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Li H, Wei X, Yang J, Dong D, Huang Y, Lan X, Plath M, Lei C, Qi X, Bai Y, Chen H. Developmental transcriptome profiling of bovine muscle tissue reveals an abundant GosB that regulates myoblast proliferation and apoptosis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:32083-32100. [PMID: 28404879 PMCID: PMC5458270 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The formation of bovine skeletal muscle involves complex developmental and physiological processes that play a vital role in determining the quality of beef; however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying differences in meat quality are largely unknown. We conducted transcriptome analysis of bovine muscle tissues to compare gene expression profiles between embryonic and adult stages. Total RNAs from skeletal muscle of Qinchuan cattle at fetal and adult stages were used to construct libraries for Illumina next-generation sequencing using the Ribo-Zero RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) method. We found a total of 19,695 genes to be expressed in fetal and adult stages, whereby 3,299 were expressed only in fetal, and 433 only in adult tissues. We characterized the role of a candidate gene (GosB), which was highly (but differentially) expressed in embryonic and adult skeletal muscle tissue. GosB increased the number of myoblasts in the S-phase of the cell cycle, and decreased the proportion of cells in the G0/G1 phase. GosB promoted the proliferation of myoblasts and protected them from apoptosis via regulating Bcl-2 expression and controlling the intracellular calcium concentration. Modulation of GosB expression in muscle tissue may emerge as a potential target in breeding strategies attempting to alter myoblast numbers in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuefeng Wei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiameng Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongzhen Huang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Martin Plath
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chuzhao Lei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xinglei Qi
- Bureau of Animal Husbandry of Biyang County, Biyang, Henan 463700, China
| | - Yueyu Bai
- Animal Health Supervision of Henan Province, Bureau of Animal Husbandry of Henan province, Zhengzhou, Henan 450008, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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GosB Inhibits Triacylglycerol Synthesis and Promotes Cell Survival in Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:7394869. [PMID: 29181403 PMCID: PMC5664265 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7394869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the activator protein related transcription factor Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins murine osteosarcoma B (GosB) is involved in preadipocyte differentiation and triacylglycerol synthesis. However, the role of GosB in regulating the synthesis of milk fatty acid in mouse mammary glands remains unclear. This research uncovered potentially new roles of GosB in suppressing milk fatty acid synthesis. Results revealed that GosB had the highest expression in lung tissue and showed a higher expression level during nonlactation than during lactation. GosB inhibited the expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), perilipin 2 (PLIN2), perilipin 3 (PLIN3), and C/EBPα in mouse mammary gland epithelial cells (MEC). In addition, GosB reduced cellular triglyceride content and the accumulation of lipid droplets; in particular, GosB enhanced saturated fatty acid concentration (C16:0 and C18:0). The PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone (ROSI), promoted apoptosis and inhibited cell proliferation. GosB increased the expression of Bcl-2 and protected MEC from ROSI-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, MECs were protected from apoptosis through the GosB regulation of intracellular calcium concentrations. These findings suggest that GosB may regulate mammary epithelial cells milk fat synthesis and apoptosis via PPARγ in mouse mammary glands.
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Wei X, Li H, Zhao G, Yang J, Li L, Huang Y, Lan X, Ma Y, Hu L, Zheng H, Chen H. ΔFosB regulates rosiglitazone-induced milk fat synthesis and cell survival. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:9284-9298. [PMID: 29154466 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone induces adipogenesis in adipocyte and regulates cell survival and differentiation in number of cell types. However, whether PPARγ regulates the synthesis of milk fat and cell survival in goat mammary gland remains unknown. Rosiglitazone strongly enhanced cellular triacylglycerol content and accumulation of lipid droplet in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC). Furthermore, ΔFosB decreased the expression of PPARγ at both mRNA and protein levels, and rosiglitazone-induced milk fat synthesis was abolished by ΔFosB overexpression. ΔFosB reduced milk fat synthesis and enhanced saturated fatty acid concentration. Rosiglitazone increased the number of GMEC in G0/G1 phase and inhibited cell proliferation, and these effects were improved by overexpression of ΔFosB. ΔFosB was found to promote the expression of Bcl-2 and suppress the expression of Bax, and protected GMEC from apoptosis induced by rosiglitazone. Intracellular calcium trafficking assay revealed that rosiglitazone markedly increased intracellular calcium concentration. ΔFosB protected GMEC from apoptosis induced by intracellular Ca2+ overload. ΔFosB increased MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity. SB-3CT, an MMP-9 inhibitor, suppressed the expression of Bcl-2, and increased intracellular calcium levels, and this effect was abolished by ΔFosB overexpression. SB-3CT induced GMEC apoptosis and this effect was inhibited by ΔFosB overexpression. These findings suggest that ΔFosB regulates rosiglitazone-induced milk fat synthesis and cell survival. Therefore, ΔFosB may be an important checkpoint to control milk fat synthesis and cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Wei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Guangwei Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiameng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Lihui Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Yongzhen Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Xianyong Lan
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Yun Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linyong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Huiling Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Institute for Conservation and Utilization of Agro-Bioresources in Dabie Mountains, Xinyang, Henan, China
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4
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Li H, Yao X, Li L, Zheng H. The Role of ΔFosB on the Pro-survival Effect of PTHrP in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:707-716. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Li H, Li L, Zheng H, Yao X, Zang W. Regulatory effects of ΔFosB on proliferation and apoptosis of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:6053-63. [PMID: 26608367 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays a vital role in tumor angiogenesis, cell migration, and invasiveness because it can degrade almost all basement membrane and extracellular matrix components. MMP-9 has been reported in many cancers including breast cancer, lung cancer, and colon cancer. ΔFosB in mammary epithelial cells has been shown to regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and death. We found that ΔFosB increased the expression of MMP-9 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. ΔFosB overexpression in MCF-7 cells increased cellular viability and decreased cell apoptosis. SB-3CT, an inhibitor of MMP-9, promoted apoptosis, inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest, and downregulated the expression of antiapoptotic genes Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl in MCF-7 cells. ΔFosB increased the number of MCF-7 cells in G2/M and S phases, upregulated the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, and protected MCF-7 cells from apoptosis induced by MMP-9 inhibition. We also found that ΔFosB overexpression in MCF-7 cells inhibited Ca(2+)-induced apoptosis and promoted cell proliferation. Therefore, ΔFosB may be a potential target in breast cancer cell apoptosis by regulating the expression of MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lihui Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Huiling Zheng
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Xiaotong Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenjuan Zang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, No. 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Zheng H, Li H, Li L, Ma S, Liu X. ΔFosB regulates Ca²⁺ release and proliferation of goat mammary epithelial cells. Gene 2014; 545:241-6. [PMID: 24831832 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
ΔFosB is a member of the family of transcription factor activating proteins-1 (AP-1) and is known to play important roles in Ca(2+) metabolism processes of osteoblast formation and differentiation in humans and rodents. The postpartum mammary gland is one of the significant organs for Ca(2+) metabolism processes. However, very little information is available on the role of ΔFosB in goat mammary gland. In this investigation, the full-length cDNA of ΔFosB from Xinong Saanen dairy goats was cloned, which contains an open-reading frame (ORF) of 723 bp encoding 240 amino acids. The amino acid sequence is highly homologous with cattle (99.17%). Quantitative real time PCR (QRT-PCR) and western blotting assays showed that ΔFosB was expressed in goat heart, liver, lung, and breast, but little in the hypophysis and spleen. The fluorescence signals revealed that the Ca(2+) was decreased in goat mammary epithelial cells (GMECs) over-expressed ΔFosB at 72h. Consistently, intracellular Ca(2+) was increased in GMECs suppressing expressed ΔFosB at 72 h. QRT-PCR assay showed that ΔFosB positively regulated the mRNA expression of runt related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), SMAD family member 4 (Smad4), S100 calcium binding protein A4 (S100A4) and S100 calcium binding protein A13 (S100A13) genes in GMECs, which had been proven to be relative to calcium metabolism in humans and rodents. Ca(2+) could induce a dose-dependent increase of the ΔFosB mRNA expression and a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability when the GMECs were treated with CaCl2. Suppressing ΔFosB expression in GMECs also inhibited the cell viability. These discoveries suggest that ΔFosB plays important roles in regulating Ca(2+) release and proliferation of the GMECs, which may prove useful in regulation of milk production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Hui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lihui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shaoyang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Galectin-1 is an interactive protein of selenoprotein M in the brain. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:22233-45. [PMID: 24284396 PMCID: PMC3856062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141122233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Selenium, an essential trace element for human health, mainly exerts its biological function through selenoproteins. Selenoprotein M (SelM) is one of the highly expressed selenoproteins in the brain, but its biological effect and molecular mechanism remain unclear. Thus, the interactive protein of SelM was investigated in this paper to guide further study. In order to avoid protein translational stop, the selenocysteine-encoding UGA inside the open reading frame of SelM was site-directly changed to the cysteine-encoding UGC to generate the SelM' mutant. Meanwhile, its N terminal transmembrane signal peptide was also cut off. This truncated SelM' was used to screen a human fetal brain cDNA library by the yeast two-hybrid system. A new interactive protein of SelM' was found to be galectin-1 (Gal-1). This protein-protein interaction was further verified by the results of fluorescence resonance energy transfer techniques, glutathione S-transferase pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays. As Gal-1 plays important roles in preventing neurodegeneration and promoting neuroprotection in the brain, the interaction between SelM' and Gal-1 displays a new direction for studying the biological function of SelM in the human brain.
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Yutsudo N, Kamada T, Kajitani K, Nomaru H, Katogi A, Ohnishi YH, Ohnishi YN, Takase KI, Sakumi K, Shigeto H, Nakabeppu Y. fosB-null mice display impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis and spontaneous epilepsy with depressive behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:895-906. [PMID: 23303048 PMCID: PMC3672000 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Patients with epilepsy are at high risk for major depression relative to the general population, and both disorders are associated with changes in adult hippocampal neurogenesis, although the mechanisms underlying disease onset remain unknown. The expression of fosB, an immediate early gene encoding FosB and ΔFosB/Δ2ΔFosB by alternative splicing and translation initiation, is known to be induced in neural progenitor cells within the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and subgranular zone of the hippocampus, following transient forebrain ischemia in the rat brain. Moreover, adenovirus-mediated expression of fosB gene products can promote neural stem cell proliferation. We recently found that fosB-null mice show increased depressive behavior, suggesting impaired neurogenesis in fosB-null mice. In the current study, we analyzed neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of fosB-null and fosB(d/d) mice that express ΔFosB/Δ2ΔFosB but not FosB, in comparison with wild-type mice, alongside neuropathology, behaviors, and gene expression profiles. fosB-null but not fosB(d/d) mice displayed impaired neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus and spontaneous epilepsy. Microarray analysis revealed that genes related to neurogenesis, depression, and epilepsy were altered in the hippocampus of fosB-null mice. Thus, we conclude that the fosB-null mouse is the first animal model to provide a genetic and molecular basis for the comorbidity between depression and epilepsy with abnormal neurogenesis, all of which are caused by loss of a single gene, fosB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Yutsudo
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamada
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kajitani
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nomaru
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsuhisa Katogi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoko H Ohnishi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori N Ohnishi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kei-ichiro Takase
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Sakumi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan,Research Center for Nucleotide Pool, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shigeto
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yusaku Nakabeppu
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan,Research Center for Nucleotide Pool, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan,Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan, Tel: +81 92 642 6800, Fax: +81 92 642 6791, E-mail:
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Arnold S, Victor MB, Beyer C. Estrogen and the regulation of mitochondrial structure and function in the brain. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 131:2-9. [PMID: 22326731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrion is the unquestionable cellular compartment that actively preserves most of the cell functions, such as lipid metabolism, ion homeostasis, energy and ROS production, steroid biosynthesis, and control of apoptotic signaling. Thus, this cell organelle depicts a major drop-in centre for regulatory processes within a cell irrespective of the organ or tissue. However, brain tissue is unique in spite of everything due to its extremely high energy demand and sensitivity to oxidative stress. This makes brain cells, in particular neurons, considerably vulnerable against toxins and challenges that attack the mitochondrial structural organization and energetic performance. Estrogens are known to regulate a multitude of cellular functions in neural cells under physiological conditions but also play a protective role under neuropathological circumstances. In recent years, it became evident that estrogens affect distinct cellular processes by interfering with the bioenergetic mitochondrial compartment. According to the general view, estrogens indirectly regulate the mitochondrion through the control of genomic transcription of mitochondrial-located proteins and modulation of cytoplasmic signaling cascades that act upon mitochondrial physiology. More recent but still arguable data suggest that estrogens might directly signal to the mitochondrion either through classical steroid receptors or novel types of receptors/proteins associated with the mitochondrial compartment. This would allow estrogens to more rapidly modulate the function of a mitochondrion than hitherto discussed. Assuming that this novel perception of steroid action is correct, estrogen might influence the energetic control centre through long-lasting nuclear-associated processes and rapid mitochondria-intrinsic temporary mechanisms. In this article, we would like to particularly accentuate the novel conceptual approach of this duality comprising that estrogens govern the mitochondrial structural integrity and functional capacity by different cellular signaling routes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neurosteroids'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Arnold
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University,Aachen, Germany
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Ohnishi YN, Ohnishi YH, Hokama M, Nomaru H, Yamazaki K, Tominaga Y, Sakumi K, Nestler EJ, Nakabeppu Y. FosB is essential for the enhancement of stress tolerance and antagonizes locomotor sensitization by ΔFosB. Biol Psychiatry 2011; 70:487-95. [PMID: 21679928 PMCID: PMC3264950 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 04/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular mechanisms underlying stress tolerance and vulnerability are incompletely understood. The fosB gene is an attractive candidate for regulating stress responses, because ΔFosB, an alternative splice product of the fosB gene, accumulates after repeated stress or antidepressant treatments. On the other hand, FosB, the other alternative splice product of the fosB gene, expresses more transiently than ΔFosB but exerts higher transcriptional activity. However, the functional differences of these two fosB products remain unclear. METHODS We established various mouse lines carrying three different types of fosB allele, wild-type (fosB(+)), fosB-null (fosB(G)), and fosB(d) allele, which encodes ΔFosB but not FosB, and analyzed them in stress-related behavioral tests. RESULTS Because fosB(+/d) mice show enhanced ΔFosB levels in the presence of FosB and fosB(d/d) mice show more enhanced ΔFosB levels in the absence of FosB, the function of FosB can be inferred from differences observed between these lines. The fosB(+/d) and fosB(d/d) mice showed increased locomotor activity and elevated Akt phosphorylation, whereas only fosB(+/d) mice showed antidepressive-like behaviors and increased E-cadherin expression in striatum compared with wild-type mice. In contrast, fosB-null mice showed increased depression-like behavior and lower E-cadherin expression. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that FosB is essential for stress tolerance mediated by ΔFosB. These data suggest that fosB gene products have a potential to regulate mood disorder-related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori N. Ohnishi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
| | - Yoko H. Ohnishi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan,Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
| | - Masaaki Hokama
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nomaru
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Yamazaki
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yohei Tominaga
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Sakumi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eric J. Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6574, USA
| | - Yusaku Nakabeppu
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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11
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Galectin-1 promotes basal and kainate-induced proliferation of neural progenitors in the dentate gyrus of adult mouse hippocampus. Cell Death Differ 2008; 16:417-27. [PMID: 19008923 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the expression of galectin-1, an endogenous lectin with one carbohydrate-binding domain, in the adult mouse hippocampus after systemic kainate administration. We found that the expression of galectin-1 was remarkably increased in activated astrocytes of the CA3 subregion and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and in nestin-positive neural progenitors in the dentate gyrus. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that the galectin-1 mRNA level in hippocampus began to increase 1 day after kainate administration and that a 13-fold increase was attained within 3 days. Western blotting analysis confirmed that the level of galectin-1 protein increased to more than three-fold a week after the exposure. We showed that isolated astrocytes express and secrete galectin-1. To clarify the significance of the increased expression of galectin-1 in hippocampus, we compared the levels of hippocampal cell proliferation in galectin-1 knockout and wild-type mice after saline or kainate administration. The number of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells detected in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of galectin-1 knockout mice decreased to 62% with saline, and to 52% with kainate, as compared with the number seen in the wild-type mice. Most of the BrdU-positive cells in SGZ expressed doublecortin and neuron-specific nuclear protein, indicating that they are immature neurons. We therefore concluded that galectin-1 promotes basal and kainate-induced proliferation of neural progenitors in the hippocampus.
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Ohnishi YN, Sakumi K, Yamazaki K, Ohnishi YH, Miura T, Tominaga Y, Nakabeppu Y. Antagonistic regulation of cell-matrix adhesion by FosB and DeltaFosB/Delta2DeltaFosB encoded by alternatively spliced forms of fosB transcripts. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:4717-29. [PMID: 18753407 PMCID: PMC2575163 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-08-0768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Among fos family genes encoding components of activator protein-1 complex, only the fosB gene produces two forms of mature transcripts, namely fosB and DeltafosB mRNAs, by alternative splicing of an exonic intron. The former encodes full-length FosB. The latter encodes DeltaFosB and Delta2DeltaFosB by alternative translation initiation, and both of these lack the C-terminal transactivation domain of FosB. We established two mutant mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell lines carrying homozygous fosB-null alleles and fosB(d) alleles, the latter exclusively encoding DeltaFosB/Delta2DeltaFosB. Comparison of their gene expression profiles with that of the wild type revealed that more than 200 genes were up-regulated, whereas 19 genes were down-regulated in a DeltaFosB/Delta2DeltaFosB-dependent manner. We furthermore found that mRNAs for basement membrane proteins were significantly up-regulated in fosB(d/d) but not fosB-null mutant cells, whereas genes involved in the TGF-beta1 signaling pathway were up-regulated in both mutants. Cell-matrix adhesion was remarkably augmented in fosB(d/d) ES cells and to some extent in fosB-null cells. By analyzing ES cell lines carrying homozygous fosB(FN) alleles, which exclusively encode FosB, we confirmed that FosB negatively regulates cell-matrix adhesion and the TGF-beta1 signaling pathway. We thus concluded that FosB and DeltaFosB/Delta2DeltaFosB use this pathway to antagonistically regulate cell matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori N. Ohnishi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Sakumi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Yamazaki
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoko H. Ohnishi
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Miura
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yohei Tominaga
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yusaku Nakabeppu
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Sabatakos G, Rowe GC, Kveiborg M, Wu M, Neff L, Chiusaroli R, Philbrick WM, Baron R. Doubly truncated FosB isoform (Delta2DeltaFosB) induces osteosclerosis in transgenic mice and modulates expression and phosphorylation of Smads in osteoblasts independent of intrinsic AP-1 activity. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:584-95. [PMID: 18433296 PMCID: PMC2674536 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activator protein (AP)-1 family members play important roles in the development and maintenance of the adult skeleton. Transgenic mice that overexpress the naturally occurring DeltaFosB splice variant of FosB develop severe osteosclerosis. Translation of Deltafosb mRNA produces both DeltaFosB and a further truncated isoform (Delta2DeltaFosB) that lacks known transactivation domains but, like DeltaFosB, induces increased expression of osteoblast marker genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS To test Delta2DeltaFosB's ability to induce bone formation in vivo, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress only Delta2DeltaFosB using the enolase 2 (ENO2) promoter-driven bitransgenic Tet-Off system. RESULTS Despite Delta2DeltaFosB's failure to induce transcription of an AP-1 reporter gene, the transgenic mice exhibited both the bone and the fat phenotypes seen in the ENO2-DeltaFosB mice. Both DeltaFosB and Delta2DeltaFosB activated the BMP-responsive Xvent-luc reporter gene and increased Smad1 expression. Delta2DeltaFosB enhanced BMP-induced Smad1 phosphorylation and the translocation of phospho-Smad1 (pSmad1) to the nucleus more efficiently than DeltaFosB and showed a reduced induction of inhibitory Smad6 expression. CONCLUSIONS DeltaFosB's AP-1 transactivating function is not needed to induce increased bone formation, and Delta2DeltaFosB may act, at least in part, by increasing Smad1 expression, phosphorylation, and translocation to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sabatakos
- These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Present address: Procter & Gamble Pharmaceuticals, New Technology Development, Mason, Ohio, USA
| | - Glenn C Rowe
- These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marie Kveiborg
- These authors contributed equally to this manuscript
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Present address: Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Meilin Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Molecular Cardiology Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA:
| | - Lynn Neff
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Riccardo Chiusaroli
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Present address: Rotta Pharmaceuticals, Milan, Italy
| | - William M Philbrick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Roland Baron
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Bagosi A, Bakos M, Krisztin-Péva B, Mihály A. Late expression of FosB transcription factor in 4-aminopyridine-induced seizures in the rat cerebral cortex. Acta Histochem 2008; 110:418-26. [PMID: 18377962 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the immunolocalization of FosB transcription factor was investigated in acute and chronic experimental models of seizures induced by 4-aminopyridine. Wistar rats were injected intraperitoneally daily with 5mg/kg 4-aminopyridine for 1, 4, 8 and 12 days and sacrificed 24h after the last injection. Corresponding control groups received the solvent of 4-aminopyridine. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increase in FosB immunolabelling in the frontal cortex in 4-aminopyridine-treated animals compared to controls, both in acute and chronic time course groups. The dentate gyrus displayed elevated FosB immunopositivity only after repeatedly applied convulsant (4-aminopyridine), i.e. following 4, 8 and 12 days of treatment, but no significant immunolocalization was observed in the hippocampus proper. The neuronal localization of FosB after 12 days of 4-aminopyridine-induced convulsions was analysed by means of FosB-parvalbumin double immunolabelling. The increased number of double-labelled cells was significant in the frontal cortex, hilum of the dentate fascia and region CA1 of the hippocampus. We conclude that the studied neocortical and allocortical areas showed a different pattern of FosB immunolocalization, which suggests a relative deficiency of transcriptional regulation in the Ammon's horn and may be responsible for distinct response to seizure-induced cellular insult.
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Camby I, Le Mercier M, Lefranc F, Kiss R. Galectin-1: a small protein with major functions. Glycobiology 2006; 16:137R-157R. [PMID: 16840800 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwl025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 658] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectins are a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins with an affinity for beta-galactosides. Galectin-1 (Gal-1) is differentially expressed by various normal and pathological tissues and appears to be functionally polyvalent, with a wide range of biological activity. The intracellular and extracellular activity of Gal-1 has been described. Evidence points to Gal-1 and its ligands as one of the master regulators of such immune responses as T-cell homeostasis and survival, T-cell immune disorders, inflammation and allergies as well as host-pathogen interactions. Gal-1 expression or overexpression in tumors and/or the tissue surrounding them must be considered as a sign of the malignant tumor progression that is often related to the long-range dissemination of tumoral cells (metastasis), to their dissemination into the surrounding normal tissue, and to tumor immune-escape. Gal-1 in its oxidized form plays a number of important roles in the regeneration of the central nervous system after injury. The targeted overexpression (or delivery) of Gal-1 should be considered as a method of choice for the treatment of some kinds of inflammation-related diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies and muscular dystrophies. In contrast, the targeted inhibition of Gal-1 expression is what should be developed for therapeutic applications against cancer progression. Gal-1 is thus a promising molecular target for the development of new and original therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Camby
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract
Over the last 15 years, many publications described the use of peptide sequences that have been dubbed cell penetrating peptides (CPP), Trojan Horse peptides, protein transduction domains, or membrane-translocating sequences. These mostly positively charged domains bring attached cargo across biological membranes. One of the reasons for the interest in CPP is their potential as delivery tools to enhance the pharmacodynamics of drugs otherwise poorly bioavailable. In particular, the neuroscientist aiming to deliver a protein or other compound into the brain for analytical or therapeutic reasons is faced with the challenge that few drugs cross the blood-brain barrier. CPP are valuable tools to overcome the plasma membrane or the blood-brain barrier in basic research, and in relevant models of neural disease, and will hopefully help to increase the precious few treatments or even cures for people with diseases of the brain and nervous system. Here, we review applications in neuroscience and recent insights into the mechanism of CPP-mediated trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar P H Dietz
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Waldweg 33, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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Kurushima H, Ohno M, Miura T, Nakamura TY, Horie H, Kadoya T, Ooboshi H, Kitazono T, Ibayashi S, Iida M, Nakabeppu Y. Selective induction of ΔFosB in the brain after transient forebrain ischemia accompanied by an increased expression of galectin-1, and the implication of ΔFosB and galectin-1 in neuroprotection and neurogenesis. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:1078-96. [PMID: 15861185 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient forebrain ischemia causes selective induction of DeltaFosB, an AP-1 (activator protein-1) subunit, in cells within the ventricle wall or those in the dentate gyrus in the rat brain prior to neurogenesis, followed by induction of nestin, a marker for neuronal precursor cells, or galectin-1, a beta-galactoside sugar-binding lectin. The adenovirus-mediated expression of FosB or DeltaFosB induced expression of nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and galectin-1 in rat embryonic cortical cells. DeltaFosB-expressing cells exhibited a significantly higher survival and proliferation after the withdrawal of B27 supplement than the control or FosB-expressing cells. The decline in the DeltaFosB expression in the survivors enhanced the MAP2 expression. The expression of DeltaFosB in cells within the ventricle wall of the rat brain also resulted in an elevated expression of nestin. We therefore conclude that DeltaFosB can promote the proliferation of quiescent neuronal precursor cells, thus enhancing neurogenesis after transient forebrain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kurushima
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Aoki S, Akagi Y, Ma W, Li D, Spector A. DeltaFosB expression and cataract. Exp Eye Res 2005; 79:927-34. [PMID: 15642331 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 07/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
DeltaFosB is a truncated form of a FosB transcription factor, which is created by alternative splicing. Previous work has shown that transgenic mice expressing DeltaFosB both in the retina and in the lens developed a posterior subcapsular cataract resulting from the misalignment of the fibres in the suture region. In the previous study, it was not clear whether DeltaFosB expression was required in both tissues to produce the cataract. Therefore, DeltaFosB expression targeted to either the lens or the retina was undertaken in order to clarify the contribution of each tissue to cataract development. For lens expression, the R2betaB1DeltaFosB construct was synthesized (R2, an enhancer; betaB1, a chicken betaB1 crystallin gene promoter fragment). For the retina, RhoDeltaFosB was prepared. As a promoter, the bovine rhodopsin upstream region was used. DeltaFosB expression in heterozygote animals was monitored by Western blotting. Cataract development in heterozygotes of R2betaB1DeltaFosB transgenics and in both heterozygotes and homozygotes of RhoDeltaFosB transgenics was followed by slitlamp examination. The transgenic mice prepared with RhoDeltaFosB expressed DeltaFosB only in the retina and showed no sign of lens opacity. One line of the R2betaB1DeltaFosB transgenic was found to have expression only in the lens and developed posterior subcapsular cataract. We concluded that retinal expression of DeltaFosB is not sufficient to cause cataract while expression exclusively in the lens produces posterior subcapsular cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiko Aoki
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Sensory and Locomotor Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
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Dietz GPH, Bähr M. Delivery of bioactive molecules into the cell: the Trojan horse approach. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 27:85-131. [PMID: 15485768 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 02/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/16/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, vast amounts of data on the mechanisms of neural de- and regeneration have accumulated. However, only in disproportionally few cases has this led to efficient therapies for human patients. Part of the problem is to deliver cell death-averting genes or gene products across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cellular membranes. The discovery of Antennapedia (Antp)-mediated transduction of heterologous proteins into cells in 1992 and other "Trojan horse peptides" raised hopes that often-frustrating attempts to deliver proteins would now be history. The demonstration that proteins fused to the Tat protein transduction domain (PTD) are capable of crossing the BBB may revolutionize molecular research and neurobiological therapy. However, it was only recently that PTD-mediated delivery of proteins with therapeutic potential has been achieved in models of neural degeneration in nerve trauma and ischemia. Several groups have published the first positive results using protein transduction domains for the delivery of therapeutic proteins in relevant animal models of human neurological disorders. Here, we give an extensive review of peptide-mediated protein transduction from its early beginnings to new advances, discuss their application, with particular focus on a critical evaluation of the limitations of the method, as well as alternative approaches. Besides applications in neurobiology, a large number of reports using PTD in other systems are included as well. Because each protein requires an individual purification scheme that yields sufficient quantities of soluble, transducible material, the neurobiologist will benefit from the experiences of other researchers in the growing field of protein transduction.
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Miura T, Takahashi M, Horie H, Kurushima H, Tsuchimoto D, Sakumi K, Nakabeppu Y. Galectin-1β, a natural monomeric form of galectin-1 lacking its six amino-terminal residues promotes axonal regeneration but not cell death. Cell Death Differ 2004; 11:1076-83. [PMID: 15181456 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a novel N-terminally processed form of galectin-1, galectin-1beta (Gal-1beta) whose expression was induced by DeltaFosB. In the present study, the biochemical properties and biological functions of Gal-1beta were compared with the full-length form of galectin-1 (Gal-1alpha). We first purified recombinant mouse Gal-1alpha and beta (rmGal-1alpha, beta) to near homogeneity. The rmGal-1alpha exists as a monomer under oxidized conditions and forms a dimer under reduced conditions, while the rmGal-1beta exists as a monomer regardless of redox conditions. The affinity of rmGal-1beta to beta-lactose was approximately two-fold lower than that of rmGal-1alpha under reduced conditions. The viability of Jurkat cells efficiently decreased when they were exposed to rmGal-1alpha, however, rmGal-1beta barely induced such a reduction. In contrast, both rmGal-1alpha and rmGal-1beta exhibited an equivalent capacity to promote axonal regeneration from the dorsal root ganglion explants. Our results suggest that the biochemical properties of rmGal-1beta determine its biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miura
- Division of Neurofunctional Genomics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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