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Duello TM, Rivedal S, Wickland C, Weller A. Race and genetics versus 'race' in genetics: A systematic review of the use of African ancestry in genetic studies. Evol Med Public Health 2021; 9:232-245. [PMID: 34815885 PMCID: PMC8604262 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Social scientists have long understood race to be a social category invented to justify slavery and evolutionary biologists know the socially constructed racial categories do not align with our biological understanding of genetic variation. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 confirmed humans are 99.9% identical at the DNA level and there is no genetic basis for race. A systematic review of the PubMed medical literature published since 2003 was conducted to assess the use of African ancestry to denote study populations in genetic studies categorized as clinical trials, to examine the stated rationale for its use and to assess the use of evolutionary principles to explain human genetic diversity. We searched for papers that included the terms 'African', 'African American' or 'Black' in studies of behavior (20 papers), physiological responses, the pharmacokinetics of drugs and/or disease associations (62 papers), and as a genetic category in studies, including the examination of genotypes associated with life stress, pain, stuttering and drug clearance (126 papers). Of these, we identified 74 studies in which self-reported race alone or in combination with admixture mapping was used to define the study population. However, none of these studies provided a genetic explanation for the use of the self-identified race as a genetic category and only seven proffered evolutionary explanations of their data. The concept of continuous genetic variation was not clearly articulated in any of these papers, presumably due to the paucity of evolutionary science in the college and medical school curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Duello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin –
Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shawna Rivedal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin –
Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Colton Wickland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin –
Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Annika Weller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin –
Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Souza LV, de Almeida SS, De Meneck F, Thomazini F, Araujo RC, Franco do MC. Polymorphism of the bradykinin type 2 receptor gene modulates blood pressure profile and microvascular function in prepubescent children. Peptides 2021; 137:170491. [PMID: 33412234 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous reports reveal that +9/-9 polymorphism of the bradykinin B2 receptor (BDKRB2) is suggestive of cardiometabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of BDKRB2 + 9/-9 polymorphism genotypes on the blood pressure parameters and microvascular function in prepubescent children. We screened for BDKRB2 + 9/-9 polymorphism in the DNA of 145 children (86 boys and 59 girls), and its association with body composition, blood pressure levels, biochemical parameters, and endothelial function was determined. No significant association of the BDKRB2 genotypes with gender (P=0.377), race (P=0.949) or family history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) (P=0.858) was observed. Moreover, we did not identify any interaction between BDKRB2 genotypes with a phenotype of obesity (P=0.144). Children carrying the +9/+9 genotype exhibited a significant linear trend with higher levels of systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure (P<0.001). Moreover, the presence of +9 allele resulted in a decrease of reactive hyperemia index, showing a decreasing linear trend from -9/-9 to +9/+9, wherein this parameter of endothelial function was the lowest in the +9/+9 children, intermediate in the +9/-9 children, and the highest in the -9/-9 children (P<0.001). There was a significant inverse correlation between reactive hyperemia index and systolic blood pressure (r= - 0.348, P< 0.001) and pulse pressure (r= - 0.399, P< 0.001). Our findings indicate that the +9/+9 BDKRB2 genotype was associated with high blood pressure and microvascular dysfunction in prepubescent Brazilian children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Victorino Souza
- Division of Nephrology, Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Franciele De Meneck
- Division of Nephrology, Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Thomazini
- Division of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Carvalho Araujo
- Biophysical Department, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Carmo Franco do
- Division of Nephrology, Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Nunes RAB, Lima LB, Tanaka NI, da Costa Pereira A, Krieger JE, Mansur AJ. Genetic associations of bradykinin type 2 receptor, alpha-adrenoceptors and endothelial nitric oxide synthase with blood pressure and left ventricular mass in outpatients without overt heart disease. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2018; 21:45-49. [PMID: 30294660 PMCID: PMC6171079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Physiological pathways such as bradykinin, renin-angiotensin, neurohormones and nitric oxide have been shown to play an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular function. Genetic variants of these pathways may impact blood pressure and left ventricular (LV) mass in different populations. To evaluate associations of genetic polymorphisms of bradykinin B2 receptor (BDKRB2), alpha-adrenergic receptors (ADRA) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) on the modulation of the blood pressure and the left ventricular mass. Methods We enrolled 758 individuals without overt heart disease. Blood pressure was estimated by auscultatory method during the clinical examination. Left ventricular (LV) mass was assessed by echocardiography. Genotypes for ADRA1A rs1048101, ADRA2A rs553668, ADRA2B rs28365031, eNOS rs2070744, eNOS rs1799983, and BDKRB2 rs5810761 polymorphisms were assessed by high-resolution melting analysis. Results BDKRB2 polymorphism rs5810761 was associated with blood pressure. Carriers of DD genotype had higher levels of SBP and DBP than carrier of II genotype (p = 0.013 and p = 0.007, respectively). eNOS polymorphism rs1799983 was associated with DBP. Carriers of GT genotype had lower levels of DBP than carriers of GG genotype (p = 0.018). eNOS polymorphism rs2070744 was associated with LV mass. Carriers of TC genotype had higher LV mass than carriers of TT genotype (p = 0.028). Conclusions In a cohort of individuals without overt heart disease, the BDKRB2 rs5810761 polymorphism (DD genotype carriers) were associated higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and the eNOS rs1799983 polymorphism (T allele carriers) were associated with lower diastolic blood pressure. The eNOS rs2070744 polymorphism (C allele carriers) was associated with higher left ventricular mass. These data suggest that eNOS and bradykinin receptor genetic variants may be potential markers of common cardiovascular phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Amorim Belo Nunes
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.,Applied Statistics Center (CEA) of Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Barbosa Lima
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.,Applied Statistics Center (CEA) of Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nelson Ithiro Tanaka
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.,Applied Statistics Center (CEA) of Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre da Costa Pereira
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.,Applied Statistics Center (CEA) of Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Krieger
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.,Applied Statistics Center (CEA) of Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alfredo José Mansur
- Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.,Applied Statistics Center (CEA) of Institute of Mathematics and Statistics (IME), Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Regoli D, Gobeil F. Kallikrein-kinin system as the dominant mechanism to counteract hyperactive renin-angiotensin system. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2017; 95:1117-1124. [PMID: 28384411 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) generates, maintains, and makes worse hypertension and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) through its biologically active component angiotensin II (Ang II), that causes vasoconstriction, sodium retention, and structural alterations of the heart and the arteries. A few endogenous vasodilators, kinins, natriuretic peptides, and possibly angiotensin (1-7), exert opposite actions and may provide useful therapeutic agents. As endothelial autacoids, the kinins are potent vasodilators, active natriuretics, and protectors of the endothelium. Indeed, the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) is considered the dominant mechanism for counteracting the detrimental effects of the hyperactive RAS. The 2 systems, RAS and KKS, are controlled by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) that generates Ang II and inactivates the kinins. Inhibitors of ACE can reduce the impact of Ang II and potentiate the kinins, thus contributing to restore the cardiovascular homeostasis. In the last 20 years, ACE-inhibitors (ACE-Is) have become the drugs of first choice for the treatments of the major CVDs. ACE-Is not only reduce blood pressure, as sartans also do, but by protecting and potentiating the kinins, they can reduce morbidity and mortality and improve the quality of life for patients with CVDs. This paper provides a brief review of the literature on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Regoli
- a Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernand Gobeil
- b Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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Gu W, Li Z, Wang Z, Liu Y, Liu J, Wen S. Association of the bradykinin receptors genes variants with hypertension: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Hypertens 2015; 38:100-6. [PMID: 26362411 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2015.1060989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was to investigate the role of bradykinin receptors genes polymorphisms on hypertension risk in Northern Han Chinese population. We also carried out a meta-analysis on Chinese to derive a more full assessment of this association. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 976 subjects from Northern Han Chinese and 7 studies with 1599 cases and 1425 controls were included in this case-control study and in the current meta-analysis, respectively. For the case-control study, we identified the genotypes of -58T/C and 1098A/G polymorphism in BDKRB2 and BDKRB1 genes, respectively, by TaqMan PCR method. Overall, we found significant association between the -58T/C polymorphism and the increased risk of hypertension in the allele comparison (p = 0.01, OR = 1.386, 95% CI [1.138-1.688]). Subgroup analysis by gender suggested that this obvious association could still be found in males, but not in females. For the 1098A/G polymorphism, no significant association was revealed in overall and subgroup analysis. For the meta-analysis involving the -58T/C polymorphism, a significant association between this polymorphism and hypertension was observed in the whole group. In Chinese Han subgroup, we found significant association with hypertension in allele comparison(C vs. T: p = 0.03, OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.03-1.59, pheterogeneity = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our case-control study indicated that -58T/C might be significantly associated with the increased risk of hypertension in Northern Han Chinese population, which was partially confirmed by our meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gu
- a Department of Hypertension Research , Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China , and
| | - Zhao Li
- b Department of Cardiology , Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zuoguang Wang
- a Department of Hypertension Research , Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China , and
| | - Ya Liu
- a Department of Hypertension Research , Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China , and
| | - Jilin Liu
- a Department of Hypertension Research , Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China , and
| | - Shaojun Wen
- a Department of Hypertension Research , Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Capital Medical University , Beijing , People's Republic of China , and
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Girolami JP, Blaes N, Bouby N, Alhenc-Gelas F. Genetic manipulation and genetic variation of the kallikrein-kinin system: impact on cardiovascular and renal diseases. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2014; 69:145-196. [PMID: 25130042 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06683-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) in mice, with either gain or loss of function, and study of human genetic variability in KKS components which has been well documented at the phenotypic and genomic level, have allowed recognizing the physiological role of KKS in health and in disease. This role has been especially documented in the cardiovascular system and the kidney. Kinins are produced at slow rate in most organs in resting condition and/or inactivated quickly. Yet the KKS is involved in arterial function and in renal tubular function. In several pathological situations, kinin production increases, kinin receptor synthesis is upregulated, and kinins play an important role, whether beneficial or detrimental, in disease outcome. In the setting of ischemic, diabetic or hemodynamic aggression, kinin release by tissue kallikrein protects against organ damage, through B2 and/or B1 bradykinin receptor activation, depending on organ and disease. This has been well documented for the ischemic or diabetic heart, kidney and skeletal muscle, where KKS activity reduces oxidative stress, limits necrosis or fibrosis and promotes angiogenesis. On the other hand, in some pathological situations where plasma prekallikrein is inappropriately activated, excess kinin release in local or systemic circulation is detrimental, through oedema or hypotension. Putative therapeutic application of these clinical and experimental findings through current pharmacological development is discussed in the chapter.
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Alves CR, Alves GB, Pereira AC, Trombetta IC, Dias RG, Mota GFA, Fernandes T, Krieger JE, Negrão CE, Oliveira EM. Vascular reactivity and ACE activity response to exercise training are modulated by the +9/−9 bradykinin B2 receptor gene functional polymorphism. Physiol Genomics 2013; 45:487-92. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00065.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The bradykinin receptor B2 ( BDKRB 2) gene +9/−9 polymorphism has been associated with higher gene transcriptional activity, and characteristics of cardiovascular phenotypes and physical performance. We hypothesized that vasodilation and ACE activity response to exercise training is modulated by BDKRB 2 gene. We genotyped 71 healthy volunteers were genotyped for the BDKRB 2 gene polymorphism. Heart rate (HR), mean blood pressure (MBP), and forearm blood flow (FBF) were evaluated. Angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) activity was measured by fluorescence. Aerobic training was performed for 16 wk. All variables were reassessed after completion of the training period. In pretraining period, HR, MBP, FBF, and forearm vascular conductance (FVC) were similar among all genotypes. After physical training, the FBF and the FVC response during handgrip exercise such as area under the curve were higher in −9/−9 carriers than the other two groups. However, there were no changes in HR and MBP for all three groups. In addition, in posttraining period the decrease in ACE activity was higher in the −9/−9 group than the other two groups. These results suggest that reflex muscle vasodilation and ACE activity in response to exercise training are modulated by BDKRB 2 gene +9/−9 polymorphism in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cléber Rene Alves
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Glória F. A. Mota
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - Tiago Fernandes
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; and
| | - José Eduardo Krieger
- Heart Institute (Incor), Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Polymorphisms in the transcription factor NRF2 and forearm vasodilator responses in humans. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012; 22:620-8. [PMID: 22668754 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e32835516e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress is integral to the development of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. As NRF2 is a key transcription factor in antioxidant defense, we aimed to determine whether polymorphisms within the promoter region of the gene encoding NRF2 (NFE2L2) would significantly modify vasodilator responses in humans. METHODS Associations between the -653A/G (rs35652124), -651G/A (rs6706649), and -617C/A (rs6721961) polymorphisms within the NFE2L2 promoter and vascular function were evaluated in healthy African-American (n=64) and white (n=184) individuals. Forearm blood flow (FBF) was measured by strain-gauge venous occlusion plethysmography at baseline and in response to incremental doses of bradykinin or sodium nitroprusside. Forearm vascular resistance (FVR) was calculated as the mean arterial pressure/FBF. RESULTS In African Americans, -653G variant allele carriers had significantly lower FBF and higher FVR under basal conditions as well as in response to bradykinin or sodium nitroprusside compared with wild-type individuals (P<0.05 for each comparison). In whites, although no significant associations were observed with the -653A/G genotype, -617A variant allele carriers had significantly higher FVR at baseline and in response to bradykinin or sodium nitroprusside compared with wild-type individuals (P<0.05 for each comparison). The -651G/A polymorphism was not associated with vasodilator responses in either racial group. CONCLUSION Polymorphisms within the NFE2L2 promoter were associated with impaired forearm vasodilator responses in an endothelial-independent manner, suggesting an important role of NRF2 in the regulation of vascular function in humans.
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Popadic Gacesa JZ, Momcilovic M, Veselinovic I, Brodie DA, Grujic NG. Bradykinin type 2 receptor -9/-9 genotype is associated with triceps brachii muscle hypertrophy following strength training in young healthy men. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012; 13:217. [PMID: 23127247 PMCID: PMC3531309 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bradykinin type 2 receptor (B2BRK) genotype was reported to be associated with changes in the left-ventricular mass as a response to aerobic training, as well as in the regulation of the skeletal muscle performance in both athletes and non-athletes. However, there are no reports on the effect of B2BRK 9-bp polymorphism on the response of the skeletal muscle to strength training, and our aim was to determine the relationship between the B2BRK SNP and triceps brachii functional and morphological adaptation to programmed physical activity in young adults. Methods In this 6-week pretest-posttest exercise intervention study, twenty nine healthy young men (21.5 ± 2.7 y, BMI 24.2 ± 3.5 kg/m2) were put on a 6-week exercise protocol using an isoacceleration dynamometer (5 times a week, 5 daily sets with 10 maximal elbow extensions, 1 minute rest between sets). Triceps brachii muscle volumes were assessed by using magnetic resonance imaging before and after the strength training. Bradykinin type 2 receptor 9 base pair polymorphism was determined for all participants. Results Following the elbow extensors training, an average increase in the volume of both triceps brachii was 5.4 ± 3.4% (from 929.5 ± 146.8 cm3 pre-training to 977.6 ± 140.9 cm3 after training, p<0.001). Triceps brachii volume increase was significantly larger in individuals homozygous for −9 allele compared to individuals with one or two +9 alleles (−9/-9, 8.5 ± 3.8%; vs. -9/+9 and +9/+9 combined, 4.7 ± 4.5%, p < 0.05). Mean increases in endurance strength in response to training were 48.4 ± 20.2%, but the increases were not dependent on B2BRK genotype (−9/-9, 50.2 ± 19.2%; vs. -9/+9 and +9/+9 combined, 46.8 ± 20.7%, p > 0.05). Conclusions We found that muscle morphological response to targeted training – hypertrophy – is related to polymorphisms of B2BRK. However, no significant influence of different B2BRK genotypes on functional muscle properties after strength training in young healthy non athletes was found. This finding could be relevant, not only in predicting individual muscle adaptation capacity to training or sarcopenia related to aging and inactivity, but also in determining new therapeutic strategies targeting genetic control of muscle function, especially for neuromuscular disorders that are characterized by progressive adverse changes in muscle quality, mass, strength and force production (e.g., muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Z Popadic Gacesa
- Laboratory for Functional Diagnostics, Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Gu D, Zhao Q, Kelly TN, Hixson JE, Rao DC, Cao J, Chen J, Li J, Chen J, Ji X, Hu D, Wang X, Liu DP, He J. The role of the kallikrein-kinin system genes in the salt sensitivity of blood pressure: the GenSalt Study. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 176 Suppl 7:S72-80. [PMID: 23035147 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kws277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study comprehensively examined the association between common genetic variants of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) and blood pressure salt sensitivity. A 7-day low-sodium followed by a 7-day high-sodium dietary intervention was conducted among 1,906 Han Chinese participants recruited from 2003 to 2005. Blood pressure was measured by using a random-zero sphygmomanometer through the study. A total of 205 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) covering 11 genes of the KKS were selected for the analyses. Genetic variants of the bradykinin receptor B2 gene (BDKRB2) and the endothelin converting enzyme 1 gene (ECE1) showed significant associations with the salt-sensitivity phenotypes even after adjustment for multiple testing. Compared with the major G allele, the BDKRB2 rs11847625 minor C allele was significantly associated with increased systolic blood pressure responses to low-sodium intervention (P = 0.0001). Furthermore, a haplotype containing allele C was associated with an increased systolic blood pressure response to high-sodium intervention (P = 0.0009). Seven highly correlated ECE1 SNPs were shown to increase the diastolic blood pressure response to low-sodium intervention (P values ranged from 0.0003 to 0.002), with 2 haplotypes containing these 7 SNPs also associated with this same phenotype (P values ranged from 0.0004 to 0.002). In summary, genetic variants of the genes involved in the regulation of KKS may contribute to the salt sensitivity of blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Gu
- Department of Evidence Based Medicine, Fuwai Hospital and National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 167 Beilishi Road, Beijing 100037, China.
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Silva PS, Fontana V, Luizon MR, Lacchini R, Silva WA, Biagi C, Tanus-Santos JE. eNOS and BDKRB2 genotypes affect the antihypertensive responses to enalapril. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2012; 69:167-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00228-012-1326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Talameh J, Misher A, Hoskins J. A capillary electrophoresis method for genotyping the 9-bp exon 1 insertion/deletion in BDKRB2. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:353-8. [PMID: 22304584 PMCID: PMC3290903 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To develop and apply a novel genotyping method for the 9-bp exon 1 insertion/deletion polymorphism in BDKRB2. MATERIALS & METHODS DNA from 718 patients with heart failure was extracted using standard methods and a region containing exon 1 of BDKRB2 was amplified with PCR. The PCR product was separated using the Qiagen QIAxcel® capillary electrophoresis system. The bp size of the PCR product was calculated and the genotypes determined using Qiagen BioCalculator® software. RESULTS Capillary electrophoresis accurately genotyped samples with >99% call rate and 700 s run time per row of a 96-well plate (i.e., less than 1 min per sample). The frequency of the deletion was 49% in the Caucasian patients (n = 441) and 45% in the African-American (n = 277). CONCLUSION Capillary electrophoresis is a rapid, accurate and sensitive method for genotyping the 9-bp exon 1 insertion/deletion polymorphism in BDKRB2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Talameh
- Institute for Pharmacogenomics & Individualized Therapy, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1100 Genetic Medicine Building, Campus Box Number 7361, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7361, USA.
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Lee CR, Pretorius M, Schuck RN, Burch LH, Bartlett J, Williams SM, Zeldin DC, Brown NJ. Genetic variation in soluble epoxide hydrolase (EPHX2) is associated with forearm vasodilator responses in humans. Hypertension 2011; 57:116-22. [PMID: 21098312 PMCID: PMC3020911 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.161695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450-derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids are potent vasodilators in preclinical models and are hydrolyzed by soluble epoxide hydrolase (EPHX2). Associations between the EPHX2 Lys55Arg and Arg287Gln polymorphisms and cardiovascular disease risk have been reported; however, their impact on vascular function in humans has not been investigated. In 265 volunteers (198 white, 67 black American), forearm blood flow was measured by strain-gauge venous occlusion plethysmography at baseline and in response to bradykinin, methacholine, and sodium nitroprusside. Forearm vascular resistance was calculated as mean arterial pressure/forearm blood flow. In white Americans, Lys55Arg genotype was associated with vasodilator response to bradykinin, such that forearm blood flow was significantly lower (P = 0.043) and forearm vascular resistance was significantly higher (P = 0.013) in Arg55 variant allele carriers compared to wild-type individuals. Significant associations were also observed with methacholine and sodium nitroprusside. In contrast, no relationship was observed in black Americans. In black Americans, Arg287Gln genotype was associated with vasodilator response to bradykinin. Although the difference in forearm blood flow did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.058), forearm vascular resistance was significantly lower (P = 0.037) in Gln287 variant allele carriers compared to wild-type individuals. Significant associations were also observed with methacholine and sodium nitroprusside. In white Americans, Gln287 variant allele carriers did not exhibit significantly higher forearm blood flow (P = 0.128) or lower forearm vascular resistance (P = 0.080). Genetic variation in EPHX2 is associated with forearm vasodilator responses in a bradykinin receptor- and endothelium-independent manner, suggesting an important role for soluble epoxide hydrolase in the regulation of vascular function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7569, USA.
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Wang P, Koehle MS, Rupert JL. No association between alleles of the bradykinin receptor-B2 gene and acute mountain sickness. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:737-40. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2010.009325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanism(s) of the development of acute mountain sickness (AMS) is still unclear. Although the chance of developing AMS and the severity of the condition are influenced by ascent rate and altitude attained, previous history is a reliable predictor of subsequent affliction, and some individuals and families are clearly predisposed, suggesting a genetic component to susceptibility. As the vasodilator bradykinin may be involved in acclimatization to altitude, we hypothesized that variants in genes encoding components of this pathway might play a role in AMS susceptibility. We tested this by looking for associations between two functional polymorphisms (the in/del polymorphism +9/−9 [rs5810761] and the single-nucleotide polymorphism C − 58T [rs1799722]) of BDKRB2 (the gene encoding the bradykinin receptor B2) and susceptibility to AMS in an altitude-exposed Nepalese population. Lowland attendees ( n = 233) at a religious festival at 4380 m in the Nepalese Himalaya were recruited and assessed for AMS by clinical evaluation and Lake Louise score (LLS). Those with a clinical diagnosis of AMS and an LLS ≥3 were designated AMS+ ( n = 100) and those without a diagnosis of AMS and with an LLS <3 were categorized as AMS− ( n = 117). DNA was prepared from buccal cells, genotyped for the two polymorphisms and allele frequencies compared between the two cohorts. No association was found between alleles at either polymorphism and susceptibility to AMS ( P > 0.50), although C − 58T heterozygotes were significantly more common ( P < 0.001, χ2 = 49.6) in the subjects than would be predicted if the population was in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The results of our association study do not support the hypothesis that variants in BDKRB2 influence altitude tolerance in a lowland Nepalese population; however, the deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium observed for the C − 58T polymorphism could be explained by self-selection for altitude tolerance in the festival attendees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia
| | - Michael S Koehle
- School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia
- Department of Family Practice, Allan McGavin Sport Medicine Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jim L Rupert
- School of Human Kinetics, University of British Columbia
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Bourdet B, Pécher C, Minville V, Jaafar A, Allard J, Blaes N, Girolami JP, Tack I. Distribution and expression of B2-kinin receptor on human leukocyte subsets in young adults and elderly using flow cytometry. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:155-61. [PMID: 20045189 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The kallikrein-kinin system has been investigated in many experimental models. Dysregulations of the KKS are likely to be involved in pathologies such as inflammation, cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Previous works on the human KKS mostly rely on gene polymorphism and mRNA expression. In order to assess the KKS in human at the protein level, we have developed an approach based on flow cytometric analysis of leukocytes. Whole blood samples were collected and erythrocytes were lysed. Permeabilised leukocytes were incubated with anti-B2R (IgG2b), anti-IgG2b-PE, anti-CD3-PerCP (lymphocytes) and anti-CD14-APC (monocytes) antibodies. FACScalibur analyzed fluorescence intensities. Results were expressed as per cent of B2R-positive cells in each leukocyte subset and as B2R fluorescence intensity per positive cell. Detection of the B2R protein by this methodology was validated by (i) correlation with Western blotting using two different B2R antibodies, (ii) BK-induced Erk activation, (iii) B2R mRNA expression. The methodology was then applied to evaluate variations of B2R expression in a population including young healthy, elderly healthy, and elderly treated hypertensive men and women. In the young healthy subjects, B2R distribution was: monocytes>polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)>lymphocytes and no difference with gender was observed. Moreover, no difference was observed on PMN B2R expression. B2R expression remained unchanged in the elderly healthy or hypertensive men. By contrast, monocytes and lymphocytes B2R expressions were decreased in the elderly healthy women. Finally, FACS analysis of B2R expression on leukocytes subsets provides single cell quantification of B2R expression allowing comparison of cellular sub-populations. This approach provides a new efficient tool to investigate B2R profiling of immune system in pathological states.
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Holstein SA, Hohl RJ. Vascular Medicine: A Look Forward. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2009; 86:117-9. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2009.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the bradykinin type 2 receptor gene influence diastolic blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens 2009; 23:553-5. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2009.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Heart failure is a heterogeneous disease, the development and pathophysiology of which involves complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. It is well known that there are several heritable forms of heart failure in which genetic variation makes an individual more likely to develop the disease; however, less is clear about the degree to which genetics plays a role in the pathogenesis of more classic forms of heart failure. Several studies have been performed in patients with heart failure to determine the influence of modifier genes on exercise capacity, cardiovascular and pulmonary function, and outcomes, including survival. Given the variability in the response to pharmacologic treatment in patients with heart failure, there is an emerging interest in the optimal pharmacologic intervention for a given genotype in patients with heart failure. This review focuses primarily on several modifier genes, principally those associated with regulation of the adrenergic and rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone systems and those important to vascular control in heart failure, as well as the impact of these genes in the response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Snyder
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Van Guilder GP, Pretorius M, Luther JM, Byrd JB, Hill K, Gainer JV, Brown NJ. Bradykinin type 2 receptor BE1 genotype influences bradykinin-dependent vasodilation during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Hypertension 2008; 51:454-9. [PMID: 18180402 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.102574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that the bradykinin receptor 2 (BDKRB2) BE1+9/-9 polymorphism affects vascular responses to bradykinin, we measured the effect of intra-arterial bradykinin on forearm blood flow and tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) release in 89 normotensive, nonsmoking, white American subjects in whom degradation of bradykinin was blocked by enalaprilat. BE1 genotype frequencies were +9/+9:+9/-9:-9/-9=19:42:28. BE1 genotype was associated with systolic blood pressure (121.4+/-2.8, 113.8+/-1.8, and 110.6+/-1.8 mm Hg in +9/+9, +9/-9, and -9/-9 groups, respectively; P=0.007). In the absence of enalaprilat, bradykinin-stimulated forearm blood flow, forearm vascular resistance, and net t-PA release were similar among genotype groups. Enalaprilat increased basal forearm blood flow (P=0.002) and decreased basal forearm vascular resistance (P=0.01) without affecting blood pressure. Enalaprilat enhanced the effect of bradykinin on forearm blood flow, forearm vascular resistance, and t-PA release (all P<0.001). During enalaprilat, forearm blood flow was significantly lower and forearm vascular resistance was higher in response to bradykinin in the +9/+9 compared with +9/-9 and -9/-9 genotype groups (P=0.04 for both). t-PA release tended to be decreased in response to bradykinin in the +9/+9 group (P=0.08). When analyzed separately by gender, BE1 genotype was associated with bradykinin-stimulated t-PA release in angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-treated men but not women (P=0.02 and P=0.77, respectively), after controlling for body mass index. There was no effect of BE1 genotype on responses to the bradykinin type 2 receptor-independent vasodilator methacholine during enalaprilat. In conclusion, the BDKRB2 BE1 polymorphism influences bradykinin type 2 receptor-mediated vasodilation during angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary P Van Guilder
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-6602, USA
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