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Yin Q, Hu Y, Dong Z, Lu J, Wang H. Cellular, Structural Basis, and Recent Progress for Targeting Murine Double Minute X (MDMX) in Tumors. J Med Chem 2024; 67:14723-14741. [PMID: 39185935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Murine double minute X (MDMX) is an oncoprotein that mainly has a negative regulatory effect on the tumor suppressor p53 to induce tumorigenesis. As MDMX is highly expressed in various types of tumor cells, targeting and inhibiting MDMX are becoming a promising strategy for treating cancers. However, the high degree of structural homology between MDMX and its homologous protein murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is a great challenge for the development of MDMX-targeted therapies. This review introduces the structure, distribution, and regulation of the MDMX, summarizes the structural features and structure-activity relationships (SARs) of MDMX ligands, and focuses on the differences between MDMX and MDM2 in these aspects. Our purpose of this work is to propose potential strategies to achieve the specific targeting of MDMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikun Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Yuemiao Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Zhiwen Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
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Shi JJ, Chen RY, Liu YJ, Li CY, Yu J, Tu FY, Sheng JX, Lu JF, Zhang LL, Yang GJ, Chen J. Unraveling the role of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 5 (UBC5) in disease pathogenesis: A comprehensive review. Cell Signal 2024; 124:111376. [PMID: 39236836 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
While certain members of ubiquitin-coupled enzymes (E2s) have garnered attention as potential therapeutic targets across diverse diseases, research progress on Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme 5 (UBC5)-a pivotal member of the E2s family involved in crucial cellular processes such as apoptosis, DNA repair, and signal transduction-has been relatively sluggish. Previous findings suggest that UBC5 plays a vital role in the ubiquitination of various target proteins implicated in diseases and homeostasis, particularly in various cancer types. This review comprehensively introduces the structure and biological functions of UBC5, with a specific focus on its contributions to the onset and advancement of diverse diseases. It suggests that targeting UBC5 holds promise as a therapeutic approach for disease therapy. Recent discoveries highlighting the high homology between UBC5, UBC1, and UBC4 have provided insight into the mechanism of UBC5 in protein degradation and the regulation of cellular functions. As our comprehension of the structural distinctions among UBC5 and its homologues, namely UBC1 and UBC4, advances, our understanding of UBC5's functional significance also expands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ru-Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yan-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Chang-Yun Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jing Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Fei-Yang Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jian-Xiang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jian-Fei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Le-Le Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Guan-Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
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3
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Ni Y, Chen H, Cheng X, Sun B, Wu Z, Zhan Q, Zhuang Z. Hdm2 disrupts HdmX-mediated nuclear export of p53 by sequestering it in nucleus. Exp Cell Res 2024; 441:114185. [PMID: 39069150 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2024.114185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the tumor suppressor p53 occurs in most human cancers, Hdm2 and HdmX play critical roles in p53 inactivation and degradation. Under unstressed conditions, HdmX binds to p53 like Hdm2, but HdmX cannot directly induce p53 degradation. Moreover, HdmX has been reported to stimulate Hdm2-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of p53. Here we reported that HdmX promoted the nuclear export of p53 independent of Hdm2 in living cells using FRET technology. Whereas, Hdm2 impeded HdmX-mediated nuclear export of p53 by sequestering it in nucleus. Interestingly, the C-terminal RING domain mutant Hdm2C464A formed heterooligomers with p53 in nucleus, which was inhibited by HdmX. The heterooligomers were located near PML-NBs. This study indicate that the nuclear Hdm2-HdmX interaction aborts the HdmX-mediated nuclear export of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ni
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China; Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Hongce Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Xuecheng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Beini Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zhirui Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Qiuqiang Zhan
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zhengfei Zhuang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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Shen J, Su X, Wang Q, Ke Y, Zheng T, Mao Y, Wang Z, Dong J, Duan S. Current and future perspectives on the regulation and functions of miR-545 in cancer development. CANCER PATHOGENESIS AND THERAPY 2024; 2:142-154. [PMID: 39027151 PMCID: PMC11252520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpt.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) are a highly conserved class of single-stranded non-coding RNAs. Within the miR-545/374a cluster, miR-545 resides in the intron of the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) FTX on Xq13.2. The precursor form, pre-miR-545, is cleaved to generate two mature miRNAs, miR-545-3p and miR-545-5p. Remarkably, these two miRNAs exhibit distinct aberrant expression patterns in different cancers; however, their expression in colorectal cancer remains controversial. Notably, miR-545-3p is affected by 15 circular RNAs (circRNAs) and 10 long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and it targets 27 protein-coding genes (PCGs) that participate in the regulation of four signaling pathways. In contrast, miR-545-5p is regulated by one circRNA and five lncRNAs, it targets six PCGs and contributes to the regulation of one signaling pathway. Both miR-545-3p and miR-545-5p affect crucial cellular behaviors, including cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and migration. Although low miR-545-3p expression is associated with poor prognosis in three cancer types, studies on miR-545-5p are yet to be reported. miR-545-3p operates within a diverse range of regulatory networks, thereby augmenting the efficacy of cancer chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Conversely, miR-545-5p enhances immunotherapy efficacy by inhibiting T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) expression. In summary, miR-545 holds immense potential as a cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. The aberrant expression and regulatory mechanisms of miR-545 in cancer warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Shen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Xinming Su
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Qurui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Yufei Ke
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Tianyu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Yunan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Jingyin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Shiwei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Novel Targets and Drug Study for Neural Repair of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
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Li H, Cai X, Yang X, Zhang X. An overview of PROTACs targeting MDM2 as a novel approach for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116506. [PMID: 38761584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
MDM2 genes amplification or altered expression is commonly observed in various cancers bearing wild-type TP53. Directly targeting the p53-binding pocket of MDM2 to activate the p53 pathway represents a promising therapeutic approach. Despite the development of numerous potent MDM2 inhibitors that have advanced into clinical trials, their utility is frequently hampered by drug resistance and hematologic toxicity such as neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. The emergence of PROTAC technology has revolutionized drug discovery and development, with applications in both preclinical and clinical research. Harnessing the power of PROTAC molecules to achieve MDM2 targeted degradation and p53 reactivation holds significant promise for cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize representative MDM2 PROTAC degraders and provide insights for researchers investigating MDM2 proteins and the p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiwen Li
- Drug Discovery & Development Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xinhui Cai
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Drug Discovery & Development Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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6
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Vela‐Rodríguez C, Yang C, Alanen HI, Eki R, Abbas TA, Maksimainen MM, Glumoff T, Duman R, Wagner A, Paschal BM, Lehtiö L. Oligomerization mediated by the D2 domain of DTX3L is critical for DTX3L-PARP9 reading function of mono-ADP-ribosylated androgen receptor. Protein Sci 2024; 33:e4945. [PMID: 38511494 PMCID: PMC10955461 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Deltex proteins are a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that encode C-terminal RING and DTC domains that mediate interactions with E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and recognize ubiquitination substrates. DTX3L is unique among the Deltex proteins based on its N-terminal domain architecture. The N-terminal D1 and D2 domains of DTX3L mediate homo-oligomerization, and the D3 domain interacts with PARP9, a protein that contains tandem macrodomains with ADP-ribose reader function. While DTX3L and PARP9 are known to heterodimerize, and assemble into a high molecular weight oligomeric complex, the nature of the oligomeric structure, including whether this contributes to the ADP-ribose reader function is unknown. Here, we report a crystal structure of the DTX3L N-terminal D2 domain and show that it forms a tetramer with, conveniently, D2 symmetry. We identified two interfaces in the structure: a major, conserved interface with a surface of 973 Å2 and a smaller one of 415 Å2. Using native mass spectrometry, we observed molecular species that correspond to monomers, dimers and tetramers of the D2 domain. Reconstitution of DTX3L knockout cells with a D1-D2 deletion mutant showed the domain is dispensable for DTX3L-PARP9 heterodimer formation, but necessary to assemble an oligomeric complex with efficient reader function for ADP-ribosylated androgen receptor. Our results suggest that homo-oligomerization of DTX3L is important for the DTX3L-PARP9 complex to read mono-ADP-ribosylation on a ligand-regulated transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vela‐Rodríguez
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Chunsong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Heli I. Alanen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Rebeka Eki
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Tarek A. Abbas
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Mirko M. Maksimainen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Tuomo Glumoff
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Ramona Duman
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotUK
| | - Armin Wagner
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation CampusDidcotUK
| | - Bryce M. Paschal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter OuluUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
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Feng Y, Xuan X, Hu Y, Lu J, Dong Z, Sun Z, Yao H, Hu L, Yin Q, Liu Y, Wang H. Targeting G-rich sequence to regulate the transcription of murine double minute (MDM) genes in triple-negative breast cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116156. [PMID: 38295687 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and homologous protein murine double minute X (MDMX) are p53 negative regulators that perform significant driving effects in tumorigenesis, and targeting these oncoproteins has became an efficient strategy in treating cancers. However, the definite antitumor activity and significance ordering of each protein in MDM family is still unclear due to the similar structure and complicated regulation. Herein, we identified two G-rich sequences (G1 and G5) located in the promoter that could assemble the G-quadruplex to respectively inhibit and promote the transcription of the MDM2 and MDMX. Based on this target, we designed and synthesized a novel G-quadruplex ligand A3f and achieved the differentiated regulation of MDM protein. In triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells, A3f could induce MDM2-dependent proliferation arrest and exhibit additive therapeutic effect with MDMX inhibitors. Overall, this study provided a novel strategy to regulate the transcription of MDM genes by targeting certain G-rich sequences, and discovered an active antitumor molecule for use in TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Xuan Xuan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Yuemiao Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jiaguo Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Zhiwen Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Ziqiang Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Hongying Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Lei Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Qikun Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
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8
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Merlino F, Pecoraro A, Longobardi G, Donati G, Di Leva FS, Brignola C, Piccarducci R, Daniele S, Martini C, Marinelli L, Russo G, Quaglia F, Conte C, Russo A, La Pietra V. Development and Nanoparticle-Mediated Delivery of Novel MDM2/MDM4 Heterodimer Peptide Inhibitors to Enhance 5-Fluorouracil Nucleolar Stress in Colorectal Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2024; 67:1812-1824. [PMID: 38285632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) often involves wild-type p53 inactivation by MDM2 and MDM4 overexpression, promoting tumor progression and resistance to 5-fluoruracil (5-FU). Disrupting the MDM2/4 heterodimer can proficiently reactivate p53, sensitizing cancer cells to 5-FU. Herein, we developed 16 peptides based on Pep3 (1), the only known peptide acting through this mechanism. The new peptides, notably 3 and 9, showed lower IC50 values than 1. When incorporated into tumor-targeted biodegradable nanoparticles, these exhibited cytotoxicity against three different CRC cell lines. Notably, NPs/9 caused a significant increase in p53 levels associated with a strong increment of its main downstream target p21 inducing apoptosis. Also, the combined treatment of 9 with 5-FU caused the activation of nucleolar stress and a synergic apoptotic effect. Hence, the co-delivery of MDM2/4 heterodimer disruptors with 5-FU through nanoparticles might be a promising strategy to overcome drug resistance in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Merlino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, NA, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pecoraro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, NA, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Longobardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, NA, Italy
| | - Greta Donati
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, NA, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Brignola
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, NA, Italy
| | - Rebecca Piccarducci
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, 6, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, NA, Italy
| | - Giulia Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, NA, Italy
| | - Fabiana Quaglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, NA, Italy
| | - Claudia Conte
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, NA, Italy
| | - Annapina Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, NA, Italy
| | - Valeria La Pietra
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, NA, Italy
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9
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Lin W, Yan Y, Huang Q, Zheng D. MDMX in Cancer: A Partner of p53 and a p53-Independent Effector. Biologics 2024; 18:61-78. [PMID: 38318098 PMCID: PMC10839028 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s436629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes. MDM2 and its homolog MDMX are the most important negative regulators of p53. Many studies have shown that MDMX promotes the growth of cancer cells by influencing the regulation of the downstream target gene of tumor suppressor p53. Studies have found that inhibiting the MDMX-p53 interaction can effectively restore the tumor suppressor activity of p53. MDMX has growth-promoting activities without p53 or in the presence of mutant p53. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the function of MDMX in tumorigenesis, progression and prognosis. This article mainly reviews the current research progress and mechanism on MDMX function, summarizes known MDMX inhibitors and provides new ideas for the development of more specific and effective MDMX inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Yan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingling Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dali Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Cheng J, Yan Z, Jiang K, Liu C, Xu D, Lyu X, Hu X, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Li J, Zhao Y. Discovery of JN122, a Spiroindoline-Containing Molecule that Inhibits MDM2/p53 Protein-Protein Interaction and Exerts Robust In Vivo Antitumor Efficacy. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16991-17025. [PMID: 38062557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
MDM2 and MDM4 cooperatively and negatively regulate p53, while this pathway is often hijacked by cancer cells in favor of their survival. Blocking MDM2/p53 interaction with small-molecule inhibitors liberates p53 from MDM2 mediated degradation, which is an attractive strategy for drug discovery. We reported herein structure-based discovery of highly potent spiroindoline-containing MDM2 inhibitor (-)60 (JN122), which also exhibited moderate activities against MDM4/p53 interactions. In a panel of cancer cell lines harboring wild type p53, (-)60 efficiently promoted activation of p53 and its target genes, inhibited cell cycle progression, and induced cell apoptosis. Interestingly, (-)60 also promoted degradation of MDM4. More importantly, (-)60 exhibited good PK properties and exerted robust antitumor efficacies in a systemic mouse xenograft model of MOLM-13. Taken together, our study showcases a class of potent MDM2 inhibitors featuring a novel spiro-indoline scaffold, which is promising for future development targeting cancer cells with wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ziqin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Kailong Jiang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, P. R. China
| | - Chen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Dehua Xu
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, P. R. China
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124000, P. R. China
| | - Xilin Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobei Hu
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, P. R. China
| | - Shiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, P. R. China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, P. R. China
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin 124000, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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11
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Vela-Rodríguez C, Yang C, Alanen HI, Eki R, Abbas TA, Maksimainen MM, Glumoff T, Duman R, Wagner A, Paschal BM, Lehtiö L. Oligomerisation mediated by the D2 domain of DTX3L is critical for DTX3L-PARP9 reading function of mono-ADP-ribosylated androgen receptor. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.29.569193. [PMID: 38076829 PMCID: PMC10705365 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.29.569193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Deltex proteins are a family of E3 ubiquitin ligases that encode C-terminal RING and DTC domains that mediate interactions with E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes and recognise ubiquitination substrates. DTX3L is unique among the Deltex proteins based on its N-terminal domain architecture. The N-terminal D1 and D2 domains of DTX3L mediate homo-oligomerisation, and the D3 domain interacts with PARP9, a protein that contains tandem macrodomains with ADP-ribose reader function. While DTX3L and PARP9 are known to heterodimerize, they assemble into a high molecular weight oligomeric complex, but the nature of the oligomeric structure, including whether this contributes to the ADP-ribose reader function is unknown. Here, we report a crystal structure of the DTX3L N-terminal D2 domain and show that it forms a tetramer with, conveniently, D2 symmetry. We identified two interfaces in the structure: a major, conserved interface with a surface of 973 Å2 and a smaller one of 415 Å2. Using native mass spectrometry, we observed molecular species that correspond to monomers, dimers and tetramers of the D2 domain. Reconstitution of DTX3L knockout cells with a D1-D2 deletion mutant showed the domain is dispensable for DTX3L-PARP9 heterodimer formation, but necessary to assemble an oligomeric complex with efficient reader function for ADP-ribosylated androgen receptor. Our results suggest that homo-oligomerisation of DTX3L is important for mono-ADP-ribosylation reading by the DTX3L-PARP9 complex and to a ligand-regulated transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Vela-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Chunsong Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Heli I. Alanen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Rebeka Eki
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Tarek A. Abbas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Mirko M. Maksimainen
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuomo Glumoff
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Ramona Duman
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Armin Wagner
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Bryce M. Paschal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, USA
| | - Lari Lehtiö
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine & Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Finland
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12
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Song Q, Liu XQ, Rainey JK. 1H, 15N and 13C backbone resonance assignments of the acidic domain of the human MDM2 protein. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2023; 17:9-16. [PMID: 36309626 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-022-10112-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The human MDM2 protein regulates the tumor suppressor protein p53 by restricting its transcriptional activity and by promoting p53 degradation. MDM2 is ubiquitously expressed, with its overexpression implicated in many forms of cancer. The inhibitory effects of MDM2 on p53 have been shown to involve its N-terminal p53-binding domain and its C-terminal RING domain. The presence of an intact central acidic domain of MDM2 has also been shown to regulate p53 ubiquitination, with this domain shown to directly interact with the p53 DNA-binding domain to regulate the DNA binding activity of p53. To date, little structural information has been obtained for the MDM2 acidic domain. Thus, to gain insight into the structure and function relationship of this region, we have applied solution-state NMR spectroscopy to characterize the segment of MDM2 spanning residues 215-300. These boundaries for the acidic domain were determined on the basis of consensus observed in multiple sequence alignment. Here, we report the 1H, 15N and 13C backbone and 13Cβ chemical shift assignments and steady-state {1H}-15N heteronuclear NOE enhancement factors as a function of residue for the acidic domain of MDM2. We show that this domain exhibits the hallmarks of being a disordered protein, on the basis both of assigned chemical shifts and residue-level backbone dynamics, with localized variation in secondary structure propensity inferred from chemical shift analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Song
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Xiang-Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, B3H 4R2, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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13
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Ren M, Li S, Gao Q, Qiao L, Cao Q, Yang Z, Chen C, Jiang Y, Wang G, Fu S. Advances in the Anti-Tumor Activity of Biflavonoids in Selaginella. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097731. [PMID: 37175435 PMCID: PMC10178260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the many strategies employed to slow the spread of cancer, the development of new anti-tumor drugs and the minimization of side effects have been major research hotspots in the anti-tumor field. Natural drugs are a huge treasure trove of drug development, and they have been widely used in the clinic as anti-tumor drugs. Selaginella species in the family Selaginellaceae are widely distributed worldwide, and they have been well-documented in clinical practice for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Biflavonoids are the main active ingredients in Selaginella, and they have good biological and anti-tumor activities, which warrant extensive research. The promise of biflavonoids from Selaginella (SFB) in the field of cancer therapy is being realized thanks to new research that offers insights into the multi-targeting therapeutic mechanisms and key signaling pathways. The pharmacological effects of SFB against various cancers in vitro and in vivo are reviewed in this review. In addition, the types and characteristics of biflavonoid structures are described in detail; we also provide a brief summary of the efforts to develop drug delivery systems or combinations to enhance the bioavailability of SFB monomers. In conclusion, SFB species have great potential to be developed as adjuvant or even primary therapeutic agents for cancer, with promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Ren
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Sihui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Qiong Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Lei Qiao
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Qianping Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Ze Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Chaoqiang Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yongmei Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Shaobin Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
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14
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Szwarc MM, Guarnieri AL, Joshi M, Duc HN, Laird MC, Pandey A, Khanal S, Dohm E, Bui AK, Sullivan KD, Galbraith MD, Andrysik Z, Espinosa JM. FAM193A is a positive regulator of p53 activity. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112230. [PMID: 36897777 PMCID: PMC10164416 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor, either by mutations or through hyperactivation of repressors such as MDM2 and MDM4, is a hallmark of cancer. Although many inhibitors of the p53-MDM2/4 interaction have been developed, such as Nutlin, their therapeutic value is limited by highly heterogeneous cellular responses. We report here a multi-omics investigation of the cellular response to MDM2/4 inhibitors, leading to identification of FAM193A as a widespread regulator of p53 function. CRISPR screening identified FAM193A as necessary for the response to Nutlin. FAM193A expression correlates with Nutlin sensitivity across hundreds of cell lines. Furthermore, genetic codependency data highlight FAM193A as a component of the p53 pathway across diverse tumor types. Mechanistically, FAM193A interacts with MDM4, and FAM193A depletion stabilizes MDM4 and inhibits the p53 transcriptional program. Last, FAM193A expression is associated with better prognosis in multiple malignancies. Altogether, these results identify FAM193A as a positive regulator of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Szwarc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Anna L Guarnieri
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Molishree Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Huy N Duc
- Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Madison C Laird
- Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Ahwan Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Santosh Khanal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Emily Dohm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Aimee K Bui
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kelly D Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthew D Galbraith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Zdenek Andrysik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Joaquin M Espinosa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Functional Genomics Facility, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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15
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Kaur A, Gladu EM, Wright KM, Webb JA, Massiah MA. B-box1 Domain of MID1 Interacts with the Ube2D1 E2 Enzyme Differently Than RING E3 Ligases. Biochemistry 2023; 62:1012-1025. [PMID: 36820504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The MID1 TRIM protein is important for ventral midline development in vertebrates, and mutations of its B-box1 domain result in several birth defects. The B-box1 domain of the human MID1 protein binds two zinc atoms and adopt a similar ββα-RING structure. This domain is required for the efficient ubiquitination of protein phosphatase 2A, alpha4, and fused kinase. Considering the structural similarity, the MID1 B-box1 domain exhibits mono-autoubiquitination activity, in contrast to poly-autoubiquitination observed for RING E3 ligases. To understand its mechanism of action, the interaction of the B-box1 domain with Ube2D1 (UbcH5a, E2), a preferred E2 ligase, is investigated. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, the MID1 RING and B-box1 domains were observed to have similar binding affinities with the Ube2D1 protein. However, NMR 15N-1H Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence titration, 15N relaxation data, and High Ambiguity Driven protein-protein DOCKing (HADDOCK) calculations show the B-box1 domain binding on a surface distinct from where RING domains bind. The novel binding interaction shows the B-box1 domain partially overlapping the noncovalent Ube2D1 and a ubiquitin binding site that is necessary for poly-autoubiquitination activity. The B-box1 domain also displaces the ubiquitin from the Ube2D1 protein. These studies reveal a novel binding interaction between the zinc-binding ββα-fold B-box1 domain and the Ube2D enzyme family and that this difference in binding, compared to RING E3 ligases, provides a rationale for its auto-monoubiquitination E3 ligase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Erin M Gladu
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Katharine M Wright
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Jessica A Webb
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Michael A Massiah
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, 800 22nd St NW, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
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16
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Wang H, Guo M, Wei H, Chen Y. Targeting p53 pathways: mechanisms, structures, and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:92. [PMID: 36859359 PMCID: PMC9977964 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 146.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The TP53 tumor suppressor is the most frequently altered gene in human cancers, and has been a major focus of oncology research. The p53 protein is a transcription factor that can activate the expression of multiple target genes and plays critical roles in regulating cell cycle, apoptosis, and genomic stability, and is widely regarded as the "guardian of the genome". Accumulating evidence has shown that p53 also regulates cell metabolism, ferroptosis, tumor microenvironment, autophagy and so on, all of which contribute to tumor suppression. Mutations in TP53 not only impair its tumor suppressor function, but also confer oncogenic properties to p53 mutants. Since p53 is mutated and inactivated in most malignant tumors, it has been a very attractive target for developing new anti-cancer drugs. However, until recently, p53 was considered an "undruggable" target and little progress has been made with p53-targeted therapies. Here, we provide a systematic review of the diverse molecular mechanisms of the p53 signaling pathway and how TP53 mutations impact tumor progression. We also discuss key structural features of the p53 protein and its inactivation by oncogenic mutations. In addition, we review the efforts that have been made in p53-targeted therapies, and discuss the challenges that have been encountered in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolan Wang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hudie Wei
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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17
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Sampson C, Wang Q, Otkur W, Zhao H, Lu Y, Liu X, Piao H. The roles of E3 ubiquitin ligases in cancer progression and targeted therapy. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1204. [PMID: 36881608 PMCID: PMC9991012 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination is one of the most important post-translational modifications which plays a significant role in conserving the homeostasis of cellular proteins. In the ubiquitination process, ubiquitin is conjugated to target protein substrates for degradation, translocation or activation, dysregulation of which is linked to several diseases including various types of cancers. E3 ubiquitin ligases are regarded as the most influential ubiquitin enzyme owing to their ability to select, bind and recruit target substrates for ubiquitination. In particular, E3 ligases are pivotal in the cancer hallmarks pathways where they serve as tumour promoters or suppressors. The specificity of E3 ligases coupled with their implication in cancer hallmarks engendered the development of compounds that specifically target E3 ligases for cancer therapy. In this review, we highlight the role of E3 ligases in cancer hallmarks such as sustained proliferation via cell cycle progression, immune evasion and tumour promoting inflammation, and in the evasion of apoptosis. In addition, we summarise the application and the role of small compounds that target E3 ligases for cancer treatment along with the significance of targeting E3 ligases as potential cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuzo Sampson
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qiuping Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Wuxiyar Otkur
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Haifeng Zhao
- Department of OrthopedicsDalian Second People's HospitalDalianChina
| | - Yun Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
- Department of StomatologyDalian Medical UniversityDalianChina
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
| | - Hai‐long Piao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical ChemistryDalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesDalianChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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18
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Talebi M, Boumi S, Nezamtaheri MS, Sarmad Y, Hosseini FS, Delphi L, Goliaei B, Amini M, Amanlou M. Synthesis, Docking Study, and Biological Evaluation of 2‐Phenylchroman‐4‐one Derivatives as Murine Double Minute 2 (MDM2) Inhibitors. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Talebi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Shahin Boumi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Maryam Sadat Nezamtaheri
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB) University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Yeganeh Sarmad
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Faezeh Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Ladan Delphi
- Animal Biology Department Faculty of Biology University College of Sciences University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Bahram Goliaei
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB) University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Mohsen Amini
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Massoud Amanlou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Faculty of Pharmacy Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Experimental Medicine Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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19
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Lei L, Lu Q, Ma G, Li T, Deng J, Li W. P53 protein and the diseases in central nervous system. Front Genet 2023; 13:1051395. [PMID: 36712862 PMCID: PMC9880595 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1051395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
P53 protein is the product of P53 gene, which is a well acknowledged tumor suppressor gene. The function of P53 and the relevant mechanisms of anti-neoplasm have raised the interest of researchers since many years ago. It is demonstrated that P53 is a basic cell cycle regulator and a strong inhibitor for versatile cancers in humans. However, most research focuses on other organs and systems instead of the central nervous system (CNS). In fact, in recent years, more and more studies have been suggesting that P53 plays a significant role in multiple CNS tumors and other diseases and disorders such as cerebral stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we mainly reviewed the P53's relationship with CNS tumors, cerebral stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, together with the relevant mechanisms, aiming to summarize the research achievements and providing new insight to the future study on diseases in CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lei
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qixiong Lu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guifang Ma
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) and Head and Neck (HN) Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiahong Deng
- Department of Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) and Head and Neck (HN) Surgery, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China,*Correspondence: Jiahong Deng, ; Weijia Li,
| | - Weijia Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China,*Correspondence: Jiahong Deng, ; Weijia Li,
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20
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Nagpal I, Yuan ZM. p53-mediated metabolic response to low doses of ionizing radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:934-940. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.2142983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isha Nagpal
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhi-Min Yuan
- John B. Little Center for Radiation Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Lama R, Galster SL, Xu C, Davison LW, Chemler SR, Wang X. Dual Targeting of MDM4 and FTH1 by MMRi71 for Induced Protein Degradation and p53-Independent Apoptosis in Leukemia Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227665. [PMID: 36431769 PMCID: PMC9695299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
MDM2 and MDM4 are cancer drug targets validated in multiple models for p53-based cancer therapies. The RING domains of MDM2 and non-p53-binder MDM2 splice isoforms form RING domain heterodimer polyubiquitin E3 ligases with MDM4, which regulate p53 stability in vivo and promote tumorigenesis independent of p53. Despite the importance of the MDM2 RING domain in p53 regulation and cancer development, small molecule inhibitors targeting the E3 ligase activity of MDM2-MDM4 are poorly explored. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of quinolinol derivatives for the identification of analogs that are capable of targeting the MDM2-MDM4 heterodimer E3 ligase and inducing apoptosis in cells. The structure-activity-relationship (SAR) study identified structural moieties critical for the inhibitory effects toward MDM2-MDM4 E3 ligase, the targeted degradation of MDM4 and FTH1 in cells, and anti-proliferation activity. Lead optimization led to the development of compound MMRi71 with improved activity. In addition to accumulating p53 proteins in wt-p53 bearing cancer cells as expected of any MDM2 inhibitors, MMRi71 effectively kills p53-null leukemia cells, an activity that conventional MDM2-p53 disrupting inhibitors lack. This study provides a prototype structure for developing MDM4/FTH1 dual-targeting inhibitors as potential cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Lama
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Samuel L. Galster
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Luke W. Davison
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Sherry R. Chemler
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Correspondence: (S.R.C.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinjiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
- Correspondence: (S.R.C.); (X.W.)
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22
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Song Q, Liu XQ, Rainey JK. The MDMX acidic domain competes with the p53 transactivation domain for MDM2 N-terminal domain binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119319. [PMID: 35780910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein p53 governs many cellular pathways to control genome integrity, metabolic homeostasis, and cell viability. The critical roles of p53 highlight the importance of proper control over p53 in maintaining normal cellular function, with the negative regulators MDM2 and MDMX playing central roles in regulating p53 activity. The interaction between p53 and either MDM2 or MDMX involves the p53 transactivation domain (p53TD) and the N-terminal domains (NTD) of MDM2 or MDMX. Recently, the acidic domain (AD) of MDMX was found to bind to its own NTD, inhibiting the p53-MDMX interaction. Given the established structural and functional similarity between the MDM2 and MDMX NTDs, we hypothesized that the MDMX AD would also directly bind to MDM2 NTD to inhibit p53-MDM2 interaction. Through solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we show that the MDMX AD can indeed directly interact with the MDM2 NTD and, as a result, can compete for p53 binding. The MDMX AD is thus able to serve as a regulatory domain to inhibit the MDM2-p53 interaction and may also play a direct role in p53 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Song
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Xiang-Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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23
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Srdanović S, Wolter M, Trinh CH, Ottmann C, Warriner SL, Wilson AJ. Understanding the interaction of 14-3-3 proteins with hDMX and hDM2: a structural and biophysical study. FEBS J 2022; 289:5341-5358. [PMID: 35286747 PMCID: PMC9541495 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
p53 plays a critical role in regulating diverse biological processes: DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence. The p53 pathway has therefore served as the focus of multiple drug-discovery efforts. p53 is negatively regulated by hDMX and hDM2; prior studies have identified 14-3-3 proteins as hDMX and hDM2 client proteins. 14-3-3 proteins are adaptor proteins that modulate localization, degradation and interactions of their targets in response to phosphorylation. Thus, 14-3-3 proteins may indirectly modulate the interaction between hDMX or hDM2 and p53 and represent potential targets for modulation of the p53 pathway. In this manuscript, we report on the biophysical and structural characterization of peptide/protein interactions that are representative of the interaction between 14-3-3 and hDMX or hDM2. The data establish that proximal phosphosites spaced ~20-25 residues apart in both hDMX and hDM2 co-operate to facilitate high-affinity 14-3-3 binding and provide structural insight that can be utilized in future stabilizer/inhibitor discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Srdanović
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK,School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsUK
| | - Madita Wolter
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringTechnische Universiteit EindhovenThe Netherlands,Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsTechnische Universiteit EindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Chi H. Trinh
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK,School of Molecular and Cellular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringTechnische Universiteit EindhovenThe Netherlands,Institute for Complex Molecular SystemsTechnische Universiteit EindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Stuart L. Warriner
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK,School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsUK
| | - Andrew J. Wilson
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular BiologyUniversity of LeedsUK,School of ChemistryUniversity of LeedsUK
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24
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Valenstein ML, Rogala KB, Lalgudi PV, Brignole EJ, Gu X, Saxton RA, Chantranupong L, Kolibius J, Quast JP, Sabatini DM. Structure of the nutrient-sensing hub GATOR2. Nature 2022; 607:610-616. [PMID: 35831510 PMCID: PMC9464592 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) controls growth by regulating anabolic and catabolic processes in response to environmental cues, including nutrients1,2. Amino acids signal to mTORC1 through the Rag GTPases, which are regulated by several protein complexes, including GATOR1 and GATOR2. GATOR2, which has five components (WDR24, MIOS, WDR59, SEH1L and SEC13), is required for amino acids to activate mTORC1 and interacts with the leucine and arginine sensors SESN2 and CASTOR1, respectively3-5. Despite this central role in nutrient sensing, GATOR2 remains mysterious as its subunit stoichiometry, biochemical function and structure are unknown. Here we used cryo-electron microscopy to determine the three-dimensional structure of the human GATOR2 complex. We found that GATOR2 adopts a large (1.1 MDa), two-fold symmetric, cage-like architecture, supported by an octagonal scaffold and decorated with eight pairs of WD40 β-propellers. The scaffold contains two WDR24, four MIOS and two WDR59 subunits circularized via two distinct types of junction involving non-catalytic RING domains and α-solenoids. Integration of SEH1L and SEC13 into the scaffold through β-propeller blade donation stabilizes the GATOR2 complex and reveals an evolutionary relationship to the nuclear pore and membrane-coating complexes6. The scaffold orients the WD40 β-propeller dimers, which mediate interactions with SESN2, CASTOR1 and GATOR1. Our work reveals the structure of an essential component of the nutrient-sensing machinery and provides a foundation for understanding the function of GATOR2 within the mTORC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max L Valenstein
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Kacper B Rogala
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Pranav V Lalgudi
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Edward J Brignole
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT.nano, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xin Gu
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert A Saxton
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lynne Chantranupong
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonas Kolibius
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
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25
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Fattah SA, Abdel Fattah MA, Mesbah NM, Saleh SM, Abo-Elmatty DM, Mehanna ET. The expression of zinc finger 804a (ZNF804a) and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) genes is related to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:688-693. [PMID: 31994908 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1716810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT ZNF804a and CDK1 genes code for proteins involved in inflammatory pathways. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the correlation of ZNF804a and CDK1 expression profiles in RA with the activity and the severity of the disease and to assess their association with inflammatory reactions in the Egyptian RA patients. METHODS ZNF804a and CDK1 expression profiles were assessed using quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). Clinical and laboratory parameters were evaluated. RESULTS ZNF804a expression was down-regulated by 0.177-fold while CDK1 expression was up-regulated to 3.29-fold in RA patients compared with healthy controls (p < .001). ZNF804a down-regulation was negatively correlated with CRP, RF, disease activity score of 28 joints (DAS) using CRP (DAS-CRP) and TNF-α. CDK1 overexpression was correlated with IFN-1 and ACPA in RA patients. CONCLUSION ZNF804a and CDK1 genes are implicated in RA pathogenesis due to their influences on TNF-α and IFN-1 which contribute to inflammation in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa A Fattah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Maha A Abdel Fattah
- Department of Physical Medicine, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Noha M Mesbah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Samy M Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Dina M Abo-Elmatty
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Eman T Mehanna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
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26
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Chinnam M, Xu C, Lama R, Zhang X, Cedeno CD, Wang Y, Stablewski AB, Goodrich DW, Wang X. MDM2 E3 ligase activity is essential for p53 regulation and cell cycle integrity. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010171. [PMID: 35588102 PMCID: PMC9119546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM2 and MDM4 are key regulators of p53 and function as oncogenes when aberrantly expressed. MDM2 and MDM4 partner to suppress p53 transcriptional transactivation and polyubiquitinate p53 for degradation. The importance of MDM2 E3-ligase-mediated p53 regulation remains controversial. To resolve this, we generated mice with an Mdm2 L466A mutation that specifically compromises E2 interaction, abolishing MDM2 E3 ligase activity while preserving its ability to bind MDM4 and suppress p53 transactivation. Mdm2L466A/L466A mice exhibit p53-dependent embryonic lethality, demonstrating MDM2 E3 ligase activity is essential for p53 regulation in vivo. Unexpectedly, cells expressing Mdm2L466A manifest cell cycle G2-M transition defects and increased aneuploidy even in the absence of p53, suggesting MDM2 E3 ligase plays a p53-independent role in cell cycle regulation and genome integrity. Furthermore, cells bearing the E3-dead MDM2 mutant show aberrant cell cycle regulation in response to DNA damage. This study uncovers an uncharacterized role for MDM2’s E3 ligase activity in cell cycle beyond its essential role in regulating p53’s stability in vivo. The most frequently mutated protein in human cancer, the p53 tumor suppressor protein, is negatively regulated by the potentially oncogenic proteins MDM2 and MDM4. MDM2/MDM4 regulates p53 through two mechanisms, MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity marks p53 for degradation while MDM2/MDM4 can bind p53 to inhibit its ability to promote RNA transcription. Whether these mechanisms contribute to normal p53 regulation in vivo remains controversial. Using a newly developed mouse model that genetically separates these two mechanisms, we find that mice expressing MDM2 deficient specifically for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity do not survive embryonic development because unregulated p53 is lethal. In contrast to prior reports, MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity is thus required for p53 regulation during embryonic development. In addition, cells lacking MDM2 E3 ubiquitin ligase activity have cell cycle defects regardless of p53 status, uncovering a p53-independent function for MDM2 in regulating the cell cycle. Activating p53 by blocking physical interaction with MDM2/MDM4 is one currently pursued approach for cancer therapy, but this approach does not account for cancer-promoting activities of MDM2/MDM4 independent of p53. Findings reported here suggest targeting MDM2 E3 ligase activity directly may be advantageous as it would inhibit both p53-dependent and p53-independent oncogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenalakshmi Chinnam
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Rati Lama
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Carlos D. Cedeno
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Aimee B. Stablewski
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Gene Targeting and Transgenic Shared Resource, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - David W. Goodrich
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XW); (DWG)
| | - Xinjiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XW); (DWG)
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27
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Ilic VK, Egorova O, Tsang E, Gatto M, Wen Y, Zhao Y, Sheng Y. Hinokiflavone Inhibits MDM2 Activity by Targeting the MDM2-MDMX RING Domain. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050643. [PMID: 35625571 PMCID: PMC9138535 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The proto-oncogene MDM2 is frequently amplified in many human cancers and its overexpression is clinically associated with a poor prognosis. The oncogenic activity of MDM2 is demonstrated by its negative regulation of tumor suppressor p53 and the substrate proteins involved in DNA repair, cell cycle control, and apoptosis pathways. Thus, inhibition of MDM2 activity has been pursued as an attractive direction for the development of anti-cancer therapeutics. Virtual screening was performed using the crystal structure of the MDM2-MDMX RING domain dimer against a natural product library and identified a biflavonoid Hinokiflavone as a promising candidate compound targeting MDM2. Hinokiflavone was shown to bind the MDM2-MDMX RING domain and inhibit MDM2-mediated ubiquitination in vitro. Hinokiflavone treatment resulted in the downregulation of MDM2 and MDMX and induction of apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. Hinokiflavone demonstrated p53-dependent and -independent tumor-suppressive activity. This report provides biochemical and cellular evidence demonstrating the anti-cancer effects of Hinokiflavone through targeting the MDM2-MDMX RING domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria K. Ilic
- Department of Biology, York University, Room 327B Life Science Building, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (V.K.I.); (O.E.); (E.T.); (M.G.); (Y.W.)
| | - Olga Egorova
- Department of Biology, York University, Room 327B Life Science Building, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (V.K.I.); (O.E.); (E.T.); (M.G.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ernest Tsang
- Department of Biology, York University, Room 327B Life Science Building, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (V.K.I.); (O.E.); (E.T.); (M.G.); (Y.W.)
| | - Milena Gatto
- Department of Biology, York University, Room 327B Life Science Building, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (V.K.I.); (O.E.); (E.T.); (M.G.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yi Wen
- Department of Biology, York University, Room 327B Life Science Building, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (V.K.I.); (O.E.); (E.T.); (M.G.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yong Zhao
- Beijing Computing Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100094, China;
| | - Yi Sheng
- Department of Biology, York University, Room 327B Life Science Building, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada; (V.K.I.); (O.E.); (E.T.); (M.G.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: 1-416-7362100 (ext. 33521)
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28
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Zhang S, Yan Z, Li Y, Gong Y, Lyu X, Lou J, Zhang D, Meng X, Zhao Y. Structure-Based Discovery of MDM2/4 Dual Inhibitors that Exert Antitumor Activities against MDM4-Overexpressing Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6207-6230. [PMID: 35420431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent clinical progress in peptide-based dual inhibitors of MDM2/4, small-molecule ones with robust antitumor activities remain challenging. To tackle this issue, 31 (YL93) was structure-based designed and synthesized, which had MDM2/4 binding Ki values of 1.1 and 642 nM, respectively. In three MDM4-overexpressing cancer cell lines harboring wild-type p53, 31 shows improved cell growth inhibition activities compared to RG7388, an MDM2-selective inhibitor in late-stage clinical trials. Mechanistic studies show that 31 increased cellular protein levels of p53 and p21 and upregulated the expression of p53-targeted genes in RKO cells with MDM4 amplification. In addition, 31 induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in western blot and flow cytometry assays. Taken together, dual inhibition of MDM2/4 by 31 elicited stronger antitumor activities in vitro compared to selective MDM2 inhibitors in wild-type p53 and MDM4-overexpressing cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ziqin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yafang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xilin Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianfeng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daizhou Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Xiangjing Meng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals, Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan 250101, China
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29
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Song Q, Liu XQ, Rainey JK. 1H, 15N and 13C backbone resonance assignments of the acidic domain of the human MDMX protein. BIOMOLECULAR NMR ASSIGNMENTS 2022; 16:171-178. [PMID: 35359247 DOI: 10.1007/s12104-022-10081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The human MDMX protein, also known as MDM4, plays a pivotal role in regulating the activity of the tumor suppressor protein p53 by restricting p53 transcriptional activity and stimulating the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of another key regulatory protein, MDM2, to promote p53 degradation. MDMX is ubiquitously expressed in most tissue types and overexpression of MDMX has been implicated in many forms of cancer. MDMX has been shown to require an intact N-terminal p53-binding domain and C-terminal RING domain to exert inhibitory effects on p53. The presence of a tryptophan-rich sequence in the central acidic domain of MDMX has also been implicated in regulating the interaction between MDMX and p53, directly interacting with the p53 DNA-binding domain. To date, little structural information has been obtained for this acidic region of MDMX that encompasses the Trp-rich sequence. In order to gain insight into the structure and function of this region, we have carried out solution-state NMR spectroscopy studies utilizing the segment of MDMX spanning residues 181-300-with bounds specifically chosen through multiple sequence alignment-which encompasses nearly 25% of MDMX. Here, we report the 1H, 15N and 13C backbone chemical shift assignments of the acidic domain of MDMX and show that it exhibits hallmarks of intrinsic disorder and localized variation in inferred secondary structure propensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyan Song
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Xiang-Qin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Reconstitution of the DTX3L-PARP9 complex reveals determinants for high affinity heterodimerization and multimeric assembly. Biochem J 2022; 479:289-304. [PMID: 35037691 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20210722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitination and ADP-ribosylation are post-translational modifications that play major roles in pathways including the DNA damage response and viral infection. The enzymes responsible for these modifications are therefore potential targets for therapeutic intervention. DTX3L is an E3 Ubiquitin ligase that forms a heterodimer with PARP9. In addition to its ubiquitin ligase activity, DTX3L-PARP9 also acts as an ADP-ribosyl transferase for Gly76 on the C-terminus of ubiquitin. NAD+-dependent ADP-ribosylation of ubiquitin by DTX3L-PARP9 prevents ubiquitin from conjugating to protein substrates. To gain insight into how DTX3L-PARP9 generates these post-translational modifications, we have generated recombinant forms of DTX3L and PARP9 and studied their physical interactions. We show the DTX3L D3 domain (230-510) mediates the interaction with PARP9 with nanomolar affinity and an apparent 1:1 stoichiometry. We also show that DTX3L and PARP9 assemble into a higher molecular weight oligomer, and that this is mediated by the DTX3L N-terminal region (1-200). Lastly, we show that ADP-ribosylation of ubiquitin at Gly76 is reversible in vitro by several Macrodomain-type hydrolases. Our study provides a framework to understand how DTX3L-PARP9 mediates ADP-ribosylation and ubiquitination through both intra- and inter-subunit interactions.
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Killing by Degradation: Regulation of Apoptosis by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome-System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123465. [PMID: 34943974 PMCID: PMC8700063 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a cell suicide process that is essential for development, tissue homeostasis and human health. Impaired apoptosis is associated with a variety of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmunity and cancer. As the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins can determine the life or death of cells, tight regulation of these proteins is critical. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is essential for maintaining protein turnover, which can either trigger or inhibit apoptosis. In this review, we will describe the E3 ligases that regulate the levels of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins and assisting proteins that regulate the levels of these E3 ligases. We will provide examples of apoptotic cell death modulations using the UPS, determined by positive and negative feedback loop reactions. Specifically, we will review how the stability of p53, Bcl-2 family members and IAPs (Inhibitor of Apoptosis proteins) are regulated upon initiation of apoptosis. As increased levels of oncogenes and decreased levels of tumor suppressor proteins can promote tumorigenesis, targeting these pathways offers opportunities to develop novel anti-cancer therapies, which act by recruiting the UPS for the effective and selective killing of cancer cells.
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Zhou X, Speer RM, Volk L, Hudson LG, Liu KJ. Arsenic co-carcinogenesis: Inhibition of DNA repair and interaction with zinc finger proteins. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:86-98. [PMID: 33984503 PMCID: PMC8578584 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is widely present in the environment and is associated with various population health risks including cancers. Arsenic exposure at environmentally relevant levels enhances the mutagenic effect of other carcinogens such as ultraviolet radiation. Investigation on the molecular mechanisms could inform the prevention and intervention strategies of arsenic carcinogenesis and co-carcinogenesis. Arsenic inhibition of DNA repair has been demonstrated to be an important mechanism, and certain DNA repair proteins have been identified to be extremely sensitive to arsenic exposure. This review will summarize the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenesis and co-carcinogenesis, including DNA damage induction and ROS generation, particularly how arsenic inhibits DNA repair through an integrated molecular mechanism which includes its interactions with sensitive zinc finger DNA repair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Rachel M Speer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Lindsay Volk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Laurie G Hudson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
| | - Ke Jian Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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33
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Sanford JD, Yang J, Han J, Tollini LA, Jin A, Zhang Y. MDMX is essential for the regulation of p53 protein levels in the absence of a functional MDM2 C-terminal tail. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:46. [PMID: 34551723 PMCID: PMC8459461 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-021-00385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MDM2 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is able to ubiquitinate p53, targeting it for proteasomal degradation. Its homologue MDMX does not have innate E3 activity, but is able to dimerize with MDM2. Although mouse models have demonstrated both MDM2 and MDMX are individually essential for p53 regulation, the significance of MDM2-MDMX heterodimerization is only partially understood and sometimes controversial. MDM2C462A mice, where the C462A mutation abolishes MDM2 E3 ligase activity as well as its ability to dimerize with MDMX, die during embryogenesis. In contrast, the MDM2Y487A mice, where the Y487A mutation at MDM2 C-terminus significantly reduces its E3 ligase activity without disrupting MDM2-MDMX binding, survive normally even though p53 is expressed to high levels. This indicates that the MDM2-MDMX heterodimerization plays a critical role in the regulation of p53. However, it remains unclear whether MDMX is essential for the regulation of p53 protein levels in the context of an endogenous MDM2 C-terminal tail mutation. RESULTS Here, we studied the significance of MDM2-MDMX binding in an MDM2 E3 ligase deficient context using the MDM2Y487A mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells. Surprisingly, down-regulation of MDMX in MDM2Y487A MEFs resulted in a significant increase of p53 protein levels. Conversely, ectopic overexpression of MDMX reduced p53 protein levels in MDM2Y487A MEFs. Mutations of the RING domain of MDMX prevented MDMX-MDM2 binding, and ablated MDMX-mediated suppression of p53 protein expression. Additionally, DNA damage treatment and nuclear sequestration of MDMX inhibited MDMX activity to suppress p53 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MDMX plays a key role in suppressing p53 protein expression in the absence of normal MDM2 E3 ligase activity. We found that the ability of MDMX to suppress p53 levels requires MDM2 binding and its cytoplasmic localization, and this ability is abrogated by DNA damage. Hence, MDMX is essential for the regulation of p53 protein levels in the context of an MDM2 C-terminal mutation that disrupts its E3 ligase activity but not MDMX binding. Our study is the first to examine the role of MDMX in the regulation of p53 in the context of endogenous MDM2 C-terminal mutant MEF cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Sanford
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism and Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Laura A Tollini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Aiwen Jin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
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34
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Arena A, Stigliano A, Belcastro E, Giorda E, Rosado MM, Grossi A, Assenza MR, Moretti F, Fierabracci A. p53 Activation Effect in the Balance of T Regulatory and Effector Cell Subsets in Patients With Thyroid Cancer and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:728381. [PMID: 34539667 PMCID: PMC8442659 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.728381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinomas evade the host immune system by negatively modulating CD4+ and CD8+ T effector lymphocytes through forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) positive T regulatory cells’ increased activity. Furthermore, interaction of the programmed cell death 1 (PD1) molecule and its ligand programmed cell death ligand 1 (PDL1) inhibits the antitumor activity of PD1+ T lymphocytes. Immunotherapy has become a powerful strategy for tailored cancer patients’ treatment both in adult and pediatric patients aiming to generate potent antitumor responses. Nevertheless, immunotherapies can generate autoimmune responses. This study aimed to investigate the potential effect of the transformation-related protein 53 (p53) reactivation by a peptide-based inhibitor of the MDM2/MDM4 heterodimer (Pep3) on the immune response in a solid cancer, i.e., thyroid carcinoma frequently presenting with thyroid autoimmunity. In peripheral blood mononuclear cell of thyroid cancer patients, Pep3 treatment alters percentages of CD8+ and CD4+ T regulatory and CD8+ and CD4+ T effector cells and favors an anticancer immune response. Of note that reduced frequencies of activated CD8+ and CD4+ T effector cells do not support autoimmunity progression. In evaluating PD1 expression under p53 activation, a significant decrease of activated CD4+PD1+ cells was detected in thyroid cancer patients, suggesting a defective regulation in the initial activation stage, therefore generating a protective condition toward autoimmune progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Arena
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Stigliano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria S. Andrea, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenia Belcastro
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Giorda
- Research Laboratories, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Manuela Rosado
- Research Laboratories, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,Department of Clinical Internal Sciences, Anesthesiology and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Grossi
- Unit of Endocrine Pathology of Post-Tumoral and Chronic Diseases, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Assenza
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Moretti
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fierabracci
- Infectivology and Clinical Trials Research Department, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
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35
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Yang J, Zhang Y. New insight into the role of MDMX in MDM2-mediated p53 degradation and anti-cancer drug development. Oncoscience 2021; 8:94-96. [PMID: 34386548 PMCID: PMC8351915 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the tumor suppressor p53 has been generally accepted as a hallmark of tumor. MDM2 and MDMX, the two closely related proteins are considered to be critical for negatively regulating p53 activity through inhibitory binding to and post-translational modification of the p53 protein. We have demonstrated that MDMX facilitates MDM2-mediated p53 ubiquitination and degradation via recruitment of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UbcH5c to the MDM2-MDMX heterooligomers. Here, we discuss our new findings from genetically engineered mouse models and a potential therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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36
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Zhang S, Lou J, Li Y, Zhou F, Yan Z, Lyu X, Zhao Y. Recent Progress and Clinical Development of Inhibitors that Block MDM4/p53 Protein-Protein Interactions. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10621-10640. [PMID: 34286973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MDM4 is a homologue of MDM2, serving cooperatively as the negative regulator of tumor suppressor p53. Under the shadow of MDM2 inhibitors, limited efforts had been put into the discovery of MDM4 modulators. Recent studies of the experimental drug ALRN-6924, a dual MDM4 and MDM2 inhibitor, suggest that concurrent inhibition of MDM4 and MDM2 might be beneficial over only MDM2 inhibition. In view of the present research progress, we summarized published inhibitors of MDM4/p53 interactions including both peptide-based compounds and small molecules. Cocrystal structures of ligand/MDM4 complexes have been examined, and their structural features were compiled and compared in order to show the molecular basis required for high MDM4 binding affinities. Representative examples of small-molecule MDM4 inhibitors were discussed, followed by clinical results of ALRN-6924, together, providing a consolidated reference for further development of MDM4 inhibitors, either dual or selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyan Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianfeng Lou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yafang Li
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feilong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ziqin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xilin Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yujun Zhao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and Small-Molecule Drug Research Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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37
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Wu P, Feng Y, Zou Z, Cao Y, Yuan S. Critical role of cysteine-266 of SIE3 in regulating the ubiquitination and degradation of SIP1 transcription factor in Lotus japonicus. PLANTA 2021; 253:126. [PMID: 34036431 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03647-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A conserved cysteine residue (C266)-mediated homo-dimerization of SIE3 is required for the ubiquitination and degradation of SIP1 transcription factor in Lotus japonicas CTLH/CRA/RING-containing proteins have been shown to possess E3-ligase activities and are crucial for the regulation of numerous cellular signaling pathways. In our previous studies, SIE3 (SymRK-Interacting E3 ubiquitin ligase), a CTLH/CRA/RING-containing protein from Lotus japonicus, has been shown to associate with both Symbiosis Receptor Kinase (SymRK) and SIP1 (SymRK interacting protein 1) transcription factor, and ubiquitinate SymRK (Yuan et al. Plant Physiol 160 (1):106-117, 2012; Feng et al. Front Plant Sci 11: 795, 2020). Besides, we previously also demonstrated that the residue, cysteine-266 in the CRA (CT11-RanBPM) domain is required for homodimerization of SIE3 and cysteine-266 residue-mediated homodimerization is important for the symbiosic function of SIE3 (Feng et al. 2020). In this report, SIE3 was shown to induce the ubiquitination and degradation of SIP1. The cysteine-266 residue is essential for the E3-ligase activity and is highly conserved in the SIE3-like proteins. Our works refined the working model that homodimerization of SIE3 is required for ubiquitin-related degradation of SIP1 and found a conserved cysteine residue plays a key role in the activity of a plant dimeric E3 ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongmin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yangrong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Songli Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of PRC, Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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38
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Klein AM, de Queiroz RM, Venkatesh D, Prives C. The roles and regulation of MDM2 and MDMX: it is not just about p53. Genes Dev 2021; 35:575-601. [PMID: 33888565 PMCID: PMC8091979 DOI: 10.1101/gad.347872.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this review, Klein et al. discuss the p53-independent roles of MDM2 and MDMX. First, they review the structural and functional features of MDM2 and MDMX proteins separately and together that could be relevant to their p53-independent activities. Following this, they summarize how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Most well studied as proteins that restrain the p53 tumor suppressor protein, MDM2 and MDMX have rich lives outside of their relationship to p53. There is much to learn about how these two proteins are regulated and how they can function in cells that lack p53. Regulation of MDM2 and MDMX, which takes place at the level of transcription, post-transcription, and protein modification, can be very intricate and is context-dependent. Equally complex are the myriad roles that these two proteins play in cells that lack wild-type p53; while many of these independent outcomes are consistent with oncogenic transformation, in some settings their functions could also be tumor suppressive. Since numerous small molecules that affect MDM2 and MDMX have been developed for therapeutic outcomes, most if not all designed to prevent their restraint of p53, it will be essential to understand how these diverse molecules might affect the p53-independent activities of MDM2 and MDMX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Klein
- Integrated Program in Cellular, Molecular, and Biomedical Studies, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | - Divya Venkatesh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
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39
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Li F, Yu S, Huang X, Dong C, Ren J. Studying Homo-oligomerization and Hetero-oligomerization of MDMX and MDM2 Proteins in Single Living Cells by Using In Situ Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. Biochemistry 2021; 60:1498-1505. [PMID: 33870698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein oligomerization plays a very important role in many physiological processes. p53 acts as a key tumor suppressor by regulating cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and apoptosis, and its antitumor activity is regulated by the hetero- and homo-oligomerization of MDMX and MDM2 proteins. So far, some traditional methods have been utilized to study the oligomerization of MDMX and MDM2 in vitro, but they have not clarified some controversial issues or whether the extracellular results can represent the intracellular results. Here, we put forward an in situ method for studying protein homo- and hetero-oligomerization in single living cells by using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. In this study, MDMX and MDM2 were labeled with fluorescent proteins using lentiviral transfection. Autocorrelation spectroscopy and cross-correlation spectroscopy methods were used to study the oligomerization of MDMX and MDM2 in situ and the effect of regulation of MDMX oligomerization on p53-MDMX interactions in single living cells. We observed the homo- and hetero-oligomerization of MDMX and MDM2 in living cells. Meanwhile, the levels of the homo-oligomers of MDMX and MDM2 were increased due to the lack of hetero-oligomerization. Finally, the binding affinity of MDMX for p53 was improved with an increase in the level of MDMX hetero-oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fucai Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengrong Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqing Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jicun Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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40
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Magnussen HM, Huang DT. Identification of a Catalytic Active but Non-Aggregating MDM2 RING Domain Variant. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166807. [PMID: 33450248 PMCID: PMC7895813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As a key regulator of the tumour suppressor protein p53, MDM2 is involved in various types of cancer and has thus been an attractive drug target. So far, small molecule design has primarily focussed on the N-terminal p53-binding domain although on-target toxicity effects have been reported. Targeting the catalytic RING domain of MDM2 resembles an alternative approach to drug MDM2 with the idea to prevent MDM2-mediated ubiquitination of p53 while retaining MDM2's ability to bind p53. The design of RING inhibitors has been limited by the extensive aggregation tendency of the RING domain, making it challenging to undertake co-crystallization attempts with potential inhibitors. Here we compare the purification profiles of the MDM2 RING domain from several species and show that the MDM2 RING domain of other species than human is much less prone to aggregate although the overall structure of the RING domain is conserved. Through sequence comparison and mutagenesis analyses, we identify a single point mutation, G443T, which greatly enhances the dimeric fraction of human MDM2 RING domain during purification. Neither does the mutation alter the structure of the RING domain, nor does it affect E2(UbcH5B)-Ub binding and activity. Hence, MDM2-G443T facilitates studies involving binding partners that would be hampered by the low solubility of the wild-type RING domain. Furthermore, it will be valuable for the development of MDM2 RING inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge M Magnussen
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom
| | - Danny T Huang
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom; Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
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41
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Habu T, Harada KH. UBC13 is an RNF213-associated E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, and Lysine 63-linked ubiquitination by the RNF213-UBC13 axis is responsible for angiogenic activity. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:243-258. [PMID: 33842849 PMCID: PMC8019261 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2019-00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a cryptogenic vascular disorder in the intracranial arteries. RING protein 213 (RNF213) is the susceptibility gene for MMD, and encodes a RING domain and a Walker motif. Herein, we identified UBC13 (UBE2N) as an E2 ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme for RNF213 E3 ubiquitin ligase by yeast two‐hybrid screening with a fragment containing RNF213 RING domain as bait, and the immunocomplex of RNF213‐UBC13 was detected in vivo. Analysis of the ubiquitin chain on RNF213 by monitoring autoubiquitination showed that RNF213 was autoubiquitinated in a K63 chain fashion, but not in a K48 chain fashion. Finally, this RNF213 ubiquitination in a UBC13‐dependent manner was required for cell mobility and invasion activity for HUVEC cells in UBC13 knock‐down and ubiquitination‐dead RNF213 mutant expressing experiments. These findings demonstrated that RNF213 is a K63‐linked E3 ubiquitin ligase, and UBC13 is responsible for RNF213 dependent ubiquitination. The RNF213‐UBC13 axis may be associated with angiogenic activity and MMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Habu
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition School of Food Sciences and Nutrition Mukogawa Women's University Nishinomiya Hyogo Japan
| | - Kouji H Harada
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto Japan
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The Potential of Proteolytic Chimeras as Pharmacological Tools and Therapeutic Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245956. [PMID: 33339292 PMCID: PMC7766482 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of protein degradation in a highly selective and efficient way by means of druggable molecules is known as targeted protein degradation (TPD). TPD emerged in the literature as a revolutionary idea: a heterobifunctional chimera with the capacity of creating an interaction between a protein of interest (POI) and a E3 ubiquitin ligase will induce a process of events in the POI, including ubiquitination, targeting to the proteasome, proteolysis and functional silencing, acting as a sort of degradative knockdown. With this programmed protein degradation, toxic and disease-causing proteins could be depleted from cells with potentially effective low drug doses. The proof-of-principle validation of this hypothesis in many studies has made the TPD strategy become a new attractive paradigm for the development of therapies for the treatment of multiple unmet diseases. Indeed, since the initial protacs (Proteolysis targeting chimeras) were posited in the 2000s, the TPD field has expanded extraordinarily, developing innovative chemistry and exploiting multiple degradation approaches. In this article, we review the breakthroughs and recent novel concepts in this highly active discipline.
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Li Q, Serio RJ, Schofield A, Liu H, Rasmussen SR, Hofius D, Stone SL. Arabidopsis RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase XBAT35.2 promotes proteasome-dependent degradation of ACD11 to attenuate abiotic stress tolerance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:1712-1723. [PMID: 33080095 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ multiple mechanisms to cope with a constantly changing and challenging environment, including using the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) to alter their proteome to assist in initiating, modulating and terminating responses to stress. We previously reported that the ubiquitin ligase XBAT35.2 mediates the proteasome-dependent degradation of Accelerated Cell Death 11 (ACD11) to promote pathogen defense. Here, we demonstrate roles for XBAT35.2 and ACD11 in abiotic stress tolerance. As seen in response to pathogen infection, abiotic stress stabilizes XBAT35.2 and the abundance of ACD11 rose consistently with increasing concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) and salt. Surprisingly, exposure to ABA and salt increased the stability of ACD11, and the overexpression of ACD11 improves plant survival of salt and drought stress, suggesting a role for ACD11 in promoting tolerance. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of ABA or salt resulted in ubiquitination and the proteasome-dependent degradation of ACD11, however. The stress-induced turnover of ACD11 requires XBAT35.2, as degradation is slowed in the absence of the E3 ubiquitin ligase. Consistent with XBAT35.2 mediating the proteasome-dependent degradation of ACD11, the loss of E3 ubiquitin ligase function enhances the tolerance of salt and drought stress, whereas overexpression increases sensitivity. A model is presented where, upon the perception of abiotic stress, ACD11 abundance increases to promote tolerance. Meanwhile, XBAT35.2 accumulates and in turn promotes the degradation of ACD11 to attenuate the stress response. The results characterize XBAT35.2 as an E3 ubiquitin ligase with opposing roles in abiotic and biotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaomu Li
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Renata J Serio
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Andrew Schofield
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Hongxia Liu
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Sheena R Rasmussen
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 756 51, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hofius
- Department of Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, 756 51, Sweden
| | - Sophia L Stone
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
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Scholz N, Kurian KM, Siebzehnrubl FA, Licchesi JDF. Targeting the Ubiquitin System in Glioblastoma. Front Oncol 2020; 10:574011. [PMID: 33324551 PMCID: PMC7724090 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.574011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor in adults with poor overall outcome and 5-year survival of less than 5%. Treatment has not changed much in the last decade or so, with surgical resection and radio/chemotherapy being the main options. Glioblastoma is highly heterogeneous and frequently becomes treatment-resistant due to the ability of glioblastoma cells to adopt stem cell states facilitating tumor recurrence. Therefore, there is an urgent need for novel therapeutic strategies. The ubiquitin system, in particular E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes, have emerged as a promising source of novel drug targets. In addition to conventional small molecule drug discovery approaches aimed at modulating enzyme activity, several new and exciting strategies are also being explored. Among these, PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) aim to harness the endogenous protein turnover machinery to direct therapeutically relevant targets, including previously considered "undruggable" ones, for proteasomal degradation. PROTAC and other strategies targeting the ubiquitin proteasome system offer new therapeutic avenues which will expand the drug development toolboxes for glioblastoma. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes in the context of glioblastoma and their involvement in core signaling pathways including EGFR, TGF-β, p53 and stemness-related pathways. Finally, we offer new insights into how these ubiquitin-dependent mechanisms could be exploited therapeutically for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Scholz
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kathreena M. Kurian
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Florian A. Siebzehnrubl
- Cardiff University School of Biosciences, European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Baek K, Scott DC, Schulman BA. NEDD8 and ubiquitin ligation by cullin-RING E3 ligases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 67:101-109. [PMID: 33160249 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RING E3s comprise the largest family of ubiquitin (UB) and ubiquitin-like protein (UBL) ligases. RING E3s typically promote UB or UBL transfer from the active site of an associated E2 enzyme to a distally-recruited substrate. Many RING E3s - including the cullin-RING ligase family - are multifunctional, interacting with various E2s (or other E3s) to target distinct proteins, transfer different UBLs, or to initially modify substrates with UB or subsequently elongate UB chains. Here we consider recent structures of cullin-RING ligases, and their partner E2 enzymes, representing ligation reactions. The studies collectively reveal multimodal mechanisms - interactions between ancillary E2 or E3 domains, post-translational modifications, or auxiliary binding partners - directing cullin-RING E3-E2 enzyme active sites to modify their specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kheewoong Baek
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany
| | - Daniel C Scott
- Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Brenda A Schulman
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried 82152, Germany; Department of Structural Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Jung JH, Lee H, Zeng SX, Lu H. RBM10, a New Regulator of p53. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092107. [PMID: 32947864 PMCID: PMC7563659 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 acts as a transcription factor that regulates the expression of a number of genes responsible for DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, metabolism, cell migration, angiogenesis, ferroptosis, senescence, and apoptosis. It is the most commonly silenced or mutated gene in cancer, as approximately 50% of all types of human cancers harbor TP53 mutations. Activation of p53 is detrimental to normal cells, thus it is tightly regulated via multiple mechanisms. One of the recently identified regulators of p53 is RNA-binding motif protein 10 (RBM10). RBM10 is an RNA-binding protein frequently deleted or mutated in cancer cells. Its loss of function results in various deformities, such as cleft palate and malformation of the heart, and diseases such as lung adenocarcinoma. In addition, RBM10 mutations are frequently observed in lung adenocarcinomas, colorectal carcinomas, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. RBM10 plays a regulatory role in alternative splicing. Several recent studies not only linked this splicing regulation of RBM10 to cancer development, but also bridged RBM10's anticancer function to the p53 pathway. This review will focus on the current progress in our understanding of RBM10 regulation of p53, and its role in p53-dependent cancer prevention.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung/pathology
- Alternative Splicing
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/genetics
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cellular Senescence
- Cleft Palate/genetics
- Cleft Palate/metabolism
- Cleft Palate/pathology
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Humans
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jung
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
- Correspondence: or (J.H.J.); (H.L.); Tel.: +82-10-961-9597 (J.H.J.); +1-504-988-5293 (H.L.)
| | - Hyemin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (H.L.); (S.X.Z.)
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Shelya X Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (H.L.); (S.X.Z.)
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Hua Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (H.L.); (S.X.Z.)
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: or (J.H.J.); (H.L.); Tel.: +82-10-961-9597 (J.H.J.); +1-504-988-5293 (H.L.)
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Fenech EJ, Lari F, Charles PD, Fischer R, Laétitia-Thézénas M, Bagola K, Paton AW, Paton JC, Gyrd-Hansen M, Kessler BM, Christianson JC. Interaction mapping of endoplasmic reticulum ubiquitin ligases identifies modulators of innate immune signalling. eLife 2020; 9:e57306. [PMID: 32614325 PMCID: PMC7332293 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases (E3s) embedded in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane regulate essential cellular activities including protein quality control, calcium flux, and sterol homeostasis. At least 25 different, transmembrane domain (TMD)-containing E3s are predicted to be ER-localised, but for most their organisation and cellular roles remain poorly defined. Using a comparative proteomic workflow, we mapped over 450 protein-protein interactions for 21 stably expressed, full-length E3s. Bioinformatic analysis linked ER-E3s and their interactors to multiple homeostatic, regulatory, and metabolic pathways. Among these were four membrane-embedded interactors of RNF26, a polytopic E3 whose abundance is auto-regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome dependent degradation. RNF26 co-assembles with TMEM43, ENDOD1, TMEM33 and TMED1 to form a complex capable of modulating innate immune signalling through the cGAS-STING pathway. This RNF26 complex represents a new modulatory axis of STING and innate immune signalling at the ER membrane. Collectively, these data reveal the broad scope of regulation and differential functionalities mediated by ER-E3s for both membrane-tethered and cytoplasmic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Fenech
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Federica Lari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Philip D Charles
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Roman Fischer
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Marie Laétitia-Thézénas
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Katrin Bagola
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Adrienne W Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - Mads Gyrd-Hansen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- TDI Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Target Discovery Institute, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - John C Christianson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Botnar Research CentreOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Translational Myeloma Research, University of Oxford, Botnar Research CentreOxfordUnited Kingdom
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Small-molecule MDM2/X inhibitors and PROTAC degraders for cancer therapy: advances and perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1253-1278. [PMID: 32874827 PMCID: PMC7452049 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the MDM2/X–P53 protein–protein interaction has been widely recognized as an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancers. Numerous small-molecule MDM2 inhibitors have been reported since the release of the structure of the MDM2–P53 interaction in 1996, SAR405838, NVP-CGM097, MK-8242, RG7112, RG7388, DS-3032b, and AMG232 currently undergo clinical evaluation for cancer therapy. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive and updated overview of MDM2 inhibitors and proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) degraders with a particular focus on how these inhibitors or degraders are identified from starting points, strategies employed, structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies, binding modes or co-crystal structures, biochemical data, mechanistic studies, and preclinical/clinical studies. Moreover, we briefly discuss the challenges of designing MDM2/X inhibitors for cancer therapy such as dual MDM2/X inhibition, acquired resistance and toxicity of P53 activation as well as future directions.
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50
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Magnussen HM, Ahmed SF, Sibbet GJ, Hristova VA, Nomura K, Hock AK, Archibald LJ, Jamieson AG, Fushman D, Vousden KH, Weissman AM, Huang DT. Structural basis for DNA damage-induced phosphoregulation of MDM2 RING domain. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2094. [PMID: 32350255 PMCID: PMC7190642 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of MDM2 by ATM upon DNA damage is an important mechanism for deregulating MDM2, thereby leading to p53 activation. ATM phosphorylates multiple residues near the RING domain of MDM2, but the underlying molecular basis for deregulation remains elusive. Here we show that Ser429 phosphorylation selectively enhances the ubiquitin ligase activity of MDM2 homodimer but not MDM2-MDMX heterodimer. A crystal structure of phospho-Ser429 (pS429)-MDM2 bound to E2-ubiquitin reveals a unique 310-helical feature present in MDM2 homodimer that allows pS429 to stabilize the closed E2-ubiquitin conformation and thereby enhancing ubiquitin transfer. In cells Ser429 phosphorylation increases MDM2 autoubiquitination and degradation upon DNA damage, whereas S429A substitution protects MDM2 from auto-degradation. Our results demonstrate that Ser429 phosphorylation serves as a switch to boost the activity of MDM2 homodimer and promote its self-destruction to enable rapid p53 stabilization and resolve a long-standing controversy surrounding MDM2 auto-degradation in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge M Magnussen
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Syed F Ahmed
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gary J Sibbet
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Ventzislava A Hristova
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Koji Nomura
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Andreas K Hock
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
- AstraZeneca, AstraZeneca R&D, Innovative Medicines, Discovery Sciences, Darwin (Building 310), Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Lewis J Archibald
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
| | - Andrew G Jamieson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Joseph Black Building, G12 8QQ, Glasgow, UK
| | - David Fushman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | | | - Allan M Weissman
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Danny T Huang
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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