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Sato Y, Vatsan R, Joshi BH, Husain SR, Puri RK. A Novel Recombinant Modified Vaccinia Ankara Virus expressing Interleukin-13 Receptor α2 Antigen for Potential Cancer Immunotherapy. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:758-770. [PMID: 36999709 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230331085007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically altered recombinant poxviruses hold great therapeutic promise in animal models of cancer. Poxviruses can induce effective cellmediated immune responses against tumor-associated antigens. Preventive and therapeutic vaccination with a DNA vaccine expressing IL-13Rα2 can mediate partial regression of established tumors in vivo, indicating that host immune responses against IL-13Rα2 need further augmentation. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is developing a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) expressing IL-13Rα2 (rMVA-IL13Rα2) virus and study in vitro infectivity and efficacy against IL-13Rα2 positive cell lines. METHODS We constructed a recombinant MVA expressing IL-13Rα2 and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene. Purified virus titration by infection of target cells and immunostaining using anti-vaccinia and anti-IL-13Rα2 antibodies was used to confirm the identity and purity of the rMVA-IL13Rα2. RESULTS Western Blot analysis confirmed the presence of IL-13Rα2 protein (~52 kDa). Flow cytometric analysis of IL-13Rα2 negative T98G glioma cells when infected with rMVA-IL13Rα2 virus demonstrated cell-surface expression of IL-13Rα2, indicating the infectivity of the recombinant virus. Incubation of T98G-IL13Rα2 cells with varying concentrations (0.1-100 ng/ml) of interleukin-13 fused to truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin (IL13-PE) resulted in depletion of GFP+ fluorescence in T98G-IL13Rα2 cells. IL13-PE (10-1000 ng/ml) at higher concentrations also inhibited the protein synthesis in T98G-IL13Rα2 cells compared to cells infected with the control pLW44-MVA virus. IL13- PE treatment of rMVA-IL13Rα2 infected chicken embryonic fibroblast and DF-1 cell line reduced virus titer compared to untreated cells. CONCLUSION rMVA-IL13Rα2 virus can successfully infect mammalian cells to express IL-13Rα2 in a biologically active form on the surface of infected cells. To evaluate the efficacy of rMVA-IL13Rα2, immunization studies are planned in murine tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sato
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
- Department of Research Promotion, Division of Cancer Research, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1, Otemachi, Chiyoda, Tokyo 100- 0004, Japan
| | - Ramjay Vatsan
- Gene Therapy Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Bharat H Joshi
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Syed R Husain
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
- Iovance Biotherapeutics, 825 Industrial Road, Suite 400, San Carlos, CA, California, 94070, USA
| | - Raj K Puri
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
- Iovance Biotherapeutics, 825 Industrial Road, Suite 400, San Carlos, CA, California, 94070, USA
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Masilamani AP, Huber N, Nagl C, Dettmer-Monaco V, Monaco G, Wolf I, Schultze-Seemann S, Taromi S, Gratzke C, Fuchs H, Wolf P. Enhanced cytotoxicity of a Pseudomonas Exotoxin A based immunotoxin against prostate cancer by addition of the endosomal escape enhancer SO1861. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1211824. [PMID: 37484018 PMCID: PMC10358361 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1211824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotoxins consist of an antibody or antibody fragment that binds to a specific cell surface structure and a cytotoxic domain that kills the cell after cytosolic uptake. Pseudomonas Exotoxin A (PE) based immunotoxins directed against a variety of tumor entities have successfully entered the clinic. PE possesses a KDEL-like motif (REDLK) that enables the toxin to travel from sorting endosomes via the KDEL-receptor pathway to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), from where it is transported into the cytosol. There, it ADP-ribosylates the eukaryotic elongation factor 2, resulting in ribosome inhibition and finally apoptosis. One major problem of immunotoxins is their lysosomal degradation causing the need for much more immunotoxin molecules than finally required for induction of cell death. The resulting dose limitations and substantially increased side effects require new strategies to achieve improved cytosolic uptake. Here we generated an immunotoxin consisting of a humanized single chain variable fragment (scFv) targeting the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and the de-immunized PE variant PE24mut. This immunotoxin, hD7-1(VL-VH)-PE24mut, showed high and specific cytotoxicity in PSMA-expressing prostate cancer cells. We deleted the REDLK sequence to prevent transport to the ER and achieve endosomal entrapment. The cytotoxicity of this immunotoxin, hD7-1(VL-VH)-PE24mutΔREDLK, was greatly reduced. To restore activity, we added the endosomal escape enhancer SO1861 and observed an up to 190,000-fold enhanced cytotoxicity corresponding to a 57-fold enhancement compared to the initial immunotoxin with the REDLK sequence. A biodistribution study with different routes of administration clearly showed that the subcutaneous injection of hD7-1(VL-VH)-PE24mutΔREDLK in mice resulted in the highest tumor uptake. Treatment of mice bearing prostate tumors with a combination of hD7-1(VL-VH)-PE24mutΔREDLK plus SO1861 resulted in inhibition of tumor growth and enhanced overall survival compared to the monotherapies. The endosomal entrapment of non-toxic anti-PSMA immunotoxins followed by enhanced endosomal escape by SO1861 provides new therapeutic options in the future management of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anie P. Masilamani
- Department of Urology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Huber
- Department of Urology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Constanze Nagl
- Department of Urology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Viviane Dettmer-Monaco
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gianni Monaco
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Isis Wolf
- Department of Urology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty for Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Schultze-Seemann
- Department of Urology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sanaz Taromi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medical and Life Sciences, University Furtwangen, VS-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Christian Gratzke
- Department of Urology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Fuchs
- Institute of Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Wolf
- Department of Urology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Nagai T, Terada N, Fujii M, Nagata Y, Nakahara K, Mukai S, Okasho K, Kamiyama Y, Akamatsu S, Kobayashi T, Iida K, Denawa M, Hagiwara M, Inoue T, Ogawa O, Kamoto T. Identification of the α2 chain of interleukin-13 receptor as a potential biomarker for predicting castration resistance of prostate cancer using patient-derived xenograft models. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6:e1701. [PMID: 36806727 PMCID: PMC9939991 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several treatment strategies use upfront chemotherapy or androgen receptor axis-targeting therapies for metastatic prostate cancer. However, there are no useful biomarkers for selecting appropriate patients who urgently require these treatments. METHODS Novel patient-derived xenograft (PDX) castration-sensitive and -resistant models were established and gene expression patterns were comprehensively compared. The function of a gene highly expressed in the castration-resistant models was evaluated by its overexpression in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Protein expression in the tumors and serum of patients was examined by immunohistochemistry and ELISA, and correlations with castration resistance were analyzed. RESULTS Expression of the α2 chain of interleukin-13 receptor (IL13Rα2) was higher in castration-resistant PDX tumors. LNCaP cells overexpressing IL13Rα2 acquired castration resistance in vitro and in vivo. In tissue samples, IL13Rα2 expression levels were significantly associated with castration-resistant progression (p < 0.05). In serum samples, IL13Rα2 levels could be measured in 5 of 28 (18%) castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. CONCLUSION IL13Rα2 was highly expressed in castration-resistant prostate cancer PDX models and was associated with the castration resistance of prostate cancer cells. It might be a potential tissue and serum biomarker for predicting castration resistance in prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nagai
- Department of UrologyMiyazaki University Graduate School of MedicineMiyazakiJapan
| | - Naoki Terada
- Department of UrologyMiyazaki University Graduate School of MedicineMiyazakiJapan
| | - Masato Fujii
- Department of UrologyMiyazaki University Graduate School of MedicineMiyazakiJapan
| | - Yasuhisa Nagata
- Department of UrologyMiyazaki University Graduate School of MedicineMiyazakiJapan
| | - Kozue Nakahara
- Department of UrologyMiyazaki University Graduate School of MedicineMiyazakiJapan
| | - Shoichiro Mukai
- Department of UrologyMiyazaki University Graduate School of MedicineMiyazakiJapan
| | - Kosuke Okasho
- Department of UrologyKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Yuki Kamiyama
- Department of UrologyKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Shusuke Akamatsu
- Department of UrologyKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of UrologyKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Kei Iida
- Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masatsugu Denawa
- Medical Research Support Center, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Masatoshi Hagiwara
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of MedicineKyoto UniversityKyotoJapan
| | - Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Nephro‐Urologic Surgery and AndrologyMie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuJapan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of UrologyKyoto University Graduate School of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Kamoto
- Department of UrologyMiyazaki University Graduate School of MedicineMiyazakiJapan
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Knudson KM, Hwang S, McCann MS, Joshi BH, Husain SR, Puri RK. Recent Advances in IL-13Rα2-Directed Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:878365. [PMID: 35464460 PMCID: PMC9023787 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (IL-13Rα2, CD213A), a high-affinity membrane receptor of the anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokine IL-13, is overexpressed in a variety of solid tumors and is correlated with poor prognosis in glioblastoma, colorectal cancer, adrenocortical carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. While initially hypothesized as a decoy receptor for IL-13-mediated signaling, recent evidence demonstrates IL-13 can signal through IL-13Rα2 in human cells. In addition, expression of IL-13Rα2 and IL-13Rα2-mediated signaling has been shown to promote tumor proliferation, cell survival, tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. Given its differential expression in tumor versus normal tissue, IL-13Rα2 is an attractive immunotherapy target, as both a targetable receptor and an immunogenic antigen. Multiple promising strategies, including immunotoxins, cancer vaccines, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, have been developed to target IL-13Rα2. In this mini-review, we discuss recent developments surrounding IL-13Rα2-targeted therapies in pre-clinical and clinical study, including potential strategies to improve IL-13Rα2-directed cancer treatment efficacy.
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5
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Wolf P. Targeted Toxins for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9080986. [PMID: 34440190 PMCID: PMC8391386 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9080986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment, new treatment options are urgently needed for advanced stages of the disease. Targeted toxins are chemical conjugates or fully recombinant proteins consisting of a binding domain directed against a target antigen on the surface of cancer cells and a toxin domain, which is transported into the cell for the induction of apoptosis. In the last decades, targeted toxins against prostate cancer have been developed. Several challenges, however, became apparent that prevented their direct clinical use. They comprise immunogenicity, low target antigen binding, endosomal entrapment, and lysosomal/proteasomal degradation of the targeted toxins. Moreover, their efficacy is impaired by prostate tumors, which are marked by a dense microenvironment, low target antigen expression, and apoptosis resistance. In this review, current findings in the development of targeted toxins against prostate cancer in view of effective targeting, reduction of immunogenicity, improvement of intracellular trafficking, and overcoming apoptosis resistance are discussed. There are promising approaches that should lead to the clinical use of targeted toxins as therapeutic alternatives for advanced prostate cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Wolf
- Department of Urology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; ; Tel.: +49-761-270-28921
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Shi J, Song X, Traub B, Luxenhofer M, Kornmann M. Involvement of IL-4, IL-13 and Their Receptors in Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062998. [PMID: 33804263 PMCID: PMC8000536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are known as pleiotropic Th2 cytokines with a wide range of biological properties and functions especially in immune responses. In addition, increasing activities have also been determined in oncogenesis and tumor progression of several malignancies. It is now generally accepted that IL-4 and IL-13 can exert effects on epithelial tumor cells through corresponding receptors. Type II IL-4 receptor (IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα1), predominantly expressed in non-hematopoietic cells, is identified to be the main target for both IL-4 and IL-13 in tumors. Moreover, IL-13 can also signal by binding to the IL-13Rα2 receptor. Structural similarity due to the use of the same receptor complex generated in response to IL-4/IL-13 results in overlapping but also distinct signaling pathways and functions. The aim of this review was to summarize knowledge about IL-4 and IL-13 and their receptors in pancreatic cancer in order understand the implication of IL-4 and IL-13 and their receptors for pancreatic tumorigenesis and progression and for developing possible new diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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7
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Suzuki A, Leland P, Joshi BH, Puri RK. Targeting of IL-4 and IL-13 receptors for cancer therapy. Cytokine 2015; 75:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Joshi BH, Puri RK. IL-13 receptor-alpha2: a novel target for cancer therapy. Immunotherapy 2011; 1:321-7. [PMID: 20635949 DOI: 10.2217/imt.09.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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He H, Xu J, Nelson PS, Marshall FF, Chung LWK, Zhau HE, He D, Wang R. Differential expression of the alpha2 chain of the interleukin-13 receptor in metastatic human prostate cancer ARCaPM cells. Prostate 2010; 70:993-1001. [PMID: 20166133 PMCID: PMC3180892 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alpha2 chain of the interleukin-13 receptor (IL13Ralpha2) is a high-affinity receptor and a candidate target for cytotoxic killing of cancer cells. Availability of a human prostate cancer cell line with high level of IL13Ralpha2 expression will facilitate the development of therapeutic modalities. METHODS ARCaP(E) and ARCaP(M) human prostate cancer cell lines were subjected to comparative analyses of gene expression. Expression of the IL13Ralpha2 protein was confirmed by Western blotting and immunostaining. IL13Ralpha2 proteins in xenograft tumors and clinical human prostate cancer specimens were detected by specific antibodies. LNCaP prostate cancer cells stably transfected with IL13Ralpha2 were examined for accelerated growth in athymic mice. RESULTS We found that IL13Ralpha2 proteins could be detected in both the ARCaP(E) and ARCaP(M) cells, but the expression level in ARCaP(M) was more than 17-fold higher than in ARCaP(E) cells. Importantly, the ARCaP lineage represented the only human prostate cancer cell line that expresses IL13Ralpha2 proteins at the level detectable by Western blotting. Expression of IL13Ralpha2 was accompanied by resistance to the anti-tumor activity of interleukin-13 (IL-13). ARCaP cells were found to be insensitive to growth inhibition upon IL-13 treatment, while overexpression of IL13Ralpha2 in LNCaP cells promoted intratibial tumor growth in athymic mice. CONCLUSIONS Differential IL13Ralpha2 expression may account for the high tumorigenic and metastatic potential of ARCaP(M) cells. The unique expression of IL13Ralpha2 makes ARCaP lineage an attractive model for evaluating the targeting efficacy of therapeutic agents based on IL13Ralpha2 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China 710061
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jianchun Xu
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Peter S. Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Fray F. Marshall
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Leland W. K. Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Haiyen E. Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China 710061
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Molecular Urology and Therapeutics, Department of Urology and Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Corresponding to: Dr. Ruoxiang Wang, Department of Urology, Emory University School of Medicine, 1365B Clifton Road, NE, Suite B5103, Atlanta, GA 30322, Tel. (404) 778-5116, FAX. (404) 778-3965,
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Joshi BH, Leland P, Calvo A, Green JE, Puri RK. Human adrenomedullin up-regulates interleukin-13 receptor alpha2 chain in prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo: a novel approach to sensitize prostate cancer to anticancer therapy. Cancer Res 2008; 68:9311-7. [PMID: 19010904 PMCID: PMC6944210 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13) receptor alpha2 (IL-13Ralpha2), a high-affinity IL-13 binding subunit and a tumor antigen, is amplified in a variety of human tumor cell lines and tumors in vivo. By cDNA microarray, we have shown that gene transfer of human and rat adrenomedullin (AM) up-regulates IL-13Ralpha2 in a human prostate tumor cell line. Here, we show that IL-13Ralpha2 mRNA and protein are also up-regulated in PC-3 prostate tumor cells by recombinant AM (rAM) and human synthetic AM peptide in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo in mouse prostate tumor model. The 8- to 10-fold up-regulation of IL-13Ralpha2 by rAM or AM peptide in prostate tumor cells in vitro and in vivo increased their sensitivity to IL-13PE cytotoxin consisting of IL-13 and a truncated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin. Immunodeficient mice with established prostate tumors transfected with AM or treated with AM peptide showed reduction in tumor size by intratumoral administration of IL-13PE in a dose-dependent manner. At the highest dose (three 100 mug/kg/d every alternate day), >70% reduction of tumor size was observed compared with controls (P
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat H Joshi
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Bakshi S, Zhang X, Godoy-Tundidor S, Cheng RYS, Sartor MA, Medvedovic M, Ho SM. Transcriptome analyses in normal prostate epithelial cells exposed to low-dose cadmium: oncogenic and immunomodulations involving the action of tumor necrosis factor. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2008; 116:769-76. [PMID: 18560533 PMCID: PMC2430233 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.11215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium is implicated in prostate carcinogenesis, but its oncogenic action remains unclear. OBJECTIVES In this study we aimed to decipher changes in cell growth and the transcriptome in an immortalized human normal prostate epithelial cell line (NPrEC) following exposure to low-dose Cd. METHODS Synchronized NPrEC cells were exposed to different doses of Cd and assayed for cell viability and cell-cycle progression. We investigated changes in transcriptome by global profiling and used Ingenuity Pathways Analysis software to develop propositions about functional connections among differentially expressed genes. A neutralizing antibody was used to negate the effect of Cd-induced up-regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in NPrEC cells. RESULTS Exposure of NPrEC to 2.5 microM Cd enhanced cell viability and accelerated cell-cycle progression. Global expression profiling identified 48 genes that exhibited >or= 1.5-fold changes in expression after 4, 8, 16, and 32 hr of Cd treatment. Pathway analyses inferred a functional connection among 35 of these genes in one major network, with TNF as the most prominent node. Fourteen of the 35 genes are related to TNF, and 11 exhibited an average of >2-fold changes in gene expression. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed the up-regulation of 7 of the 11 genes (ADAM8, EDN1, IL8, IL24, IL13RA2, COX2/PTGS2, and SERPINB2) and uncovered a 28-fold transient increase in TNF expression in Cd-treated NPrEC cells. A TNF-neutralizing antibody effectively blocked Cd-induced elevations in the expression of these genes. CONCLUSIONS Noncytotoxic, low-dose Cd has growth-promoting effects on NPrEC cells and induces transient overexpression of TNF, leading to up-regulation of genes with oncogenic and immunomodulation functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomo Bakshi
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, and
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, and
- Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Sonia Godoy-Tundidor
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, and
| | - Robert Yuk Sing Cheng
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, and
| | - Maureen A. Sartor
- Center for Environmental Genetics, and
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Mario Medvedovic
- Center for Environmental Genetics, and
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shuk-Mei Ho
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, and
- Cancer Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
- Center for Environmental Genetics, and
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Lack of association between interleukin-13 gene polymorphisms (-1055 C/T and +2044 G/A) in Iranian patients with lung cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2008; 36:1001-5. [PMID: 18506597 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-008-9273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of death from cancer. Both immune cells and tumor cells play a key role in lung cancer immunity by secretion of cytokines and developing type-2 cell-mediated immune response. IL-13 is an immunoregulatory cytokine affecting tumor immunosurveillance by deviation of immune response from Th1 to Th2. In the present study we sought to determine the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL-13 gene at positions +2044 (G/A) and -1055 (C/T) and lung cancer. One hundred forty one patients and 113 controls were recruited; control group was subdivided into smoker and nonsmoker individuals for serum detection. Genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP assay and IL-13 detection by ELISA method. No statistically significant difference was found in the frequency of genotypes, alleles, and haplotypes at positions +2044 (G/A) and -1055 (C/T) of IL-13 gene between lung cancer patients and controls. Serum level of IL-13 was not detectable in both groups. The results of this study reveal that although +2044 (G/A) and -1055 (C/T) SNPs in IL-13 are implicated in some pulmonary processes, they do not confer susceptibility to lung cancer in Iranian population.
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13
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Joshi BH, Puri RA, Leland P, Varricchio F, Gupta G, Kocak M, Gilbertson RJ, Puri RK. Identification of interleukin-13 receptor alpha2 chain overexpression in situ in high-grade diffusely infiltrative pediatric brainstem glioma. Neuro Oncol 2008; 10:265-74. [PMID: 18430795 DOI: 10.1215/15228517-2007-066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human malignant glioma cell lines and adult brain tumors overexpress high levels of interleukin-13 receptor alpha2 chain (IL-13Ralpha2). Because the IL-13Ralpha2 chain is an important target for cancer therapy and prognosis for patients with brainstem glioma (BSG) remains dismal, we investigated the expression of this receptor in specimens of diffusely infiltrative pediatric BSG relative to normal brain tissue. Twenty-eight BSG specimens and 15 normal brain specimens were investigated for IL-13Ralpha2 protein expression by immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) using two different antibodies in two different laboratories. Highly sensitive Q-dot-based IHC and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays were also developed to identify IL-13Ralpha2 protein and RNA in these specimens. The results were evaluated independently in two laboratories in a blinded fashion. By Q-dot IHC or a standard IHC assay, 17 of 28 (61%) tumor specimens showed modest to strong staining for IL-13Ralpha2, while 15 normal brain tissue samples showed weak expression for IL-13Ralpha2 protein. Significant interrater agreement between the two laboratories was seen in the assessment of IL-13Ralpha2 intensity. High-level IL-13Ralpha2 RNA expression was detected in tumor samples by Q-dot ISH, but only weak RNA expression was observed in normal brain. Significant agreement between ISH and IHC assays was observed (simple kappa [kappa] estimate=0.358, weighted kappa=0.89, p=0.001). IL-13Ralpha2 protein and mRNA are expressed to significantly higher levels in BSG than in normal brain tissue. Both IHC and ISH represent robust methods to detect expression of the IL-13Ralpha2 receptor in BSG that could represent an important new drug target for treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat H Joshi
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cellular, Tissue, and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD, USA
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14
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Hegyesi H, Colombo L, Pállinger E, Tóth S, Boer K, Molnár V, Falus A. Impact of systemic histamine deficiency on the crosstalk between mammary adenocarcinoma and T cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2007; 105:66-73. [PMID: 17895589 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0070636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of lack of histamine (HA) on tumor growth and functions of T cells in order further to illustrate the mechanism of immunological tolerance induction by HA. We assessed the phenotype and cytokine production of splenic lymphocytes in syngeneic HA-free (histidine decarboxylase knock-out) (HDC KO) and wild-type mice, inoculated subcutaneously with the LM2 murine breast cancer cell line. Relative quantification of target mRNA was performed with a TaqMan real-time RT-PCR assay. The CD4(+)CD25(high+) Treg cell numbers were significantly smaller in the tumor-bearing KO mice than in the wild type ones measured by flow-cytometry. The expression of forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) decreased significantly and the copies of splenic Tbox-21 (T-bet) transcriptional factor mRNA was higher in HDC KO tumor-bearing mice than those of normal mice. The cytokine levels showed that a smaller number of interleukin-13-producing Th2 cells were elicited compared to interferon-gamma-producing Th1 cells in the tumor-bearing HDC KO mice. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that endogenous histamine stimulates the growth of breast adenocarcinoma tumor implants in mice by suppressing anti-tumor immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma/physiopathology
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Cell Communication/physiology
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Histamine/deficiency
- Histidine Decarboxylase/genetics
- Histidine Decarboxylase/metabolism
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/physiopathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hargita Hegyesi
- Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, SE Nagyvarad ter 4, Budapest, 1089 Hungary.
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15
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Zhao Y, He D, Zhao J, Wang L, Leff AR, Spannhake EW, Georas S, Natarajan V. Lysophosphatidic acid induces interleukin-13 (IL-13) receptor alpha2 expression and inhibits IL-13 signaling in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:10172-9. [PMID: 17287216 PMCID: PMC2659592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611210200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-13 (IL-13), a Th2 cytokine, plays a pivotal role in pathogenesis of bronchial asthma via IL-13 receptor alpha1 (IL-13Ralpha1) and IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha). Recent studies show that a decoy receptor for IL-13, namely IL-13Ralpha2, mitigates IL-13 signaling and function. This study provides evidence for regulation of IL-13Ralpha2 production and release and IL-13-dependent signaling by lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEpCs). LPA treatment of HBEpCs in at imedependent fashion increased IL-13Ralpha2 gene expression without altering the mRNA levels of IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-4Ralpha. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin (100 ng/ml, 4 h) or transfection of c-Jun small interference RNA or an inhibitor of JNK attenuated LPA-induced IL-13Ralpha2 gene expression and secretion of soluble IL-13Ralpha2. Overexpression of catalytically inactive mutants of phospholipase D (PLD) 1 or 2 attenuated LPA-induced IL-13Ralpha2 gene expression and protein secretion as well as phosphorylation of JNK. Pretreatment of HBEpCs with 1 microM LPA for 6 h attenuated IL-13-but not IL-4-induced phosphorylation of STAT6. Transfection of HBEpCs with IL-13Ralpha2 small interference RNA blocked the effect of LPA on IL-13-induced phosphorylation of STAT6. Furthermore, pretreatment with LPA (1 microM, 6 h) attenuated IL-13-induced eotaxin-1 and SOCS-1 gene expression. These results demonstrate that LPA induces IL-13Ralpha2 expression and release via PLD and JNK/AP-1 signal transduction and that pretreatment with LPA down-regulates IL-13 signaling in HBEpCs. Our data suggest a novel mechanism of regulation of IL-13Ralpha2 and IL-13 signaling that may be of physiological relevance to airway inflammation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Zhao
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
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16
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Joshi BH, Hogaboam C, Dover P, Husain SR, Puri RK. Role of interleukin-13 in cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, and other T(H)2-type diseases. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2006; 74:479-504. [PMID: 17027527 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)74019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-13 plays a major role in various inflammatory diseases including cancer, asthma, and allergy. It mediates a variety of different effects on various cell types including B cells, monocytes, natural killer cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. IL-13 binds to two primary receptor chains IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-13Ralpha2. The IL-13Ralpha2 but not IL-13Ralpha1 chain binds IL-13 with high affinity and is overexpressed in a variety of human cancer cells derived from glioma, squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck, and AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. We have also demonstrated that IL-13Ralpha2 expression is greatly increased in lung cells when mice were challenged intranasally with bleomycin or Aspergillus fumigatus. In addition, IL-13Ralpha2 increased in surgical lung biopsies from patients with usual interstitial pneumonia, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, and respiratory bronchiolitic interstitial pneumonia of unknown origin. Based on various studies, it is concluded that IL-13Ralpha2-expressing cells are involved in various pulmonary pathological conditions. In contrast, normal tissues such as brain, lung, endothelial cells, and head and neck tissues express IL-13Ralpha1 chain, but show only marginal expression of IL-13Ralpha2 chain. Thus, IL-13Ralpha2 chain may serve as a novel biomarker for diseased cells such as cancer or fibrosis and a target for receptor-directed therapeutic agents. To target IL-13R, a recombinant fusion protein composed of IL-13 and a derivative of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE) has been produced. This cytotoxin termed as IL-13PE38QQR or IL-13PE38, or IL-13PE is highly and specifically cytotoxic to a variety of human tumor cell lines. In preclinical models of human glioblastoma, head and neck and AIDS-associated Kaposi's cancer, IL-13PE has been found to have significant antitumor activity at a tolerated dose. Several phase I clinical trials have been completed in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Recently a phase III clinical trial (PRECISE) in patients with recurrent malignant glioma has been completed recruiting a total of 294 patients. IL-13PE cytotoxin has also shown a significant therapeutic effect in preclinical bleomycin or A. fumigatus or Schistosoma mansoni-induced pulmonary pathology including granulomatous fibrosis in mouse models. A clinical study in these diseases has yet to be initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat H Joshi
- Tumor Vaccines and Biotechnology Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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17
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Wu AH, Tie XX, Wang YJ, Yang GR. Expression of IL-13Ra2 gene in human brain tumors. Chin J Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11670-005-0033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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18
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Saito M, Murata T, Watanabe K, Kawakami K, Suzuki M, Koji T, Puri RK, Kitazato K, Kobayashi N. Adenoviral vector-mediated gene transfer of IL-13Ralpha2 chain followed by IL-13 cytotoxin treatment offers potent targeted therapy for cytotoxin-resistant cancers. Int J Cancer 2005; 116:1-8. [PMID: 15756691 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that IL-13Ralpha2 chain-overexpressing cancer cells were highly sensitive to IL-13 cytotoxin (IL13-PE38QQR) and could be targeted by cytotoxin treatment. However, the majority of human tumors do not express high levels of IL-13Ralpha2 chain. To expand the IL-13 cytotoxin-mediated cancer targeting therapy, we combined cytotoxin treatment with gene transfer of IL-13Ralpha2 chain. We constructed a recombinant adenoviral vector carrying the human IL-13Ralpha2 gene (Ad-IL-13Ralpha2), which expresses high levels of IL-13Ralpha2 chain on infected cells. Human cancer cell lines A549 and HOS, which originally show no IL-13Ralpha2 expression and little sensitivity to IL-13 cytotoxin, were effectively converted to become sensitive to this cytotoxin after Ad-IL-13Ralpha2 infection. The CC(50) of IL-13 cytotoxin for Ad-IL-13Ralpha2-infected A549 cells was <10 ng/ml, whereas the CC(50) for uninfected or control vector-infected cells was >500 ng/ml. We also examined the antitumor activity of IL-13 cytotoxin in an established xenograft model of cytotoxin-resistant human lung tumor. Only a single i.t. injection of Ad-IL-13Ralpha2 markedly enhanced the sensitivity of established tumors to IL-13 cytotoxin treatment; furthermore, this antitumor effect was significantly sustained for more than 1 month after the last treatment with IL-13 cytotoxin. Taken together, these results suggest the combination of adenoviral vector-mediated IL-13Ralpha2 gene transfer and IL-13 cytotoxin administration can be an effective targeting approach for several types of IL-13 cytotoxin-resistant cancers which show no or little expression of IL-13Ralpha2 chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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19
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Ripley D, Shoup B, Majewski A, Chegini N. Differential expression of interleukins IL-13 and IL-15 in normal ovarian tissue and ovarian carcinomas. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 92:761-8. [PMID: 14984938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the temporal and spatial expression of interleukins (IL)-13 and IL-15 in ovarian carcinoma compared to normal ovarian tissue. METHODS Quantitative RT-PCR, ELISA and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Q-RT-PCR, ELISA and immunohistochemical analysis indicates that IL-13 and IL-15 mRNA and protein are expressed in normal ovary at various phases of the menstrual cycle with immunoreactive proteins detected in granulosa/theca and luteal cells and to a lesser extent in stromal cells and surface epithelial cells. Compared to normal ovary, ovarian carcinoma expresses elevated levels of IL-13 and IL-15 mRNA, with higher IL-13 expression in primary vs. metastatic tumors. IL-13 and IL-15 protein expression was also higher in the tumor tissues compared to ascites. In normal ovary, ovarian tumors and ascites, the ratio of IL-13/IL-15 favored IL-13. Immunoreactive IL-13 and IL-15 proteins were localized primarily in the tumor cells and infiltrated inflammatory cells with increased intensity with disease stage. CONCLUSION Normal ovary and ovarian tumors express IL-13 and IL-15 and pattern of their expression in carcinomas suggests that these cytokines may function in various ovarian cellular activities including inflammatory/immune responses that are integrated cellular events taking place in normal ovary and ovarian tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daylene Ripley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0294, USA
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20
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Kawakami K, Kawakami M, Puri RK. Specifically targeted killing of interleukin-13 (IL-13) receptor-expressing breast cancer by IL-13 fusion cytotoxin in animal model of human disease. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.137.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interleukin-13 receptor (IL-13R) α2 chain binds IL-13 with high affinity and can internalize after binding to ligand. We have exploited this property of IL-13Rα2 chain by receptor-targeted breast cancer therapy. Previous studies have demonstrated that in vivo intratumoral (i.t.) gene transfer of this chain followed by IL-13 cytotoxin [comprised of IL-13 and Pseudomonas exotoxin (IL13-PE38QQR)] therapy causes regression of established human tumors in xenografted models. Breast carcinoma cells do not express IL-13Rα2 chain and are resistant to the antitumor effect of IL-13 cytotoxin. To determine whether IL-13Rα2 chain can render sensitivity of breast cancer to IL-13 cytotoxin, we injected IL-13Rα2 plasmid in s.c. established tumors by i.t. route, followed by systemic or i.t. IL-13 cytotoxin administration. This combination approach showed profound antitumor activity against human breast tumors in xenografted immunodeficient mice. Interestingly, there was dominant infiltration of inflammatory cells in regressing tumors, which were identified to be macrophages producing nitric oxide (NO) and natural killer cells. The partial role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-positive macrophages was confirmed by in vivo macrophage depletion experiments. Serum chemistry, hematology, and organ histology from treated mice did not show any remarkable toxicity resulting from the combination therapy. Taken together, local gene transfer of IL-13Rα2 followed by receptor-targeted IL-13 cytotoxin therapy may be applied safely and effectively to the treatment of localized breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mariko Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
| | - Raj K. Puri
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
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21
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Husain SR, Puri RK. Interleukin-13 receptor-directed cytotoxin for malignant glioma therapy: from bench to bedside. J Neurooncol 2004; 65:37-48. [PMID: 14649884 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026242432647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system malignant neoplasias, in particular, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have defied all current therapeutic modalities. New therapies involving tumor targeting approach are being explored. This approach relies on the identification of unique or over-expressed cell surface receptors or antigens on tumor cells. In that regard, we have identified receptor for an immune regulatory cytokine, interleukin-13 (IL-13), which is over-expressed on human malignant glioma cell lines and primary tumor cell cultures. To target IL-13 receptors (IL-13R) for cancer therapy, we have developed a recombinant fusion protein composed of IL-13 and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (IL13-PE38QQR or IL-13 cytotoxin). The IL-13 cytotoxin was found to be highly selective and potent in killing human GBM cells in vitro while normal cells including immune cells, endothelial cells and normal brain cells were generally spared the cytotoxic effect of IL-13 cytotoxin. This is because these cells either expressed none or expressed low levels of IL-13R. Consistent with in vitro cytotoxic activity, IL-13 cytotoxin mediated remarkable anti-tumor activity to human glioma in animal xenograft models. The direct injection of IL-13 cytotoxin into subcutaneous human GBM tumors grown in nude mice produced complete and durable regression of established tumors. Intravenous and intraperitoneal administration of IL-13 cytotoxin also reduced tumor burden significantly with fewer complete responders. All animals tolerated therapy well with minimal toxicity to vital organs. Pre-clinical safety and toxicity studies were performed in mice, rats and monkeys. Systemic administration of IL-13 cytotoxin appeared to be well tolerated at high doses (up to 50 microg/kg). Intrabrain parenchyma administration of IL-13 cytotoxin at doses up to 100 microg/ml was very well tolerated without any evidence of gross or microscopic necrosis, whereas at 500 microg/ml dose, localized necrosis was observed in normal rat brain. Based on these encouraging pre-clinical studies, three Phase I/II clinical trials in adults with malignant glioma have been initiated. The first clinical trial involves convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of IL-13 cytotoxin into recurrent malignant glioma. This route of IL-13 cytotoxin administration appears to be fairly well tolerated with no neurotoxicity. The second clinical trial involves infusion of IL-13 cytotoxin by CED following tumor resection. The initial stage of the second study assessed histologic effect of drug administered prior to resection. In third one, IL-13 cytotoxin is infused by CED followed by tumor resection. All three clinical trials are currently ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed R Husain
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, FDA, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Jakubzick C, Choi ES, Joshi BH, Keane MP, Kunkel SL, Puri RK, Hogaboam CM. Therapeutic attenuation of pulmonary fibrosis via targeting of IL-4- and IL-13-responsive cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:2684-93. [PMID: 12928422 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.5.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Severe forms of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (IIP), such as usual interstitial pneumonia, can be impervious to modern steroid and immunosuppressive treatment regimens, thereby emphasizing the need for novel effective therapies. Consequently, research attention has been directed toward understanding the cytokine networks that may affect fibroblast activation and, hence, the progression of certain IIPs. This led us to investigate whether the specific targeting of resident lung cells responsive to IL-4 and IL-13 exerted a therapeutic effect in an experimental model of IIP, namely the bleomycin-induced model of pulmonary fibrosis. IL-4, IL-13, and their corresponding receptor subunits, IL-4Ralpha, IL-13Ralpha1, and IL-13Ralpha2, were maximally expressed at the mRNA and protein levels in whole lung samples on day 21 or 28 after an intratracheal bleomycin challenge. The intranasal administration of an IL-13 immunotoxin chimeric molecule (IL13-PE) from days 21-28, but not for 1-wk periods at earlier times, after bleomycin challenge had a significant therapeutic effect on histological and biochemical parameters of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis compared with the control group. The intranasal IL13-PE therapy significantly reduced the numbers of IL-4 and IL-13 receptor-positive mononuclear cells and macrophages and the levels of profibrotic cytokine and chemokine in the lungs of bleomycin-challenged mice on day 28. Thus, this study demonstrates that IL-4- and/or IL-13-binding cells are required for the maintenance of pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin and highlights the importance of further investigation of antifibrotic therapeutics that target these cells during pulmonary fibrosis.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Bleomycin/administration & dosage
- Chemokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Targeting/methods
- Immunotoxins/administration & dosage
- Immunotoxins/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-13/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-13/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-13/genetics
- Interleukin-13/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit
- Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Procollagen/biosynthesis
- Procollagen/genetics
- Protein Subunits/biosynthesis
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/chemically induced
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/immunology
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/prevention & control
- Pulmonary Fibrosis/therapy
- Receptors, Interleukin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-13
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Transcription, Genetic/immunology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jakubzick
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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23
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Abstract
IL-13 was first recognized for its effects on B cells and monocytes, where it upregulated class II expression, promoted IgE class switching and inhibited inflammatory cytokine production. It was also thought to be functionally redundant with IL-4. However, studies conducted with knockout mice, neutralizing antibodies, and novel antagonists demonstrate that IL-13 possesses several unique effector functions that distinguish it from IL-4. Resistance to most gastrointestinal nematodes is mediated by type-2 cytokine responses, in which IL-13 plays a dominant role. By regulating cell-mediated immunity, IL-13 modulates resistance to intracellular organisms including Leishmania major, Leishmania mexicana, and Listeria monocytogenes. In the lung, IL-13 is the central mediator of allergic asthma, where it regulates eosinophilic inflammation, mucus secretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness. Manipulation of IL-13 effector function may also prove useful in the treatment of some cancers like B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease, where IL-13 modulates apoptosis or tumor cell growth. IL-13 can also inhibit tumor immunosurveillance. As such, inhibitors of IL-13 might be effective as cancer immunotherapeutics by boosting type-1-associated anti-tumor defenses. Finally, IL-13 was revealed as a potent mediator of tissue fibrosis in both schistosomiasis and asthma, which indicates that it is a key regulator of the extracellular matrix. The mechanisms that regulate IL-13 production and/or function have also been investigated, and IL-4, IL-12, IL-18, IFN-gamma, IL-10, TGF-beta, TNF-alpha, and the IL-4/IL-13 receptor complex play important roles. This review highlights the effector functions of IL-13 and describes multiple pathways for modulating its activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Wynn
- Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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24
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Kawakami K, Kawakami M, Husain SR, Puri RK. Potent antitumor activity of IL-13 cytotoxin in human pancreatic tumors engineered to express IL-13 receptor alpha2 chain in vivo. Gene Ther 2003; 10:1116-28. [PMID: 12808442 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-13 receptor (IL-13R) alpha2 chain plays a key role in ligand binding and internalization. We have recently demonstrated that this cytokine receptor chain has unique characteristics in tumor biology: it inhibits tumorigenicity of breast and pancreatic cancer in animal models. In this study, we have exploited IL-13Ralpha2 chain and established a novel approach for pancreatic cancer therapy. For this, a plasmid encoding the IL-13Ralpha2 chain gene was mixed with liposomes and injected into subcutaneously or orthotopically xenografted human pancreatic tumors in immunodeficient mice, followed by systemic or local therapy by a recombinant IL-13 cytotoxin. Only tumors forced to express IL-13Ralpha2 chain acquired extreme susceptibility to the antitumor effect of IL-13 cytotoxin. There was a dominant infiltration of cells including macrophages and natural killer cells in the regressing tumors. Since macrophages were found to produce nitric oxide, IL-13Ralpha2-targeted cancer therapy involved not only a direct tumor cell killing by IL-13 cytotoxin but also activation of innate immune response at the tumor site. Therefore, this approach may be a new powerful tool for pancreatic cancer or other localized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, NIH Building 29, 29 Lincoln Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-4555, USA
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25
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Kawakami K, Kawakami M, Puri RK. IL-13 receptor-targeted cytotoxin cancer therapy leads to complete eradication of tumors with the aid of phagocytic cells in nude mice model of human cancer. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:7119-26. [PMID: 12471149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.7119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-directed therapeutic approaches require unique or overexpressed specific Ag or receptor as a target to achieve selective tumor killing. However, heterogeneous expression of these targets on tumor cells limits the efficacy of this form of therapy. In this study, we forced abundant expression of IL-13Ralpha2 chain by plasmid-mediated gene transfer in head and neck, as well as prostate tumors to provide a potential target. This was followed by successfully treating xenograft tumor-bearing nude mice with IL-13R-directed cytotoxin (IL13-PE38QQR). Although we did not observe an indirect cytotoxic bystander effect conveyed to nontransduced tumor cells in vitro, our approach in vivo led to a complete regression of established tumors transfected with IL-13Ralpha2 chain in most animals. We found that the tumor eradication was achieved in part by infiltration of macrophages and NK cells, assessed by immunohistochemistry. Moreover, head and neck tumors xenografted in macrophage-depleted nude mice were less sensitive to the antitumor effect of IL-13 cytotoxin. Because we did not observe vector-related toxicity in any vital organs, our novel combination strategy of gene transfer of IL-13Ralpha2 chain and receptor-directed cytotoxin therapy may be a useful approach for the treatment of localized cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/immunology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/toxicity
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Exotoxins/genetics
- Exotoxins/therapeutic use
- Exotoxins/toxicity
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/biosynthesis
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/genetics
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/immunology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy
- Humans
- Injections, Intralesional
- Interleukin-13/genetics
- Interleukin-13/therapeutic use
- Interleukin-13/toxicity
- Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Phagocytes/immunology
- Phagocytes/pathology
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/biosynthesis
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genetics
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Interleukin-13
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Abstract
Introducing a cytokine receptor as a sensitizer into cancer cells offers a unique opportunity for receptor-targeted cancer therapy. It has been shown that transfection of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene in cancer cells or exposing cancer cells to certain reagents which increase expression of TNF receptors results in enhancement of the cytotoxic effect of TNF. In addition, the literature suggests that Fas/CD95-mediated apoptotic tumor cell killing is augmented by gene transfer of Fas into cancer cells or treatment of cells with agents like cisplatin and interferon (IFN)-gamma. In contrast to these approaches, we have discovered a new approach to cancer therapy; wherein introduction of a cytokine receptor chain into cancer cells sensitizes them to receptor-directed cytotoxins. We have demonstrated that when interleukin (IL)-13 receptor (IL-13R) alpha2 chain, one of the two known IL-13 binding proteins, is introduced into cancer cells that do not express this chain the cells acquire extreme sensitivity to a chimeric fusion cytotoxin composed of IL-13 and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (IL13-PE). Cells that do not express this chain or express low levels show limited sensitivity to IL13-PE. Acquisition of sensitivity to IL13-PE was observed both in vitro and in vivo when IL-13R alpha2-transfected human tumor cells were implanted in immunodeficient animals followed by systemic or regional IL13-PE therapy. Our third generation experiments suggest that this approach is feasible for clinical situations as intratumor administration of plasmid carrying the IL-13R alpha2 chain gene sensitized these tumors to systemic or regional IL13-PE therapy. This unique approach comprising gene transfer of cytokine receptor chain and receptor-targeted cytotoxin administration represents a novel strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kawakami K, Husain SR, Kawakami M, Puri RK. Improved Anti-tumor Activity and Safety of Interleukin-13 Receptor Targeted Cytotoxin by Systemic Continuous Administration in Head and Neck Cancer Xenograft Model. Mol Med 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03402028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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28
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Kawakami K, Kawakami M, Snoy PJ, Husain SR, Puri RK. In vivo overexpression of IL-13 receptor alpha2 chain inhibits tumorigenicity of human breast and pancreatic tumors in immunodeficient mice. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1743-54. [PMID: 11748276 PMCID: PMC2193574 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.12.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 13 receptor alpha2 (IL-13R(alpha)2) chain is highly expressed on some tumor cell lines and primary cell cultures. This receptor chain plays an important role in ligand binding and internalization. To determine the functional significance of overexpression of this chain, we stably transfected IL-13R(alpha)2 chain in human breast (MDA-MB-231) and pancreatic (PANC-1) cancer cell lines that naturally do not express this chain. There was no difference in growth between vector only transfected and IL-13R(alpha)2 chain transfected cells in vitro. However, surprisingly, in immunodeficient mice, tumorigenicity was profoundly inhibited in IL-13R(alpha)2 chain overexpressing tumors. Because breast tumors that grew later showed loss of IL-13R(alpha)2 gene expression, lack of tumorigenicity correlated positively with IL-13R(alpha)2 chain expression. Inflammatory cells including neutrophils and macrophages were identified in IL-13R(alpha)2 overexpressing regressing tumors and neutrophils were found to produce IL-13. IL-13 showed a modest antitumor activity to IL-13R(alpha)2 chain overexpressing tumors in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, IL-13R(alpha)2 chain overexpressing tumors constitutively produced IL-8 that has been shown to have antitumor effect. These results establish a novel function of a cytokine receptor chain and further suggest that the presence of this chain on tumor cells by itself may play a key role in tumorigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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