motility, jejunal motility, and colonic motility. Additionally, knocking out of the β1/2 receptor significantly diminished the ST25 acupuncture-induced inhibition of gastric motility and jejunal motility without significantly altering the enhancement of colonic motility induced by acupuncture at ST25. Acupuncture at ST37 significantly accelerated gastrointestinal transition in β1/2 receptor-knockout mice and their wild-type littermates. However, this acceleration of gastrointestinal transition was markedly diminished in M2/3 receptor-knockout mice relative to their wild-type littermates. Acupuncture at ST25 significantly increased gastrointestinal transition in β1/2 receptor-knockout mice and significantly decreased gastrointestinal transition in M2/3 receptor-knockout mice without altering gastrointestinal transition in wild-type littermates of either. Our study revealed that M2/3 receptors are required for the gastrointestinal motility associated with whole gastrointestinal transition enhanced by acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints, whereas β1/2 receptors are required for the same gastrointestinal motility processes inhibited by acupuncture at homotopic acupoints. Therefore, our findings reveal important biological mechanisms underlying acupuncture treatment of disorders involving gastrointestinal motility dysfunction.
Collapse
|
18
|
Gao X, Qin Q, Yu X, Liu K, Li L, Qiao H, Zhu B. Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints facilitates distal colonic motility via activating M3 receptors and somatic afferent C-fibers in normal, constipated, or diarrhoeic rats. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1817-30. [PMID: 26459908 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of somatic stimulation for patients with gastrointestinal motility disorders. However, little effort has been made to investigate the effects of acupuncture on colonic motility, particularly in pathological conditions. The precise mechanism employed in the regulation of acupuncture on colonic motility still remains unclear. METHODS We assessed the effect of acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints on distal colonic motility using a warm-water-filled manometric balloon inserted 5-6 cm into the rectum of anesthetized normal rats or rats with diarrhea or constipation. Choline chloride, 4-DAMP, cobra venom and capsaicin were separately applied to investigate the role of M3 receptors in the regulation of distal colonic motility by acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints, and whether Aδ- and/or C-fibers are required for triggering distal colonic motility by acupuncture. KEY RESULTS Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints increased distal colonic motility not only in normal rats but also in rats with constipation or diarrhea. M3 receptors play an important role in the facilitation of distal colonic motility triggered by acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints. Afferent nerve Aδ- and C-fibers mediate the transduction of the acupuncture signal and C-fibers are essential for enhancing the effect of acupuncture at the heterotopic acupoint on distal colonic motility. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our results reveal that acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints increases distal colonic motility regardless of normal or pathological conditions via predominately activating C-fibers of somatic afferent nerve and M3 receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Gao
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Q Qin
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Henan Orthopedics Hospital, Luoyang, Henan Province, China
| | - X Yu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - K Liu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - L Li
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - H Qiao
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Third Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - B Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hejazian SH, Bagheri SM, Safari F. Spasmolytic and Anti-Spasmodic Action of Trachyspermum ammi Essence on Rat's Ileum Contraction. NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 6:643-7. [PMID: 25599053 PMCID: PMC4290054 DOI: 10.4103/1947-2714.147982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background: Trachyspermum ammi is a plant of umbelliferae family and has been traditionally used in the treatment of many gastrointestinal disorders such as indigestion, colic, and diarrhea. Our previous study demonstrated that aqueous extract of Trachyspermum ammi reduced the contractile activity of rat's ileum. Aims: This study was designed to examine the effect of Trachyspermum ammi essence on acetylcholine-induced contraction in isolated rat's ileum. Materials and Methods: In this experimental procedure, the tissue samples were suspended from the transducer lever and mounted on the organ bath containing Tyrode's solution. Isotonic responses were recorded by using an isotonic transducer and the amplitude of contractions. This process was induced by cumulative logarithmic concentrations of acetylcholine before and after exposing tissue by saline and different concentrations of essence. Results: The chemical constituents of the essence from distillate extract of Trachyspermum ammi seeds were studied by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the chemical analysis showed many components in which thymol was the main constituent. Our findings showed that the essence derived from the extract in all concentrations used in this study (0.002, 0.005, and 0.01% V/V) significantly reduced acetylcholine-induced contractions (47.34, 60.46, and 86%, respectively, P < 0.05). The same concentrations of the essence also exhibit a significant anti-spasmodic action on acetylcholine-induced contractions (0.1,88.3, and 90.7%, respectively, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Since thymol was the major constituent of our samples of Trachyspermum ammi, the relaxant effect observed in this study is probably due to this agent which can exert an anti-cholinergic property.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Hejazian
- Department of Physiology/Herbal Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyyed Majid Bagheri
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Park JH, Kwon JG, Kim SJ, Song DK, Lee SG, Kim ES, Kim ES, Cho KB, Jang BI, Kim DH, Sin JI, Kim TW, Song IH, Park KS. Alterations of colonic contractility in an interleukin-10 knockout mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 21:51-61. [PMID: 25537671 PMCID: PMC4288096 DOI: 10.5056/jnm14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Inflammatory bowel disease is commonly accompanied by colonic dysmotility and causes changes in intestinal smooth muscle contractility. In this study, colonic smooth muscle contractility in a chronic inflammatory condition was investigated using smooth muscle tissues prepared from interleukin-10 knockout (IL-10−/−) mice. Methods Prepared smooth muscle sections were placed in an organ bath system. Cholinergic and nitrergic neuronal responses were observed using carbachol and electrical field stimulation with L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME). The expression of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) networks, muscarinic receptors, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was observed via immunofluorescent staining. Results The spontaneous contractility and expression of ICC networks in the proximal and distal colon was significantly decreased in IL-10−/− mice compared to IL-10+/+ mice. The contractility in response to carbachol was significantly decreased in the proximal colon of IL-10−/− mice compared to IL-10+/+ mice, but no significant difference was found in the distal colon. In addition, the expression of muscarinic receptor type 2 was reduced in the proximal colon of IL-10−/− mice. The nictric oxide-mediated relaxation after electrical field stimulation was significantly decreased in the proximal and distal colon of IL-10−/− mice. In inflamed colon, the expression of nNOS decreased, whereas the expression of iNOS increased. Conclusions These results suggest that damage to the ICC network and NOS system in the proximal and distal colon, as well as damage to the smooth muscle cholinergic receptor in the proximal colon may play an important role in the dysmotility of the inflamed colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyung Park
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Joong Goo Kwon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sun Joo Kim
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dae Kyu Song
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seok Guen Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | | | - Eun Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kwang Bum Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Byung Ik Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jeong-Im Sin
- Department of Microbiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - In Hwan Song
- Department of Anatomy, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyung Sik Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qin QG, Gao XY, Liu K, Yu XC, Li L, Wang HP, Zhu B. Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints enhances jejunal motility in constipated and diarrheic rats. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:18271-18283. [PMID: 25561794 PMCID: PMC4277964 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect and mechanism of acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints on jejunal motility, particularly in pathological conditions.
METHODS: Jejunal motility was assessed using a manometric balloon placed in the jejunum approximately 18-20 cm downstream from the pylorus and filled with approximately 0.1 mL warm water in anesthetized normal rats or rats with diarrhea or constipation. The heterotopic acupoints including LI11 (Quchi), ST37 (Shangjuxu), BL25 (Dachangshu), and the homotopic acupoint ST25 (Tianshu), were stimulated for 60 s by rotating acupuncture needles right and left at a frequency of 2 Hz. To determine the type of afferent fibers mediating the regulation of jejunal motility by manual acupuncture, the ipsilateral sciatic A or C fibers of ST37 were inactivated by local application of the A-fiber selective demyelination agent cobra venom or the C fiber blocker capsaicin. Methoctramine, a selective M2 receptor antagonist, was injected intravenously to identify a specific role of M2 receptors in mediating the effect of acupuncture on jejunal motility.
RESULTS: Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints, such as LI11 and ST37, increased jejunal motility not only in normal rats, but also in rats with constipation or diarrhea. In normal rats, manual acupuncture at LI11 or ST37 enhanced jejunal pressure from 7.34 ± 0.19 cmH2O to 7.93 ± 0.20 cmH2O, an increase of 9.05% ± 0.82% (P < 0.05), and from 6.95 ± 0.14 cmH2O to 8.97 ± 0.22 cmH2O, a significant increase of 27.44% ± 1.96% (P < 0.01), respectively. In constipated rats, manual acupuncture at LI11 or ST37 increased intrajejunal pressure from 8.17 ± 0.31 cmH2O to 9.86 ± 0.36 cmH2O, an increase of 20.69% ± 2.10% (P < 0.05), and from 8.82 ± 0.28 cmH2O to 10.83 ± 0.28 cmH2O, an increase of 22.81% ± 1.46% (P < 0.05), respectively. In rats with diarrhea, MA at LI11 or ST37 increased intrajejunal pressure from 11.95 ± 0.35 cmH2O to 13.96 ± 0.39 cmH2O, an increase of 16.82% ± 2.35% (P < 0.05), and tended to increase intrajejunal pressure (from 12.42 ± 0.38 cmH2O to 13.05 ± 0.38 cmH2O, an increase of 5.07% ± 1.08%, P > 0.05), respectively. In contrast, acupuncture ST25, a homotopic acupoint, not only decreased intrajejunal pressure, but also significantly decreased frequency in normal rats and rats with constipation or diarrhea. Following demyelination of Aδ fibers, acupuncture at ST37 again augmented intrajejunal pressure to 121.48% ± 3.06% of baseline. Following capsaicin application for 24 h, acupuncture at ipsilateral ST37 increased intrajejunal pressure to 106.63% ± 1.26% of basal levels when compared to measurements prior to capsaicin treatment (P < 0.05). Acupuncture at LI11, ST37, or BL25 significantly rescued methoctramine-mediated inhibition of jejunal motility amplitude from 42.83% ± 1.65% to 53.43% ± 1.95% of baseline (P < 0.05), from 45.15% ± 2.22% to 70.51% ± 2.34% of baseline (P < 0.01), and from 38.03% ± 2.34% to 70.12% ± 2.22% of baseline (P < 0.01), respectively.
CONCLUSION: Acupuncture at heterotopic acupoints increases the amplitude of jejunal motility in rats. C fibers and M2 receptors predominantly and (or) partially mediate the regulation of jejunal motility by acupuncture, respectively.
Collapse
|
22
|
Effects of ginsenoside Re on rat jejunal contractility. J Nat Med 2014; 68:530-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11418-014-0831-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
23
|
Tanahashi Y, Ichimura Y, Kimura K, Matsuyama H, Iino S, Komori S, Unno T. Cholinergic neuromuscular transmission mediated by interstitial cells of Cajal in the myenteric layer in mouse ileal longitudinal smooth muscles. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 387:377-88. [PMID: 24322587 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0944-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the roles played by the interstitial cells of Cajal in the myenteric layer (ICC-MY) in cholinergic neuromuscular transmission, we recorded mechanical and electrical activities in response to electrical field stimulation (EFS) of the ileal longitudinal muscle strips from WBB6F1-W/W(V) (W/W(V)) mutant mice, that lacked ICC-MY and compared with those in WBB6F1-+/+ (+/+) control mice. In +/+ muscle strips, EFS induced phasic contractions, which were abolished or strongly attenuated by atropine or tetrodotoxin. In W/W(V) preparations, EFS induced similar phasic contractions, but the cholinergic component was smaller than that in +/+ strips. This was despite of the fact that the contractions because of exogenous applications of carbachol and high K(+) solution in W/W(V) strips were comparable to or rather greater than those in the +/+ preparations. EFS induced atropine-sensitive excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) in the +/+ longitudinal smooth muscle cells but not in W/W(V) cells. In the presence of eserine, EFS induced atropine-sensitive EJPs in W/W(V) cells. These results suggest that ICC-MY mediate the cholinergic neuromuscular transmission in mouse ileal longitudinal smooth muscles. In addition, the other pathway in which ICC-MY are not involved can operate concomitantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Tanahashi
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Motoyama, Kamigamo, Kita-Ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tanahashi Y, Waki N, Unno T, Matsuyama H, Iino S, Kitazawa T, Yamada M, Komori S. Roles of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors in the generation of rhythmic motor activity in mouse small intestine. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2013; 25:e687-97. [PMID: 23889852 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The roles of M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor subtypes in the regulation of gut motor activity were investigated. METHODS We simultaneously recorded changes in the intraluminal pressure (IP) and longitudinal tension (LT) in small intestinal segments from M2 or M3 receptor knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. KEY RESULTS In the WT preparations, luminal distension induced a continuous rhythmic contractile activity that was characterized by synchronous rises in IP and LT, occurring periodically at a constant interval. Tetrodotoxin completely abolished the response, whereas atropine either abolished or attenuated it. In the majority of the M2 KO preparations, however, no rhythmic activity was observed in response to the luminal distention, even though networks of enteric neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) seemed to be intact. Where rhythmic activity did occur in M2 KO preparations, it was atropine resistant. In the M3 KO preparations, the IP and LT were synchronously changed by the luminal distention, but the changes occurred at irregular intervals. The W/W(v) mutant preparations, which lack ICC in the myenteric plexus (ICC-MY), showed results similar to those of the M3 KO preparations. In some of the M2 /M3 double-KO preparations, rhythmic activity was not observed, but in the others, an atropine-resistant rhythmicity appeared. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES These results suggest that M2 and M3 muscarinic receptors differentially regulate the intestinal motor activity: M2 receptors play an essential role in the generation of rhythmic motor activity, and M3 receptors have a modulatory role in controlling the periodicity of the rhythmic activity together with the ICC-MY.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tanahashi
- Department of Animal Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Matsuyama H, Tanahashi Y, Kitazawa T, Yamada M, Komori S, Unno T. Evidence for M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor involvement in cholinergic excitatory junction potentials through synergistic activation of cation channels in the longitudinal muscle of mouse ileum. J Pharmacol Sci 2013; 121:227-36. [PMID: 23446189 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.12231fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic nerve-mediated excitatory junction potentials (EJPs) in the longitudinal muscle of mouse ileum were characterized by using M2 or M3 muscarinic receptor-knockout (KO) mice and 1-[β-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl) propoxy]-4-methoxyphenethyl]-1H-imidazole hydrochloride (SK&F 96365) and pertussis toxin (PTX). EJPs evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS) in wild-type preparations, initially determined to be cholinergic in origin using tetrodotoxin, atropine, and eserine, were profoundly depressed after SK&F 96365 treatment known to block muscarinic receptor-operated cation channels. A similar depression of the EJPs was also observed by PTX treatment, which is predicted to disrupt M2-mediated pathways linked to cation channel activation. In M2-KO mouse preparations, cholinergic EJPs were evoked by EFS with their relative amplitude of 20%-30% to the wild-type EJP and strongly inhibited by SK&F 96365. No cholinergic EJP was seen in M3-KO as well as M2/M3 double-KO preparations. The results suggest that the wild-type cholinergic EJP is not a simple mixture of M2 and M3 responses, but due to synergistic activation of cation channels by both M2 and M3 receptors in the murine ileal longitudinal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huang Q, Babu GJ, Periasamy M, Eddinger TJ. SMB myosin heavy chain knockout enhances tonic contraction and reduces the rate of force generation in ileum and stomach antrum. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 304:C194-206. [PMID: 23135699 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00280.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of SMA and SMB smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms in tonic and phasic contractions was studied in phasic (longitudinal ileum and stomach circular antrum) and tonic (stomach circular fundus) smooth muscle tissues of SMB knockout mice. Knocking out the SMB MHC gene eliminated SMB MHC protein expression and resulted in upregulation of the SMA MHC protein without altering the total MHC protein level. Switching from SMB to SMA MHC protein expression decreased the rate of the force transient and increased the sustained tonic force in SMB((-/-)) ileum and antrum with high potassium (KPSS) but not with carbachol (CCh) stimulation. The increased tonic contraction under the depolarized condition was not through changes in second messenger signaling pathways (PKC/CPI-17 or Rho/ROCK signaling pathway) or LC(20) phosphorylation. Biochemical analyses showed that the expression of contractile regulatory proteins (MLCK, MLCP, PKCδ, and CPI-17) did not change significantly in tissues tested except for PKCα protein expression being significantly decreased in the SMB((-/-)) antrum. However, specifically activating PKCα with phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu) was not significantly different in knockout and wild-type tissues, with total force being a fraction of the force generation with KPSS or CCh stimulation in SMB((-/-)) ileum and antrum. Taken together, these data show removing the SMB MHC protein expression with a compensatory increase in the SMA MHC protein results in enhanced sustained KPSS-induced tonic contraction with a reduced rate of force generation in these phasic tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hu J, Gao WY, Ma L, Man SL, Huang LQ, Liu CX. Activation of M3 muscarinic receptor and Ca²⁺ influx by crude fraction from Crotonis Fructus in isolated rabbit jejunum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:136-141. [PMID: 22107834 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Crotonis Fructus is the mature fruit of Croton tiglium L. (Euphorbiaceae), which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, such as constipation, abdominal pain, peptic ulcer, and intestinal inflammation for thousands of years. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacological effect of extracts and fractions from Crotonis Fructus on GI tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS The activities of methanol extract and fractions from Crotonis Fructus on the smooth muscle contractions were evaluated using isolated rabbit jejunum model. RESULTS The results suggest that the n-BuOH and H(2)O fractions showed spasmolytic activity, while the MeOH extract, PE and EtOAc fractions exerted spasmogenic effect. Moreover, bioassay-guided fractionation verified that the EtOAc fraction was more potent than others, followed by PE fraction and methanol extract. Additionally, atropine (10μM), 4-DAMP (10μM) and verapamil (0.1μM) produced a significant inhibition of contractions caused by EtOAc fraction, while either hexamethonium (10μM) or methoctramine (10μM) was inactive. Additionally, a HPLC fingerprint of EtOAc fraction was appraised to ensure its chemical consistency and the main component has been identified as phorbol 12-acetate-13-tiglate. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the regulatory effect of EtOAc fraction on GI motility are medicated via the activation of M3 muscarinic receptor and Ca(2+) influx through L-type Ca(2+) channel. These provide a scientific basis for the traditional use of Crotonis Fructus in GI disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kim SJ, Park JH, Song DK, Park KS, Lee JE, Kim ES, Cho KB, Jang BK, Chung WJ, Hwang JS, Kwon JG, Kim TW. Alterations of colonic contractility in long-term diabetic rat model. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2011; 17:372-80. [PMID: 22148106 PMCID: PMC3228977 DOI: 10.5056/jnm.2011.17.4.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract occurs in about 76% of patients who are diabetic for more than 10 years. Although diabetes-related dysfunctions of the stomach such as gastroparesis have been extensively studied over the recent years, studies about the mechanism underlying colonic symptoms in long-term diabetes models are rare. Therefore, the goal of our study was to clarify the nature of colonic dysfunction in a long-term diabetic rat model. Methods The characteristics of colonic smooth muscle were investigated in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, an animal model of type 2 diabetes. These results were compared to those obtained from Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) control rats. Results Spontaneous contractility of the proximal colon was significantly decreased in the diabetic rats compared to the controls, while the spontaneous contractility of the distal colon was not. The number of interstitial cells of Cajal networks in the proximal colon was greatly decreased in diabetic rats compared to the controls. Contractility of the proximal colon in response to carbachol, an acetylcholine receptor agonist, was significantly weaker in the diabetic rats. In addition, the degree of relaxation in response to nitric oxide in the proximal colon of diabetic rats also appeared to be attenuated. Conclusions The results from our study suggest that the decrease of interstitial cells of Cajal network, cholinergic receptors, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in the proximal colon plays important roles in diabetes-related dysfunction of colon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Joo Kim
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yuan J, Zhou J, Hu Z, Ji G, Xie J, Wu D. The effects of jatrorrhizine on contractile responses of rat ileum. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 663:74-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
30
|
Zhu MH, Sung IK, Zheng H, Sung TS, Britton FC, O'Driscoll K, Koh SD, Sanders KM. Muscarinic activation of Ca2+-activated Cl- current in interstitial cells of Cajal. J Physiol 2011; 589:4565-82. [PMID: 21768263 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.211094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) provide pacemaker activity and functional bridges between enteric motor nerve terminals and gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells. The ionic conductance(s) in ICC that are activated by excitatory neural inputs are unknown. Transgenic mice (Kit(copGFP/+)) with constitutive expression of a bright green fluorescent protein were used to investigate cellular responses of ICC to cholinergic stimulation. ICC displayed spontaneous transient inward currents (STICs) under voltage clamp that corresponded to spontaneous transient depolarizations (STDs) under current clamp. STICs reversed at 0 mV when E(Cl) = 0 mV and at -40 mV when E(Cl) was -40 mV, suggesting the STICs were due to a chloride conductance. Carbachol (CCh, 100 nm and 1 μm) induced a sustained inward current (depolarization in current clamp) and increased the amplitude and frequency of STICs and STDs. CCh responses were blocked by atropine (10 μm) or 4-DAMP (100 nm), an M(3) receptor antagonist. STDs were blocked by niflumic acid and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)-benzoic acid (both 100 μm), and CCh had no effect in the presence of these drugs. The responses of intact circular muscles to CCh and stimulation of intrinsic excitatory nerves by electrical field stimulation (EFS) were also compared. CCh (1 μm) caused atropine-sensitive depolarization and increased the maximum depolarization of slow waves. Similar atropine-sensitive responses were elicited by stimulation of intrinsic excitatory neurons. Niflumic acid (100 μm) blocked responses to EFS but had minor effect on responses to exogenous CCh. These data suggest that different ionic conductances are responsible for electrical responses elicited by bath-applied CCh and cholinergic nerve stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hong Zhu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ameer OZ, Salman IM, Siddiqui MJA, Yam MF, Sriramaneni RN, Sadikun A, Ismail Z, Shah AM, Asmawi MZ. In vitro cholinomimetic effect of Loranthus ferrugineus in isolated guinea pig ileum. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2010; 2:288-93. [PMID: 20633504 DOI: 10.1016/s2005-2901(09)60070-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism(s) of the spasmogenic action of Loranthus ferrugineus in isolated guinea pig ileum. Thus the contractile responses of guinea pig ileum to graded additions of either L. ferrugineus methanol extract or its n-butanol fraction were tested in the presence and absence of various pharmacological interventions. The data showed that L. ferrugineus methanol extract and the n-butanol fraction produced a concentration-dependent spasmogenic effect in isolated guinea pig ileum segments. These effects were significantly inhibited in the presence of 1 microM atropine. In contrast, the response to the lowest concentrations of L. ferrugineus methanol extract (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/mL) and n-butanol fraction of L. ferrugineus (0.125, 0.25 and 0.5 mg/mL) were considerably enhanced in the presence of 0.05 microM neostigmine. Neither L. ferrugineus methanol extract nor n-butanol fraction contractile responses were affected upon the incubation of the ileal segments with 100 microM hexamethonium. The results of this study show that the spasmogenic effect of L. ferrugineus is possibly mediated through a direct action on intestinal muscarinic receptors. It is suggested that the bioactive constituents of L. ferrugineus serve as a substrate for acetylcholinesterase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Ziad Ameer
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hu J, Gao WY, Gao Y, Ling NS, Huang LQ, Liu CX. M3 muscarinic receptor- and Ca2+ influx-mediated muscle contractions induced by croton oil in isolated rabbit jejunum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 129:377-380. [PMID: 20420890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2009] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF STUDY Croton oil is the fruit oil of Croton tiglium L., which is well known in folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) diseases, including constipation, abdominal pain, peptic ulcer, and intestinal inflammation for a long period. This study was to investigate the pharmacological effect of croton oil on GI tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of croton oil on the smooth muscle contractions was investigated in vitro using the isolated rabbit jejunum model. RESULTS Croton oil has a biphasic action contracting and relaxing intestinal tissue. At the concentrations of 20-80 microg/mL, croton oil produced a concentration-dependent increase in the amplitude and tension of muscle contractions, whereas at high concentrations (>200 microg/mL) it decreased the contractile amplitude and had no impact on the tension. Moreover, croton oil was less effective in increasing muscle amplitude and tension than Ach, confirming that the effect of croton oil on muscle contractions is not a simply stimulatory or inhibitory action, but a unique modulatory process depending on the concentration of croton oil. In addition, croton oil concentration-dependently suppressed the frequency of muscle contractions. On the other hand, atropine (10 microM) and 4-DAMP (10 microM) produced a significant inhibition of contractions caused by croton oil, while either hexamethonium (10 microM) or methoctramine (10 microM) was inactive, implying that the regulatory effects of croton oil on GI motility are mediated via the activation of M3 muscarinic receptor. Furthermore, muscle contractions induced by croton oil were dramatically reduced by verapamil (0.1 microM) but not by NE (1 microM), suggesting that the action of croton oil on GI motility is also mediated by Ca(2+) influx through L-type Ca(2+) channel. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that croton oil possesses spasmogenic and spasmolytic properties and the regulatory effects of croton oil on GI motility are mediated via the activation of M3 muscarinic receptor and Ca(2+) influx through L-type Ca(2+) channel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tanahashi Y, Unno T, Matsuyama H, Ishii T, Yamada M, Wess J, Komori S. Multiple muscarinic pathways mediate the suppression of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in mouse intestinal smooth muscle cells. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:1874-83. [PMID: 20050185 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00475.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stimulation of muscarinic receptors in intestinal smooth muscle cells results in suppression of voltage-gated Ca2+ channel currents (I(Ca)). However, little is known about which receptor subtype(s) mediate this effect. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of carbachol on I(Ca) was studied in single intestinal myocytes from M2 or M3 muscarinic receptor knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice. KEY RESULTS In M2KO cells, carbachol (100 microM) induced a sustained I(Ca) suppression as seen in WT cells. However, this suppression was significantly smaller than that seen in WT cells. Carbachol also suppressed I(Ca) in M3KO cells, but with a phasic time course. In M2/M3-double KO cells, carbachol had no effect on I(Ca). The extent of the suppression in WT cells was greater than the sum of the I(Ca) suppressions in M2KO and M3KO cells, indicating that it is not a simple mixture of M2 and M3 receptor responses. The G(i/o) inhibitor, Pertussis toxin, abolished the I(Ca) suppression in M3KO cells, but not in M2KO cells. In contrast, the G(q/11) inhibitor YM-254890 strongly inhibited only the I(Ca) suppression in M2KO cells. Suppression of I(Ca) in WT cells was markedly reduced by either Pertussis toxin or YM-254890. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In intestinal myocytes, M2 receptors mediate a phasic I(Ca) suppression via G(i/o) proteins, while M3 receptors mediate a sustained I(Ca) suppression via G(q/11) proteins. In addition, another pathway that requires both M2/G(i/o) and M3/G(q/11) systems may be operative in inducing a sustained I(Ca) suppression.
Collapse
|
34
|
Xiao HT, Liao Z, Meng XM, Yan XY, Chen SJ, Mo ZJ. Characterization of the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on muscarinic receptor subtypes mediating the contraction of guinea-pig isolated gastrointestinal smooth muscle. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.07.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The aim was to characterize the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride, which mediates the relaxation of guinea-pig isolated gastrointestinal smooth muscle, on muscarinic receptor subtypes.
Methods
Radioimmune assay was used to determine cAMP levels in isolated guinea-pig gastrointestinal smooth muscle to compare the selective effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride on muscarinic receptor subtypes.
Key findings
The results indicated that the relaxing effect of penehyclidine hydro-chloride on isolated gastrointestinal smooth muscle contraction induced by acetylcholine was stronger than that of atropine (based on PA2 values). In the radioimmune assay, penehyclidine hydrochloride increased the cAMP content in isolated guinea-pig stomach smooth muscle and decreased the cAMP content in isolated guinea-pig intestinal smooth muscle, but the difference was not statistically significant at a dose of 10 μmol/1.
Conclusions
The results suggest that penehyclidine hydrochloride has little or no effect on M2 receptor subtypes in guinea-pig gastrointestinal smooth muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-tao Xiao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
| | - Zhi Liao
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian-min Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Public Health Clinical Center Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
| | - Xiao-yan Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu-jie Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
| | - Zheng-ji Mo
- Department of Pharmacology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Suguro M, Matsuyama H, Tanahashi Y, Unno T, Kitazawa T, Yamada M, Komori S. Muscarinic receptor subtypes mediating Ca2+ sensitization of intestinal smooth muscle contraction: studies with receptor knockout mice. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 72:443-51. [PMID: 20009428 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we have characterized muscarinic receptor subtypes that mediate carbachol-induced Ca2+ sensitization of contraction in intestinal smooth muscle, using mutant mice lacking M(2) or M(3) muscarinic receptors or both receptor subtypes. In alpha-toxin-permeabilized muscle strips from wild-type (WT) mice, isometric tension responses to Ca2+ applied cumulatively (pCa 7.0-5.0) were increased when the muscarinic agonist carbachol (100 microM) was added to the medium, as judged from shifts of pCa-tension curves in both 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) and maximum response (E(max)) of pCa-tension curve. In preparations from M(2)-knockout (KO) mice, pCa-tension curves were also shifted by carbachol (100 microM), and the extents of the EC(50) and E(max) changes resembled those observed in preparations from WT mice. In preparations from M(3)-KO or M(2)/M(3)-double KO mice, however, no significant changes in pCa-tension curves were obtained after carbachol application. The G(q/11)-type G-protein inhibitor YM-254890 (1 microM) completely blocked the Ca2+ sensitization of contraction induced by carbachol in M(2)-KO or WT preparations. The results strongly support the idea that the muscarinic activation of Ca2+ sensitization in intestinal smooth muscles is mediated by the M(3) muscarinic receptor coupled to G(q/11)-type G-proteins, without any significant involvement of the other muscarinic receptor subtypes including M(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Suguro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Singh J, Mehendiratta V, Del Galdo F, Jimenez SA, Cohen S, DiMarino AJ, Rattan S. Immunoglobulins from scleroderma patients inhibit the muscarinic receptor activation in internal anal sphincter smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 297:G1206-13. [PMID: 19779020 PMCID: PMC2850093 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00286.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) IgGs affecting the M(3)-muscarinic receptor (M(3)-R) have been proposed to be responsible for the gastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility in this disease. However, the effect of SSc IgGs on smooth muscle cell (SMC) function has not been studied. We determined the effect of SSc IgGs on the muscarinic receptor activation by bethanechol (BeCh; methyl derivate of carbachol) in SMC and smooth muscle strips from rat internal anal sphincter. IgGs were purified from GI-symptomatic SSc patients and normal volunteers, with protein G-Sepharose columns. SMC lengths were determined via computerized digital micrometry. The presence of M(3)-R and IgG-M(3)-R complex was determined by Western blot. IgGs from SSc patients but not from normal volunteers caused significant and concentration-dependent inhibition of BeCh response (P < 0.05). The maximal shortening of 22.2 +/- 1.2% caused by 10(-4) M BeCh was significantly attenuated to 8.3 +/- 1.2% by 1 mg/ml of SSc IgGs (P < 0.05). Experiments performed in smooth muscle strips revealed a similar effect of SSc IgG that was fully reversible. In contrast to the effect on BeCh, the SSc IgGs caused no significant effect (P > 0.05) on K(+) depolarization and alpha(1)-adrenoceptor activation by phenylephrine. Western blot studies revealed the specific presence of SSc IgG-M(3)-R complex. SSc IgGs attenuated M(3)-R activation, which was reversible with antibody removal. These data suggest that SSc GI dysmotility may be caused by autoantibodies that inhibit the muscarinic neurotransmission. Future treatment of SSc patients may be directed at the removal or neutralization of these antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jagmohan Singh
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and
| | | | - Francesco Del Galdo
- 2Scleroderma Center and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sergio A. Jimenez
- 2Scleroderma Center and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Satish Rattan
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, and
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Okada SI, Saito M, Kinoshita Y, Satoh I, Kazuyama E, Hayashi A, Satoh K, Kanzaki S. Characterization of the ileal muscarinic receptor system in 70-week-old type II Goto–Kakizaki diabetic rats; effects of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 611:72-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
38
|
Hejazian-Y SH, Dashti-R MH, Mahdavi SM, Qureshi MA. The effect of Carum Copticum extract on acetylcholine induced contraction in isolated rat's ileum. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 2009; 2:75-8. [PMID: 20633478 DOI: 10.1016/s2005-2901(09)60019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS There are many biological investigations for determining an effective cure for the dysfunction of gastrointestinal tracts, using herbal medicine. It has been reported that Carum Copticum is a bactericidal agent and possesses anticholinergic, antihistaminic and b-adrenergic stimulatory effects in some tissues. However, these effects of Carum Copticum on mechanical activities of isolated intestine are not clearly identified yet. The present study has been designed to find out the specific effects of Carum Copticum on mechanical activity of isolated rat's ileum. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study rat's ileum contraction was recorded through an isolated tissue chamber in an organ bath by using isotonic transducer and oscillographic device. The effect of Carum Copticum extract on acetylcholine induced contraction in isolated rat's ileum was evaluated. RESULTS Our findings showed that 1% aqueous extract of Carum Copticum reduces the basal contractile activity of rat's ileum. The extract also reduced acetylcholine induced contraction to 40% of its maximum response. The inhibitory action of Carum Copticum extract on acetylcholine induced contraction was similar but slower than that of atropine sulfate. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed an inhibitory effect of Carum Copticum extract on acetylcholine induced contraction in rat's ileum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hassan Hejazian-Y
- Herbal Medicine Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Iwanaga K, Murata T, Okada M, Hori M, Ozaki H. Carbachol Induces Ca2+-Dependent Contraction via Muscarinic M2 and M3 Receptors in Rat Intestinal Subepithelial Myofibroblasts. J Pharmacol Sci 2009; 110:306-14. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09118fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
40
|
|
41
|
Gilsbach R, Hein L. Presynaptic metabotropic receptors for acetylcholine and adrenaline/noradrenaline. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2008:261-88. [PMID: 18064417 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74805-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Presynaptic metabotropic receptors for acetylcholine and adrenaline/noradrenaline were first described more than three decades ago. Molecular cloning has resulted in the identification of five G protein-coupled muscarinic receptors (M(1) - M(5)) which mediate the biological effects of acetylcholine. Nine adrenoceptors (alpha(1ABD),alpha(2ABC),beta(123)) transmit adrenaline/noradrenaline signals between cells. The lack of sufficiently subtype-selective ligands has prevented identification of the physiological role and therapeutic potential of these receptor subtypes for a long time. Recently, mouse lines with targeted deletions for all muscarinic and adrenoceptor genes have been generated. This review summarizes the results from these gene-targeting studies with particular emphasis on presynaptic auto- and heteroreceptor functions of muscarinic and adrenergic receptors. Specific knowledge about the function of receptor subtypes will enhance our understanding of the physiological role of the cholinergic and adrenergic nervous system and open new avenues for subtype-selective therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Gilsbach
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wess J, Eglen RM, Gautam D. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: mutant mice provide new insights for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6:721-33. [PMID: 17762886 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 457] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), M(1)-M(5), regulate the activity of numerous fundamental central and peripheral functions. The lack of small-molecule ligands that can block or activate specific mAChR subtypes with high selectivity has remained a major obstacle in defining the roles of the individual receptor subtypes and in the development of novel muscarinic drugs. Recently, phenotypic analysis of mutant mouse strains deficient in each of the five mAChR subtypes has led to a wealth of new information regarding the physiological roles of the individual receptor subtypes. Importantly, these studies have identified specific mAChR-regulated pathways as potentially novel targets for the treatment of various important disorders including Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, pain, obesity and diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0810, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sakamoto T, Unno T, Kitazawa T, Taneike T, Yamada M, Wess J, Nishimura M, Komori S. Three distinct muscarinic signalling pathways for cationic channel activation in mouse gut smooth muscle cells. J Physiol 2007; 582:41-61. [PMID: 17463038 PMCID: PMC2075272 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.133165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Using mutant mice genetically lacking certain subtypes of muscarinic receptor, we have studied muscarinic signal pathways mediating cationic channel activation in intestinal smooth muscle cells. In cells from M2 subtype-knockout (M2-KO) or M3-KO mice, carbachol (100 microM) evoked a muscarinic cationic current (mI(Cat)) as small as approximately 10% of mI(Cat) in wild-type (WT) cells. No appreciable current was evoked in M2/M3 double-KO cells. All mutant type cells preserved normal G-protein-cationic channel coupling. The M3-KO and WT mI(Cat) each showed a U-shaped current-voltage (I-V) relationship, whereas the M2-KO mI(Cat) displayed a linear I-V relationship. Channel analysis in outside-out patches recognized 70-pS and 120-pS channels as the major muscarinic cationic channels. Active patches of M2-KO cells exhibited both 70-pS and 120-pS channel activity usually together, either of which consisted of brief openings (the respective mean open times O(tau) = 0.55 and 0.23 ms). In contrast, active M3-KO patches showed only 70-pS channel activity, which had three open states (O(tau) = 0.55, 3.1 and 17.4 ms). In WT patches, besides the M2-KO and M3-KO types, another type of channel activity was also observed that consisted of 70-pS channel openings with four open states (O(tau) = 0.62, 2.7, 16.9 and 121.1 ms), and patch current of this channel activity showed a U-shaped I-V curve similar to the WT mI(Cat). The present results demonstrate that intestinal myocytes are endowed with three distinct muscarinic pathways mediating cationic channel activation and that the M2/M3 pathway targeting 70-pS channels, serves as the major contributor to mI(Cat) generation. The delineation of this pathway is consistent with the formation of a functional unit by the M2-Go protein and the M3-PLC systems predicted to control cationic channels.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carbachol/pharmacology
- Cations/metabolism
- GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gi-Go/metabolism
- Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/pharmacology
- Ileum/cytology
- Ileum/drug effects
- Ileum/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Ion Channel Gating
- Ion Channels/chemistry
- Ion Channels/metabolism
- Jejunum/cytology
- Jejunum/drug effects
- Jejunum/metabolism
- Kinetics
- Membrane Potentials
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Molecular
- Muscarinic Agonists/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Protein Conformation
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/agonists
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/deficiency
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M2/metabolism
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/agonists
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/deficiency
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/genetics
- Receptor, Muscarinic M3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Pathogenetic Veterinary Science, United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
NARIMATSU N, SAITO M, KAZUYAMA E, HISADOME Y, KINOSHITA Y, SATOH I, OKADA SI, SUZUKI H, YAMADA M, SATOH K. N-hexacosanol prevents diabetes-induced rat ileal dysfunction without qualitative alteration of the muscarinic receptor system. Biomed Res 2007; 28:267-73. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.28.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|