1
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Lin J, Liu G, Chen L, Kwok HF, Lin Y. Targeting lactate-related cell cycle activities for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:1231-1243. [PMID: 36328311 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lactate has long been considered as a metabolic by-product of aerobic glycolysis for cancer. However, more and more studies have shown that lactate can regulate cancer progression via multiple mechanisms such as cell cycle regulation, immune suppression, energy metabolism and so on. A recent discovery of lactylation attracted a lot of attention and is already a hot topic in the cancer field. In this review, we summarized the latest functions of lactate and its underlying mechanisms in cancer. We also included our analysis of protein lactylation in different rat organs and compared them with other published lactylation data. The unresolved challenges in this field were discussed, and the potential application of these new discoveries of lactate-related cell cycle activities for cancer target therapy was speculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Lin
- Central Laboratory at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, the Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, the Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China
| | - Geng Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Lidian Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, the Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR; MoE Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR.
| | - Yao Lin
- Central Laboratory at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Rehabilitation Technology, the Institute of Rehabilitation Industry, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China; Fujian-Macao Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Traditional Chinese Medicine-Oriented Chronic Disease Prevention and Treatment, Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China.
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2
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Damiani D, Goffinet AM, Alberts A, Tissir F. Lack of Diaph3 relaxes the spindle checkpoint causing the loss of neural progenitors. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13509. [PMID: 27848932 PMCID: PMC5476800 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The diaphanous homologue Diaph3 (aka mDia2) is a major regulator of actin cytoskeleton. Loss of Diaph3 has been constantly associated with cytokinesis failure ascribed to impaired accumulation of actin in the cleavage furrow. Here we report that Diaph3 is required before cell fission, to ensure the accurate segregation of chromosomes. Inactivation of the Diaph3 gene causes a massive loss of cortical progenitor cells, with subsequent depletion of intermediate progenitors and neurons, and results in microcephaly. In embryonic brain extracts, Diaph3 co-immunoprecipitates with BubR1, a key regulator of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Diaph3-deficient cortical progenitors have decreased levels of BubR1 and fail to properly activate the SAC. Hence, they bypass mitotic arrest and embark on anaphase in spite of incorrect chromosome segregation, generating aneuploidy. Our data identify Diaph3 as a major guard of cortical progenitors, unravel novel functions of Diaphanous formins and add insights into the pathobiology of microcephaly. Molecular mechanisms that control the division of neural progenitor cells are only partially understood. Here the authors show that Diaph3 is critical for spindle checkpoint activity in cortical progenitor cells as the loss of Diaph3 leads to apoptosis of progenitor cells and eventually results in microcephaly in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devid Damiani
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Avenue Mounier 73, Box B1.73.16, Brussels 1200, Belgium.,Developmental Neurobiology Unit, WELBIO, Institute of Neuroscience, Avenue Mounier B1.73.16, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - André M Goffinet
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Avenue Mounier 73, Box B1.73.16, Brussels 1200, Belgium.,Developmental Neurobiology Unit, WELBIO, Institute of Neuroscience, Avenue Mounier B1.73.16, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Arthur Alberts
- Laboratory of Cell Structure and Signal Integration, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue N.E., Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, USA
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Avenue Mounier 73, Box B1.73.16, Brussels 1200, Belgium
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3
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Cuttano R, Rudini N, Bravi L, Corada M, Giampietro C, Papa E, Morini MF, Maddaluno L, Baeyens N, Adams RH, Jain MK, Owens GK, Schwartz M, Lampugnani MG, Dejana E. KLF4 is a key determinant in the development and progression of cerebral cavernous malformations. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:6-24. [PMID: 26612856 PMCID: PMC4718159 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are vascular malformations located within the central nervous system often resulting in cerebral hemorrhage. Pharmacological treatment is needed, since current therapy is limited to neurosurgery. Familial CCM is caused by loss‐of‐function mutations in any of Ccm1, Ccm2, and Ccm3 genes. CCM cavernomas are lined by endothelial cells (ECs) undergoing endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT). This switch in phenotype is due to the activation of the transforming growth factor beta/bone morphogenetic protein (TGFβ/BMP) signaling. However, the mechanism linking Ccm gene inactivation and TGFβ/BMP‐dependent EndMT remains undefined. Here, we report that Ccm1 ablation leads to the activation of a MEKK3‐MEK5‐ERK5‐MEF2 signaling axis that induces a strong increase in Kruppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4) in ECs in vivo. KLF4 transcriptional activity is responsible for the EndMT occurring in CCM1‐null ECs. KLF4 promotes TGFβ/BMP signaling through the production of BMP6. Importantly, in endothelial‐specific Ccm1 and Klf4 double knockout mice, we observe a strong reduction in the development of CCM and mouse mortality. Our data unveil KLF4 as a therapeutic target for CCM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemi Rudini
- IFOM the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Bravi
- IFOM the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Corada
- IFOM the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- IFOM the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleanna Papa
- IFOM the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy on leave of absence at Department of Neurology, Laboratory for Molecular Neuro-Oncology University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Francesco Morini
- IFOM the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy on leave of absence at Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luigi Maddaluno
- IFOM the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy on leave of absence at Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ralf H Adams
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA Department of Medicine University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gary K Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Maria Grazia Lampugnani
- IFOM the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy Mario Negri Institute of Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Dejana
- IFOM the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden Department of Oncology and Oncohematology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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4
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Rainero E, Cianflone C, Porporato PE, Chianale F, Malacarne V, Bettio V, Ruffo E, Ferrara M, Benecchia F, Capello D, Paster W, Locatelli I, Bertoni A, Filigheddu N, Sinigaglia F, Norman JC, Baldanzi G, Graziani A. The diacylglycerol kinase α/atypical PKC/β1 integrin pathway in SDF-1α mammary carcinoma invasiveness. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97144. [PMID: 24887021 PMCID: PMC4041662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase α (DGKα), by phosphorylating diacylglycerol into phosphatidic acid, provides a key signal driving cell migration and matrix invasion. We previously demonstrated that in epithelial cells activation of DGKα activity promotes cytoskeletal remodeling and matrix invasion by recruiting atypical PKC at ruffling sites and by promoting RCP-mediated recycling of α5β1 integrin to the tip of pseudopods. In here we investigate the signaling pathway by which DGKα mediates SDF-1α-induced matrix invasion of MDA-MB-231 invasive breast carcinoma cells. Indeed we showed that, following SDF-1α stimulation, DGKα is activated and localized at cell protrusion, thus promoting their elongation and mediating SDF-1α induced MMP-9 metalloproteinase secretion and matrix invasion. Phosphatidic acid generated by DGKα promotes localization at cell protrusions of atypical PKCs which play an essential role downstream of DGKα by promoting Rac-mediated protrusion elongation and localized recruitment of β1 integrin and MMP-9. We finally demonstrate that activation of DGKα, atypical PKCs signaling and β1 integrin are all essential for MDA-MB-231 invasiveness. These data indicates the existence of a SDF-1α induced DGKα - atypical PKC - β1 integrin signaling pathway, which is essential for matrix invasion of carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rainero
- Integrin Biology Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Cianflone
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Federica Chianale
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valeria Malacarne
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Valentina Bettio
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Elisa Ruffo
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Fabio Benecchia
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Daniela Capello
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Paster
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Locatelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bertoni
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Filigheddu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Fabiola Sinigaglia
- Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Jim C. Norman
- Integrin Biology Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gianluca Baldanzi
- Integrin Biology Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Graziani
- Integrin Biology Laboratory, Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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5
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Dissecting the transcriptional phenotype of ribosomal protein deficiency: implications for Diamond-Blackfan Anemia. Gene 2014; 545:282-9. [PMID: 24835311 PMCID: PMC4058751 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Defects in genes encoding ribosomal proteins cause Diamond Blackfan Anemia (DBA), a red cell aplasia often associated with physical abnormalities. Other bone marrow failure syndromes have been attributed to defects in ribosomal components but the link between erythropoiesis and the ribosome remains to be fully defined. Several lines of evidence suggest that defects in ribosome synthesis lead to “ribosomal stress” with p53 activation and either cell cycle arrest or induction of apoptosis. Pathways independent of p53 have also been proposed to play a role in DBA pathogenesis. We took an unbiased approach to identify p53-independent pathways activated by defects in ribosome synthesis by analyzing global gene expression in various cellular models of DBA. Ranking-Principal Component Analysis (Ranking-PCA) was applied to the identified datasets to determine whether there are common sets of genes whose expression is altered in these different cellular models. We observed consistent changes in the expression of genes involved in cellular amino acid metabolic process, negative regulation of cell proliferation and cell redox homeostasis. These data indicate that cells respond to defects in ribosome synthesis by changing the level of expression of a limited subset of genes involved in critical cellular processes. Moreover, our data support a role for p53-independent pathways in the pathophysiology of DBA. Ribosomopathies such as DBA are caused by ribosome dysfunction that activates p53. p53-independent pathways may suggest possible treatments for DBA. Expression analysis was performed in three p53-null models of DBA. Genes involved in apoptosis and cell redox homeostasis were especially affected. DBA is due to cumulative effects of p53-dependent and independent pathways.
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6
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Guo P, You JO, Yang J, Jia D, Moses MA, Auguste DT. Inhibiting metastatic breast cancer cell migration via the synergy of targeted, pH-triggered siRNA delivery and chemokine axis blockade. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:755-65. [PMID: 24467226 PMCID: PMC3993942 DOI: 10.1021/mp4004699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Because breast cancer patient survival inversely correlates with metastasis, we engineered vehicles to inhibit both the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and lipocalin-2 (Lcn2) mediated migratory pathways. pH-responsive liposomes were designed to protect and trigger the release of Lcn2 siRNA. Liposomes were modified with anti-CXCR4 antibodies to target metastatic breast cancer (MBC) cells and block migration along the CXCR4-CXCL12 axis. This synergistic approach--coupling the CXCR4 axis blockade with Lcn2 silencing--significantly reduced migration in triple-negative human breast cancer cells (88% for MDA-MB-436 and 92% for MDA-MB-231). The results suggested that drug delivery vehicles engineered to attack multiple migratory pathways may effectively slow progression of MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York , 160 Convent Avenue, New York, New York 10031, United States
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7
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Giannotta M, Benedetti S, Tedesco FS, Corada M, Trani M, D'Antuono R, Millet Q, Orsenigo F, Gálvez BG, Cossu G, Dejana E. Targeting endothelial junctional adhesion molecule-A/ EPAC/ Rap-1 axis as a novel strategy to increase stem cell engraftment in dystrophic muscles. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 6:239-58. [PMID: 24378569 PMCID: PMC3927958 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201302520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are severe genetic diseases for which no efficacious therapies exist. Experimental clinical treatments include intra-arterial administration of vessel-associated stem cells, called mesoangioblasts (MABs). However, one of the limitations of this approach is the relatively low number of cells that engraft the diseased tissue, due, at least in part, to the sub-optimal efficiency of extravasation, whose mechanisms for MAB are unknown. Leukocytes emigrate into the inflamed tissues by crossing endothelial cell-to-cell junctions and junctional proteins direct and control leukocyte diapedesis. Here, we identify the endothelial junctional protein JAM-A as a key regulator of MAB extravasation. We show that JAM-A gene inactivation and JAM-A blocking antibodies strongly enhance MAB engraftment in dystrophic muscle. In the absence of JAM-A, the exchange factors EPAC-1 and 2 are down-regulated, which prevents the activation of the small GTPase Rap-1. As a consequence, junction tightening is reduced, allowing MAB diapedesis. Notably, pharmacological inhibition of Rap-1 increases MAB engraftment in dystrophic muscle, which results into a significant improvement of muscle function offering a novel strategy for stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Giannotta
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology Foundation (IFOM), Milan, Italy
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8
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Hick AC, Delmarcelle AS, Bouquet M, Klotz S, Copetti T, Forez C, Van Der Smissen P, Sonveaux P, Collet JF, Feron O, Courtoy PJ, Pierreux CE. Reciprocal epithelial:endothelial paracrine interactions during thyroid development govern follicular organization and C-cells differentiation. Dev Biol 2013; 381:227-40. [PMID: 23707896 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid is a highly vascularized endocrine gland, displaying a characteristic epithelial organization in closed spheres, called follicles. Here we investigate how endothelial cells are recruited into the developing thyroid and if they control glandular organization as well as thyrocytes and C-cells differentiation. We show that endothelial cells closely surround, and then invade the expanding thyroid epithelial cell mass to become closely associated with nascent polarized follicles. This close and sustained endothelial:epithelial interaction depends on epithelial production of the angiogenic factor, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A), as its thyroid-specific genetic inactivation reduced the endothelial cell pool of the thyroid by > 90%. Vegfa KO also displayed decreased C-cells differentiation and impaired organization of the epithelial cell mass into follicles. We developed an ex vivo model of thyroid explants that faithfully mimicks bilobation of the thyroid anlagen, endothelial and C-cells invasion, folliculogenesis and differentiation. Treatment of thyroid explants at e12.5 with a VEGFR2 inhibitor ablated the endothelial pool and reproduced ex vivo folliculogenesis defects observed in conditional Vegfa KO. In the absence of any blood supply, rescue by embryonic endothelial progenitor cells restored folliculogenesis, accelerated lumen expansion and stimulated calcitonin expression by C-cells. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that, in developing mouse thyroid, epithelial production of VEGF-A is necessary for endothelial cells recruitment and expansion. In turn, endothelial cells control epithelial reorganization in follicles and C-cells differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Christine Hick
- de Duve Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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9
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Comito G, Calvani M, Giannoni E, Bianchini F, Calorini L, Torre E, Migliore C, Giordano S, Chiarugi P. HIF-1α stabilization by mitochondrial ROS promotes Met-dependent invasive growth and vasculogenic mimicry in melanoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:893-904. [PMID: 21703345 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The "angiogenic switch" during tumor progression is increasingly recognized as a milestone event in tumorigenesis, although the surprising prometastatic effect of antiangiogenic therapies has recently shaken the scientific community. Tumor hypoxia has been singled out as a possible responsible factor in this prometastatic effect, although the molecular pathways are completely unknown. We report herein that human melanoma cells respond to hypoxia through a deregulation of the mitochondrial release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the electron transfer chain complex III. These ROS are mandatory to stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), the master transcriptional regulator of the hypoxic response. We found that melanoma cells sense hypoxia-enhancing expression/activation of the Met proto-oncogene, which drives a motogenic escape program. Silencing analyses revealed a definite hierarchy of this process, in which mitochondrial ROS drive HIF-1α stabilization, which in turn activates the Met proto-oncogene. This pathway elicits a clear metastatic program of melanoma cells, enhancing spreading on extracellular matrix, motility, and invasion of 3D matrices, as well as growth of metastatic colonies and the ability to form capillary-like structures by vasculogenic mimicry. Both pharmacological and genetic interference with mitochondrial ROS delivery or Met expression block the hypoxia-driven metastatic program. Hence, we propose that hypoxia-driven ROS act as a primary driving force to elicit an invasive program exploited by aggressive melanoma cells to escape from a hypoxic hostile environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Comito
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Firenze, Italy
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10
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Singhal G, Akhter MZ, Stern DF, Gupta SD, Ahuja A, Sharma U, Jagannathan NR, Rajeswari MR. DNA triplex-mediated inhibition of MET leads to cell death and tumor regression in hepatoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:520-30. [PMID: 21660063 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (MET) is one of the critical cell signaling molecules whose aberrant expression is reported in several human cancers. The aim of the study is to investigate the antigene and antiproliferative effect of short triplex forming oligonucleotides, TFO-1 (part of the positive regulatory element) and TFO-2 (away from the transcription start site) on MET expression. HepG2 cells transfected only with TFO-1 (but not with TFO-2 and non-specific TFO) significantly decreased MET levels, which is accompanied by decrease in antiapoptotic proteins and increase in pro-apoptotic proteins. Phosphoproteome-array analysis of 46 intracellular kinases revealed hypophosphorylation of about 15 kinases including ERK, AKT, Src and MEK, suggesting the growth inhibitory effect of TFO-1. Further, the efficacy of TFO-1 was tested on diethylnitrosamine-induced liver tumors in wistar rats. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed decrease in liver tumor volume up to 90% after treatment with TFO-1. Decreased MET expression and elevated apoptotic activity further indicate that TFO-1 targeted to c-met leads to cell death and tumor regression in hepatoma. Formation of stable DNA triplex between TFO-1 and targeted gene sequence was confirmed by circular dichroic spectroscopy and gel retardation assay. Therefore, it can be concluded that DNA triplex-based therapeutic approaches hold promise in the treatment of malignancies associated with MET overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Singhal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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11
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Yan F, Tan XY, Geng Y, Ju HX, Gao YF, Zhu MC. Inhibition Effect of siRNA-Downregulated UHRF1 on Breast Cancer Growth. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 26:183-9. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2010.0886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Prevention and Cure, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Yan Tan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Prevention and Cure, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Geng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huang-Xian Ju
- MOE Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Department of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Fang Gao
- The First Clinic Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Chen Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Prevention and Cure, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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12
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Riera L, Lasorsa E, Ambrogio C, Surrenti N, Voena C, Chiarle R. Involvement of Grb2 adaptor protein in nucleophosmin-anaplastic lymphoma kinase (NPM-ALK)-mediated signaling and anaplastic large cell lymphoma growth. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26441-50. [PMID: 20554525 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.116327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCL) express oncogenic fusion proteins derived from chromosomal translocations or inversions of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. Frequently ALCL carry the t(2;5) translocation, which fuses the ALK gene to the nucleophosmin (NPM1) gene. The transforming activity mediated by NPM-ALK fusion induces different pathways that control proliferation and survival of lymphoma cells. Grb2 is an adaptor protein thought to play an important role in ALK-mediated transformation, but its interaction with NPM-ALK, as well as its function in regulating ALCL signaling pathways and cell growth, has never been elucidated. Here we show that active NPM-ALK, but not a kinase-dead mutant, bound and induced Grb2 phosphorylation in tyrosine 160. An intact SH3 domain at the C terminus of Grb2 was required for Tyr(160) phosphorylation. Furthermore, Grb2 did not bind to a single region but rather to different regions of NPM-ALK, mainly Tyr(152-156), Tyr(567), and a proline-rich region, Pro(415-417). Finally, shRNA knockdown experiments showed that Grb2 regulates primarily the NPM-ALK-mediated phosphorylation of SHP2 and plays a key role in ALCL cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Riera
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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13
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Figueiredo C, Goudeva L, Horn PA, Eiz-Vesper B, Blasczyk R, Seltsam A. Generation of HLA-deficient platelets from hematopoietic progenitor cells. Transfusion 2010; 50:1690-701. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2010.02644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Pietronave S, Forte G, Locarno D, Merlin S, Zamperone A, Nicotra G, Isidoro C, Nardo PD, Prat M. Agonist monoclonal antibodies against HGF receptor protect cardiac muscle cells from apoptosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 298:H1155-65. [PMID: 20061536 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01323.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a pleiotropic cytokine with mitogenic, motogenic, morphogenic, and antiapoptotic effects in various cell types, is a cardioprotective growth factor that can counteract the loss of cardiomyocytes usually observed in cardiac diseases. HGF is a quite unstable molecule in its biologically active heterodimeric form. Since all HGF-induced biological responses are mediated by its high-affinity tyrosine kinase receptor (Met/HGF-R) encoded by the Met gene, we asked whether a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that displays receptor full agonist activity could protect cardiac muscle cell lines from hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis. We report that the MAb efficiently inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, annexin V positivity, mitochondrial translocation of bax, and caspase activation. The MAb was thus able to counteract apoptosis evaluated by both morphological and biochemical criteria. The agonist activity of the MAb was mediated by Met/HGF-R, since a Met/HGF-R-specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) inhibited both activation of transduction pathways and motility triggered by MAb DO-24. The protective antiapoptotic effect of MAb DO-24 was dependent on activation of the ras-MAPK Erk1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase)-Akt transduction pathways, since it was abrogated by treatments with their specific pharmacological inhibitors, PD-98059 and wortmannin. Moreover, the MAb induced a motogenic, but not mitogenic, response in these cells, mimicking in all aspects the natural ligand HGF but displaying a significant higher stability than HGF in culture. This MAb may thus be a valuable substitute for HGF, being more easily available in a biologically active, highly stable, and purified form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pietronave
- Dept. of Medical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro," Novara, Italy
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15
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Starvaggi Cucuzza L, Motta M, Miretti S, Accornero P, Baratta M. Curcuminoid-phospholipid complex induces apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells by STAT-3 signaling. Exp Mol Med 2009; 40:647-57. [PMID: 19116450 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2008.40.6.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin (from the rhizome of Curcuma longa) is well documented for its medicinal properties in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine where it is widely used for the treatment of several diseases. Epidemiological observations are suggestive that curcumin consumption may reduce the risk of some form of cancers and provide other protective biological effects in humans. These biological properties have been attributed to curcuminoids that have been widely studied for their anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, antioxidant, wound healing and anti-cancer effects. In this study we have investigated on the effect of a curcumin phospholipid complex on mammary epithelial cell viability. HC11 and BME-UV cell lines, validated models to study biology of normal, not tumoral, mammary epithelial cells, were used to analyse these effects. We report that curcumin acts on STAT-3 signal pathway to reduce cell viability and increase apoptosis evaluated by the the amount of activated caspase 3. Further it reduces MAPK and AKT activations. JSI-124, a STAT-3 inhibitor (100 nM) was able to block the negative effect of curcumin on cell viability and caspase 3 activation. Finally the negative effect of cucumin on cell viability has been impaired in STAT-3i HC11, where STAT-3 protein was greatly reduced by shRNA-interference. These results indicate that curcumin presents a potential adverse effect to normal mammary epithelial cells and that it has a specific effect on signal trasduction in mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Starvaggi Cucuzza
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095, Grugliasco 10095, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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16
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Triggered release of siRNA from poly(ethylene glycol)-protected, pH-dependent liposomes. J Control Release 2008; 130:266-74. [PMID: 18601962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to regulate gene expression has potential therapeutic applications, but its use is limited by inefficient delivery. Triggered release of adsorbed poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-b-polycation polymers from pH-dependent (PD) liposomes enables protection from immune recognition during circulation (pH 7.4) and subsequent intracellular delivery of siRNA within the endosome (pH ~5.5). Polycationic blocks, based on either poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (31 or 62 DMA repeat units) or polylysine (21 K repeat units), act as anchors for a PEG (113 ethylene glycol repeat units) protective block. Incorporation of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane (DAP), a titratable lipid, increases the liposome's net cationic character within acidic environments, resulting in polymer desorption and membrane fusion. Liposomes encapsulating siRNA demonstrate green fluorescent protein (GFP) silencing in genetically-modified, GFP-expressing HeLa cells and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD) knockdown in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Bare and PD liposomes coated with PEG113-DMA31 exhibit a 0.16+/-0.2 and 0.32+/-0.3 fraction of GFP knockdown, respectively. In contrast, direct siRNA administration and Oligofectamine complexed siRNA reduce GFP expression by 0.06+/-0.02 and 0.14+/-0.02 fractions, respectively. Our in vitro data indicates that polymer desorption from PD liposomes enhances siRNA-mediated gene knockdown.
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17
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Accornero P, Luvarà S, Favole A, Macchi E, Motta M, Baratta M. Biological role of the HGF/MET ligand/receptor couple in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Vet Res Commun 2007; 31 Suppl 1:161-4. [PMID: 17682865 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-007-0022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Accornero
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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18
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Accornero P, Martignani E, Macchi E, Baratta M. Hepatocyte Growth Factor Exerts Multiple Biological Functions on Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. J Dairy Sci 2007; 90:4289-96. [PMID: 17699048 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The met proto-oncogene product Met is a member of the family of tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors, and hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) has been identified as its only ligand. Bovine Met and HGF/SF have been recently cloned and their expression has been characterized in the mammary gland, but no data regarding the biological effects of this ligand/receptor couple in bovine mammary cells are yet available. We examined the role of HGF/SF and its receptor in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (BME-UV). Expression of Met at the mRNA level in BME-UV mammary epithelial cells evaluated by real-time PCR was similar to the expression in MDCK cells, a widely used model for Met biology. Met expression in BME-UV at the protein level was confirmed by western blot. The analysis of some signal transductional pathways downstream from the Met receptor revealed that HGF/SF addition to BME-UV cells induced activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 proliferative pathway and the Akt antiapoptotic pathway. The BME-UV cells treated with HGF responded with increased proliferation, cell scatter, and motility. Met activation by HGF induced degradation of the extracellular matrix and migration through matrigel coated transwells. Moreover, BME-UV cells included in a 3-dimensional matrix of collagen and treated with HGF developed tubular structures, reminiscent of the mammary gland ducts. These data indicate that HGF and Met might be important regulators of mammary gland growth, morphogenesis, and development in the bovine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Accornero
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095, Grugliasco (TO), Italy.
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19
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Qian F, Li YP, Sheng X, Zhang ZC, Song R, Dong W, Cao SX, Hua ZC, Xu Q. PRL-3 siRNA inhibits the metastasis of B16-BL6 mouse melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Mol Med 2007. [PMID: 17592549 DOI: 10.2119/2006-00076.qian] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 (PRL-3) has been proposed to promote the invasion of tumor cells to metastasis sites. However, the effect of PRL-3 on spontaneous metastasis has not been clearly demonstrated, and whether PRL-3 could become a new therapeutic target in malignant tumor is still unknown. In this study, we used PRL-3 siRNA as a molecular medicine to specifically reduce the expression of PRL-3 in B16-BL6 cells, a highly metastatic melanoma cell line. In vitro, PRL-3 siRNA significantly inhibited cell adhesion and migration, but had no effect on cell proliferation. In the spontaneous metastatic tumor model in vivo, PRL-3 siRNA treatment remarkably inhibited the proliferation of primary tumor, prevented tumor cells from invading the draining lymph nodes, and prolonged the life span of mice. Therefore, our results indicate that PRL-3 plays a critical role in promoting the whole process of spontaneous metastasis and tumor growth initiation, and that inhibiting PRL-3 will improve malignant tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, the Model Animal Genetics Research Center, Nanjing University, China
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20
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Corso S, Migliore C, Ghiso E, De Rosa G, Comoglio PM, Giordano S. Silencing the MET oncogene leads to regression of experimental tumors and metastases. Oncogene 2007; 27:684-93. [PMID: 17684486 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the established knowledge of the genetic alterations responsible for cancer onset, the genes promoting and maintaining the invasive/metastatic phenotype are still elusive. The MET proto-oncogene, encoding the tyrosine kinase receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), senses unfavorable micro-environmental conditions and drives cell invasion and metastasis. MET overexpression, often induced by tumor hypoxia, leads to constitutive activation of the receptor and correlates with poor prognosis. To establish the role of MET in different phases of tumor progression, we developed an inducible lentiviral delivery system of RNA interference. Silencing the endogenous MET gene, overexpressed in tumor cells, resulted in (i) impairment of the execution of the full invasive growth program in vitro, (ii) lack of tumor growth and (iii) decreased generation of experimental metastases in vivo. Notably, silencing MET in already established metastases led to their almost complete regression. This indicates that persistent expression of the MET oncogene is mandatory until the advanced phases of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Corso
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Turin Medical School, Candiolo, Torino, Italy
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21
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Crepaldi T, Bersani F, Scuoppo C, Accornero P, Prunotto C, Taulli R, Forni PE, Leo C, Chiarle R, Griffiths J, Glass DJ, Ponzetto C. Conditional Activation of MET in Differentiated Skeletal Muscle Induces Atrophy. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:6812-22. [PMID: 17194700 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610916200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common debilitating feature of many systemic diseases, including cancer. Here we examined the effects of inducing expression of an oncogenic version of the Met receptor (Tpr-Met) in terminally differentiated skeletal muscle. A responder mouse containing the Tpr-Met oncogene and GFP (green fluorescent protein) as a reporter was crossed with a transactivator mouse expressing tTA under the control of the muscle creatine kinase promoter. Tpr-Met induction during fetal development and in young adult mice caused severe muscle wasting, with decreased fiber size and loss of myosin heavy chain protein. Concomitantly, in the Tpr-Met-expressing muscle the mRNA of the E3 ubiquitin ligases atrogin-1/MAFbx, MuRF1, and of the lysosomal protease cathepsin L, which are markers of skeletal muscle atrophy, was significantly increased. In the same muscles phosphorylation of the Met downstream effectors Akt, p38 MAPK, and IkappaBalpha was higher than in normal controls. Induction of Tpr-Met in differentiating satellite cells derived from the double transgenics caused aberrant cell fusion, protein loss, and myotube collapse. Increased phosphorylation of Met downstream effectors was also observed in the Tpr-Met-expressing myotubes cultures. Treatment of these cultures with either a proteasomal or a p38 inhibitor prevented Tpr-Met-mediated myotube breakdown, establishing accelerated protein degradation consequent to inappropriate activation of p38 as the major route for the Tpr-Met-induced muscle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Crepaldi
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy.
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22
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Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a naturally occurring cellular defense mechanism against viral infections and transposon invasion. Short double-stranded RNA molecules, so-called small-interfering (si)RNAs, bind their complementary mRNA leading to the mRNA's degradation. During the past few years, RNAi has become a valuable tool for transient as well as stable repression of gene expression rendering the time-consuming production of knockout animals superfluous. In this chapter the usability of the RNAi technology in cancer research will be described, focusing on the application of large-scale screens for identification of new components in cancer-relevant signal pathways (e.g., p53, RAS). The screens are especially helpful in the detection of potential anticancer drug targets or siRNAs with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Fuchs
- Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, München, Germany
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23
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Motta M, Accornero P, Taulli R, Bernabei P, Desrivières S, Baratta M. Leptin enhances STAT-3 phosphorylation in HC11 cell line: effect on cell differentiation and cell viability. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 263:149-55. [PMID: 17070988 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is produced in the mammary gland by the fat tissue or by the mammary epithelium. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of leptin on mammary epithelial cell differentiation and cell viability. This study was conducted using the mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11. We show that leptin, synergizes with prolactin to increase beta-casein gene expression during mammary epithelial cell differentiation. This was correlated with increased phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3). Inactivating the function of STAT-3 by expression of a short hairpin RNA demonstrated that the effect of leptin on beta-casein expression is mediated by STAT-3. Secondly, cells in which STAT-3 had been inactivated showed increased cell viability compared to controls and were resistant to the negative effect mediated by leptin. Further, leptin triggers apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells cultivated in non-differentiating conditions. Taken together, these results suggest that leptin, by activating STAT-3, may act as a paracrine factor modulating mammary epithelial cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Motta
- Department of Veterinary Morphophysiology, University of Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco, TO, Italy
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24
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Verca MSB, Weber P, Mayer C, Graf C, Refojo D, Kühn R, Grummt I, Lutz B. Development of a species-specific RNA polymerase I-based shRNA expression vector. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 35:e10. [PMID: 17158154 PMCID: PMC1802596 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl1045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) can be induced in vitro either by application of synthetic short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), or by intracellular expression of siRNAs or short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) from transfected vectors. The most widely used promoters for siRNA/shRNA expression are based on polymerase III (Pol III)-dependent transcription. We developed an alternative vector for siRNA/shRNA expression, using a mouse RNA polymerase I (Pol I) promoter. Pol I-dependent transcription serves in cells for production of ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and as such, is ubiquitously and stably active in different cell types. As Pol I-dependent transcription is highly species-specific, Pol I-based system provides an important biosafety advantage with respect to silencing of genes with unknown functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Brenz Verca
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryKraepelinstrasse 2-10, D-80804 Munich, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 6131 3925912; Fax: +49 6131 3923536;
| | - Peter Weber
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryKraepelinstrasse 2-10, D-80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Mayer
- Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell II, German Cancer Research CenterIm Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Graf
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryKraepelinstrasse 2-10, D-80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Damián Refojo
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryKraepelinstrasse 2-10, D-80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Kühn
- Institute for Developmental Genetics/GSFIngolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Grummt
- Division of Molecular Biology of the Cell II, German Cancer Research CenterIm Neuenheimer Feld 581, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beat Lutz
- Max Planck Institute of PsychiatryKraepelinstrasse 2-10, D-80804 Munich, Germany
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University MainzDuesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +49 6131 3925912; Fax: +49 6131 3923536;
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25
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Harper SQ, Staber PD, Beck CR, Fineberg SK, Stein C, Ochoa D, Davidson BL. Optimization of feline immunodeficiency virus vectors for RNA interference. J Virol 2006; 80:9371-80. [PMID: 16973543 PMCID: PMC1617215 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00958-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) occurs naturally in plant and animal cells as a means for modulating gene expression. This process has been experimentally manipulated to achieve targeted gene silencing in cells, tissues, and animals, using a variety of vector systems. Here, we tested the hypothesis that vectors based on feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) could be used for coexpression of reporter constructs and RNAi expression cassettes. We found, unexpectedly, in our initial constructs that placement of RNAi expression cassettes downstream from a polymerase II (pol II)-expressed reporter gene inhibited reporter expression but not vector titer. Through a series of intermediate vector constructs, we found that placement of the RNAi expression cassette relative to the Rev response element and the pol II expression cassette was critical for efficient RNAi and reporter gene expression. These results suggested that steric factors, including RNA structure and recruitment of competing transcriptional machinery, may affect gene expression from FIV vectors. In a second series of studies, we show that target sequence silencing can be achieved in cells transduced by FIV vectors coexpressing reporter genes and 3' untranslated region resident microRNAs. The optimized FIV-based RNAi expression vectors will find broad use given the extensive tropism of pseudotyped FIV vectors for many cell types in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Q Harper
- Program in Gene Therapy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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26
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Sabbioni S, Callegari E, Manservigi M, Argnani R, Corallini A, Negrini M, Manservigi R. Use of herpes simplex virus type 1-based amplicon vector for delivery of small interfering RNA. Gene Ther 2006; 14:459-64. [PMID: 17051250 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Silencing of gene expression by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) is rapidly becoming a powerful tool for genetic analysis of mammalian cells. The use of DNA-based plasmid vectors to achieve transient and stable expression of siRNA has been developed to avoid the problems of double-stranded oligonucleotides transfection. These vectors direct the transcription of small hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) from a polymerase-III (H1 or U6)-RNA gene promoter. However, numerous disadvantages remain, including low transfection efficiency and difficulty in transfecting primary cells. To overcome some of these problems, the use of viral vectors for siRNA delivery has been described. Retroviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated and herpes viral shRNAs delivery systems have been successfully used to silence genes, in vitro and in vivo. The use of a herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-based amplicon vector for siRNA delivery into mammalian cells, using human polyomavirus BK (BKV)-transformed cells as a model system is described. The results demonstrate the ability of amplicon vectors to inhibit the expression of BKV T-Ag and tumorigenicity of BKV-transformed cells. We show that the use of the amplicon vector is highly efficient for the delivery of siRNA molecules. The unique ability of these vectors to deliver multiple copies of siRNA may provide a useful tool in the development of novel anticancer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral, Tumor/genetics
- BK Virus/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Genetic Engineering
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neoplasms/therapy
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sabbioni
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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27
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Taulli R, Scuoppo C, Bersani F, Accornero P, Forni PE, Miretti S, Grinza A, Allegra P, Schmitt-Ney M, Crepaldi T, Ponzetto C. Validation of met as a therapeutic target in alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancer Res 2006; 66:4742-9. [PMID: 16651427 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a highly malignant soft-tissue tumor of childhood deriving from skeletal muscle cells. RMS can be classified in two major histologic subtypes: embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS), the latter being characterized by the PAX3/7-FKHR translocation. Here we first investigated whether the Met receptor, a transcriptional target of PAX3 and PAX7, has a role in PAX3-FKHR-mediated transformation. Following PAX3-FKHR transduction, Met was up-regulated in mouse embryonal fibroblasts (MEF), NIH 3T3 and C2C12 cells, and they all acquired anchorage independence. This property was lost in low serum but addition of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) rescued soft-agar growth. Genetic proof that Met is necessary for this PAX3-FKHR-mediated effect was obtained by transducing with PAX3-FKHR MEFs derived from Met mutant (Met(D/D)) and wild-type (Met(+/+)) embryos. Only Met(+/+) MEFs acquired anchorage-independent growth whereas PAX3-FKHR-transduced Met(D/D) cells were unable to form colonies in soft agar. To verify if Met had a role in RMS maintenance, we silenced the receptor by transducing ERMS and ARMS cell lines with an inducible lentivirus expressing an anti-Met short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Met down-regulation significantly affected RMS cells proliferation, survival, invasiveness, and anchorage-independent growth. Finally, induction of the Met-directed shRNA promoted a dramatic reduction of tumor mass in a xenograft model of RMS. Our data show that both ARMS- and ERMS-derived cell lines, in spite of the genetic drift which may have occurred in years of culture, seem to have retained an "addiction" to the Met oncogene and suggest that Met may represent a target of choice to develop novel therapeutic strategies for ARMS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Cell Growth Processes/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Female
- Forkhead Box Protein O1
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Gene Silencing
- HeLa Cells
- Hepatocyte Growth Factor
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- PAX3 Transcription Factor
- Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/biosynthesis
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Growth Factor/physiology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/metabolism
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/pathology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar/therapy
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/genetics
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/metabolism
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/pathology
- Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal/therapy
- Transduction, Genetic
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Taulli
- Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies (CERMS), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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28
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Piva R, Chiarle R, Manazza AD, Taulli R, Simmons W, Ambrogio C, D'Escamard V, Pellegrino E, Ponzetto C, Palestro G, Inghirami G. Ablation of oncogenic ALK is a viable therapeutic approach for anaplastic large-cell lymphomas. Blood 2005; 107:689-97. [PMID: 16189272 PMCID: PMC1895619 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic large-cell lymphomas (ALCLs) carry chromosome translocations in which the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene is fused to several partners, most frequently, the NPM1 gene. We have demonstrated that the constitutive activation of ALK fusion proteins results in cellular transformation and lymphoid neoplasia. Herein, we specifically down-regulated ALK protein expression by using small hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting a sequence coding for the catalytic domain of ALK. The ablation of ALK leads to the down-modulation of known ALK downstream effectors, cell growth arrest, and reversion of the transformed phenotype of ALK(+) mouse embryonic fibroblasts in vitro and in vivo. In human ALCL cells lentiviral-mediated ALK knock-down leads to G(1) cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro and tumor growth inhibition and regression in vivo. Using a specific approach we have demonstrated that the survival and growth of ALK(+) ALCLs are strictly dependent on ALK activation and signaling. Therefore, ALK is a viable target for therapeutic intervention and its inactivation might represent a pivotal approach for the treatment of ALK lymphomas and other ALK-dependent human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Piva
- Department of Pathology, Center for Experimental Research and Medical Studies, University of Turin, Italy
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Forte G, Minieri M, Cossa P, Antenucci D, Sala M, Gnocchi V, Fiaccavento R, Carotenuto F, De Vito P, Baldini PM, Prat M, Di Nardo P. Hepatocyte growth factor effects on mesenchymal stem cells: proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Stem Cells 2005; 24:23-33. [PMID: 16100005 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2004-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a pleiotropic cytokine of mesenchymal origin promoting migration, proliferation, and survival in a wide spectrum of cells, can also modulate different biological responses in stem cells, but the mechanisms involved are not completely understood so far. In this context, we show that short-term exposure of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to HGF can induce the activation of its cognate Met receptor and the downstream effectors ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and PI3K/Akt, while long-term exposure to HGF resulted in cytoskeletal rearrangement, cell migration, and marked inhibition of proliferation through the arrest in the G1-S checkpoint. When added to MSCs, the K252A tyrosine kinase inhibitor prevented HGF-induced responses. HGF's effect on MSC proliferation was reversed by p38 inhibitor SB203580, while the effects on cell migration were abrogated by PI3K inhibitor Wortmannin, suggesting that HGF acts through different pathways to determine its complex effects on MSCs. Prolonged treatment with HGF induced the expression of cardiac-specific markers (GATA-4, MEF2C, TEF1, desmin, alpha-MHC, beta-MHC, and nestin) with the concomitant loss of the stem cell markers nucleostemin, c-kit, and CD105.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Forte
- Molecular and Cellular Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Roma, Italy
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