1
|
Gambirasi M, Safa A, Vruzhaj I, Giacomin A, Sartor F, Toffoli G. Oral Administration of Cancer Vaccines: Challenges and Future Perspectives. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 38250839 PMCID: PMC10821404 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines, a burgeoning strategy in cancer treatment, are exploring innovative administration routes to enhance patient and medical staff experiences, as well as immunological outcomes. Among these, oral administration has surfaced as a particularly noteworthy approach, which is attributed to its capacity to ignite both humoral and cellular immune responses at systemic and mucosal tiers, thereby potentially bolstering vaccine efficacy comprehensively and durably. Notwithstanding this, the deployment of vaccines through the oral route in a clinical context is impeded by multifaceted challenges, predominantly stemming from the intricacy of orchestrating effective oral immunogenicity and necessitating strategic navigation through gastrointestinal barriers. Based on the immunogenicity of the gastrointestinal tract, this review critically analyses the challenges and recent advances and provides insights into the future development of oral cancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gambirasi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Amin Safa
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Doctoral School in Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 98616-15881, Iran
| | - Idris Vruzhaj
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
- Doctoral School in Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Aurora Giacomin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Franca Sartor
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS National Cancer Institute, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (M.G.); (I.V.); (F.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cao X, Zhao H, Liang Z, Cao Y, Min M. Long-term administration of probiotics prevents gastrointestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction in septic mice partly by upregulating the 5-HT degradation pathway. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230869. [PMID: 38152336 PMCID: PMC10751891 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis can impair gastrointestinal (GI) barrier integrity. Oral probiotics (PT) can maintain the balance of GI microflora and improve GI function. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a key promoter of GI injury caused by sepsis. However, the mechanism by which PT attenuates sepsis by regulating 5-HT is not fully understood. In this study, C57BL6 mice were intragastric administrated with normal saline (NC) or PT once a day for 4 weeks before cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Compared with NC-CLP mice, PT-CLP mice had lower clinical score, higher body temperature. The survival rate of PT-CLP mice was significantly improved. The levels of inflammatory cytokines and 5-HT were obviously decreased in PT-CLP mice, and GI peristalsis and barrier function were enhanced. Moreover, sepsis downregulated the expression of tight junction proteins, while PT pretreatment could maintain them at the level of sham operation group. Furthermore, PT pretreatment increased the expression of serotonin transporter and monoamine oxidase A. PT administration could inhibit NF-κB activity, and activate ERK activity. In conclusion, long-term supplementation of PT before CLP can prevent sepsis-induced GI mucosal barrier dysfunction in mice, which may be partially mediated by upregulating the 5-HT degradation pathway via activating ERK signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048China
| | - Zhimin Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048China
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, The George Washington University, WashingtonDC, 20052USA
| | - Min Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, No. 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100039China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shi Y, Liu L, Yin M, Zhao Z, Liang Y, Sun K, Li Y. Mucus- and pH-mediated controlled release of core-shell chitosan nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal tract for diabetes treatment. J Drug Target 2023; 31:65-73. [PMID: 35861405 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2104296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For the successful oral delivery of peptide drugs, considerable barriers created by the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal tract, mucus, and epithelial cells must be overcome. This study was to establish a core-shell structure with chitosan (CS) nanoparticles (NP) as the core and poly-N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (pHPMA) as the intelligent escape shell to overcome pH and mucus barriers and improve the delivery efficiency of peptide drugs. A core-shell system (COS) composed of pHPMA-AT-1002-cys-chitosan (LRA-PA-CNPs) was prepared and used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with the large-molecule peptide drug liraglutide (LRA). The complete COS system was observed through electron microscopy; the particle size of the LRA-PA-CNPs was approximately 160 nm; the encapsulation efficiency was approximately 69% ± 5%; the zeta potential was close to neutral; the mucus and epithelial penetration of the COS system were increased; and animal experiments showed that the COS system enhanced the oral hypoglycaemic effect of LRA.HIGHLIGHTSIntelligent escape material of poly-N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide as the shell.Core-shell nanoparticles penetrate the mucus layer and exposing the chitosan core.Overcome pH and mucus barriers to improve the delivery efficiency of peptide drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Shi
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Lanze Liu
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Miaomiao Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yanzi Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Kaoxiang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| | - Youxin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Long-acting and Targeting Drug Delivery System, Luye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
In recent decades, probiotic bacteria have become increasingly popular as a result of mounting scientific evidence to indicate their beneficial role in modulating human health. Although there is strong evidence associating various Lactobacillus probiotics to various health benefits, further research is needed, in particular to determine the various mechanisms by which probiotics may exert these effects and indeed to gauge inter-individual value one can expect from consuming these products. One must take into consideration the differences in individual and combination strains, and conditions which create difficulty in making direct comparisons. The aim of this paper is to review the current understanding of the means by which Lactobacillus species stand to benefit our gastrointestinal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Dempsey
- Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad C Corr
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fernández-Tomé S, Ortega Moreno L, Chaparro M, Gisbert JP. Gut Microbiota and Dietary Factors as Modulators of the Mucus Layer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10224. [PMID: 34638564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is optimized to efficiently absorb nutrients and provide a competent barrier against a variety of lumen environmental compounds. Different regulatory mechanisms jointly collaborate to maintain intestinal homeostasis, but alterations in these mechanisms lead to a dysfunctional gastrointestinal barrier and are associated to several inflammatory conditions usually found in chronic pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The gastrointestinal mucus, mostly composed of mucin glycoproteins, covers the epithelium and plays an essential role in digestive and barrier functions. However, its regulation is very dynamic and is still poorly understood. This review presents some aspects concerning the role of mucus in gut health and its alterations in IBD. In addition, the impact of gut microbiota and dietary compounds as environmental factors modulating the mucus layer is addressed. To date, studies have evidenced the impact of the three-way interplay between the microbiome, diet and the mucus layer on the gut barrier, host immune system and IBD. This review emphasizes the need to address current limitations on this topic, especially regarding the design of robust human trials and highlights the potential interest of improving our understanding of the regulation of the intestinal mucus barrier in IBD.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mohapatra G, Eisenberg-Lerner A, Merbl Y. Gatekeepers of the Gut: The Roles of Proteasomes at the Gastrointestinal Barrier. Biomolecules 2021; 11:989. [PMID: 34356615 DOI: 10.3390/biom11070989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut epithelial barrier provides the first line of defense protecting the internal milieu from the environment. To circumvent the exposure to constant challenges such as pathogenic infections and commensal bacteria, epithelial and immune cells at the gut barrier require rapid and efficient means to dynamically sense and respond to stimuli. Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of proteolysis in maintaining homeostasis and adapting to the dynamic changes of the conditions in the gut environment. Primarily, proteolytic activities that are involved in immune regulation and inflammation have been examined in the context of the lysosome and inflammasome activation. Yet, the key to cellular and tissue proteostasis is the ubiquitin–proteasome system, which tightly regulates fundamental aspects of inflammatory signaling and protein quality control to provide rapid responses and protect from the accumulation of proteotoxic damage. In this review, we discuss proteasome-dependent regulation of the gut and highlight the pathophysiological consequences of the disarray of proteasomal control in the gut, in the context of aberrant inflammatory disorders and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kohl Y, Hesler M, Drexel R, Kovar L, Dähnhardt-Pfeiffer S, Selzer D, Wagner S, Lehr T, von Briesen H, Meier F. Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics and Stability of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles on Biological Effects and Translocation across an Intestinal Barrier-A Case Study from In Vitro to In Silico. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11061358. [PMID: 34063963 PMCID: PMC8224057 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of their interaction with cell-based tissue is a fundamental prerequisite towards the safe production and application of engineered nanomaterials. Quantitative experimental data on the correlation between physicochemical characteristics and the interaction and transport of engineered nanomaterials across biological barriers, in particular, is still scarce, thus hampering the development of effective predictive non-testing strategies. Against this background, the presented study investigated the translocation of gold and silver nanoparticles across the gastrointestinal barrier along with related biological effects using an in vitro 3D-triple co-culture cell model. Standardized in vitro assays and quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed no significant influence of the applied nanoparticles on both cell viability and generation of reactive oxygen species. Transmission electron microscopy indicated an intact cell barrier during the translocation study. Single particle ICP-MS revealed a time-dependent increase of translocated nanoparticles independent of their size, shape, surface charge, and stability in cell culture medium. This quantitative data provided the experimental basis for the successful mathematical description of the nanoparticle transport kinetics using a non-linear mixed effects modeling approach. The results of this study may serve as a basis for the development of predictive tools for improved risk assessment of engineered nanomaterials in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany; (M.H.); (S.W.); (H.v.B.)
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (F.M.); Tel.: +49-6897-9071-256 (Y.K.); +49-8191-985-6880 (F.M.)
| | - Michelle Hesler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany; (M.H.); (S.W.); (H.v.B.)
| | - Roland Drexel
- Postnova Analytics GmbH, 86899 Landsberg am Lech, Germany;
| | - Lukas Kovar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (L.K.); (D.S.); (T.L.)
| | | | - Dominik Selzer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (L.K.); (D.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Sylvia Wagner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany; (M.H.); (S.W.); (H.v.B.)
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; (L.K.); (D.S.); (T.L.)
| | - Hagen von Briesen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany; (M.H.); (S.W.); (H.v.B.)
| | - Florian Meier
- Postnova Analytics GmbH, 86899 Landsberg am Lech, Germany;
- Correspondence: (Y.K.); (F.M.); Tel.: +49-6897-9071-256 (Y.K.); +49-8191-985-6880 (F.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rohrhofer J, Zwirzitz B, Selberherr E, Untersmayr E. The Impact of Dietary Sphingolipids on Intestinal Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635704. [PMID: 34054805 PMCID: PMC8160510 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The large surfaces of gastrointestinal (GI) organs are well adapted to their diverse tasks of selective nutritional uptake and defense against the external environment. To maintain a functional balance, a vast number of immune cells is located within the mucosa. A strictly regulated immune response is required to impede constant inflammation and to maintain barrier function. An increasing prevalence of GI diseases has been reported in Western societies over the past decades. This surge in GI disorders has been linked to dietary changes followed by an imbalance of the gut microbiome, leading to a chronic, low grade inflammation of the gut epithelium. To counteract the increasing health care costs associated with diseases, it is paramount to understand the mechanisms driving immuno-nutrition, the associations between nutritional compounds, the commensal gut microbiota, and the host immune response. Dietary compounds such as lipids, play a central role in GI barrier function. Bioactive sphingolipids (SLs), e.g. sphingomyelin (SM), sphingosine (Sph), ceramide (Cer), sphingosine-1- phosphate (S1P) and ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) may derive from dietary SLs ingested through the diet. They are not only integral components of cell membranes, they additionally modulate cell trafficking and are precursors for mediators and second messenger molecules. By regulating intracellular calcium levels, cell motility, cell proliferation and apoptosis, SL metabolites have been described to influence GI immune homeostasis positively and detrimentally. Furthermore, dietary SLs are suggested to induce a shift in the gut microbiota. Modes of action range from competing with the commensal bacteria for intestinal cell attachment to prevention from pathogen invasion by regulating innate and immediate defense mechanisms. SL metabolites can also be produced by gut microorganisms, directly impacting host metabolic pathways. This review aims to summarize recent findings on SL signaling and functional variations of dietary SLs. We highlight novel insights in SL homeostasis and SL impact on GI barrier function, which is directly linked to changes of the intestinal microbiota. Knowledge gaps in current literature will be discussed to address questions relevant for understanding the pivotal role of dietary SLs on chronic, low grade inflammation and to define a balanced and healthy diet for disease prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rohrhofer
- Gastrointestinal Immunology Group, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Zwirzitz
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evelyne Selberherr
- Unit of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Untersmayr
- Gastrointestinal Immunology Group, Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kanaani H, Azarmi Y, Dastmalchi S, Zarei O, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M. Investigation of intestinal transportation of peptide-displaying bacteriophage particles using phage display method. J Pept Sci 2020; 27:e3292. [PMID: 33200451 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether peptide sequences with specific translocation across the gastrointestinal barrier can be identified as drug delivery vehicles, in vivo phage display was conducted. For this purpose, a random library of 12-mer peptides displayed on M13 bacteriophage was orally administered to mice followed by recovery of the phage particles from the blood samples after three consecutive biopanning rounds. The obtained peptide sequences were analyzed using bioinformatics tools and software. The results demonstrated that M13 bacteriophage bearing peptides translocate nonspecifically across the mice intestinal mucosal barrier deduced from random distribution of amino acids in different positions of the identified peptide sequences. The most probable reason for entering the phage particles into systemic circulation after oral administration of the peptide library can be related to the nanoscale nature of their structures which provides a satisfying platform for the purpose of designing nanocarriers in pharmaceutical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hakimeh Kanaani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Azarmi
- School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Zarei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hill GW, Gillum TL, Lee BJ, Romano PA, Schall ZJ, Kuennen MR. Reduced inflammatory and phagocytotic responses following normobaric hypoxia exercise despite evidence supporting greater immune challenge. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:628-640. [PMID: 31751149 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined changes in immune markers following sustained treadmill exercise in normobaric hypoxia. Ten subjects performed 1 h of treadmill exercise (65% maximal oxygen uptake) under normoxic (NORM: fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) = 20.9%) and normobaric hypoxic (HYP: FIO2 = 13.5%) conditions. Blood samples, collected before, after (Post), 1 h after (1-Post), and 4 h after (4-Post) exercise, were assayed for plasma cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1RA/IL-1β/IL-8/tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) and markers of leukocyte activation (macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β)/myeloperoxidase (MPO)/soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1)) using ELISA. Pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokine ratios (TNF-α/IL-1RA; IL-1β/IL-1RA) were calculated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were analyzed for changes in inflammatory status (phosphorylated nuclear factor kappa B/nuclear factor kappa B) using Western Blot. Data were analyzed with 2-way (condition × time) repeated-measure ANOVAs with Newman-Keuls post hoc tests. MIP-1β was elevated at 1-Post HYP exercise (+11%; p < 0.01) but did not increase following exercise in NORM. TNF-α/IL-1RA and IL-1β/IL-1RA ratios were both reduced (p < 0.05) following HYP exercise (-16% and -52%, respectively, at 1-Post and -7% and -32%, respectively, at 4-Post). IL-8 increased (p < 0.05) at Post and 1-Post NORM (+33% and +57%, respectively) and HYP (+60% and +83%, respectively) exercise, but was not different between conditions (p > 0.05). Interestingly, plasma sICAM-1 did not increase (p > 0.05) following NORM exercise but was increased (p < 0.05) at Post (+17%), 1-Post (+16%), and 4-Post (+14%) HYP exercise. There was also a delayed peak in plasma MPO concentrations following HYP exercise and PBMC exhibited a reduced (p < 0.05) inflammatory capacity at Post (-38%) and 1-Post (-49%). Novelty Following HYP exercise, participants exhibited (i) circulatory bias towards anti-inflammation; (ii) elevated sICAM; (iii) delayed peak in plasma MPO; and (iv) diminished inflammatory response in PBMC. Collectively, these data suggest immunosuppression. This is undesirable, given that elevated MIP-1β (reported here) and elevated intestinal fatty acid binding protein (reported previously) both suggest higher lipopolysaccharide concentrations following HYP exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garrett W Hill
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Trevor L Gillum
- Department of Kinesiology, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA
| | - Ben J Lee
- Occupational Performance Research Group, University of Chichester, Chichester PO19 6PE, UK
| | - Phebe A Romano
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Zach J Schall
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| | - Matthew R Kuennen
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC 27268, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Escoula Q, Bellenger S, Narce M, Bellenger J. Docosahexaenoic and Eicosapentaenoic Acids Prevent Altered-Muc2 Secretion Induced by Palmitic Acid by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in LS174T Goblet Cells. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2179. [PMID: 31514316 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diets high in saturated fatty acids (FA) represent a risk factor for the development of obesity and associated metabolic disorders, partly through their impact on the epithelial cell barrier integrity. We hypothesized that unsaturated FA could alleviate saturated FA-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress occurring in intestinal secretory goblet cells, and consequently the reduced synthesis and secretion of mucins that form the protective mucus barrier. To investigate this hypothesis, we treated well-differentiated human colonic LS174T goblet cells with palmitic acid (PAL)—the most commonly used inducer of lipotoxicity in in vitro systems—or n-9, n-6, or n-3 unsaturated fatty acids alone or in co-treatment with PAL, and measured the impact of such treatments on ER stress and Muc2 production. Our results showed that only eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids protect goblet cells against ER stress-mediated altered Muc2 secretion induced by PAL, whereas neither linolenic acid nor n-9 and n-6 FA are able to provide such protection. We conclude that EPA and DHA could represent potential therapeutic nutrients against the detrimental lipotoxicity of saturated fatty acids, associated with type 2 diabetes and obesity or inflammatory bowel disease. These in vitro data remain to be explored in vivo in a context of dietary obesity.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bhattarai Y. Microbiota-gut-brain axis: Interaction of gut microbes and their metabolites with host epithelial barriers. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13366. [PMID: 29878576 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal barrier and the blood brain barrier represent an important line of defense to protect the underlying structures against harmful external stimuli. These host barriers are composed of epithelial and endothelial cells interconnected by tight junction proteins along with several other supporting structures. Disruption in host barrier structures has therefore been implicated in various diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. While there are several factors that influence host barrier, recently there is an increasing appreciation of the role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in regulating barrier integrity. In the current issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, Marungruang et al. describe the effect of gastrointestinal barrier maturation on gut microbiota and the blood brain barrier adding to the growing evidence of microbiota-barrier interactions. In this mini-review I will discuss the effect of gut microbiota on host epithelial barriers and its implications for diseases associated with disrupted gut-brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Bhattarai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Damiano S, Sasso A, De Felice B, Di Gregorio I, La Rosa G, Lupoli GA, Belfiore A, Mondola P, Santillo M. Quercetin Increases MUC2 and MUC5AC Gene Expression and Secretion in Intestinal Goblet Cell-Like LS174T via PLC/PKCα/ERK1-2 Pathway. Front Physiol 2018; 9:357. [PMID: 29681865 PMCID: PMC5897515 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The main dietary flavonoid quercetin, is known to preserve the integrity of gastrointestinal barrier and to have anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-fibrotic, and other beneficial properties. Many of the biological effects of quercetin appear to be associated to the modulation of cell signaling pathways, rather than to its antioxidant activity. In spite of the large number of data available on the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which quercetin exerts its biological effects, including protection of intestinal barrier function, there is a lack of data about the role of this substance on the expression and/or the secretion of mucins released by intestinal goblet cells. Here we investigated the effects of quercetin on the secretion and the gene expression of the main intestinal gel-forming mucins, MUC2 and MUC5AC, and the signaling mechanisms underlined, in human intestinal goblet cell-like LS174T. We found that quercetin increases intracellular Ca2+ levels and induces MUC2 and MUC5AC secretion in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Quercetin also induces mRNA levels of both secretory mucins. Quercetin stimulation of LS174T cells increases phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK)1-2 and protein kinase C (PKC) α and the induction of MUC2 and MUC5AC secretion and mRNA relies on phospholipase C (PLC), PKC, and ERK1-2 signaling pathways since the PLC inhibitor U73122, the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide (BIM) and the ERK1-2 pathway inhibitor PD98059, all revert the stimulatory effects of quercetin. We also demonstrated that the induction of mucin gene expression by quercetin is not limited to goblet cells. Indeed, quercetin induces mRNA levels of MUC2 and MUC5AC via PKCα/ERK1-2 pathway also in the human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells. These data highlight a novel mechanism thereby quercetin, regulating the secretory function of intestinal goblet cells and mucin levels in enterocytes may exert its protective effects on intestinal mucosal barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Damiano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Sasso
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Bruna De Felice
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Caserta, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Gregorio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana La Rosa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Gelsi A Lupoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Belfiore
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Mondola
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Santillo
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kenzaoui BH, Vilà MR, Miquel JM, Cengelli F, Juillerat-Jeanneret L. Evaluation of uptake and transport of cationic and anionic ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles by human colon cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1275-86. [PMID: 22419874 PMCID: PMC3298390 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s26865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are in clinical use or under development for therapeutic imaging and drug delivery. However, relatively little information exists concerning the uptake and transport of NPs across human colon cell layers, or their potential to invade three-dimensional models of human colon cells that better mimic the tissue structures of normal and tumoral colon. In order to gain such information, the interactions of biocompatible ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO NPs) (iron oxide core 9–10 nm) coated with either cationic polyvinylamine (aminoPVA) or anionic oleic acid with human HT-29 and Caco-2 colon cells was determined. The uptake of the cationic USPIO NPs was much higher than the uptake of the anionic USPIO NPs. The intracellular localization of aminoPVA USPIO NPs was confirmed in HT-29 cells by transmission electron microscopy that detected the iron oxide core. AminoPVA USPIO NPs invaded three-dimensional spheroids of both HT-29 and Caco-2 cells, whereas oleic acid-coated USPIO NPs could only invade Caco-2 spheroids. Neither cationic aminoPVA USPIO NPs nor anionic oleic acid-coated USPIO NPs were transported at detectable levels across the tight CacoReady™ intestinal barrier model or the more permeable mucus-secreting CacoGoblet™ model.
Collapse
|