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Gambirasi M, Safa A, Vruzhaj I, Giacomin A, Sartor F, Toffoli G. Oral Administration of Cancer Vaccines: Challenges and Future Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 38250839 PMCID: PMC10821404 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines, a burgeoning strategy in cancer treatment, are exploring innovative administration routes to enhance patient and medical staff experiences, as well as immunological outcomes. Among these, oral administration has surfaced as a particularly noteworthy approach, which is attributed to its capacity to ignite both humoral and cellular immune responses at systemic and mucosal tiers, thereby potentially bolstering vaccine efficacy comprehensively and durably. Notwithstanding this, the deployment of vaccines through the oral route in a clinical context is impeded by multifaceted challenges, predominantly stemming from the intricacy of orchestrating effective oral immunogenicity and necessitating strategic navigation through gastrointestinal barriers. Based on the immunogenicity of the gastrointestinal tract, this review critically analyses the challenges and recent advances and provides insights into the future development of oral cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gambirasi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Amin Safa
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Doctoral School in Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 98616-15881, Iran
| | - Idris Vruzhaj
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Doctoral School in Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Aurora Giacomin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Franca Sartor
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
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Jia H, Wei P, Zhou S, Hu Y, Zhang C, Liang L, Li B, Gan Z, Xia Y, Jiang H, Shao M, Guo S, Yang Z, Zhong J, Ren F, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zhao T. Attenuated Salmonella carrying siRNA-PD-L1 and radiation combinatorial therapy induces tumor regression on HCC through T cell-mediated immuno-enhancement. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:318. [PMID: 37640735 PMCID: PMC10462685 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent type of aggressive liver cancer, accounts for the majority of liver cancer diagnoses and fatalities. Despite recent advancements in HCC treatment, it remains one of the deadliest cancers. Radiation therapy (RT) is among the locoregional therapy modalities employed to treat unresectable or medically inoperable HCC. However, radioresistance poses a significant challenge. It has been demonstrated that RT induced the upregulation of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells, which may affect response to PD-1-based immunotherapy, providing a rationale for combining PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors with radiation. Here, we utilized attenuated Salmonella as a carrier to explore whether attenuated Salmonella carrying siRNA-PD-L1 could effectively enhance the antitumor effect of radiotherapy on HCC-bearing mice. Our results showed that a combination of siRNA-PD-L1 and radiotherapy had a synergistic antitumor effect by inhibiting the expression of PD-L1 induced by radiation therapy. Mechanistic insights indicated that the combination treatment significantly suppressed tumor cell proliferation, promoted cell apoptosis, and stimulated immune cell infiltration and activation in tumor tissues. Additionally, the combination treatment increased the ratios of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and NK cells from the spleen in tumor-bearing mice. This study presents a novel therapeutic strategy for HCC treatment, especially for patients with RT resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijie Jia
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Pengkun Wei
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Zhou
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Chunjing Zhang
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Lirui Liang
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Bingqing Li
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Zerui Gan
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yuanling Xia
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Mingguang Shao
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Guo
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Zishan Yang
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Jiateng Zhong
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Feng Ren
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Immunity and Targeted Therapy for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Huiyong Zhang
- Synthetic Biology Engineering Lab of Henan Province, School of Life Science And Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China
| | - Yongxi Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China.
| | - Tiesuo Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China.
- Xinxiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Immune Checkpoint Drug for Liver-Intestinal Tumors, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China.
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, 453000, Xinxiang, Henan, P. R. China.
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Zhao X, Xie N, Zhang H, Zhou W, Ding J. Bacterial Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy: "Why" and "How". Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2214. [PMID: 37765183 PMCID: PMC10534357 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major diseases that endanger human health. However, the use of anticancer drugs is accompanied by a series of side effects. Suitable drug delivery systems can reduce the toxic side effects of drugs and enhance the bioavailability of drugs, among which targeted drug delivery systems are the main development direction of anticancer drug delivery systems. Bacteria is a novel drug delivery system that has shown great potential in cancer therapy because of its tumor-targeting, oncolytic, and immunomodulatory properties. In this review, we systematically describe the reasons why bacteria are suitable carriers of anticancer drugs and the mechanisms by which these advantages arise. Secondly, we outline strategies on how to load drugs onto bacterial carriers. These drug-loading strategies include surface modification and internal modification of bacteria. We focus on the drug-loading strategy because appropriate strategies play a key role in ensuring the stability of the delivery system and improving drug efficacy. Lastly, we also describe the current state of bacterial clinical trials and discuss current challenges. This review summarizes the advantages and various drug-loading strategies of bacteria for cancer therapy and will contribute to the development of bacterial drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Zhao
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China; (X.Z.); (N.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Nuli Xie
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China; (X.Z.); (N.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China; (X.Z.); (N.X.); (H.Z.)
- Changsha Jingyi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410006, China
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China; (X.Z.); (N.X.); (H.Z.)
| | - Jinsong Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China; (X.Z.); (N.X.); (H.Z.)
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Bacteria and bacterial derivatives as delivery carriers for immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 181:114085. [PMID: 34933064 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in the role of microorganisms in human health and disease, with evidence showing that new types of biotherapy using engineered bacterial therapeutics, including bacterial derivatives, can address specific mechanisms of disease. The complex interactions between microorganisms and metabolic/immunologic pathways underlie many diseases with unmet medical needs, suggesting that targeting these interactions may improve patient treatment. Using tools from synthetic biology and chemical engineering, non-pathogenic bacteria or bacterial products can be programmed and designed to sense and respond to environmental signals to deliver therapeutic effectors. This review describes current progress in biotherapy using live bacteria and their derivatives to achieve therapeutic benefits against various diseases.
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Allemailem KS. Innovative Approaches of Engineering Tumor-Targeting Bacteria with Different Therapeutic Payloads to Fight Cancer: A Smart Strategy of Disease Management. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:8159-8184. [PMID: 34938075 PMCID: PMC8687692 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s338272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional therapies for cancer eradication like surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, even though most widely used, still suffer from some disappointing outcomes. The limitations of these therapies during cancer recurrence and metastasis demonstrate the need for better alternatives. Some bacteria preferentially colonize and proliferate inside tumor mass; thus these bacteria can be used as ideal candidates to deliver antitumor therapeutic agents. The bacteria like Bacillus spp., Clostridium spp., E. coli, Listeria spp., and Salmonella spp. can be reprogrammed to produce, transport, and deliver anticancer agents, eg, cytotoxic agents, prodrug converting enzymes, immunomodulators, tumor stroma targeting agents, siRNA, and drug-loaded nanoformulations based on clinical requirements. In addition, these bacteria can be genetically modified to express various functional proteins and targeting ligands that can enhance the targeting approach and controlled drug-delivery. Low tumor-targeting and weak penetration power deep inside the tumor mass limits the use of anticancer drug-nanoformulations. By using anticancer drug nanoformulations and other therapeutic payloads in combination with antitumor bacteria, it makes a synergistic effect against cancer by overcoming the individual limitations. The tumor-targeting bacteria can be either used as a monotherapy or in addition with other anticancer therapies like photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and magnetic field therapy to accomplish better clinical outcomes. The toxicity issues on normal tissues is the main concern regarding the use of engineered antitumor bacteria, which requires deeper research. In this article, the mechanism by which bacteria sense tumor microenvironment, role of some anticancer agents, and the recent advancement of engineering bacteria with different therapeutic payloads to combat cancers has been reviewed. In addition, future prospective and some clinical trials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Allemailem
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Senevirathne A, Park JY, Hewawaduge C, Perumalraja K, Lee JH. Eukaryotic expression system complemented with expressivity of Semliki Forest Virus's RdRp and invasiveness of engineered Salmonella demonstrate promising potential for bacteria mediated gene therapy. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121226. [PMID: 34736150 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study describes an efficient eukaryotic expression system (pJHL204) built into the Salmonella delivery system to enhance the essential efficacy and effectiveness of conventional DNA therapy. The expression system utilizes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity (RdRp) of Semiliki Forest Virus attributing to dramatic antigen expression by cytoplasmic mRNA amplification. Functional characterization of the pJHL204 by in vitro and in vivo transfection studies revealed the improved expression of mRNA at least 150 folds than the RdRp mutant plasmid under in vitro conditions. Using green fluorescence protein (GFP) and mCherry as bait proteins this system was extensively characterized for plasmid delivery capacity, antigen expression, and safety using in vivo and in vitro models by employing flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and immunohistochemical staining. Employment of Salmonella as a carrier significantly extends plasmid in vivo survivability and prolongs the effective duration until the elimination of the Salmonella carrier strain in the host. The strategy can be easily adapted for P2A connected multiple antigen delivery in a single vector system due to the significantly high cargo capacity of Salmonella. A mouse challenge study was carried out utilizing P2A connected H1N1 hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) via the Salmonella carrier strain JOL2500 significantly reduced viral activity and protected mice against the H1N1 challenge and demonstrates potential to redefine in vivo DNA therapy as a reliable and safe system to treat human diseases using useful microbes like Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Senevirathne
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chamith Hewawaduge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kirthika Perumalraja
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - John Hwa Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, 54596, Iksan, Republic of Korea.
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Highlights of Immunomodulation in Salmonella-Based Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111566. [PMID: 34829795 PMCID: PMC8615479 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria-mediated cancer therapy (BMCT) is an emerging tool that may advance potential approaches in cancer immunotherapy, whereby tumors are eradicated by the hosts’ immune system upon recruitment and activation by bacteria such as Salmonella. This paper provides an emphasis on the immunomodulatory effects that encompasses both the innate and adaptive immune responses inherently triggered by Salmonella. Furthermore, modifications of Salmonella-based treatment in the attempt to improve tumor-specific immune responses including cytokine therapy, gene therapy, and DNA vaccine delivery are likewise discussed. The majority of the findings described herein incorporate cell-based experiments and murine model studies, and only a few accounts describe clinical trials. Salmonella-based cancer therapy is still under development; nonetheless, the pre-clinical research and early-phase clinical trials that have been completed so far have shown promising and convincing results. Certainly, the continuous development of, and innovation on, Salmonella-based therapy could pave the way for its eventual emergence as one of the mainstream therapeutic interventions addressing various types of cancer.
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Badie F, Ghandali M, Tabatabaei SA, Safari M, Khorshidi A, Shayestehpour M, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Morshedi K, Jalili A, Tajiknia V, Hamblin MR, Mirzaei H. Use of Salmonella Bacteria in Cancer Therapy: Direct, Drug Delivery and Combination Approaches. Front Oncol 2021; 11:624759. [PMID: 33738260 PMCID: PMC7960920 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.624759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, conventional cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy with only a limited specificity for tumors, have undergone significant improvement. Moreover, newer therapies such as immunotherapy have undergone a revolution to stimulate the innate as well as adaptive immune responses against the tumor. However, it has been found that tumors can be selectively colonized by certain bacteria, where they can proliferate, and exert direct oncolytic effects as well as stimulating the immune system. Bacterial-mediated cancer therapy (BMCT) is now one example of a hot topic in the antitumor field. Salmonella typhimurium is a Gram-negative species that generally causes self-limiting gastroenteritis in humans. This species has been designed and engineered in order to be used in cancer-targeted therapeutics. S. typhimurium can be used in combination with other treatments such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy for synergistic modification of the tumor microenvironment. Considerable benefits have been shown by using engineered attenuated strains for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Some of these treatment approaches have received FDA approval for early-phase clinical trials. This review summarizes the use of Salmonella bacteria for cancer therapy, which could pave the way towards routine clinical application. The benefits of this therapy include an automatic self-targeting ability, and the possibility of genetic manipulation to produce newly engineered attenuated strains. Nevertheless, Salmonella-mediated anticancer therapy has not yet been clinically established, and requires more research before its use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Badie
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghandali
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Tabatabaei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Safari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Khorshidi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shayestehpour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Korosh Morshedi
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Amin Jalili
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vida Tajiknia
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Liang K, Liu Q, Li P, Luo H, Wang H, Kong Q. Genetically engineered Salmonella Typhimurium: Recent advances in cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2019; 448:168-181. [PMID: 30753837 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria have been investigated as anti-tumor therapeutic agents for more than a century, since Coley first observed successful curing of a patient with inoperable cancer by injection of streptococcal organisms. Previous studies have demonstrated that some obligate or facultative anaerobes can selectively accumulate and proliferate within tumors and suppress their growth. Developments in molecular biology as well as the complete genome sequencing of many bacterial species have increased the applicability of bacterial organisms for cancer treatment. In particular, the facultative anaerobe Salmonella Typhimurium has been widely studied and genetically engineered to improve its tumor-targeting ability as well as to reduce bacterial virulence. Moreover, the effectiveness of engineered attenuated S. Typhimurium strains employed as live delivery vectors of various anti-tumor therapeutic agents or combined with other therapies has been evaluated in a large number of animal experiments. The well-known S. Typhimurium mutant VNP20009 and its derivative strain TAPET-CD have even been applied in human clinical trials. However, Salmonella-mediated cancer therapies have not achieved the expected success, except in animal experiments. Many problems remain to be solved to exploit more promising strategies for combatting cancer with Salmonella bacteria. Here, we summarize the promising studies regarding cancer therapy mediated by Salmonella bacteria and highlight the main mechanisms of Salmonella anti-tumor activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Pei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hongyan Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Haoju Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qingke Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
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Abstract
Recent advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have once again raised the hope that a cure might be within reach for many cancer types. Yet, most late-stage cancers are either insensitive to the therapies to begin with or develop resistance later. Therapy with live tumour-targeting bacteria provides a unique option to meet these challenges. Compared with most other therapeutics, the effectiveness of tumour-targeting bacteria is not directly affected by the 'genetic makeup' of a tumour. Bacteria initiate their direct antitumour effects from deep within the tumour, followed by innate and adaptive antitumour immune responses. As microscopic 'robotic factories', bacterial vectors can be reprogrammed following simple genetic rules or sophisticated synthetic bioengineering principles to produce and deliver anticancer agents on the basis of clinical needs. Therapeutic approaches using live tumour-targeting bacteria can either be applied as a monotherapy or complement other anticancer therapies to achieve better clinical outcomes. In this Review, we summarize the potential benefits and challenges of this approach. We discuss how live bacteria selectively induce tumour regression and provide examples to illustrate different ways to engineer bacteria for improved safety and efficacy. Finally, we share our experience and insights on oncology clinical trials with tumour-targeting bacteria, including a discussion of the regulatory issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Zhou
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Claudia Gravekamp
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - David Bermudes
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Ke Liu
- Oncology Branch, Division of Clinical Evaluation, Pharmacology and Toxicology; Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, CBER, FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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11
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Bao Z, Li X, Zan X, Shen L, Ma R, Liu W. Signalling pathway impact analysis based on the strength of interaction between genes. IET Syst Biol 2016; 10:147-52. [PMID: 27444024 PMCID: PMC8687233 DOI: 10.1049/iet-syb.2015.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Signalling pathway analysis is a popular approach that is used to identify significant cancer‐related pathways based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from biological experiments. The main advantage of signalling pathway analysis lies in the fact that it assesses both the number of DEGs and the propagation of signal perturbation in signalling pathways. However, this method simplifies the interactions between genes by categorising them only as activation (+1) and suppression (−1), which does not encompass the range of interactions in real pathways, where interaction strength between genes may vary. In this study, the authors used newly developed signalling pathway impact analysis (SPIA) methods, SPIA based on Pearson correlation coefficient (PSPIA), and mutual information (MSPIA), to measure the interaction strength between pairs of genes. In analyses of a colorectal cancer dataset, a lung cancer dataset, and a pancreatic cancer dataset, PSPIA and MSPIA identified more candidate cancer‐related pathways than were identified by SPIA. Generally, MSPIA performed better than PSPIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshen Bao
- Department of Physics and Electronic information engineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xianbin Li
- Department of Physics and Electronic information engineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiangzhen Zan
- College of Information engineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Liangzhong Shen
- College of Information engineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Runnian Ma
- Telecommunication Engineering Institute, Air Force Engineering UniversityXi'anPeople's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Physics and Electronic information engineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhouZhejiangPeople's Republic of China
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Baban CK, Cronin M, O'Hanlon D, O'Sullivan GC, Tangney M. Bacteria as vectors for gene therapy of cancer. Bioeng Bugs 2011; 1:385-94. [PMID: 21468205 DOI: 10.4161/bbug.1.6.13146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cancer therapy faces major challenges, particularly in terms of specificity of treatment. The ideal therapy would eradicate tumor cells selectively with minimum side effects on normal tissue. Gene or cell therapies have emerged as realistic prospects for the treatment of cancer, and involve the delivery of genetic information to a tumor to facilitate the production of therapeutic proteins. However, there is still much to be done before an efficient and safe gene medicine is achieved, primarily developing the means of targeting genes to tumors safely and efficiently. An emerging family of vectors involves bacteria of various genera. It has been shown that bacteria are naturally capable of homing to tumors when systemically administered resulting in high levels of replication locally. Furthermore, invasive species can deliver heterologous genes intra-cellularly for tumor cell expression. Here, we review the use of bacteria as vehicles for gene therapy of cancer, detailing the mechanisms of action and successes at preclinical and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chwanrow K Baban
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, Mercy University Hospital and Leslie C. Quick Jr. Laboratory, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Ahmad S, Casey G, Cronin M, Rajendran S, Sweeney P, Tangney M, O'Sullivan GC. Induction of effective antitumor response after mucosal bacterial vector mediated DNA vaccination with endogenous prostate cancer specific antigen. J Urol 2011; 186:687-93. [PMID: 21683415 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.03.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The induction of systemic immune responses against antigenic targets that are over expressed by cancer cells represents a powerful therapeutic strategy to target metastatic cancer. We generated specific antitumor immune responses in a murine model of prostate cancer by oral administration of an attenuated strain of Salmonella typhimurium containing a plasmid coding for murine prostate stem cell antigen. MATERIALS AND METHODS Trafficking of S. typhimurium SL7207 in the initial 10 hours after gavage feeding was determined using a bacterial lux expressing strain and live bioluminescence imaging. For vaccination trials male C57 BL/6 mice were gavage fed SL7207/murine prostate stem cell antigen expressing plasmid or controls twice at 2-week intervals. One week after the last feeding the mice were challenged subcutaneously with TRAMPC1 murine prostate carcinoma cells. Tumor dynamics and animal survival were recorded. RESULTS Clearance of bacterial vector from animals was complete 9 hours after feeding. Delivery of vector transformed with a firefly luciferase reporter plasmid resulted in maximal eukaryotic reporter gene expression in splenocytes 48 hours after feeding. Induction of tumor protective immunity was achieved by feeding the mice murine prostate stem cell antigen expressing plasmid bearing bacteria and greater than 50% of immunized mice remained tumor free. No significant toxicity was observed. Induction of T-helper type 1 immune responses was determined by measuring interferon-γ produced by splenocytes from vaccinated mice. When adoptively transferred to naive animals, splenocytes from vaccinated mice prevented tumor growth in 66% of challenged animals. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous prostate cancer antigen gene delivery using a bacterial vector resulted in breaking immune tolerance to murine prostate stem cell antigen and significant retardation of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarfraz Ahmad
- Leslie C. Quick Jr. Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, and Department of Surgery, Mercy University Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Abstract
Bacterial therapies possess many unique mechanisms for treating cancer that are unachievable with standard methods. Bacteria can specifically target tumours, actively penetrate tissue, are easily detected and can controllably induce cytotoxicity. Over the past decade, Salmonella, Clostridium and other genera have been shown to control tumour growth and promote survival in animal models. In this Innovation article I propose that synthetic biology techniques can be used to solve many of the key challenges that are associated with bacterial therapies, such as toxicity, stability and efficiency, and can be used to tune their beneficial features, allowing the engineering of 'perfect' cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil S Forbes
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Department of Chemical Engineering, 159 Goessmann Laboratory, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003-9303, USA.
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Paterson Y, Guirnalda PD, Wood LM. Listeria and Salmonella bacterial vectors of tumor-associated antigens for cancer immunotherapy. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:183-9. [PMID: 20299242 PMCID: PMC4411241 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review covers the use of the facultative intracellular bacteria, Listeriamonocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium as delivery systems for tumor-associated antigens in tumor immunotherapy. Because of their ability to infect and survive in antigen presenting cells, these bacteria have been harnessed to deliver tumor antigens to the immune system both as bacterially expressed proteins and encoded on eukaryotic plasmids. They do this in the context of strong innate immunity, which provides the required stimulus to the immune response to break tolerance against those tumor-associated antigens that bear homology to self. Here we describe differences in the properties of these bacteria as vaccine vectors, a summary of the major therapies they have been applied to and their advancement towards the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Paterson
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Microbiology, 323 Johnson Pavilion, 36th St. and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, United States.
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Sorenson B, Banton K, Augustin L, Barnett S, McCulloch K, Dorn J, Frykman N, Leonard A, Saltzman D. Safety and immunogenicity of Salmonella typhimurium expressing C-terminal truncated human IL-2 in a murine model. Biologics 2010; 4:61-73. [PMID: 20376175 PMCID: PMC2846145 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s9121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium preferentially colonizes tumors in vivo and has proven to be an effective biologic vector. The attenuated S. enterica Typhimurium strain χ4550 was engineered to express truncated human interleukin-2 and renamed SalpIL2. Previously, we observed that a single oral administration of SalpIL2 reduced tumor number and volume, while significantly increasing local and systemic natural killer (NK) cell populations in an experimental metastasis model. Here we report that in nontumor-bearing mice, a single oral dose of SalpIL2 resulted in increased splenic cytotoxic T and NK cell populations that returned to control levels by 4 weeks post oral administration. Though SalpIL2 was detected in mouse tissues for up to 10 weeks, no prolonged alterations in peripheral blood serum chemistry or complete blood cell counts were observed. Similarly, comparative histopathological analysis of tissues revealed no significant increase in pyogranulomas in SalpIL2-treated animals with respect to saline controls. In Rag-1 knockout mice, which have severely impaired B and T cell function, SalpIL2 reduced growth of hepatic metastases. Furthermore, SalpIL2 altered expression of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the serum of mice with pulmonary osteosarcoma metastases. These data further suggest that SalpIL2 is avirulent and induces a cell-mediated antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Sorenson
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Protective effect of a DNA vaccine delivered in attenuated Salmonella typhimurium against Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. Vaccine 2008; 26:4541-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Brun P, Zumbo A, Castagliuolo I, Delogu G, Manfrin F, Sali M, Fadda G, Grillot-Courvalin C, Palù G, Manganelli R. Intranasal delivery of DNA encoding antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by non-pathogenic invasive Escherichia coli. Vaccine 2008; 26:1934-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
As early as 900 years ago, the Bedouins of the Negev desert were reported to kill a rabid dog, roast its liver and feed it to a dog-bitten person for three to five days according to the size and number of bites [1] . In sixteenth century China, physicians routinely prescribed pills made from the fleas collected from sick cows, which purportedly prevented smallpox. One may dismiss the wisdom of the Bedouins or Chinese but the Nobel laureate, Charles Richet, demonstrated in 1900 that feeding raw meat can cure tuberculous dogs - an approach he termed zomotherapy. Despite historical clues indicating the feasibility of oral vaccination, this particular field is notoriously infamous for the abundance of dead-end leads. Today, most commercial vaccines are delivered by injection, which has the principal limitation that recipients do not like needles. In the last few years, there has been a sharp increase in interest in needle-free vaccine delivery; new data emerges almost daily in the literature. So far, there are very few licensed oral vaccines, but many more vaccine candidates are in development. Vaccines delivered orally have the potential to take immunization to a fundamentally new level. In this review, the authors summarize the recent progress in the area of oral vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Chemistry, Pharmaceutical
- Drug Carriers
- Drug Compounding
- Gastrointestinal Tract/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccination/trends
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/chemistry
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Edible/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Edible/chemistry
- Vaccines, Edible/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/chemistry
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro S Silin
- Queen's University Belfast, Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Medical and Biology Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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Abstract
The incidence of cancer has increased over the last decade, mainly due to an increase in the elderly population. Vaccine therapy for cancer is less toxic than chemotherapy or radiation and could be, therefore, especially effective in older, more frail cancer patients. However, it has been shown that older individuals do not respond to vaccine therapy as well as younger adults. This has been attributed to T cell unresponsiveness, a phenomenon also observed in cancer patients per se. This review summarizes the current knowledge of T cell unresponsiveness in cancer patients and elderly, the results of cancer vaccination in preclinical models and in clinical trials, and recent data of cancer vaccination at young and old age in preclinical models. Finally, experimental approaches will be proposed how to make cancer vaccines more effective at older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Gravekamp
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, 475 Brannan Street, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA.
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Eisenstark A, Kazmierczak RA, Dino A, Khreis R, Newman D, Schatten H. Development of Salmonella strains as cancer therapy agents and testing in tumor cell lines. Methods Mol Biol 2007; 394:323-354. [PMID: 18363243 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-512-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in the development of new drugs and radiation, deaths due to cancer remain high. Many novel therapies are in clinical trials and offer better solutions, but more innovative approaches are needed to eradicate the various subpopulations that exist in solid tumors. Since 1997, the use of bacteria for cancer therapy has gained increased attention. Salmonella Typhimurium strains have been shown to have a remarkably high affinity for tumor cells. The use of bacterial strains to target tumors is a relatively new research method that has not yet reached the point of clinical success. The first step in assessing the effectiveness of bacterial tumor therapy will require strain development and preclinical comparisons of candidate strains, which is the focus of this chapter. Several investigators have developed strains of Salmonella with reduced toxicity and capacity to deliver anti-tumor agents. Although methods for obtaining safe therapeutic strains have been relatively successful, there is still need for further genetic engineering before successful clinical use in human patients. As described by Forbes et al. in 2003, the main stumbling block is that, while bacteria preferentially embed within tumor cells, they fail to spread within the tumor and finish the eradication process. Further engineering might focus on creating Salmonella that remove motility limitations, including increased affinity toward tumor-generated chemotactic attractants and induction of matrix-degrading enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Eisenstark
- Cancer Research Center and Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA
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Bibliography. Biotechnol Law Rep 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/blr.2006.25.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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