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Yuan S, Chai Y, Xu J, Wang Y, Jiang L, Lu N, Jiang H, Wang J, Pan X, Deng J. Engineering Efferocytosis-Mimicking Nanovesicles to Regulate Joint Anti-Inflammation and Peripheral Immunosuppression for Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2404198. [PMID: 38810118 PMCID: PMC11267389 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202404198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovial joints and the dysfunction of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the peripheral blood. Therefore, an optimal treatment strategy should aim to eliminate the inflammatory response in the joints and simultaneously restore the immune tolerance of Tregs in peripheral blood. Accordingly, we developed an efferocytosis-mimicking nanovesicle that contains three functional factors for immunomodulating of efferocytosis, including "find me" and "eat me" signals for professional (macrophage) or non-professional phagocytes (T lymphocyte), and "apoptotic metabolite" for metabolite digestion. We showed that efferocytosis-mimicking nanovesicles targeted the inflamed joints and spleen of mice with collagen-induced arthritis, further recruiting and selectively binding to macrophages and T lymphocytes to induce M2 macrophage polarization and Treg differentiation and T helper cell 17 (Th17) recession. Under systemic administration, the efferocytosis-mimicking nanovesicles effectively maintained the pro-inflammatory M1/anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage balance in joints and the Treg/Th17 imbalance in peripheral blood to prevent RA progression. This study demonstrates the potential of efferocytosis-mimicking nanovesicles for RA immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yuan
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair MaterialsWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
| | - Yingqian Chai
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair MaterialsWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
| | - Jianghua Xu
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair MaterialsWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
| | - Youchao Wang
- Chimie ParisTechPSL UniversityCNRSInstitute of Chemistry for Life and Health SciencesLaboratory for Inorganic Chemical BiologyParis75005France
| | - Lihua Jiang
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair MaterialsWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
| | - Ning Lu
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair MaterialsWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
| | - Hongyi Jiang
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
| | - Jilong Wang
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair MaterialsWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
| | - Xiaoyun Pan
- Department of OrthopaedicsThe Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou325000China
| | - Junjie Deng
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Joint Centre of Translational MedicineWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Tissue Repair MaterialsWenzhou InstituteUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesWenzhouZhejiang325000China
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Han H, Wang L, Ding Y, Neuber B, Hückelhoven-Krauss A, Lin M, Yao H, Chen Q, Sauer T, Schubert ML, Guo Z, Müller-Tidow C, Schmitt M, Schmitt A. Extracorporeal photopheresis as a promising strategy for the treatment of graft-versus-host disease after CAR T-cell therapy. Blood Adv 2024; 8:2675-2690. [PMID: 38359409 PMCID: PMC11170151 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023012463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) occurs in about 10% to 33% of patients receiving "allogeneic" or "autologous" chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells after preceding allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) due to the substantial presence of alloreactive T cells. Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) shows promising clinical outcomes in the treatment of GVHD after allo-HSCT without hampering antitumor and antiviral effects. This raises an interesting question: whether ECP might constitute a new way to treat patients with GVHD after CAR T-cell therapy without compromising CAR-T cells significantly. Third-generation CD19-specific CAR-T cells were generated and an in vitro ECP protocol was established. The impact of ECP on CAR-T cells was comprehensively investigated in 2 models: the nondilution model reflects days after CAR T-cell infusion and the dilution model weeks after infusion. The therapeutic effect of ECP on GVHD was examined in an in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay. We found, ECP-treated CAR-T cells demonstrated reduced potency in inducing alloreaction compared with that of the group without ECP treatment in MLR assay. ECP could selectively induce apoptosis, thereby enriching the naive and central memory CAR-T cells with a reduced alloreactivity. The cytokine milieu of CAR-T cells could be switched from immune stimulation to immune tolerance in both models. Moreover, ECP could modulate the proliferative capacity of CAR-T cells without hampering their long-term functionality in the dilution model. In conclusion, ECP constitutes a promising treatment strategy for GVHD after allo-HSCT and CAR T-cell transfusion, as ECP reduces the alloreactivity without hampering CAR T-cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiu Han
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuntian Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brigitte Neuber
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Min Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hao Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Sauer
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria-Luisa Schubert
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhiqiang Guo
- Department of Oncology, Shanxi Province Fenyang Hospital, Fenyang, China
| | - Carsten Müller-Tidow
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anita Schmitt
- Department of Internal Medicine V, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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3
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Simpson SR, Middleton DD, Lukesh NR, Islam MJ, Ehrenzeller SA, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Microparticles Incorporating Dual Apoptotic Factors to Inhibit Inflammatory Effects in Macrophages. J Pharm Sci 2024:S0022-3549(24)00217-X. [PMID: 38852674 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2024.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
New approaches to treat autoimmune diseases are needed, and we can be inspired by mechanisms in immune tolerance to guide the design of these approaches. Efferocytosis, the process of phagocyte-mediated apoptotic cell (AC) disposal, represents a potent tolerogenic mechanism that we could draw inspiration from to restore immune tolerance to specific autoantigens. ACs engage multiple avenues of the immune response to redirect aberrant immune responses. Two such avenues are: phosphatidylserine on the outer leaflet of the cell and engaging the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. We incorporated these two avenues into one acetalated dextran (Ace-DEX) microparticle (MP) for evaluation in vitro. First phosphatidylserine (PS) was incorporated into Ace-DEX MPs and evaluated for cellular association and mediators of cell tolerance including IL-10 production and M2 associated gene expression when particles were cultured with peritoneal macrophages (PMacs). Further PS Ace-DEX MPs were evaluated as an agent to suppress LPS stimulated PMacs. Then, AhR agonist 2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester (ITE) was incorporated into Ace-DEX MPs and expression of M2 and IL-10 genes was evaluated in PMacs. Further the ITE and PS Ace-DEX MPs (PS/ITE MPs) were evaluated for suppression of T cell priming and Th1 polarization. Our results indicate that the PS/ITE-MPs stimulated anti-inflammatory cytokine expression and suppressed inflammation following LPS stimulation of PMacs. Moreover, PS/ITE MPs induced the anti-inflammatory enzyme IDO1 and suppressed macrophage-mediated T cell priming and Th1 polarization. These findings suggest that PS and ITE-loaded Ace-DEX MPs could be a promising therapeutic tool for suppressing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Simpson
- Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Denzel D Middleton
- Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nicole Rose Lukesh
- Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Md Jahirul Islam
- Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephen A Ehrenzeller
- Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering & Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, NC State/UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, UNC, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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4
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Gonzalez AL, Dungan MM, Smart CD, Madhur MS, Doran AC. Inflammation Resolution in the Cardiovascular System: Arterial Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, and Ischemic Heart Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:292-316. [PMID: 37125445 PMCID: PMC11071112 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Chronic inflammation has emerged as a major underlying cause of many prevalent conditions in the Western world, including cardiovascular diseases. Although targeting inflammation has emerged as a promising avenue by which to treat cardiovascular disease, it is also associated with increased risk of infection. Recent Advances: Though previously assumed to be passive, resolution has now been identified as an active process, mediated by unique immunoresolving mediators and mechanisms designed to terminate acute inflammation and promote tissue repair. Recent work has determined that failures of resolution contribute to chronic inflammation and the progression of human disease. Specifically, failure to produce pro-resolving mediators and the impaired clearance of dead cells from inflamed tissue have been identified as major mechanisms by which resolution fails in disease. Critical Issues: Drawing from a rapidly expanding body of experimental and clinical studies, we review here what is known about the role of inflammation resolution in arterial hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and ischemic heart disease. For each, we discuss the involvement of specialized pro-resolving mediators and pro-reparative cell types, including T regulatory cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and macrophages. Future Directions: Pro-resolving therapies offer the promise of limiting chronic inflammation without impairing host defense. Therefore, it is imperative to better understand the mechanisms underlying resolution to identify therapeutic targets. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 292-316.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azuah L. Gonzalez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Matthew M. Dungan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - C. Duncan Smart
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Meena S. Madhur
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amanda C. Doran
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Gauthier T, Martin-Rodriguez O, Chagué C, Daoui A, Ceroi A, Varin A, Bonnefoy F, Valmary-Degano S, Couturier M, Behlke S, Saas P, Cartron PF, Perruche S. Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by in vivo reprogramming of macrophages using pro-resolving factors. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:307. [PMID: 38124095 PMCID: PMC10734130 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02994-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reinstating inflammation resolution represents an innovative concept to regain inflammation control in diseases marked by chronic inflammation. While most therapeutics target inflammatory molecules and inflammatory effector cells and mediators, targeting macrophages to initiate inflammation resolution to control neuroinflammation has not yet been attempted. Resolution-phase macrophages are critical in the resolution process to regain tissue homeostasis, and are programmed through the presence and elimination of apoptotic leukocytes. Hence, inducing resolution-phase macrophages might represent an innovative therapeutic approach to control and terminate dysregulated neuroinflammation. METHODS Here, we investigated if the factors released by in vitro induced resolution-phase macrophages (their secretome) are able to therapeutically reprogram macrophages to control neuroinflammation in the model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). RESULTS We found that injection of the pro-resolutive secretome reduced demyelination and decreased inflammatory cell infiltration in the CNS, notably through the in vivo reprogramming of macrophages at the epigenetic level. Adoptive transfer experiments with in vivo or in vitro reprogrammed macrophages using such pro-resolutive secretome confirmed the stability and transferability of this acquired therapeutic activity. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our data confirm the therapeutic activity of a pro-resolution secretome in the treatment of ongoing CNS inflammation, via the epigenetic reprogramming of macrophages and open with that a new therapeutic avenue for diseases marked by neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Gauthier
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
| | | | - Cécile Chagué
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Anna Daoui
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Adam Ceroi
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Alexis Varin
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Francis Bonnefoy
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
- MED'INN'Pharma, 25000, Besancon, France
| | | | | | | | - Philippe Saas
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Pierre-François Cartron
- Team "Apoptosis and Tumor Progression" CRCINA-INSERM U1232, Université de Nantes Nantes, LaBEX IGO, REpiCGO, EpiSAVMEN, LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de L'Ouest (ICO), 44000, Nantes, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- Université de Franche-Comté, EFS, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, 25000, Besançon, France.
- MED'INN'Pharma, 25000, Besancon, France.
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Vitiello P, Sagnelli C, Ronchi A, Franco R, Caccavale S, Mottola M, Pastore F, Argenziano G, Creta M, Calogero A, Fiorelli A, Casale B, Sica A. Multidisciplinary Approach to the Diagnosis and Therapy of Mycosis Fungoides. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11040614. [PMID: 36833148 PMCID: PMC9957453 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycosis fungoides is the most common primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, characterized by skin-homing CD4+ T cells derivation, indolent course, and low-grade of malignancy. Mycosis fungoides's classic type typically onsets with cutaneous erythematous patches, plaque, and tumor. In WHO-EORTC classification, folliculotropic mycosis fungoides, pagetoid reticulosis, and granulomatous slack skin are recognized as distinct variants of mycosis fungoides, because of their clinical and histological features, behavior, and /or prognosis. Mycosis fungoides often shows diagnostic difficulties, due to its absence of specific features and lesional polymorphism. A patient's treatment requires staging. In about 10% of cases, mycosis fungoides can progress to lymph nodes and internal organs. Prognosis is poor at advanced stage and management needs a multidisciplinary team approach. Advanced stage disease including tumors, erythroderma, and nodal, visceral, or blood involvement needs skin directed therapy associated with systemic drugs. Skin directed therapy includes steroids, nitrogen mustard, bexarotene gel, phototherapy UVB, and photochemiotherapy, i.e., total skin electron radiotherapy. Systemic therapies include retinoids, bexarotene, interferon, histone deacetylase inhibitors, photopheresis, targeted immunotherapy, and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Complexity of mycosis fungoides associated with long-term chronic evolution and multiple therapy based on disease stage need a multidisciplinary team approach to be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Vitiello
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Caterina Sagnelli
- Department of Mental Health and Public Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-39-3810-7860
| | - Andrea Ronchi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Renato Franco
- Pathology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Caccavale
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Mottola
- Department of Heart Surgery and Transplantations, AORN Dei Colli-V Monaldi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Argenziano
- Dermatology Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Creta
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Armando Calogero
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Fiorelli
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Beniamino Casale
- Department of Pneumology and Tisiology, AO Dei Colli-V. Monaldi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Sica
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Ma Y, Kemp SS, Yang X, Wu MH, Yuan SY. Cellular mechanisms underlying the impairment of macrophage efferocytosis. Immunol Lett 2023; 254:41-53. [PMID: 36740099 PMCID: PMC9992097 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The phagocytosis and clearance of dying cells by macrophages, a process termed efferocytosis, is essential for both maintaining homeostasis and promoting tissue repair after infection or sterile injury. If not removed in a timely manner, uncleared cells can undergo secondary necrosis, and necrotic cells lose membrane integrity, release toxic intracellular components, and potentially induce inflammation or autoimmune diseases. Efferocytosis also initiates the repair process by producing a wide range of pro-reparative factors. Accumulating evidence has revealed that macrophage efferocytosis defects are involved in the development and progression of a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The underlying mechanisms of efferocytosis impairment are complex, disease-dependent, and incompletely understood. In this review, we will first summarize the current knowledge about the normal signaling and metabolic processes of macrophage efferocytosis and its importance in maintaining tissue homeostasis and repair. We then will focus on analyzing the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying efferocytotic abnormality (impairment) in disease or injury conditions. Next, we will discuss the potential molecular targets for enhanced efferocytosis in animal models of disease. To provide a balanced view, we will also discuss some deleterious effects of efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Ma
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Scott S Kemp
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Mack H Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Surgery, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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8
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Bojanic I, Worel N, Pacini CP, Stary G, Piekarska A, Flinn AM, Schell KJ, Gennery AR, Knobler R, Lacerda JF, Greinix HT, Pulanic D, Crossland RE. Extracorporeal photopheresis as an immunomodulatory treatment modality for chronic GvHD and the importance of emerging biomarkers. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1086006. [PMID: 36875063 PMCID: PMC9981637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1086006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is the treatment of choice for malignant haematological diseases. Despite continuous improvements in pre- and post-transplantation procedures, the applicability of allo-HSCT is limited by life-threatening complications such as graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), engraftment failure, and opportunistic infections. Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is used to treat steroid resistant GvHD with significant success. However, the molecular mechanisms driving its immunomodulatory action, whilst preserving immune function, require further understanding. As ECP is safe to administer with few significant adverse effects, it has the potential for earlier use in the post-HSCT treatment of GvHD. Thus, further understanding the immunomodulatory mechanisms of ECP action may justify more timely use in clinical practice, as well as identify biomarkers for using ECP as first line or pre-emptive GvHD therapy. This review aims to discuss technical aspects and response to ECP, review ECP as an immunomodulatory treatment modality for chronic GvHD including the effect on regulatory T cells and circulating vs. tissue-resident immune cells and consider the importance of emerging biomarkers for ECP response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Bojanic
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Transplantation Biology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nina Worel
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Cell Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carolina P Pacini
- Hematology and Transplantation Immunology, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria
| | - Agnieszka Piekarska
- Department of Hematology and Transplantology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aisling M Flinn
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kimberly J Schell
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R Gennery
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Paediatric Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Knobler
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - João F Lacerda
- Hematology and Transplantation Immunology, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Drazen Pulanic
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rachel E Crossland
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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9
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Rana J, Muñoz MM, Biswas M. Oral tolerance to prevent anti-drug antibody formation in protein replacement therapies. Cell Immunol 2022; 382:104641. [PMID: 36402002 PMCID: PMC9730862 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein based therapeutics have successfully improved the quality of life for patients of monogenic disorders like hemophilia, Pompe and Fabry disease. However, a significant proportion of patients develop immune responses towards intravenously infused therapeutic protein, which can complicate or neutralize treatment and compromise patient safety. Strategies aimed at circumventing immune responses following therapeutic protein infusion can greatly improve therapeutic efficacy. In recent years, antigen-based oral tolerance induction has shown promising results in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases, food allergies and can prevent anti-drug antibody formation to protein replacement therapies. Oral tolerance exploits regulatory mechanisms that are initiated in the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) to promote active suppression of orally ingested antigen. In this review, we outline general perceptions and current knowledge about the mechanisms of oral tolerance, including tissue specific sites of tolerance induction and the cells involved, with emphasis on antigen presenting cells and regulatory T cells. We define several factors, such as cytokines and metabolites that impact the stability and expansion potential of these immune modulatory cells. We highlight preclinical studies that have been performed to induce oral tolerance to therapeutic proteins or enzymes for single gene disorders, such as hemophilia or Pompe disease. These studies mainly utilize a transgenic plant-based system for oral delivery of antigen in conjugation with fusion protein technology that favors the prevention of antigen degradation in the stomach while enhancing uptake in the small intestine by antigen presenting cells and regulatory T cell induction, thereby promoting antigen specific systemic tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Rana
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maite Melero Muñoz
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Moanaro Biswas
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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10
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Zheng D, Bhuvan T, Payne NL, Heng TSP. Secondary Lymphoid Organs in Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy: More Than Just a Filter. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892443. [PMID: 35784291 PMCID: PMC9243307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated therapeutic potential in inflammatory models of human disease. However, clinical translation has fallen short of expectations, with many trials failing to meet primary endpoints. Failure to fully understand their mechanisms of action is a key factor contributing to the lack of successful commercialisation. Indeed, it remains unclear how the long-ranging immunomodulatory effects of MSCs can be attributed to their secretome, when MSCs undergo apoptosis in the lung shortly after intravenous infusion. Their apoptotic fate suggests that efficacy is not based solely on their viable properties, but also on the immune response to dying MSCs. The secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) orchestrate immune responses and play a key role in immune regulation. In this review, we will discuss how apoptotic cells can modify immune responses and highlight the importance of MSC-immune cell interactions in SLOs for therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tejasvini Bhuvan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie L. Payne
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracy S. P. Heng
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Tracy S. P. Heng,
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11
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Ge Y, Huang M, Yao YM. Efferocytosis and Its Role in Inflammatory Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:839248. [PMID: 35281078 PMCID: PMC8913510 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.839248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Efferocytosis is the effective clearance of apoptotic cells by professional and non-professional phagocytes. The process is mechanically different from other forms of phagocytosis and involves the localization, binding, internalization, and degradation of apoptotic cells. Defective efferocytosis has been demonstrated to associate with the pathogenesis of various inflammatory disorders. In the current review, we summarize recent findings with regard to efferocytosis networks and discuss the relationship between efferocytosis and different immune cell populations, as well as describe how efferocytosis helps resolve inflammatory response and modulate immune balance. Our knowledge so far about efferocytosis suggests that it may be a useful target in the treatment of numerous inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ge
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Man Huang
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-ming Yao
- Department of General Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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12
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Wang T, Remberger M, Björklund A, Watz E. The impact of transportation time on apoptosis in allogeneic stem cell grafts and the clinical outcome in malignant patients with unrelated donors. Cytotherapy 2022; 24:508-515. [PMID: 35210189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of cells in peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) grafts is important for allogeneic stem cell transplantation outcome. The viability of PBSC grafts may decrease during transportation time between donor and transplant center. We hypothesize that the graft viability based on apoptosis and necrosis in the graft may better reflect graft quality and clinical outcome. METHODS PBSC graft viability from unrelated donors was analyzed in 91 patients. Viable cells were defined as 7-aminoactinomycin D- and Annexin V-negative. The clinical outcome, including survival, transplant-related mortality and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), was correlated to graft viability. RESULTS Grafts transported for 1 day had a median viability of 86.4% (range 63.8 to 98.9%), and grafts transported for 2 days had median viability of 83.2% (range 52.8% to 96.2%) (P = .003). Grafts were divided into two groups based on the median graft viability of 85.1%. Patients who received low viability grafts had lower 1-year survival of 63.7% compared with 88.9% for those who received high viability grafts (P = .007). In the multivariate analysis, transplant-related mortality (TRM) was higher in the low viability group (P = .03), whereas overall survival was not significantly associated with graft viability. The incidence of acute GvHD grade II to IV, chronic GvHD and relapse risk remained comparable between the groups. CONCLUSION Low graft viability was an independent predictor of 1-year survival and TRM after adjusting for multiple confounders. Better graft quality markers are important for the detection of clinically important variations in the stem cell graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyu Wang
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mats Remberger
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University and KFUE, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Andreas Björklund
- Unit for Cell Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Emma Watz
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Abstract
Resolution is an active and highly coordinated process that occurs in response to inflammation to limit tissue damage and promote repair. When the resolution program fails, inflammation persists. It is now understood that failed resolution is a major underlying cause of many chronic inflammatory diseases. Here, we will review the major failures of resolution in atherosclerosis, including the imbalance of proinflammatory to pro-resolving mediator production, impaired clearance of dead cells, and functional changes in immune cells that favor ongoing inflammation. In addition, we will briefly discuss new concepts that are emerging as possible regulators of resolution and highlight the translational significance for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C. Doran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
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14
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Lecoultre M, Dutoit V, Walker PR. Phagocytic function of tumor-associated macrophages as a key determinant of tumor progression control: a review. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2020-001408. [PMID: 33335026 PMCID: PMC7747550 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) phagocytic activity is emerging as a new mechanism to harness for cancer treatment. Currently, many approaches are investigated at the preclinical level and some modalities have now reached clinical trials, including the targeting of the phagocytosis inhibitor CD47. The rationale for increasing TAM phagocytic activity is to improve innate anticancer immunity, and to promote T-cell mediated adaptive immune responses. In this context, a clear understanding of the impact of TAM phagocytosis on both innate and adaptive immunity is critical. Indeed, uncertainties persist regarding the capacity of TAM to present tumor antigens to CD8 T cells by cross-presentation. This process is critical for an optimal cytotoxic T-cell immune response and can be mediated by dendritic cells but also potentially by macrophages. In addition, the engulfment of cancer cells affects TAM functionality, as apoptotic cell uptake (a process termed efferocytosis) promotes macrophage anti-inflammatory functions. Because of the abundance of TAM in most solid tumors and the common use of apoptosis inducers such as radiotherapy to treat patients with cancer, efferocytosis potentially affects the overall immune balance within the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this review, we will discuss how cancer cell phagocytosis by TAM impacts antitumor immunity. First, we will focus on the potential of the phagocytic activity of TAM per se to control tumor progression. Second, we will examine the potential of TAM to act as antigen presenting cells for tumor specific CD8 T cells, considering the different characteristics of this process in the tumor tissue and at the molecular level. Finally, we will see how phagocytosis and efferocytosis affect TAM functionality and how these mechanisms impact on antitumor immunity. A better understanding of these aspects will enable us to better predict and interpret the consequences of cancer therapies on the immune status of the TME. Future cancer treatment regimens can thereby be designed to not only impact directly on cancer cells, but also to favorably modulate TAM phagocytic activity to benefit from the potential of this central immune player to achieve more potent therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Lecoultre
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Dutoit
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Center of Oncology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul R Walker
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland .,Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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15
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Chen X, Yang X, Yuan P, Jin R, Bao L, Qiu X, Liu S, Liu T, Gooding JJ, Chen W, Liu G, Bai Y, Liu S, Jin Y. Modular immune-homeostatic microparticles promote immune tolerance in mouse autoimmune models. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/584/eaaw9668. [PMID: 33692135 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw9668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic goal for autoimmune diseases is disease antigen-specific immune tolerance without nonspecific immune suppression. However, it is a challenge to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance in a dysregulated immune system. In this study, we developed immune-homeostatic microparticles (IHMs) that treat multiple mouse models of autoimmunity via induction of apoptosis in activated T cells and reestablishment of regulatory T cells. Specifically, in an experimental model of colitis, IHMs rapidly released monocyte chemotactic protein-1 after intravenous administration, which recruited activated T cells and then induced their apoptosis by conjugated Fas ligand on the IHM surface. This triggered professional macrophages to ingest apoptotic T cells and produce high quantities of transforming growth factor-β, which drove regulatory T cell differentiation. Furthermore, the modular design of IHMs allowed IHMs to be engineered with the autoantigen peptides that can reduce disease in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model and a nonobese diabetic mouse model. This was accomplished by sustained release of the autoantigens after induction of T cell apoptosis and transforming growth factor-β production by macrophages, which promoted to establish an immune tolerant environment. Thus, IHMs may be an efficient therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diseases through induction of apoptosis and reestablishment of tolerant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Xiaoshan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Pingyun Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Lili Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Xinyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Siying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - John Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Australian Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale BioPhotonics and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Yongkang Bai
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
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16
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Husain I, Luo X. Apoptotic Donor Cells in Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:626840. [PMID: 33717145 PMCID: PMC7947657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.626840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in prevention and treatment of transplant rejection with immunosuppressive medications, we continue to face challenges of long-term graft survival, detrimental medication side effects to both the recipient and transplanted organ together with risks for opportunistic infections. Transplantation tolerance has so far only been achieved through hematopoietic chimerism, which carries with it a serious and life-threatening risk of graft versus host disease, along with variability in persistence of chimerism and uncertainty of sustained tolerance. More recently, numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have explored the therapeutic potential of silent clearance of apoptotic cells which have been well known to aid in maintaining peripheral tolerance to self. Apoptotic cells from a donor not only have the ability of down regulating the immune response, but also are a way of providing donor antigens to recipient antigen-presenting-cells that can then promote donor-specific peripheral tolerance. Herein, we review both laboratory and clinical evidence that support the utility of apoptotic cell-based therapies in prevention and treatment of graft versus host disease and transplant rejection along with induction of donor-specific tolerance in solid organ transplantation. We have highlighted the potential limitations and challenges of this apoptotic donor cell-based therapy together with ongoing advancements and attempts made to overcome them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Husain
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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17
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Abstract
Cell death occurs when a pathogen invades a host organism or the organism is subjected to sterile injury. Thus, cell death is often closely associated with the induction of an immune response. Furthermore, cell death can occur as a consequence of the immune response and precedes the tissue renewal and repair responses that are initiated by innate immune cells during resolution of an immune response. Beyond immunity, cell death is required for development, morphogenesis and homeostasis. How can such a ubiquitous event as cell death trigger such a wide range of context-specific effector responses? Dying cells are sensed by innate immune cells using specialized receptors and phagocytosed through a process termed efferocytosis. Here, we outline a general principle whereby signals within the dead cell as well as the environment are integrated by specific efferocytes to define the appropriate effector response.
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18
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Hosszu KK, Valentino A, Peerschke EI, Ghebrehiwet B. SLE: Novel Postulates for Therapeutic Options. Front Immunol 2020; 11:583853. [PMID: 33117397 PMCID: PMC7575694 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.583853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic deficiency in C1q is a strong susceptibility factor for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). There are two major hypotheses that potentially explain the role of C1q in SLE. The first postulates that C1q deficiency abrogates apoptotic cell clearance, leading to persistently high loads of potentially immunogenic self-antigens that trigger autoimmune responses. While C1q undoubtedly plays an important role in apoptotic clearance, an essential biological process such as removal of self- waste is so critical for host survival that multiple ligand-receptor combinations do fortunately exist to ensure that proper disposal of apoptotic debris is accomplished even in the absence of C1q. The second hypothesis is based on the observation that locally synthesized C1q plays a critical role in regulating the earliest stages of monocyte to dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and function. Indeed, circulating C1q has been shown to keep monocytes in a pre-dendritic state by silencing key molecular players and ensuring that unwarranted DC-driven immune responses do not occur. Monocytes are also able to display macromolecular C1 on their surface, representing a novel mechanism for the recognition of circulating "danger." Translation of this danger signal in turn, provides the requisite "license" to trigger a differentiation pathway that leads to adaptive immune response. Based on this evidence, the second hypothesis proposes that deficiency in C1q dysregulates monocyte-to-DC differentiation and causes inefficient or defective maintenance of self-tolerance. The fact that C1q receptors (cC1qR and gC1qR) are also expressed on the surface of both monocytes and DCs, suggests that C1q/C1qR may regulate DC differentiation and function through specific cell-signaling pathways. While their primary ligand is C1q, C1qRs can also independently recognize a vast array of plasma proteins as well as pathogen-associated molecular ligands, indicating that these molecules may collaborate in antigen recognition and processing, and thus regulate DC-differentiation. This review will therefore focus on the role of C1q and C1qRs in SLE and explore the gC1qR/C1q axis as a potential target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga K Hosszu
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alisa Valentino
- Department of Lab Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ellinor I Peerschke
- Department of Lab Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Berhane Ghebrehiwet
- The Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States
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19
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Maraux M, Gaillardet A, Gally A, Saas P, Cherrier T. Human primary neutrophil mRNA does not contaminate human resolving macrophage mRNA after efferocytosis. J Immunol Methods 2020; 483:112810. [PMID: 32592772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of apoptotic corpses by macrophages, a process called efferocytosis, is a crucial step in inflammation resolution, since it alters macrophage phenotype toward a pro-resolving profile to foil inflammation and to favor tissue repair. Up to now, the resolving macrophages remain poorly characterized, especially in humans. Global investigations, like RNA sequencing, would be very helpful to unravel some features of these elusive cells. Nonetheless, these inquiries may be challenging in a single-species model, since the fate of ingested mRNA remains unknown and may hinder any subsequent mRNA investigations in the phagocyte. A full human model consisting of primary human neutrophil and primary human monocyte-derived macrophage co-culture was set up several decades ago to mimic in vitro the efferocytosis process. However, to our knowledge, this model has not been characterized as a suitable model to perform global mRNA investigations. Indeed, the extent of ingested neutrophil mRNA contamination has not been assessed in resolving macrophages. This work answers to this crucial question. Indeed, based on the protocols presented in this article, we demonstrate that neutrophil mRNA is severely degraded and is not able to cross-contaminate resolving macrophage mRNA, contrary to apoptotic human peripheral blood derived mononuclear cell (PBMC) or apoptotic leukemic Jurkat cell mRNA. Moreover, this allogenic co-culture system does not favor neither neutrophil activation nor macrophage pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Collectively, we highlight that this model of primary human neutrophil and primary human monocyte-derived macrophage co-culture is the best model for mRNA investigations in human resolving macrophages to help improving our knowledge on these crucial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Maraux
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - A Gaillardet
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - A Gally
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - P Saas
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France
| | - T Cherrier
- Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, F-25000 Besançon, France.
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20
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Cheung TS, Bertolino GM, Giacomini C, Bornhäuser M, Dazzi F, Galleu A. Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Graft Versus Host Disease: Mechanism-Based Biomarkers. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1338. [PMID: 32670295 PMCID: PMC7330053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive activity of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in graft versus host disease (GvHD) is well-documented, but their therapeutic benefit is rather unpredictable. Prospective randomized clinical trials remain the only means to address MSC clinical efficacy. However, the imperfect understanding of MSC biological mechanisms has undermined patients' stratification and the successful design of clinical studies. Furthermore, although MSC efficacy seems to be dependent on patient-associated factors, the role of patients' signature to predict and/or monitor clinical outcomes remains poorly elucidated. The analysis of GvHD patient serum has identified a set of molecules that are associated with high mortality. However, despite their importance in defining GvHD severity, their role in predicting or monitoring response to MSCs has not been confirmed. A new perspective on the use of MSCs for GvHD has been prompted by the recent findings that MSCs are actively induced to undergo apoptosis by recipient cytotoxic cells and that this process is essential to initiate MSC-induced immunosuppression. This discovery has not only reconciled the conundrum between MSC efficacy and their lack of engraftment, but also highlighted the determinant role of the patient in promoting and delivering MSC immunosuppression. In this review we will revisit the extensive use of MSCs for the treatment of GvHD and will elaborate on the need that future clinical trials must depend on mechanistic approaches that facilitate the development of robust and consistent assays to stratify patients and monitor clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tik Shing Cheung
- School of Cancer and Pharmacological Sciences and KHP Cancer Research UK Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giuliana Minani Bertolino
- School of Cancer and Pharmacological Sciences and KHP Cancer Research UK Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Giacomini
- School of Cancer and Pharmacological Sciences and KHP Cancer Research UK Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francesco Dazzi
- School of Cancer and Pharmacological Sciences and KHP Cancer Research UK Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Galleu
- School of Cancer and Pharmacological Sciences and KHP Cancer Research UK Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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21
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Brief ex vivo Fas-ligand incubation attenuates GvHD without compromising stem cell graft performance. Bone Marrow Transplant 2020; 55:1305-1316. [PMID: 32433499 PMCID: PMC7329633 DOI: 10.1038/s41409-020-0941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GvHD) remains a limiting factor for successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are major components of the hematopoietic G-CSF mobilized peripheral blood cell (MPBC) graft. Here we show that a short incubation (2 h) of MPBCs with hexameric Fas ligand (FasL) selectively induces apoptosis of specific donor T cell subsets and APCs but not of CD34+ cells. FasL treatment preferentially induces apoptosis in mature T cell subsets which express high levels of Fas (CD95), such as T stem cell memory, T central memory, and T effector memory cells, as well as TH1 and TH17 cells. Anti-CD3/CD28 stimulated T cells derived from FasL-treated-MPBCs express lower levels of CD25 and secrete lower levels of IFN-γ as compared to control cells not treated with FasL. FasL treatment also induces apoptosis of transitional, naïve, memory and plasmablastoid B cells leading to a reduction in their numbers in the graft and following engraftment in transplanted mice. Most importantly, ex vivo treatment of MPBCs with FasL prior to transplant in conditioned NOD-scid IL2Rγnull (NSG) mice prevented GvHD while preserving graft versus leukemia (GvL) effects, and leading to robust stem cell engraftment.
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22
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Pilon C, Stehlé T, Beldi-Ferchiou A, Matignon M, Thiolat A, Burlion A, Grondin C, Birebent B, Pirenne F, Rouard H, Lang P, Marodon G, Grimbert P, Cohen JL. Human Apoptotic Cells, Generated by Extracorporeal Photopheresis, Modulate Allogeneic Immune Response. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2908. [PMID: 31921167 PMCID: PMC6930166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of specific and sustainable tolerance is a challenging issue in organ transplantation. The discovery of the immunosuppressive properties of apoptotic cells in animal models has paved the way for their use in human transplantation. In this work, we aimed to define a stable, reproducible, and clinically compatible production procedure of human apoptotic cells (Apo-cells). Using a clinically approved extracorporeal photopheresis technique, we have produced and characterized phenotypically and functionally human apoptotic cells. These Apo-cells have immunosuppressive properties proved in vitro and in vivo in NOD/SCID/γC mice by their capacity to modulate an allogeneic response following both a direct and an indirect antigen presentation. These results brought the rationale for the use of Apo-cells in tolerance induction protocol for organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pilon
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale, Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France
| | - Thomas Stehlé
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale, Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation, Créteil, France
| | - Asma Beldi-Ferchiou
- Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale, Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France
| | - Marie Matignon
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale, Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation, Créteil, France
| | - Allan Thiolat
- Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale, Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France
| | - Aude Burlion
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Cynthia Grondin
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale, Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France
| | - Brigitte Birebent
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) - Ile de France, Créteil, France
| | - France Pirenne
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) - Ile de France, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 2, Créteil, France
| | - Hélène Rouard
- Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) - Ile de France, Créteil, France
| | - Philippe Lang
- Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale, Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation, Créteil, France
| | - Gilles Marodon
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France
| | - Philippe Grimbert
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale, Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Service de Néphrologie-Transplantation, Créteil, France
| | - José L Cohen
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Groupe Hospitalo-Universitaire Chenevier Mondor, Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie, Créteil, France.,Institut Mondor de recherche biomédicale, Université Paris-Est, UMR_S955, UPEC, Créteil, France.,Inserm, U955, Equipe 21, Créteil, France
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23
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Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic cells by professional and non-professional phagocytes - a process termed 'efferocytosis' - is essential for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Accordingly, defective efferocytosis underlies a growing list of chronic inflammatory diseases. Although much has been learnt about the mechanisms of apoptotic cell recognition and uptake, several key areas remain incompletely understood. This Review focuses on new discoveries related to how phagocytes process the metabolic cargo they receive during apoptotic cell uptake; the links between efferocytosis and the resolution of inflammation in health and disease; and the roles of efferocytosis in host defence. Understanding these aspects of efferocytosis sheds light on key physiological and pathophysiological processes and suggests novel therapeutic strategies for diseases driven by defective efferocytosis and impaired inflammation resolution.
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24
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Yang F, He Y, Zhai Z, Sun E. Programmed Cell Death Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3638562. [PMID: 31871956 PMCID: PMC6913273 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3638562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by excessive inflammatory and immune responses and tissue damage. Increasing evidence has demonstrated the important role of programmed cell death in SLE pathogenesis. When apoptosis encounters with defective clearance, accumulated apoptotic cells lead to secondary necrosis. Different forms of lytic cell death, including secondary necrosis after apoptosis, NETosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis, contribute to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and autoantigens, resulting in triggering immunity and tissue damage in SLE. However, the role of autophagy in SLE pathogenesis is in dispute. This review briefly discusses different forms of programmed cell death pathways and lay particular emphasis on inflammatory cell death pathways such as NETosis, pyroptosis, and necroptosis and their roles in the inflammatory and immune responses in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Zhai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erwei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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25
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Dangi A, Yu S, Luo X. Apoptotic cell-based therapies for promoting transplantation tolerance. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2019; 23:552-558. [PMID: 30024416 DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article is aimed to provide readers with an updated review on the applicability, efficacy, and challenges of employing donor apoptotic cell-based therapies to promote transplantation tolerance in various experimental and clinical settings. RECENT FINDINGS Recently, donor apoptotic cell-based therapies have been employed in various models of cell (including pancreatic islets and bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells) and solid organ (heart and kidney) transplantation to promote donor-specific tolerance. Published data, thus far, have revealed a high potential of this approach in inducing robust transplantation tolerance. Recent clinical trials have also underscored the safety and potential efficacy of this approach in alleviating graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Host factors including prior allo-sensitization and opportunistic infections pose major obstacles in establishing transplantation tolerance employing this strategy. However, emerging data provide strategies for overcoming such obstacles in these clinically relevant settings. SUMMARY Donor apoptotic cell therapy is an emerging strategy in promoting transplantation tolerance, with recent data emphasizing its efficacy and applicability for transplantation tolerance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Dangi
- Center for Kidney Research and Therapeutics, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
| | - Shuangjin Yu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Center for Kidney Research and Therapeutics, Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine.,Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ilinois, USA
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26
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Yakoub AM, Schülke S. A Model for Apoptotic-Cell-Mediated Adaptive Immune Evasion via CD80-CTLA-4 Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:562. [PMID: 31214024 PMCID: PMC6554677 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic cells carry a plethora of self-antigens but they suppress eliciting of innate and adaptive immune responses to them. How apoptotic cells evade and subvert adaptive immune responses has been elusive. Here, we propose a novel model to understand how apoptotic cells regulate T cell activation in different contexts, leading mostly to tolerogenic responses, mainly via taking control of the CD80-CTLA-4 coinhibitory signal delivered to T cells. This model may facilitate understanding of the molecular mechanisms of autoimmune diseases associated with dysregulation of apoptosis or apoptotic cell clearance, and it highlights potential therapeutic targets or strategies for treatment of multiple immunological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraam M Yakoub
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Stefan Schülke
- Vice President's Research Group: Molecular Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
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27
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Chen H, Kasagi S, Chia C, Zhang D, Tu E, Wu R, Zanvit P, Goldberg N, Jin W, Chen W. Extracellular Vesicles from Apoptotic Cells Promote TGFβ Production in Macrophages and Suppress Experimental Colitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5875. [PMID: 30971739 PMCID: PMC6458171 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The clearance of apoptotic cells is an essential process to maintain homeostasis of immune system, which is regulated by immunoregulatory cytokines such as TGFβ. We show here that Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) were highly released from apoptotic cells, and contributed to macrophage production of TGFβ in vitro and in vivo. We further elucidated mechanistically that phosphatidylserine in EVs was a key triggering-factor, and transcription factor FOXO3 was a critical mediator for apoptotic EV-induced TGFβ in macrophages. Importantly, we found that macrophages pre-exposed to EVs exhibited an anti-inflammatory phenotype. More strikingly, administration of EVs in vivo promotes Tregs differentiation and suppresses Th1 cell response, and ameliorates experimental colitis. Thus, apoptotic-EV-based treatment might be a promising therapeutic approach for human autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Shimpei Kasagi
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Cheryl Chia
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dunfang Zhang
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Eric Tu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Ruiqing Wu
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter Zanvit
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nathan Goldberg
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Wenwen Jin
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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28
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Bonnefoy F, Gauthier T, Vallion R, Martin-Rodriguez O, Missey A, Daoui A, Valmary-Degano S, Saas P, Couturier M, Perruche S. Factors Produced by Macrophages Eliminating Apoptotic Cells Demonstrate Pro-Resolutive Properties and Terminate Ongoing Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2586. [PMID: 30542342 PMCID: PMC6277856 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Unresolved inflammation is a common feature in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. The factors produced by macrophages eliminating apoptotic cells during resolution are crucial to terminate inflammation, and for subsequent tissue healing. We demonstrated here that the factors produced by macrophages eliminating apoptotic cells were sufficient to reboot the resolution of inflammation in vivo, and thus definitively terminated ongoing chronic inflammation. These factors were called SuperMApo and revealed pro-resolutive properties and accelerated acute inflammation resolution, as attested by both increased phagocytic capacities of macrophages and enhanced thioglycollate-induced peritonitis resolution. Activated antigen-presenting cells exposed to SuperMApo accelerated their return to homeostasis and demonstrated pro-regulatory T cell properties. In mice with ongoing collagen-induced arthritis, SuperMApo injection resolved and definitively terminated chronic inflammation. The same pro-resolving properties were observed in human settings in addition to xenogeneic colitis and graft-vs.-host disease modulation, highlighting SuperMApo as a new therapeutic opportunity to circumvent inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Bonnefoy
- INSERM, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur, LabEX LipSTIC, FHU INCREASE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Thierry Gauthier
- INSERM, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur, LabEX LipSTIC, FHU INCREASE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Romain Vallion
- INSERM, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur, LabEX LipSTIC, FHU INCREASE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Omayra Martin-Rodriguez
- INSERM, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur, LabEX LipSTIC, FHU INCREASE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Anais Missey
- INSERM, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur, LabEX LipSTIC, FHU INCREASE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Anna Daoui
- INSERM, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur, LabEX LipSTIC, FHU INCREASE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | | | - Philippe Saas
- INSERM, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur, LabEX LipSTIC, FHU INCREASE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Mélanie Couturier
- INSERM, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur, LabEX LipSTIC, FHU INCREASE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,MED'INN'Pharma, Besançon, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- INSERM, EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur, LabEX LipSTIC, FHU INCREASE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,MED'INN'Pharma, Besançon, France
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29
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Abstract
Cell death is a perpetual feature of tissue microenvironments; each day under homeostatic conditions, billions of cells die and must be swiftly cleared by phagocytes. However, cell death is not limited to this natural turnover-apoptotic cell death can be induced by infection, inflammation, or severe tissue injury. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is thus coupled to specific functions, from the induction of growth factors that can stimulate the replacement of dead cells to the promotion of tissue repair or tissue remodeling in the affected site. In this review, we outline the mechanisms by which phagocytes sense apoptotic cell death and discuss how phagocytosis is integrated with environmental cues to drive appropriate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Bosurgi
- I. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Bernard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lindsey D Hughes
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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30
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Gordon S, Plüddemann A. Macrophage Clearance of Apoptotic Cells: A Critical Assessment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:127. [PMID: 29441073 PMCID: PMC5797608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As the body continues to grow and age, it becomes essential to maintain a balance between living and dying cells. Macrophages and dendritic cells play a central role in discriminating among viable, apoptotic, and necrotic cells, as selective and efficient phagocytes, without inducing inappropriate inflammation or immune responses. A great deal has been learnt concerning clearance receptors for modified and non-self-ligands on potential targets, mediating their eventual uptake, disposal, and replacement. In this essay, we assess current understanding of the phagocytic recognition of apoptotic cells within their tissue environment; we conclude that efferocytosis constitutes a more complex process than simply removal of corpses, with regulatory interactions between the target and effector cells, which determine the outcome of this homeostatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamon Gordon
- College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan.,Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Plüddemann
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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31
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Ding J, Liu S, Zhang D, Song Y, Ma X, Yi C, Song B, Xiao B, Su Y, Guo S. Transfusion of ethylene carbodiimide–fixed donor splenocytes prolongs survival of vascularized skin allografts. J Surg Res 2018; 221:343-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Saas P, Bonnefoy F, Toussirot E, Perruche S. Harnessing Apoptotic Cell Clearance to Treat Autoimmune Arthritis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1191. [PMID: 29062314 PMCID: PMC5640883 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-stage apoptotic cells possess immunomodulatory properties. Proper apoptotic cell clearance during homeostasis has been shown to limit subsequent immune responses. Based on these observations, early-stage apoptotic cell infusion has been used to prevent unwanted inflammatory responses in different experimental models of autoimmune diseases or transplantation. Moreover, this approach has been shown to be feasible without any toxicity in patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation to prevent graft-versus-host disease. However, whether early-stage apoptotic cell infusion can be used to treat ongoing inflammatory disorders has not been reported extensively. Recently, we have provided evidence that early-stage apoptotic cell infusion is able to control, at least transiently, ongoing collagen-induced arthritis. This beneficial therapeutic effect is associated with the modulation of antigen-presenting cell functions mainly of macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, as well as the induction of collagen-specific regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg). Furthermore, the efficacy of this approach is not altered by the association with two standard treatments of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), methotrexate and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibition. Here, in the light of these observations and recent data of the literature, we discuss the mechanisms of early-stage apoptotic cell infusion and how this therapeutic approach can be transposed to patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saas
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,INSERM CIC-1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France
| | - Francis Bonnefoy
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Eric Toussirot
- INSERM CIC-1431, University Hospital of Besançon, Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Besançon, France.,Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Besançon, Besançon, France.,Department of Therapeutics, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UPRES EA 4266, Pathogenic Agents and Inflammation, Besancon, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- INSERM, EFS BFC, UMR1098, Interactions Hôte-Greffon-Tumeur/Ingénierie Cellulaire et Génique, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire INCREASE, LabEx LipSTIC, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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33
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Wang L, Li Z, Ciric B, Safavi F, Zhang GX, Rostami A. Selective depletion of CD11c + CD11b + dendritic cells partially abrogates tolerogenic effects of intravenous MOG in murine EAE. Eur J Immunol 2017; 46:2454-2466. [PMID: 27338697 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201546274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous (i.v.) injection of a soluble myelin antigen can induce tolerance, which effectively ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have previously shown that i.v. myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) induces tolerance in EAE and expands a subpopulation of tolerogenic CD11c+ CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) with an immature phenotype having low expression of IA and co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD86, and CD80. Here, we further investigate the role of tolerogenic DCs in i.v. tolerance by injecting clodronate-loaded liposomes, which selectively deplete CD11c+ CD11b+ and immature DCs, but not CD11c+ CD8+ DCs and mature DCs. I.v. MOG-induced suppression of EAE was partially, yet significantly, blocked by CD11c+ CD11b+ DC depletion. While i.v. MOG inhibited IA, CD40, CD80, CD86 expression and induced TGF-β, IL-27, IL-10 production in CD11c+ CD11b+ DCs, these effects were abrogated after injection of clodronate-loaded liposomes. Depletion of CD11c+ CD11b+ DCs also precluded i.v. autoantigen-induced T-cell tolerance, such as decreased production of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-17 and numbers of IL-2+ , IFN-γ+ , and IL-17+ CD4+ T cells, as well as an increased proportion of CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and CD4+ IL-10+ Foxp3- Tr1 cells. CD11c+ CD11b+ DCs, through low expression of IA and costimulatory molecules as well as high expression of TGF-β, IL-27, and IL-10, play an important role in i.v. tolerance-induced EAE suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zichen Li
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Farinaz Safavi
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Simvastatin treatment boosts benefits of apoptotic cell infusion in murine lung fibrosis. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2860. [PMID: 28594406 PMCID: PMC5520916 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A single early-phase infusion of apoptotic cells can inhibit bleomycin-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis; however, it is unknown whether these effects can be enhanced with additional infusions and/or statin treatment. Here, we investigated whether an increased frequency of apoptotic cell injection, with or without efferocytosis enhancer simvastatin, facilitates therapeutic efficacy. An additional injection of apoptotic cells during the intermediate phase (7 days post-bleomycin treatment) or simvastatin administration alone on days 7–13 post-treatment did not promote anti-fibrotic responses beyond those induced by a single early apoptotic cell infusion alone. Additional administration of apoptotic cells with simvastatin further enhanced the efferocytic ability of alveolar macrophages and PPARγ activity, and induced hepatocyte growth factor and interleukin-10 expression, in alveolar macrophages and lung tissue. Additional administration of apoptotic cells with simvastatin also reduced mRNA expression of bleomycin-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers in isolated alveolar type II epithelial cells, fibrotic markers in fibroblasts, and hydroxyproline in lung tissue. Enhanced anti-EMT and anti-fibrotic efficacy was confirmed by immunofluorescence and trichrome staining of lung tissue. This suggests that additional administration of apoptotic cells with simvastatin during the intermediate phase of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis may boost the anti-fibrotic properties of early apoptotic cell infusion.
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Abstract
Apoptosis is an important component of normal tissue physiology, and the prompt removal of apoptotic cells is equally essential to avoid the undesirable consequences of their accumulation and disintegration. Professional phagocytes are highly specialized for engulfing apoptotic cells. The recent ability to track cells that have undergone apoptosis in situ has revealed a division of labor among the tissue resident phagocytes that sample them. Macrophages are uniquely programmed to process internalized apoptotic cell-derived fatty acids, cholesterol and nucleotides, as a reflection of their dominant role in clearing the bulk of apoptotic cells. Dendritic cells carry apoptotic cells to lymph nodes where they signal the emergence and expansion of highly suppressive regulatory CD4 T cells. A broad suppression of inflammation is executed through distinct phagocyte-specific mechanisms. A clever induction of negative regulatory nodes is notable in dendritic cells serving to simultaneously shut down multiple pathways of inflammation. Several of the genes and pathways modulated in phagocytes in response to apoptotic cells have been linked to chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as atherosclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Our collective understanding of old and new phagocyte functions after apoptotic cell phagocytosis demonstrates the enormity of ways to mediate immune suppression and enforce tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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D'Errico G, Machado HL, Sainz B. A current perspective on cancer immune therapy: step-by-step approach to constructing the magic bullet. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6:3. [PMID: 28050779 PMCID: PMC5209322 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the new trend in cancer treatment due to the selectivity, long lasting effects, and demonstrated improved overall survival and tolerance, when compared to patients treated with conventional chemotherapy. Despite these positive results, immunotherapy is still far from becoming the perfect magic bullet to fight cancer, largely due to the facts that immunotherapy is not effective in all patients nor in all cancer types. How and when will immunotherapy overcome these hurdles? In this review we take a step back to walk side by side with the pioneers of immunotherapy in order to understand what steps need to be taken today to make immunotherapy effective across all cancers. While early scientists, such as Coley, elicited an unselective but effective response against cancer, the search for selectivity pushed immunotherapy to the side in favor of drugs focused on targeting cancer cells. Fortunately, the modern era would revive the importance of the immune system in battling cancer by releasing the brakes or checkpoints (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1) that have been holding the immune system at bay. However, there are still many hurdles to overcome before immunotherapy becomes a universal cancer therapy. For example, we discuss how the redundant and complex nature of the immune system can impede tumor elimination by teeter tottering between different polarization states: one eliciting anti-cancer effects while the other promoting cancer growth and invasion. In addition, we highlight the incapacity of the immune system to choose between a fight or repair action with respect to tumor growth. Finally we combine these concepts to present a new way to think about the immune system and immune tolerance, by introducing two new metaphors, the “push the accelerator” and “repair the car” metaphors, to explain the current limitations associated with cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele D'Errico
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Autónoma University of Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heather L Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, #8543, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Autónoma University of Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain. .,Enfermedades Crónicas y Cáncer Area, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
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Pitt JM, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. Immunogenic and Non-immunogenic Cell Death in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:65-79. [PMID: 29275465 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The host immune system is continuously exposed to dying cells and has evolved to distinguish between cell death events signaling potential threats and physiological apoptosis that should be tolerated. Tumors can use this distinction to their advantage, promoting apoptotic death of cancer cells to induce tolerance and evasion of immunosurveillance. On the other hand, stimuli that cause immunogenic death of cancer cells can induce an effective anti-tumor immune response. In this chapter we discuss different forms of cell death in the tumor microenvironment, and how these interact with host immune cells to impact tumor progression and cancer therapy. We focus on how cancer cells hijack aspects of cell death to promote tumor survival, and how anti-cancer treatments that activate immunogenic death modalities give strong and durable clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Pitt
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, Cedex, France
- INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud-XI, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, Cedex, France
- INSERM U848, Villejuif, France
- Metabolomics Platform, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes-V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, Cedex, France.
- INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France.
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Sud-XI, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France.
- Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, Villejuif, France.
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Abstract
For almost two decades, cell-based therapies have been tested in modern regenerative medicine to either replace or regenerate human cells, tissues, or organs and restore normal function. Secreted paracrine factors are increasingly accepted to exert beneficial biological effects that promote tissue regeneration. These factors are called the cell secretome and include a variety of proteins, lipids, microRNAs, and extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes and microparticles. The stem cell secretome has most commonly been investigated in pre-clinical settings. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that other cell types, such as peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), are capable of releasing significant amounts of biologically active paracrine factors that exert beneficial regenerative effects. The apoptotic PBMC secretome has been successfully used pre-clinically for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, chronic heart failure, spinal cord injury, stroke, and wound healing. In this review we describe the benefits of choosing PBMCs instead of stem cells in regenerative medicine and characterize the factors released from apoptotic PBMCs. We also discuss pre-clinical studies with apoptotic cell-based therapies and regulatory issues that have to be considered when conducting clinical trials using cell secretome-based products. This should allow the reader to envision PBMC secretome-based therapies as alternatives to all other forms of cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucian Beer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hendrik Jan Ankersmit
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cardiac and Thoracic Diagnosis and Regeneration, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Head FFG Project 852748 "APOSEC", FOLAB Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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McGaha TL, Karlsson MCI. Apoptotic cell responses in the splenic marginal zone: a paradigm for immunologic reactions to apoptotic antigens with implications for autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:26-43. [PMID: 26683143 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells drive innate regulatory responses that result in tolerogenic immunity. This is a critical aspect of cell physiology as apoptotic cells expose potentially dangerous nuclear antigens on the surface in apoptotic blebs, and failure in their recognition, phagocytosis, or destruction can cause dramatic autoimmunity in experimental models and is linked to development and progression of systemic pathology in human. The marginal zone is a specialized splenic environment that serves as a transitional site from circulation to peripheral lymphoid structures. The marginal zone serves a key role in trapping of particulates and initiation of innate responses against systemic microbial pathogens. However in recent years, it has become clear the marginal zone is also important for initiation of immune tolerance to apoptotic cells, driving a coordinated response involving multiple phagocyte and lymphocyte subsets. Recent reports linking defects in splenic macrophage function to systemic lupus erythematosus in a manner analogous to marginal zone macrophages in lupus-prone mice provide an impetus to better understand the mechanistic basis of the apoptotic cell response in the marginal zone and its general applicability to apoptotic cell-driven tolerance at other tissue sites. In this review, we discuss immune responses to apoptotic cells in the spleen in general and the marginal zone in particular, the relationship of these responses to autoimmune disease, and comparisons to apoptotic cell immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L McGaha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bonnefoy F, Daoui A, Valmary-Degano S, Toussirot E, Saas P, Perruche S. Apoptotic cell infusion treats ongoing collagen-induced arthritis, even in the presence of methotrexate, and is synergic with anti-TNF therapy. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:184. [PMID: 27516061 PMCID: PMC4982016 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1084-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apoptotic cell-based therapies have been proposed to treat chronic inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intravenous (i.v.) apoptotic cell infusion in ongoing collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and the interaction of this therapy with other treatments used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), including methotrexate (MTX) or anti-TNF therapy. Methods The effects of i.v. apoptotic cell infusion were evaluated in a CIA mouse model in DBA/1 mice immunized with bovine type II collagen. The number and functions of antigen-presenting cells (APC), regulatory CD4+ T cells (Treg), and circulating anti-collagen auto-antibodies were analyzed in CIA mice. Results Treatment of arthritic mice with i.v. apoptotic cell infusion significantly reduced the arthritis clinical score. This therapeutic approach modified T cell responses against the collagen auto-antigen with selective induction of collagen-specific Treg. In addition, we observed that APC from apoptotic-cell-treated animals were resistant to toll-like receptor ligand activation and favored ex vivo Treg induction, indicating APC reprogramming. Apoptotic cell injection-induced arthritis modulation was dependent on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, as neutralizing anti-TGF-β antibody prevented the effects of apoptotic cells. Methotrexate did not interfere, while anti-TNF therapy was synergic with apoptotic-cell-based therapy. Conclusion Overall, our data demonstrate that apoptotic-cell-based therapy is efficient in treating ongoing CIA, compatible with current RA treatments, and needs to be evaluated in humans in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Bonnefoy
- INSERM UMR1098, F-25000, Besançon, France.,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, F-25000, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France.,LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, F-25000, Besançon, France.,FHU INCREASE, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Anna Daoui
- INSERM UMR1098, F-25000, Besançon, France.,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, F-25000, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France.,LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, F-25000, Besançon, France.,FHU INCREASE, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | | | - Eric Toussirot
- LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, F-25000, Besançon, France.,FHU INCREASE, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France.,INSERM CIC1431, Clinical Investigation Center Biotherapy, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France.,Rheumatology Department, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- INSERM UMR1098, F-25000, Besançon, France.,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, F-25000, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France.,LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, F-25000, Besançon, France.,FHU INCREASE, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France.,INSERM CIC1431, Clinical Investigation Center Biotherapy, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- INSERM UMR1098, F-25000, Besançon, France. .,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, SFR FED4234, F-25000, Besançon, France. .,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25000, Besançon, France. .,LabEX LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, F-25000, Besançon, France. .,FHU INCREASE, Besançon University Hospital, F-25000, Besançon, France. .,UMR1098 INSERM, Etablissement Français du Sang de BFC, 8 Rue du Dr JFX Girod, F-25000, Besançon, France.
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Rubegni P, Sbano P, Cevenini G, Perari M, Marotta G, Risulo M, Carcagnì M, D'Ascenzo G, De Aloe G, Fimiani M. CD4+CD25+ Lymphocyte Subsets in Chronic Graft versus Host Disease Patients Undergoing Extracorporeal Photochemotherapy. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016; 20:801-7. [DOI: 10.1177/039463200702000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracorporeal photochemotherapy (ECP) has been used successfully for the treatment of chronic Graft versus Host Disease (cGvHD). However, the mechanism by which ECP exerts its protective effects remains elusive. Some recent observations have suggested a possible role of certain subsets of T lymphocytes with immunosuppressive properties (T-regulatory cells) that coexpress CD4 and high levels of the interleukin-2 receptor chain: CD4+CD25+ T lymphocytes. We studied whether ECP affects the percentage of these cells in the peripheral blood of patients with cGvHD. The study population consisted of 14 patients with cGvHD refractory to systemic steroids. On enrolment in each cycle of ECP, patients underwent clinical examination, blood chemistry analysis and other instrumental procedures to document and assess involvement of the various organs and systems. For cytofluorimetric identification and phenotyping of CD4+CD25+ T lymphocytes, peripheral blood samples were collected in EDTA anticoagulant before ECP, after 48 hours, and after 6 and 12 months from the start of treatment. The 14 patients in this study received a total of more than 300 cycles of ECP, with only minor side effects. The clinical outcome was negative in 2 patients and positive in 12 patients. Within-subject analysis indicated that the percentage of CD4+CD25+ T lymphocytes before ECP and after 12 months of treatment was significantly increased. Our study confirms that changes in the percentage of CD4+CD25+ T cells induced by ECP could be a central aspect in the cascade of immune events leading to the immunological and clinical effects of this treatment in patients with cGvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G. Cevenini
- Department of Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Siena, Italy
| | - M.G. Perari
- Section of Respiratory Diseases, University of Siena, Italy
| | - G. Marotta
- Division of Hematology and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Siena, Italy
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Hao S, Han X, Wang D, Yang Y, Li Q, Li X, Qiu C. Critical role of CCL22/CCR4 axis in the maintenance of immune homeostasis during apoptotic cell clearance by splenic CD8α(+) CD103(+) dendritic cells. Immunology 2016; 148:174-86. [PMID: 26868141 PMCID: PMC4863574 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in murine spleen are essential for the maintenance of immune homeostasis by elimination of blood-borne foreign particles and organisms. It has been reported that splenic DCs, especially CD8α(+) CD103(+) DCs, are responsible for tolerance to apoptosis-associated antigens. However, the molecular mechanism by which these DCs maintain immune homeostasis by blood-borne apoptotic cell clearance remains elusive. Here, we found that the CCL22/CCR4 axis played a critical role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis during apoptotic cell clearance by splenic CD8α(+) CD103(+) DCs. The present results revealed that systemic administration of apoptotic cells rapidly induced a large number of CCL22 and CCR4(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells in the spleen of C57BL/6J mice. Further study demonstrated that CD8α(+) CD103(+) DCs dominantly produce much higher CCL22 than CD8α(+) CD103(-) DCs. Moreover, the transient deletion of CD8α(+) CD103(+) DCs caused a decrease in CCL22 levels together with CCR4(+) Treg cell percentage. Subsequently, the levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-17 and interferon-γ in the spleen with the absence of CD8α(+) CD103(+) DCs increased in response to the administration of apoptotic cells. Hence, intravenous injection of apoptotic cells induced a subsequent increase in CCL22 expression and CCR4(+) Treg cells, which contribute to the maintenance of immune homeostasis at least partially by splenic CD8α(+) CD103(+) DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Hao
- Department of Cell BiologyShandong University School of MedicineJinanShandongChina
| | - Xiaolei Han
- Department of Cell BiologyShandong University School of MedicineJinanShandongChina
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Cell BiologyShandong University School of MedicineJinanShandongChina
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Cell BiologyShandong University School of MedicineJinanShandongChina
| | - Qiuting Li
- Department of Cell BiologyShandong University School of MedicineJinanShandongChina
| | - Xiangzhi Li
- Department of Cell BiologyShandong University School of MedicineJinanShandongChina
| | - Chun‐Hong Qiu
- Department of Cell BiologyShandong University School of MedicineJinanShandongChina
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Saas P, Daguindau E, Perruche S. Concise Review: Apoptotic Cell-Based Therapies-Rationale, Preclinical Results and Future Clinical Developments. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1464-73. [PMID: 27018198 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this review are to summarize the experimental data obtained using apoptotic cell-based therapies, and then to discuss future clinical developments. Indeed, apoptotic cells exhibit immunomodulatory properties that are reviewed here by focusing on more recent mechanisms. These immunomodulatory mechanisms are in particular linked to the clearance of apoptotic cells (called also efferocytosis) by phagocytes, such as macrophages, and the induction of regulatory T cells. Thus, apoptotic cell-based therapies have been used to prevent or treat experimental inflammatory diseases. Based on these studies, we have identified critical steps to design future clinical trials. This includes: the administration route, the number and schedule of administration, the appropriate apoptotic cell type to be used, as well as the apoptotic signal. We also have analyzed the clinical relevancy of apoptotic-cell-based therapies in experimental models. Additional experimental data are required concerning the treatment of inflammatory diseases (excepted for sepsis) before considering future clinical trials. In contrast, apoptotic cells have been shown to favor engraftment and to reduce acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in different relevant models of transplantation. This has led to the conduct of a phase 1/2a clinical trial to alleviate GvHD. The absence of toxic effects obtained in this trial may support the development of other clinical studies based on this new cell therapy. Stem Cells 2016;34:1464-1473.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Saas
- INSERM, UMR1098, Besançon, F-25000, France.,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Besançon, Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, FHU INCREASE, Besançon, France
| | - Etienne Daguindau
- INSERM, UMR1098, Besançon, F-25000, France.,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Besançon, Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, FHU INCREASE, Besançon, France.,CHRU Besançon, Hématologie, Besançon, France
| | - Sylvain Perruche
- INSERM, UMR1098, Besançon, F-25000, France.,Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Besançon, France.,EFS Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UMR1098, Besançon, Besançon, France.,LabEx LipSTIC, ANR-11-LABX-0021, FHU INCREASE, Besançon, France
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Morelli AE, Larregina AT. Concise Review: Mechanisms Behind Apoptotic Cell-Based Therapies Against Transplant Rejection and Graft versus Host Disease. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1142-50. [PMID: 26865545 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The main limitations to the success of transplantation are the antigraft response developed by the recipient immune system, and the adverse side effects of chronic immunosuppression. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) triggered by donor-derived T lymphocytes against the recipient tissues is another serious obstacle in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Several laboratories have tested the possibility of promoting antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance for therapy of graft rejection, GVHD, and autoimmune disorders, by developing methodologies that mimic the mechanisms by which the immune system maintains peripheral tolerance in the steady state. It has been long recognized that the silent clearance of cells undergoing apoptosis exerts potent immune-regulatory effects and provides apoptotic cell-derived Ags to those Ag-presenting cells (APCs) that internalize them, in particular macrophages and dendritic cells. Therefore, in situ-targeting of recipient APCs by systemic administration of leukocytes in early apoptosis and bearing donor Ags represents a relatively simple approach to control the antidonor response against allografts. Here, we review the mechanisms by which apoptotic cells are silently cleared by phagocytes, and how such phenomenon leads to down-regulation of the innate and adaptive immunity. We discuss the evolution of apoptotic cell-based therapies from murine models of organ/tissue transplantation and GVHD, to clinical trials. We make emphasis on potential limitations and areas of concern of apoptotic cell-based therapies, and on how other immune-suppressive therapies used in the clinics or tested experimentally likely also function through the silent clearance of apoptotic cells by the immune system. Stem Cells 2016;34:1142-1150.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian E Morelli
- T.E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, Department of Surgery.,Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
| | - Adriana T Larregina
- Departments of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA.,Departments of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213, USA
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Inoue T, Ikegame K, Kaida K, Okada M, Yoshihara S, Tamaki H, Fujimori Y, Soma T, Ogawa H. Host Foxp3+CD4+ Regulatory T Cells Act as a Negative Regulator of Dendritic Cells in the Peritransplantation Period. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:469-83. [PMID: 26621858 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Host Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to suppress graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in experimental bone marrow transplantation (BMT) models; however, the detailed mechanism is unknown. To address this issue, we established a murine MHC-haploidentical BMT model (BDF1 (H-2b/d) → B6C3F1 (H-2b/k)), in which transplantation following conditioning with high-dose (13 Gy) or low-dose (5 Gy) total body irradiation corresponds to myeloablative stem cell transplantation (MAST) or reduced-intensity stem cell transplantation (RIST) BMT. All MAST recipients died of GVHD within 70 d, whereas RIST recipients developed almost no GVHD and survived for at least 3 mo. In this BMT model, we investigated the kinetics of immune cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes because GVHD was most prominent in the intestines. Host Tregs that survived after total body irradiation could proliferate transiently by day 4. Comparing the kinetics of immune cells among MAST, RIST, and anti-CD25 mAb-treated RIST, we found that the transiently surviving host Tregs were fully functional, closely contacted with host dendritic cells (DCs), and significantly restrained the maturation (CD80 and CD86 expression) of DCs in a dose-dependent manner. There was a positive correlation between the ratio of DCs to host Tregs and the extent of maturation of DCs. Host Tregs suppressed alloresponse mainly by contact inhibition. Host Tregs are already active in lymph nodes before transplantation and restrain the maturation of host DCs, thereby dampening the ability of DCs to activate allogeneic donor T cells and consequently reducing the magnitude of graft-versus-host reaction. Thus, host Tregs are negative regulators of host DCs that act in the peritransplantation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Inoue
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Kazuhiro Ikegame
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Katsuji Kaida
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Masaya Okada
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Satoshi Yoshihara
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Hiroya Tamaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Yoshihiro Fujimori
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Soma
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
| | - Hiroyasu Ogawa
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; and
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Mir FA, Contreras-Ruiz L, Masli S. Thrombospondin-1-dependent immune regulation by transforming growth factor-β2-exposed antigen-presenting cells. Immunology 2015; 146:547-56. [PMID: 26458493 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An important role of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the development of regulatory T cells is well established. Although integrin-mediated activation of latent TGF-β1 is considered essential for the induction of regulatory T (Treg) cells by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such an activation mechanism is not applicable to the TGF-β2 isoform, which lacks an integrin-binding RGD sequence in its latency-associated peptide. Mucosal and ocular tissues harbour TGF-β2-expressing APCs involved in Treg induction. The mechanisms that regulate TGF-β activation in such APCs remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that murine APCs exposed to TGF-β2 in the environment predominantly increase expression of TGF-β2. Such predominantly TGF-β2-expressing APCs use thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) as an integrin-independent mechanism to activate their newly synthesized latent TGF-β2 to induce Foxp3(+) Treg cells both in vitro and in vivo. Expression of Treg induction by TGF-β2-expressing APCs is supported by a TSP-1 receptor, CD36, which facilitates activation of latent TGF-β during antigen presentation. Our results suggest that APC-derived TSP-1 is essential for the development of an adaptive regulatory immune response induced by TGF-β2-expressing APCs similar to those located at mucosal and ocular sites. These findings introduce the integrin-independent mechanism of TGF-β activation as an integral part of peripheral immune tolerance associated with TGF-β2-expressing tissues.
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Millet A, Martin KR, Bonnefoy F, Saas P, Mocek J, Alkan M, Terrier B, Kerstein A, Tamassia N, Satyanarayanan SK, Ariel A, Ribeil JA, Guillevin L, Cassatella MA, Mueller A, Thieblemont N, Lamprecht P, Mouthon L, Perruche S, Witko-Sarsat V. Proteinase 3 on apoptotic cells disrupts immune silencing in autoimmune vasculitis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4107-21. [PMID: 26436651 DOI: 10.1172/jci78182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis that is associated with granulomatous inflammation and the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) directed against proteinase 3 (PR3). We previously determined that PR3 on the surface of apoptotic neutrophils interferes with induction of antiinflammatory mechanisms following phagocytosis of these cells by macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that enzymatically active membrane-associated PR3 on apoptotic cells triggered secretion of inflammatory cytokines, including granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) and chemokines. This response required the IL-1R1/MyD88 signaling pathway and was dependent on the synthesis of NO, as macrophages from animals lacking these pathways did not exhibit a PR3-associated proinflammatory response. The PR3-induced microenvironment facilitated recruitment of inflammatory cells, such as macrophages, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and neutrophils, which were observed in close proximity within granulomatous lesions in the lungs of GPA patients. In different murine models of apoptotic cell injection, the PR3-induced microenvironment instructed pDC-driven Th9/Th2 cell generation. Concomitant injection of anti-PR3 ANCAs with PR3-expressing apoptotic cells induced a Th17 response, revealing a GPA-specific mechanism of immune polarization. Accordingly, circulating CD4+ T cells from GPA patients had a skewed distribution of Th9/Th2/Th17. These results reveal that PR3 disrupts immune silencing associated with clearance of apoptotic neutrophils and provide insight into how PR3 and PR3-targeting ANCAs promote GPA pathophysiology.
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Yoon YS, Kim SY, Kim MJ, Lim JH, Cho MS, Kang JL. PPARγ activation following apoptotic cell instillation promotes resolution of lung inflammation and fibrosis via regulation of efferocytosis and proresolving cytokines. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:1031-46. [PMID: 25586556 PMCID: PMC4762910 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes in macrophage phenotype have been implicated in apoptotic cell-mediated immune modulation via induction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ). In this study, we characterized PPARγ induction by apoptotic cell instillation over the course of bleomycin-induced lung injury in C57BL/6 mice. Next, the role of PPARγ activation in resolving lung inflammation and fibrosis was investigated. Our data demonstrate that apoptotic cell instillation after bleomycin results in immediate and prolonged enhancement of PPARγ mRNA and protein in alveolar macrophages and lung. Moreover, PPARγ activity and expression of its target molecules, including CD36, macrophage mannose receptor, and arginase 1, were persistently enhanced following apoptotic cell instillation. Coadministration of the PPARγ antagonist, GW9662, reversed the enhanced efferocytosis, and the reduced proinflammatory cytokine expression, neutrophil recruitment, myeloperoxidase activity, hydroxyproline contents, and fibrosis markers, including type 1 collagen α2, fibronectin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), in the lung by apoptotic cell instillation. In addition, inhibition of PPARγ activity reversed the expression of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin (IL)-10, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). These findings indicate that one-time apoptotic cell instillation contributes to anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic responses via upregulation of PPARγ expression and subsequent activation, leading to regulation of efferocytosis and production of proresolving cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-S Yoon
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul, Korea
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-Y Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul, Korea
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul, Korea
| | - M-J Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul, Korea
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul, Korea
| | - J-H Lim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul, Korea
| | - M-S Cho
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul, Korea
| | - J L Kang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul, Korea
- Tissue Injury Defense Research Center, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul, Korea
- Global Top 5 Research Program, School of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Yangcheon-ku, Seoul, Korea
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Kuang R, Perruche S, Chen W. Apoptotic cell-linked immunoregulation: implications for promoting immune tolerance in transplantation. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:27. [PMID: 26110047 PMCID: PMC4478642 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0019-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of alloantigen-specific immune tolerance is the "Holy-Grail" in transplantation. Although it had been previously demonstrated that transient depletion of T cells through apoptosis could lead to long-term immune tolerance, the underlying mechanism responsible for this tolerance induction and maintenance was unknown. In this short article, a novel mechanism for long-term immune tolerance via transient T cell apoptosis will be discussed, based on our recent findings in a CD3-specific antibody treatment-induced immune tolerance mouse model. Transforming growth factor-β, which is produced by immature dendritic cells whilst they phagocytose apoptotic T cells and by macrophages, plays an important role in initiating long-term immune tolerance. A possible model of how allospecific-immune tolerance can be induced in order to prevent allograft rejection in transplantation will be also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Kuang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - WanJun Chen
- Mucosal Immunology Section, OPCB,NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
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