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Modulation of Endocannabinoid System Components in Depression: Pre-Clinical and Clinical Evidence. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105526. [PMID: 35628337 PMCID: PMC9146799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is characterized by continuous low mood and loss of interest or pleasure in enjoyable activities. First-line medications for mood disorders mostly target the monoaminergic system; however, many patients do not find relief with these medications, and those who do suffer from negative side effects and a discouragingly low rate of remission. Studies suggest that the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may be involved in the etiology of depression and that targeting the ECS has the potential to alleviate depression. ECS components (such as receptors, endocannabinoid ligands, and degrading enzymes) are key neuromodulators in motivation and cognition as well as in the regulation of stress and emotions. Studies in depressed patients and in animal models for depression have reported deficits in ECS components, which is motivating researchers to identify potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers within the ECS. By understanding the effects of cannabinoids on ECS components in depression, we enhance our understanding of which brain targets they hit, what biological processes they alter, and eventually how to use this information to design better therapeutic options. In this article, we discuss the literature on the effects of cannabinoids on ECS components of specific depression-like behaviors and phenotypes in rodents and then describe the findings in depressed patients. A better understanding of the effects of cannabinoids on ECS components in depression may direct future research efforts to enhance diagnosis and treatment.
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Hassan Almalki W. A study of abnormal cannabidiols system-mediated cardiovascular protection in disrupted gut/brain axis associated depression. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22930. [PMID: 34676637 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled stress can lead to vascular injury, hypertension, arrhythmia, compromised immune system alteration in microbiota activity, and neurobehavioral changes, including depression. The gut microbiota has been recently developed, not only for major depressive disorders but also cardiovascular problems, as a therapeutic concern. Since then, >100 studies have studied the link between depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and have shown that depression is common (≈20%-35%) in patients with CVD, and seems to be indicative of negative heart effects in patients. Depressive symptoms patients have demonstrated an elevated platelet reactivity, reduced cardiac variability, and enhanced proinflammatory signals, which are all cardiovascular-related risk factors. The pathophysiology of depression-related CVD is nevertheless a challenge because of the heterogeneous depressive syndromes and the etiologies. The cardiovascular effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) (the key psychotropic credential of cannabis) and endocannabinoids (THC endogenous equivalents which cause type 1 [CB1] and 2 [CB2] cannabinoids) have been extensively examined based on well-documented effects of marijuana smoke on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Therefore, the aim of the review article is to establish the relationship of abnormal cannabidiols system-mediated cardiovascular protection in disrupted gut/brain axis associated depression to determine the translational potential of targeting abnormal cannabidiols receptors in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Hassan Almalki W, Alzahrani A, Mahmoud El-Daly MES, Faissal Fadel Ahmed ASH. A molecular explanation of cardiovascular protection through abnormal cannabidiol: Involving the dysfunctional β-adrenergic and ATP-sensitive K+ channel activity in cardiovascular compromised preterm infants. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22849. [PMID: 34309957 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Growing cannabis efficacy, usage frequency, legal supply, and declining awareness of danger recently led to expanded United States cannabis exposure. In turn, cannabis use among elderly people over 50 has more than tripled in a decade and has contributed toward a positive association of cannabis use with pathological conditions, which include type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, neurovascular and cardiovascular disease. Remarkably, all these outcome results are mediated by the involvement of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel. Cardiovascular compromise is a common syndrome in preterm infants that leads to incidence and death and has been distinguished by poor systemic flow or hypotension. Conditions of cardiovascular compromise include vasodysregulation and myocardial malfunction through dysfunctional β-adrenergic activity. To avoid organ hypoperfusion progressing to tissue hypoxia-ischemia, inotropic drugs are used. Many premature children, however, respond insufficiently to inotropic activity with adrenergic agonists. The clinical disturbance including myocardial dysfunction through the activation of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel is often involved and the comparative efficacy of the nonpsychotropic cannabinoid, abnormal cannabidiol (Abn-CBD) is not yet known. Therefore, our primary aim was to investigate the molecular exploration of the cannabinoid system specifically Abn-CBD in cardiovascular protection involving dysregulated KATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alzahrani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia
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Possible roles of AMPK and macropinocytosis in the defense responses against Δ 9-THC toxicity on HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:980-987. [PMID: 34026562 PMCID: PMC8131391 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids are some of the most popular recreationally used illicit drugs, and are frequently consumed along with alcoholic beverages. Although the whole body effects of cannabinoids depend largely on their effects on the central nerve system, cannabinoids could harm the heart directly, due to the presence of the endocannabinoid system including cannabinoid receptor1 and 2 (CB-R1 and CB-R2) in the heart. The aim of this study is to examine the mechanism of direct cardiotoxicity of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive ingredient of cannabis. For this purpose, HL-1 murine atrial cardiac muscle cells were treated with 10 or 30 μM Δ9-THC, along with 100 mM ethanol to examine the possible synergistic effects of Δ9-THC and ethanol. Transcriptome analysis showed upregulation of the genes involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR), including Bip, CHOP, ATF4 and ATF6, in cells treated with Δ9-THC. Immunoblot analysis showed caspase3 activation, indicating apoptosis caused by ER stress in Δ9-THC-treated cells. Microscopic analysis showed that Δ9-THC enhances macropinocytosis, a process involved in the uptake of extracellular fluids including nutrients. Moreover Δ9-THC seemed to activate AMPK, a sensor of intracellular energy status and an activator of macropinocytosis. Finally, we found that compound C (AMPK inhibitor) aggravated cell death by Δ9-THC while AICAR (AMPK activator) ameliorated it. Collectively, these results indicate that the activation of AMPK is necessary for the survival of HL-1 cells against Δ9-THC toxicity. Macropinocytosis might serve as one of the survival pathways downstream of AMPK.
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Montecucco F, Bondarenko AI, Lenglet S, Burger F, Piscitelli F, Carbone F, Roth A, Liberale L, Dallegri F, Brandt KJ, Fraga-Silva RA, Stergiopulos N, Di Marzo V, Mach F. Treatment with the GPR55 antagonist CID16020046 increases neutrophil activation in mouse atherogenesis. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:987-997. [PMID: 27465665 DOI: 10.1160/th16-02-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids modulate atherogenesis by triggering different receptors. Recently, orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) were suggested to be activated by endocannabinoids, possibly regulating vasorelaxation. Here, we investigated whether GPR55 antagonism with CID16020046 would impact on atherosclerotic size and inflammation in two mouse models of early and more advanced atherogenesis. Eleven-week old ApoE-/- mice were fed either a normal diet ([ND] for 16 weeks) or a high-cholesterol diet ([HD] for 11 weeks), resulting in different degrees of hypercholesterolaemia and size of atherosclerosis. CID16020046 (0.5 mg/kg) or vehicle were intraperitoneally administrated five times per week in the last three weeks before euthanasia. Treatment with CID1602004 was well-tolerated, but failed to affect atherosclerotic plaque and necrotic core size, fibrous cap thickness, macrophage and smooth muscle cell content as well as Th cell polarisation. In ND mice, treatment with CID1602004 was associated with increased chemokine production, neutrophil and MMP-9 intraplaque content as well as reduced collagen as compared to vehicle-treated animals. In HD mice, CID1602004 increased intraplaque MMP-9 and abrogated collagen content without affecting neutrophils. In vitro, serum from CID1602004-treated ND mice increased mouse neutrophil chemotaxis towards CXCL2 as compared to serum from vehicle-treated animals. CID1602004 dose-dependently induced neutrophil degranulation that was reverted by co-incubation with the GPR55 agonist Abn-CBD. In supernatants from degranulation experiments, increased levels of the endocannabinoid and putative GPR55 ligand anandamide (AEA) were found, suggesting its possible autocrine control of neutrophil activity. These results indicate that GPR55 is critical for the negative control of neutrophil activation in different phases of atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Montecucco
- Prof. Fabrizio Montecucco, MD, PhD, First Clinic of Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, 6 viale Benedetto XV, 16132 Genoa, Italy, Tel.: +39 010 353 86 94, Fax: +39 010 353 86 86, E-mail:
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Endocannabinoids as Guardians of Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:230. [PMID: 26875980 PMCID: PMC4783962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids including anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol are involved in cancer pathophysiology in several ways, including tumor growth and progression, peritumoral inflammation, nausea and cancer pain. Recently we showed that the endocannabinoid profiles are deranged during cancer to an extent that this manifests in alterations of plasma endocannabinoids in cancer patients, which was mimicked by similar changes in rodent models of local and metastatic cancer. The present topical review summarizes the complexity of endocannabinoid signaling in the context of tumor growth and metastasis.
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AlSuleimani YM, Hiley CR. The GPR55 agonist lysophosphatidylinositol relaxes rat mesenteric resistance artery and induces Ca(2+) release in rat mesenteric artery endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:3043-57. [PMID: 25652040 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), a lipid signalling molecule, activates GPR55 and elevates intracellular Ca(2+). Here, we examine the actions of LPI in the rat resistance mesenteric artery and Ca(2+) responses in endothelial cells isolated from the artery. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Vascular responses were studied using wire myographs. Single-cell fluorescence imaging was performed using a MetaFluor system. Hypotensive effects of LPI were assessed using a Biopac system. KEY RESULTS In isolated arteries, LPI-induced vasorelaxation was concentration- and endothelium-dependent and inhibited by CID 16020046, a GPR55 antagonist. The CB1 receptor antagonist AM 251 had no effect, whereas rimonabant and O-1918 significantly potentiated LPI responses. Vasorelaxation was reduced by charybdotoxin and iberiotoxin, alone or combined. LPI decreased systemic arterial pressure. GPR55 is expressed in rat mesenteric artery. LPI caused biphasic elevations of endothelial cell intracellular Ca(2+). Pretreatment with thapsigargin or 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate abolished both phases. The PLC inhibitor U73122 attenuated the initial phase and enhanced the second phase, whereas the Rho-associated kinase inhibitor Y-27632 abolished the late phase but not the early phase. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS LPI is an endothelium-dependent vasodilator in the rat small mesenteric artery and a hypotensive agent. The vascular response involves activation of Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) channels and is not mediated by CB1 receptors, but unexpectedly enhanced by antagonists of the 'endothelial anandamide' receptor. In endothelial cells, LPI utilizes PLC-IP3 and perhaps ROCK-RhoA pathways to elevate intracellular Ca(2+). Overall, these findings support an endothelial site of action for LPI and suggest a possible role for GPR55 in vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M AlSuleimani
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Alkoudh, Sultanate of Oman
| | - C R Hiley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Martínez-Pinilla E, Reyes-Resina I, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Zamarbide M, Ricobaraza A, Navarro G, Moreno E, Dopeso-Reyes I, Sierra S, Rico A, Roda E, Lanciego J, Franco R. CB1 and GPR55 receptors are co-expressed and form heteromers in rat and monkey striatum. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chiurchiù V, Lanuti M, De Bardi M, Battistini L, Maccarrone M. The differential characterization of GPR55 receptor in human peripheral blood reveals a distinctive expression in monocytes and NK cells and a proinflammatory role in these innate cells. Int Immunol 2014; 27:153-60. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Balenga NA, Martínez-Pinilla E, Kargl J, Schröder R, Peinhaupt M, Platzer W, Bálint Z, Zamarbide M, Dopeso-Reyes IG, Ricobaraza A, Pérez-Ortiz JM, Kostenis E, Waldhoer M, Heinemann A, Franco R. Heteromerization of GPR55 and cannabinoid CB2 receptors modulates signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:5387-406. [PMID: 25048571 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Heteromerization of GPCRs is key to the integration of extracellular signals and the subsequent cell response via several mechanisms including heteromer-selective ligand binding, trafficking and/or downstream signalling. As the lysophosphatidylinositol GPCR 55 (GPR55) has been shown to affect the function of the cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2 receptor) in human neutrophils, we investigated the possible heteromerization of CB2 receptors with GPR55. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The direct interaction of human GPR55 and CB2 receptors heterologously expressed in HEK293 cells was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays. The effect of cross-talk on signalling was investigated at downstream levels by label-free real-time methods (Epic dynamic mass redistribution and CellKey impedance assays), ERK1/2-MAPK activation and gene reporter assays. KEY RESULTS GPR55 and CB2 receptors co-localized on the surface of HEK293 cells, co-precipitated in membrane extracts and formed heteromers in living HEK293 cells. Whereas heteromerization led to a reduction in GPR55-mediated activation of transcription factors (nuclear factor of activated T-cells, NF-κB and cAMP response element), ERK1/2-MAPK activation was potentiated in the presence of CB2 receptors. CB2 receptor-mediated signalling was also affected by co-expression with GPR55. Label-free assays confirmed cross-talk between the two receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Heteromers, unique signalling units, form in HEK293 cells expressing GPR55 and CB2 receptors. The signalling by agonists of either receptor was governed (i) by the presence or absence of the partner receptors (with the consequent formation of heteromers) and (ii) by the activation state of the partner receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Balenga
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Huot P, Johnston TH, Koprich JB, Fox SH, Brotchie JM. The Pharmacology of l-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:171-222. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
A safe and effective antiobesity drug is needed to combat the global obesity epidemic. The discovery of cannabinoids from medicinal herbs has revealed the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in animals and humans, which regulates various physiological activities such as feeding, thermogenesis, and body weight (BW). Although cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) antagonists have shown antiobesity efficacies in animal models and in the clinic, they failed to establish as a treatment due to their psychological side effects. Recent studies indicate that CB1 in various peripheral tissues may mediate some of the therapeutic effects of CB1 antagonists, such as improved lipid and glucose homeostasis. It rationalizes the development of compounds with limited brain penetration, for minimizing the side effects while retaining the therapeutic efficacies. A survey of the literature has revealed some controversies about how the ECS affects obesity. This review summarizes the research progresses and discusses some future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA.
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Ross GR, Lichtman A, Dewey WL, Akbarali HI. Evidence for the putative cannabinoid receptor (GPR55)-mediated inhibitory effects on intestinal contractility in mice. Pharmacology 2012; 90:55-65. [PMID: 22759743 DOI: 10.1159/000339076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoids inhibit intestinal motility via presynaptic cannabinoid receptor type I (CB1) in enteric neurons while cannabinoid receptor type II (CB2) receptors are located mainly in immune cells. The recently de-orphanized G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR55, has been proposed to be the 'third' cannabinoid receptor. Although gene expression of GPR55 is evident in the gut, functional evidence for GPR55 in the gut is unknown. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that GPR55 activation inhibits neurogenic contractions in the gut. METHODS We assessed the inhibitory effect of the atypical cannabinoid O-1602, a GPR55 agonist, in mouse colon. Isometric tension recordings in colonic tissue strips were used from either wild-type, GPR55(-/-) or CB1(-/-)/CB2(-/-) knockout mice. RESULTS O-1602 inhibited the electrical field- induced contractions in the colon strips from wild-type and CB1(-/-)/CB2(-/-) in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting a non-CB1/CB2 receptor-mediated prejunctional effect. The concentration-dependent response of O-1602 was significantly inhibited in GPR55(-/-) mice. O-1602 did not relax colonic strips precontracted with high K(+) (80 mmol/l), indicating no involvement of Ca(2+) channel blockade in O-1602-induced relaxation. However, 10 µmol/l O-1602 partially inhibited the exogenous acetylcholine (10 µmol/l)-induced contractions. Moreover, we also assessed the inhibitory effects of JWH015, a CB2/GPR55 agonist on neurogenic contractions of mouse ileum. Surprisingly, the effects of JWH015 were independent of the known cannabinoid receptors. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that activation of GPR55 leads to inhibition of neurogenic contractions in the gut and are predominantly prejunctional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracious R Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0613, USA.
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At the heart of the matter: the endocannabinoid system in cardiovascular function and dysfunction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:331-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lysophosphatidylinositol signalling: New wine from an old bottle. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:694-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Szczesniak AM, Maor Y, Robertson H, Hung O, Kelly MEM. Nonpsychotropic cannabinoids, abnormal cannabidiol and canabigerol-dimethyl heptyl, act at novel cannabinoid receptors to reduce intraocular pressure. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2011; 27:427-35. [PMID: 21770780 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2011.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of our study was to examine the pharmacology of the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering actions of the behaviorally inactive cannabinoids, abnormal cannabidiol (abn-CBD), and a cannabigerol analog, cannabigerol-dimethyl heptyl (CBG-DMH), in comparison to that of the nonselective cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB(1)R) and CB(2)R agonist, WIN55,212-2, in Brown Norway rats. The IOP was measured noninvasively using a hand-held tonometer in nonanesthetized animals. The IOP measurements were taken every 15 min for a period of 2 h after drug administration. All drugs were administered via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections, and abn-CBD and CBG-DMH were also given topically. Both abn-CBD and CBG-DMH reduced IOP when administrated i.p. at doses of ≥2.5 mg/kg or topically at concentrations of 1%-2%. The IOP-lowering effects of abn-CBD and CBG-DMH were reduced by i.p. administration of O-1918 (2.5 mg/kg), a selective antagonist of the abn-CBD-sensitive cannabinoid-related receptor (CBx), but were unaffected by the CB(1)R antagonist, AM251 (2.5 mg/kg), or the CB(2)R antagonist, AM630 (2.5 mg/kg). In contrast, the IOP-lowering action of WIN55,212-2 was completely blocked by the CB(1)R-selective antagonist, AM251, and was unaffected by the CBx receptor antagonist, O-1918. However, similar to the nonpsychotropic cannabinoids, the ocular hypotensive actions of WIN55,212-2 were also insensitive to block by the CB(2)R antagonist, AM630. Consistent with this, the selective CB(2)R agonist, HU-308 (2 mg/kg) failed to reduce IOP in Brown Norway rats. Concurrent application of a dose of WIN55,212-2 that was subthreshold to reduce IOP (0.25 mg/kg), together with a topical dose of either abn-CBD (0.5%) or CBG-DMH (0.25%), respectively, potentiated the ocular hypotensive effect of either compound applied alone. This study demonstrates that the atypical cannabinoid, abn-CBD, and the cannabigerol analog, CBG-DMH, decrease IOP in the normotensive Brown Norway rat eye independent of CB(1)R or CB(2)R activation, via activation of CBx receptors. The enhanced decrease in IOP seen after coapplication of the CB(1)R agonist, WIN55,212-2, together with either abn-CBD or CBG-DMH, respectively, further suggests that the ocular pharmacodynamics of abn-CBD and CBG-DMH are mediated by receptor targets distinct from CB(1)R. These results indicate that both CBG-DMH and abn-CBD have the potential for further investigation as novel ocular hypotensive cannabinoids devoid of CB(1)R-mediated side-effects.
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Bosier B, Muccioli GG, Hermans E, Lambert DM. Functionally selective cannabinoid receptor signalling: therapeutic implications and opportunities. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1-12. [PMID: 20206137 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The CB(1) and CB(2) cannabinoid receptors are G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recognized by a variety of endogenous ligands and activating multiple signalling pathways. This multiplicity of ligands and intracellular transduction mechanisms supports a complex control of physiological functions by the endocannabinoid system, but requires a finely tuned regulation of the signalling events triggered on receptor activation. Here we review the diverse signalling pathways activated by the cannabinoid receptors and discuss the mechanisms allowing for specificity in the associated functional responses triggered by endogenous or exogenous ligands. At variance with the classical concept that all agonists at a given GPCR induce a similar repertoire of downstream events in all tissues, we also summarize the experimental evidence supporting the existence of functional selectivity and protean agonism at cannabinoid receptors. By placing emphasis on the ligand- or constitutive activity-dependent specifications of receptor-G protein coupling, these concepts explain how distinct cannabinoid ligands may activate specific downstream mediators. Finally, although both the diversity and specificity in cannabinoid signalling are now established in vitro, few data are available from in vivo studies. Therefore, we conclude this review by examining the experimental evidence supporting the physiological relevance of this complexity in the cannabinoid system. The ability to selectively manipulate physiological functions, through activation of defined signalling cascades, will in all likelihood help in the development of efficacious and safe cannabinoid-based therapeutics for a variety of indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Bosier
- Unité de Chimie Pharmaceutique et de Radiopharmacie (CMFA 7340), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium
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Oka S, Kimura S, Toshida T, Ota R, Yamashita A, Sugiura T. Lysophosphatidylinositol induces rapid phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and activating transcription factor 2 in HEK293 cells expressing GPR55 and IM-9 lymphoblastoid cells. J Biochem 2010; 147:671-8. [PMID: 20051382 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) is an endogenous ligand for GPR55, a putative novel type of cannabinoid receptor. In this study, we first examined the effects of LPI on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in HEK293 cells expressing GPR55. LPI induced the rapid phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in GPR55-expressing cells. No apparent effect was observed in the vector-transfected cells. The exposure of GPR55-expressing cells to LPI also triggered the phosphorylation of activating transcription factor 2 downstream of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Treatment of the cells with Y-27632 [a Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor] blocked the LPI-induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and activating transcription factor 2, suggesting that the Rho-ROCK pathway is involved in these cellular responses. Notably, GPR55 was found to be abundantly expressed in lymphoid organs such as the spleen and thymus. We obtained evidence that rapid phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and activating transcription factor 2 also takes place in IM-9 lymphoblastoid cells, which naturally express GPR55, after stimulation with LPI. These results suggest that GPR55 and its endogenous ligand LPI play essential roles in the homoeostatic responses to stress signals in several mammalian tissues and cells including certain types of immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Oka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-0195, Japan
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Non-CB1, Non-CB2 Receptors for Endocannabinoids, Plant Cannabinoids, and Synthetic Cannabimimetics: Focus on G-protein-coupled Receptors and Transient Receptor Potential Channels. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2009; 5:103-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9177-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Godlewski G, Offertáler L, Wagner JA, Kunos G. Receptors for acylethanolamides-GPR55 and GPR119. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2009; 89:105-11. [PMID: 19615459 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acylethanolamides are lipid substances widely distributed in the body, generated from a membrane phospholipid precursor, N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE). The recent identification of arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide or AEA) as an endogenous cannabinoid ligand has focused attention on acylethanolamides, which has further increased with the subsequent identification of related additional acylethanolamides with signaling function, such as oleoylethanolamide (OEA) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). Most of the biological functions of anandamide are mediated by the two G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors identified to date, CB(1) and CB(2), with the transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 receptor being an additional potential target. There has been increasing pharmacological evidence for the existence of additional cannabinoid receptors, with the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPR55 being the most actively scrutinized, and is one of the subjects of this review. The other receptor reviewed here is GPR119, which can recognize OEA and PEA. These two acylethanolamides, although structurally related to anandamide, do not interact with classical cannabinoid receptors. Instead, they have high affinity for the nuclear receptor PPARalpha, which is believed to mediate many of their biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Godlewski
- Laboratory of Physiologic Studies, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Abstract
AIM Twin studies have shown that cannabis use disorders (abuse/dependence) are highly heritable. This review aims to: (i) review existing linkage studies of cannabis use disorders and (ii) review gene association studies, to identify potential candidate genes, including those that have been tested for composite substance use disorders and (iii) to highlight challenges in the genomic study of cannabis use disorders. METHODS Peer-reviewed linkage and candidate gene association studies are reviewed. RESULTS Four linkage studies are reviewed: results from these have homed in on regions on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 9, 14, 17 and 18, which harbor candidates of predicted biological relevance, such as monoglyceride lipase (MGLL) on chromosome 3, but also novel genes, including ELTD1[epidermal growth factor (EGF), latrophilin and seven transmembrane domain containing 1] on chromosome 1. Gene association studies are presented for (a) genes posited to have specific influences on cannabis use disorders: CNR1, CB2, FAAH, MGLL, TRPV1 and GPR55 and (b) genes from various neurotransmitter systems that are likely to exert a non-specific influence on risk of cannabis use disorders, e.g. GABRA2, DRD2 and OPRM1. CONCLUSIONS There are challenges associated with (i) understanding biological complexity underlying cannabis use disorders (including the need to study gene-gene and gene-environment interactions), (ii) using diagnostic versus quantitative phenotypes, (iii) delineating which stage of cannabis involvement (e.g. use versus misuse) genes influence and (iv) problems of sample ascertainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Agrawal
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Burstein SH, Zurier RB. Cannabinoids, endocannabinoids, and related analogs in inflammation. AAPS JOURNAL 2009; 11:109-19. [PMID: 19199042 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This review covers reports published in the last 5 years on the anti-inflammatory activities of all classes of cannabinoids, including phytocannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, synthetic analogs such as ajulemic acid and nabilone, the endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and related compounds, namely, the elmiric acids, and finally, noncannabinoid components of Cannabis that show anti-inflammatory action. It is intended to be an update on the topic of the involvement of cannabinoids in the process of inflammation. A possible mechanism for these actions is suggested involving increased production of eicosanoids that promote the resolution of inflammation. This differentiates these cannabinoids from cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors that suppress the synthesis of eicosanoids that promote the induction of the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumner H Burstein
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation St., Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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Chapter 13 Endogenous Cannabinoids and Neutrophil Chemotaxis. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 81:337-65. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(09)81013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Role of ionotropic cannabinoid receptors in peripheral antinociception and antihyperalgesia. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2008; 30:79-84. [PMID: 19070372 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Revised: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wealth of information on cannabinoid-induced peripheral antihyperalgesic and antinociceptive effects in many pain models, the molecular mechanism(s) for these actions remains unknown. Although metabotropic cannabinoid receptors have important roles in many pharmacological actions of cannabinoids, recent studies have led to the recognition of a family of at least five ionotropic cannabinoid receptors (ICRs). The known ICRs are members of the family of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and include TRPV1, TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPM8 and TRPA1. Cannabinoid activation of ICRs can result in desensitization of the TRPA1 and TRPV1 channel activities, inhibition of nociceptors and antihyperalgesia and antinociception in certain pain models. Thus, cannabinoids activate both metabotropic and ionotropic mechanisms to produce peripheral analgesic effects. Here, we provide an overview of the pharmacology of TRP channels as ICRs.
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Waldeck-Weiermair M, Zoratti C, Osibow K, Balenga N, Goessnitzer E, Waldhoer M, Malli R, Graier WF. Integrin clustering enables anandamide-induced Ca2+ signaling in endothelial cells via GPR55 by protection against CB1-receptor-triggered repression. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:1704-1717. [PMID: 18445684 PMCID: PMC4067516 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.020958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the endocannabinoid anandamide is frequently described to act predominantly in the cardiovascular system, the molecular mechanisms of its signaling remained unclear. In human endothelial cells, two receptors for anandamide were found, which were characterized as cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R; CNR1) and G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55). Both receptors trigger distinct signaling pathways. It crucially depends on the activation status of integrins which signaling cascade becomes promoted upon anandamide stimulation. Under conditions of inactive integrins, anandamide initiates CB1R-derived signaling, including Gi-protein-mediated activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), resulting in NFkappaB translocation. Furthermore, Syk inhibits phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) that represents a key protein in the transduction of GPR55-originated signaling. However, once integrins are clustered, CB1R splits from integrins and, thus, Syk cannot further inhibit GPR55-triggered signaling resulting in intracellular Ca2+ mobilization from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via a PI3K-Bmx-phospholipase C (PLC) pathway and activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells. Altogether, these data demonstrate that the physiological effects of anandamide on endothelial cells depend on the status of integrin clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Zoratti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, A8010, Austria
| | - Karin Osibow
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, A8010, Austria
| | - Nariman Balenga
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Graz, Graz, A8010, Austria
| | - Edith Goessnitzer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University Graz, Graz Austria
| | - Maria Waldhoer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University Graz, Graz, A8010, Austria
| | - Roland Malli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, A8010, Austria
| | - Wolfgang F. Graier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Graz, A8010, Austria
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Endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors in ischaemia-reperfusion injury and preconditioning. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:252-62. [PMID: 18026124 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a pivotal mechanism of organ injury during stroke, myocardial infarction, organ transplantation and vascular surgeries. Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) is a potent endogenous form of tissue protection against I/R injury. On the one hand, endocannabinoids have been implicated in the protective effects of IPC through cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. However, there is evidence suggesting that endocannabinoids are overproduced during various forms of I/R, such as myocardial infarction or whole body I/R associated with circulatory shock, and may contribute to the cardiovascular depressive state associated with these pathologies. Previous studies using synthetic CB1 receptor agonists or knockout mice demonstrated CB1 receptor-dependent protection against cerebral I/R injury in various animal models. In contrast, several follow-up reports have shown protection afforded by CB1 receptor antagonists, but not agonists. Excitedly, emerging studies using potent CB2 receptor agonists and/or knockout mice have provided compelling evidence that CB2 receptor activation is protective against myocardial, cerebral and hepatic I/R injuries by decreasing the endothelial cell activation/inflammatory response (for example, expression of adhesion molecules, secretion of chemokines, and so on), and by attenuating the leukocyte chemotaxis, rolling, adhesion to endothelium, activation and transendothelial migration, and interrelated oxidative/nitrosative damage. This review is aimed to discuss the role of endocannabinoids and CB receptors in various forms of I/R injury (myocardial, cerebral, hepatic and circulatory shock) and preconditioning, and to delineate the evidence supporting the therapeutic utility of selective CB2 receptor agonists, which are devoid of psychoactive effects, as a promising new approach to limit I/R-induced tissue damage.
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McHugh D, Tanner C, Mechoulam R, Pertwee RG, Ross RA. Inhibition of human neutrophil chemotaxis by endogenous cannabinoids and phytocannabinoids: evidence for a site distinct from CB1 and CB2. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 73:441-50. [PMID: 17965195 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.041863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we show a novel pharmacology for inhibition of human neutrophil migration by endocannabinoids, phytocannabinoids, and related compounds. The endocannabinoids virodhamine and N-arachidonoyl dopamine are potent inhibitors of N-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine-induced migration of human neutrophils, with IC(50) values of 0.2 and 8.80 nM, respectively. The endocannabinoid anandamide inhibits human neutrophil migration at nanomolar concentrations in a biphasic manner. The phytocannabinoid (-)-cannabidiol is a partial agonist, being approximately 40 fold more potent than (+)-cannabidiol; abnormal-cannabidiol is a full agonist. Furthermore, the abnormal-cannabidiol (CBD) analog trans-4-[3-methyl-6-(1-methylethenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-yl]-5-methyl-1,3-benzenediol (O-1602) inhibits migration, with an IC(50) value of 33 nM. This reported profile of agonist efficacy and potency parallels with the pharmacology of the novel "abnormal-cannabidiol" receptor or a related orphan G protein-coupled receptor, which are already known to modulate cell migration. Although having no effect alone, N-arachidonoyl l-serine attenuated inhibition of human neutrophil migration induced by anandamide, virodhamine, and abnormal-CBD. Our data also suggest that there is cross-talk/negative co-operativity between the cannabinoid CB(2) receptor and this novel target: CB(2) receptor antagonists significantly enhance the inhibition observed with anandamide and virodhamine. This study reveals that certain endogenous lipids, phytocannabinoids, and related ligands are potent inhibitors of human neutrophil migration, and it implicates a novel pharmacological target distinct from cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors; this target is antagonized by the endogenous compound N-arachidonoyl l-serine. Furthermore, our findings have implications for the potential pharmacological manipulation of elements of the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas McHugh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
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30
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Abstract
Cannabinoids have numerous physiological effects. In the years since the molecular identification of the G protein-coupled receptors CB1 and CB2, the ion channel TRPV1, and their corresponding endogenous ligand systems, many cannabinoid-evoked actions have been shown conclusively to be mediated by one of these specific receptor targets. However, there remain several examples where these classical cannabinoid receptors do not explain observed pharmacology. Studies using mice genetically deleted for the known receptors have confirmed the existence of additional targets, which have come to be known collectively as non-CB1/CB2 receptors. Despite intense research efforts, the molecular identity of these non-CB1/CB2 receptors remains for the most part unclear. Two orphan G protein-coupled receptors have recently been implicated as novel cannabinoid receptors; these are GPR119, which has been proposed as a receptor for oleoylethanolamide, and GPR55 which has been proposed as a receptor activated by multiple different cannabinoid ligands. In this review I will present an introduction to non-CB1/CB2 pharmacology, summarize information on GPR55 and GPR119 currently available, and consider their phylogenetic origin and what aspects of non-CB1/CB2 pharmacology, if any, they help explain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Brown
- Department of Screening and Compound Profiling, Molecular Discovery Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Essex, UK.
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