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Westerterp KR. Predicting resting energy expenditure: a critical appraisal. Eur J Clin Nutr 2023; 77:953-958. [PMID: 37391582 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-023-01299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most commonly used prediction models for resting energy expenditure (REE) are Harris-Benedict (1919), Schofield (1985), Owen (1986), and Mifflin-St Jeor (1990), based on height, weight, age and gender, and Cunningham (1991), based on body composition. METHODS Here, the five models are compared with reference data, consisting of individual REE measurements (n = 353) from 14 studies, covering a large range of participant characteristics. RESULTS For white adults, prediction of REE with the Harris-Benedict model approached measured REE most closely, with estimates within 10% for more than 70% of the reference population. DISCUSSION Sources of differences between measured and predicted REE include measurement validity and measurement conditions. Importantly, a 12- to 14-h overnight fast may not be sufficient to reach post-absorptive conditions and may explain differences between predicted REE and measured REE. In both cases complete fasting REE may not have been achieved, especially in participants with high energy intake. CONCLUSION In white adults, measured resting energy expenditure was closest to predicted values with the classic Harris-Benedict model. Suggestions for improving resting energy expenditure measurements, as well as prediction models, include the definition of post-absorptive conditions, representing complete fasting conditions with respiratory exchange ratio as indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas R Westerterp
- NUTRIM, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Wang X, Mao D, Xu Z, Wang Y, Yang X, Zhuo Q, Tian Y, Huan Y, Li Y. Predictive Equation for Basal Metabolic Rate in Normal-Weight Chinese Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:4185. [PMID: 37836469 PMCID: PMC10574416 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a predictive equation for basal metabolic rate (BMR) in normal-weight Chinese adults and provide a reference for establishing the national recommended dietary energy intake. A new equation for BMR was derived from a sample of 516 normal-weight Chinese adults (men = 253, women = 263), and this sample was collected from two previous studies. Furthermore, the accuracy of this new equation and eight other previous predictive equations was reviewed. The agreement and reliability were compared in terms of bias, accuracy, the intraclass correlation coefficient, and Bland-Altman plots between predictive equations. In addition, the newly developed equation was further verified using a small independent sample, which contained 41 healthy Chinese adults (men = 21, women = 20). The measured BMR (mBMR) of all participants, measured using indirect calorimetry, was 1346.2 ± 358.0 kcal/d. Thirty participants were excluded based on Cook's distance criteria (Cook's distance of ≥0.008). Previous equations developed by Henry, Schofield, Harris-Benedict (H-B), Yang, and Hong overestimated the BMR of healthy Chinese adults. The present equation displayed the smallest average bias (0.2 kcal/d) between the mBMR and predicted basal metabolic rate (pBMR). The limits of agreement of the present equation from Bland-Altman plots were -514.3 kcal/d and 513.9 kcal/d, which is the most narrow and balanced limit of agreement. Moreover, in the verification of the testing database, the pBMR of the new equation was not significantly different from the mBMR, and the accuracy was 75.6%. Compared with pre-existing equations, the present equation is more applicable to the prediction of BMR in healthy Chinese adults. However, further studies are required to verify the accuracy of this new equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission (NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (X.W.); (D.M.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Deqian Mao
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission (NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (X.W.); (D.M.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Zechao Xu
- Beijing Chaoyang District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China;
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission (NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (X.W.); (D.M.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.)
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xiaoguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission (NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (X.W.); (D.M.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.)
- China-DRIs Expert Committee on Macronutrients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qin Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health Commission (NHC), National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (X.W.); (D.M.); (Y.W.); (X.Y.)
- China-DRIs Expert Committee on Macronutrients, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Yuping Huan
- Department of Cuisine and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China;
| | - Yajie Li
- Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China;
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Sun Y, Liu Y, Yin X, Li M, Zhang T, Zhang F, Guo Y, Sun P. The predictive equations of resting metabolic rate for
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ibetan adolescents aged 13–18 in
T
ibet,
C
hina. Am J Hum Biol 2022; 35:e23845. [PMID: 36484179 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The resting metabolic rate (RMR) predictive equations suitable for Tibetan adolescents in Tibet, China, were developed to provide a reference for their reasonable energy intake. METHODS We measured RMR by indirect calorimetry and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis in 325 Tibetan adolescents aged 13-18 years in Tibet, China. Stepwise regression analysis was used to develop the predictive equations. Pearson correlation analysis, paired sample t test, bias rate, concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) and Bland-Altman were used to verify the validity of the predictive equations. RESULTS The R2 of Model 8 (0.642) was larger than Model 2 (boys, 0.642; girls, 0.533) and Model 7 (0.540), and Model 10 (0.534) was larger than Model 4 (boys, 0.531; girls, 0.443) and Model 9 (0.477).Compared with the existing predictive equations, the correlation (0.68-0.84) between the predicted values and the measured values, CCC (0.74-0.81) and consistency (Similar proportions within the upper and lower limits but lower differences) were higher and the bias rate (-1.0% to -2.5%) and root mean square error (207.4-263.7 kcal/day) were lower in this study. By comprehensive comparison, Model 8 and Model 10 were more valid. CONCLUSIONS The existing predictive equations cannot accurately predict the RMR of Tibetan adolescents in Tibet, China. In this study, the age segmentation predictive equations with age, sex, and fat free mass (FFM) as independent variables were more valid. The predictive equations were as follows: RMR (kcal/day) = 50.1 × FFM (kg) - 202.8 × Sex (F: 0; M: 1) - 72.1 × Age + 930.3, 13-15 years; RMR (kcal/day) = 58.4 × FFM (kg) - 441.1 × Sex (F: 0; M: 1) - 702.2, 16-18 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- College of Physical Education Ludong University Yantai Shandong China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Physical Education & Health East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Xiaojian Yin
- College of Economics and Management Shanghai Institute of Technology Shanghai China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Physical Education & Health East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Physical Education & Health East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Physical Education & Health East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Yaru Guo
- College of Physical Education & Health East China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Pengwei Sun
- College of Physical Education & Health East China Normal University Shanghai China
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The Comparison of the Effects between Continuous and Intermittent Energy Restriction in Short-Term Bodyweight Loss for Sedentary Population: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111645. [PMID: 34770157 PMCID: PMC8583133 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To compare the effects of continuous energy restriction (CER) and intermittent energy restriction (IER) in bodyweight loss plan in sedentary individuals with normal bodyweight and explore the influence factors of effect and individual retention. Methods: 26 participants were recruited in this randomized controlled and double-blinded trial and allocated to CER and IER groups. Bodyweight (BW), body mass index (BMI), and resting metabolic rate (RMR) would be collected before and after a 4-week (28 days) plan which included energy restriction (CER or IER) and moderate-intensity exercise. Daily intake of three major nutrients (protein, carbohydrate, fat) and calories were recorded. Results: A significant decrease in BW and BMI were reported within each group. No statistically significant difference in the change of RMR in CERG. No statistically significant difference was reported in the effect between groups, neither as well the intake of total calories, three major nutrients, and individual plan retention. The influence factors of IER and CER are different. Conclusion: Both CER and IER are effective and safe energy restriction strategies in the short term. Daily energy intake and physical exercise are important to both IER and CER.
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Ocagli H, Lanera C, Azzolina D, Piras G, Soltanmohammadi R, Gallipoli S, Gafare CE, Cavion M, Roccon D, Vedovelli L, Lorenzoni G, Gregori D. Resting Energy Expenditure in the Elderly: Systematic Review and Comparison of Equations in an Experimental Population. Nutrients 2021; 13:458. [PMID: 33573101 PMCID: PMC7912404 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Elderly patients are at risk of malnutrition and need an appropriate assessment of energy requirements. Predictive equations are widely used to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE). In the study, we conducted a systematic review of REE predictive equations in the elderly population and compared them in an experimental population. Studies involving subjects older than 65 years of age that evaluated the performance of a predictive equation vs. a gold standard were included. The retrieved equations were then tested on a sample of 88 elderly subjects enrolled in an Italian nursing home to evaluate the agreement among the estimated REEs. The agreement was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). A web application, equationer, was developed to calculate all the estimated REEs according to the available variables. The review identified 68 studies (210 different equations). The agreement among the equations in our sample was higher for equations with fewer parameters, especially those that included body weight, ICC = 0.75 (95% CI = 0.69-0.81). There is great heterogeneity among REE estimates. Such differences should be considered and evaluated when estimates are applied to particularly fragile populations since the results have the potential to impact the patient's overall clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honoria Ocagli
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35121 Padova, Italy; (H.O.); (C.L.); (D.A.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (L.V.); (G.L.)
| | - Corrado Lanera
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35121 Padova, Italy; (H.O.); (C.L.); (D.A.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (L.V.); (G.L.)
| | - Danila Azzolina
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35121 Padova, Italy; (H.O.); (C.L.); (D.A.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (L.V.); (G.L.)
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Gianluca Piras
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35121 Padova, Italy; (H.O.); (C.L.); (D.A.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (L.V.); (G.L.)
| | - Rozita Soltanmohammadi
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35121 Padova, Italy; (H.O.); (C.L.); (D.A.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (L.V.); (G.L.)
| | - Silvia Gallipoli
- ZETA Research Incorporation, Via A. Caccia 8, 34122 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Claudia Elena Gafare
- Department of Nutrition, University of Buenos Aires and Food and Diet Therapy Service, Acute General Hospital Juan A. Fernandez, Av. Cerviño 3356, Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina;
| | - Monica Cavion
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35121 Padova, Italy; (H.O.); (C.L.); (D.A.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (L.V.); (G.L.)
| | - Daniele Roccon
- Nursing Home “A. Galvan”, Via Ungheria 340, Pontelongo, 35029 Padova, Italy;
| | - Luca Vedovelli
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35121 Padova, Italy; (H.O.); (C.L.); (D.A.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (L.V.); (G.L.)
| | - Giulia Lorenzoni
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35121 Padova, Italy; (H.O.); (C.L.); (D.A.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (L.V.); (G.L.)
| | - Dario Gregori
- Unit of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Loredan 18, 35121 Padova, Italy; (H.O.); (C.L.); (D.A.); (G.P.); (R.S.); (M.C.); (L.V.); (G.L.)
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Nikooyeh B, Shariatzadeh N, Kalayi A, Zahedirad M, Neyestani TR. Development of new predictive equations for basal metabolic rate in Iranian healthy adults: negligible effect of sex. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2020; 92:311-320. [PMID: 32654630 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have reported inaccuracy of predicting basal metabolic rate (BMR) by using common equations for Asian people. Thus, this study was undertaken to develop new predictive equations for the Iranian community and also to compare their accuracy with the commonly used formulas. Anthropometric measures and thyroid function were evaluated for 267 healthy subjects (18-60 y). Indirect calorimetry (InCal) was performed only for those participants with normal thyroid function tests (n = 252). Comparison of predicted RMR (both kcal/d and kcal.kg.wt-1.d-1) using current predictive formulas and measured RMR revealed that Harris-Benedict and FAO/WHO/UNU significantly over-estimated and Mifflin-St. Jeor significantly under-estimated RMR as compared to InCal measurements. In stepwise regression analysis for developing new equations, the highest r2 (=0.89) was from a model comprising sex, height and weight. However, further analyses revealed that unlike the subjects under 30 y, the association between age and the measured RMR in subjects 30 y and plus was negative (r = -0.241, p = 0.001). As a result, two separate equations were developed for these two age groups. Over 80 percent of variations were covered by the new equations. In conclusion, there were statistical significant under- and over-estimation of RMR using common predictive equations in our subjects. Using the new equations, the accuracy of the calculated RMR increased remarkably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nikooyeh
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Shariatzadeh
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Kalayi
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Zahedirad
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tirang R Neyestani
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Tang NLS, Hui J, Huang D, Tang MF, Wang X, Wu J, Chan IHS, Leung TF. Reference intervals of spot urine copper excretion in preschool children and potential application in pre-symptomatic screening of Wilson disease. Pathology 2020; 52:439-446. [PMID: 32276787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to determine the reference intervals of spot urine copper excretion indexes in pre-school children and to evaluate their utility in screening for Wilson disease (WD). With spot urine collected from a control sample of preschool children (aged 3-7 years, n=153), the reference intervals of spot urine copper excretion indexes and their biological variation were defined. In order to investigate their utility performance in screening for WD in this age group, multiple spot urine samples from six WD patients who were diagnosed at presymptomatic stage were also analysed and compared. Cut-off values useful for detection of WD were defined by receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis. Biological (inter-individual) variation of spot urine copper indexes expressed as coefficient of variation (CVg) were around 60% at this age group, which was moderate and similar to other clinically useful urine tests, such as urine albumin excretion ratio. Spot urine copper excretion strongly correlated with both urine creatinine and osmolality. Linear regression against both creatinine and osmolality showed that ∼94% of data points in healthy preschool children fell within the prediction interval, suggesting that both were useful normalisation factors. ROC showed that copper to osmolality ratio was the best index with an area under curve (AUC) greater than 0.98. Cut-off values of 0.5 μmol/L, 0.1 μmol/mmol and 0.00085 μmol/mOsmol (32 μg/L, 56 μg/g creatinine and 0.054 μg/mOsmol, respectively, in conventional units) for spot urine copper concentration, copper to creatinine ratio and copper to osmolality ratio, respectively, have potential application in the differentiation of WD patients. Based on the data, a new WD screening strategy targeting preschool children is proposed. Application of a bivariate screening strategy using spot urine copper concentration and urine osmolality may be useful in a population-wide screening program for WD among preschool children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Leung-Sang Tang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Joannie Hui
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Dan Huang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Man Fung Tang
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xingyan Wang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Junyi Wu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Iris H S Chan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ting Fan Leung
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Xue J, Li S, Zhang Y, Hong P. Accuracy of Predictive Resting-Metabolic-Rate Equations in Chinese Mainland Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16152747. [PMID: 31374849 PMCID: PMC6695646 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16152747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Accurate measurement of the resting metabolic rate (RMR) is necessary when we make energy requirements and nutrition suggestions in clinical. However, indirect calorimetry is not always available. The objectives of this study were to make a comparison between RMR measured by indirect calorimetry and RMR predicted by different kinds of equations, and to develop new predictive equations for Chinese mainland adults. In this study, 315 Chinese mainland adults from different provinces all over China were recruited. Subjects underwent half a day of testing, which consisted of anthropometric assessment and RMR measurement. Measured and predicted RMR were compared; new optimal equations for Chinese mainland adults were developed and tested by splitting the subjects into a development and validation group. The measured RMR was in the range of 831–2776 kcal/day (mean 1651 ± 339 kcal/day). Our findings indicated that, except for the Harris–Benedict and Schofield equations, three Chinese equations and two fat-free mass (FFM) modeling equations all significantly underestimated RMR compared to the measured value (all p < 0.01). There were no significant differences between predicted and measured RMR using the new equations for females and males. Of the pre-existing equations, Schofield’s is the most suitable for Chinese mainland adults. However, the two new equations developed in this study seem to be more effective for predicting the RMR of Chinese mainland adults, and need to be validated by a larger independent sample with different physiological and anthropometric characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Xue
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China
| | - Shuo Li
- School of Sport Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Sports Medicine, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Ping Hong
- Winter Sports Administrative Center, General Administration of Sport of China, Beijing 100044, China.
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Nikooyeh B, Neyestani TR. Development of New Predictive Equations to Estimate Basal Metabolic Rrates in Iranian Adults: A Study Protocol. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.29252/nfsr.6.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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10
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Ali N, Mahmood S, Manirujjaman M, Perveen R, Al Nahid A, Ahmed S, Khanum FA, Rahman M. Hypertension prevalence and influence of basal metabolic rate on blood pressure among adult students in Bangladesh. BMC Public Health 2017; 18:58. [PMID: 28743284 PMCID: PMC5526296 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4617-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension is a global health issue and is currently increasing at rapid pace in South Asian countries including Bangladesh. Although, some studies on hypertension have been conducted in Bangladesh, there is a lack of scientific evidence in the adult student population that was missing from the previous and recent national cross-sectional studies. Moreover, the specific risk factors of hypertension in the Bangladeshi adults still need to be investigated. This study was conducted to estimate hypertension prevalence among adult students in Bangladesh and to test the hypothesis of Luke et al. (Hypertension 43:555-560, 2004) that basal metabolic rate (BMR) and blood pressure are positively associated independent of body size. METHOD The data was collected on 184 adult university students (118 female and 66 male) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Anthropometric, BMR details and an average of at least two blood pressure measurements were obtained. Hypertension was defined by a systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and/or, diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg. RESULTS Overall, 6.5% of participants had hypertension with significantly (p < 0.001) higher prevalence in male (12.1%) than in the female (3.4%) students. Age and BMI showed positive and significant correlation with hypertension among the students. When adjusted for body mass index (BMI), as well as other potentially confounding variables such as age, sex, smoking status and degree of urbanization, BMR was positively correlated with SBP and DBP (p < 0.001). Thus, higher BMR is associated with SBP and DBP; this is opposite the well documented inverse relationship between physical activity and blood pressure. If the influence of BMR on blood pressure is confirmed, the systematically elevated BMR might be an important predictor that can explain relatively high blood pressure and hypertension in humans. CONCLUSION This study reports the prevalence and associated risk factors of hypertension in the Bangladeshi adult students. The study also showed a positive association between BMR and blood pressure among the participants. A large scale longitudinal study across the country is needed to find out the underlying causes of hypertension in the Bangladeshi adults. In addition, comprehensive and integrated intervention programs focusing on modifiable risk factors are recommended to make awareness and prevent hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Shakil Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Gono University, Savar, Dhaka, -1344 Bangladesh
| | - M. Manirujjaman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Gono University, Savar, Dhaka, -1344 Bangladesh
| | - Rasheda Perveen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Gono University, Savar, Dhaka, -1344 Bangladesh
| | - Abdullah Al Nahid
- Department of Physiology, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Gono University, Savar, Dhaka, -1344 Bangladesh
| | - Shamim Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, 3114 Bangladesh
| | - Farida Adib Khanum
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Gono University, Savar, Dhaka, -1344 Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Gonoshasthaya Samaj Vittik Medical College, Gono University, Savar, Dhaka, -1344 Bangladesh
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Cui W, Wang H, Wu T, Ouyang Q, Hu S, Zhu Y. The influence of a low air pressure environment on human metabolic rate during short-term (< 2 h) exposures. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:282-290. [PMID: 27114048 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Passengers in aircraft cabins are exposed to low-pressure environments. One of the missing links in the research on thermal comfort under cabin conditions is the influence of low air pressure on the metabolic rate. In this research, we simulated the cabin pressure regime in a chamber in which the pressure level could be controlled. Three pressure levels (101/85/70 kPa) were tested to investigate how metabolic rate changed at different pressure levels. The results show that as pressure decreased, the respiratory flow rate (RFR) at standard condition (STPD: 0°C, 101 kPa) significantly decreased. Yet the oxygen (O2 ) consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) production significantly increased, as reflected in the larger concentration difference between inhaled and exhaled air. A significant increase in the respiratory quotient (RQ) was also observed. For metabolic rate, no significant increase (P > 0.05) was detected when pressure decreased from 101 kPa to 85 kPa; however, the increase associated with a pressure decrease from 85 kPa to 70kPa was significant (P < 0.05). Empirical equations describing the above parameters are provided, which can be helpful for thermal comfort assessment in short-haul flights.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cui
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - H Wang
- Department of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao, China
| | - T Wu
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Q Ouyang
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - S Hu
- Department of Environment and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao, China
| | - Y Zhu
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Camps SG, Wang NX, Tan WSK, Henry CJ. Estimation of basal metabolic rate in Chinese: are the current prediction equations applicable? Nutr J 2016; 15:79. [PMID: 27581329 PMCID: PMC5007802 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-016-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) is suggested as a tool to estimate energy requirements. Therefore, BMR prediction equations have been developed in multiple populations because indirect calorimetry is not always feasible. However, there is a paucity of data on BMR measured in overweight and obese adults living in Asia and equations developed for this group of interest. The aim of this study was to develop a new BMR prediction equation for Chinese adults applicable for a large BMI range and compare it with commonly used prediction equations. METHODS Subjects were 121 men and 111 women (age: 21-67 years, BMI: 16-41 kg/m(2)). Height, weight, and BMR were measured. Continuous open-circuit indirect calorimetry using a ventilated hood system for 30 min was used to measure BMR. A regression equation was derived using stepwise regression and accuracy was compared to 6 existing equations (Harris-Benedict, Henry, Liu, Yang, Owen and Mifflin). Additionally, the newly derived equation was cross-validated in a separate group of 70 Chinese subjects (26 men and 44 women, age: 21-69 years, BMI: 17-39 kg/m(2)). RESULTS The equation developed from our data was: BMR (kJ/d) = 52.6 x weight (kg) + 828 x gender + 1960 (women = 0, men = 1; R(2) = 0.81). The accuracy rate (within 10 % accurate) was 78 % which compared well to Owen (70 %), Henry (67 %), Mifflin (67 %), Liu (58 %), Harris-Benedict (45 %) and Yang (37 %) for the whole range of BMI. For a BMI greater than 23, the Singapore equation reached an accuracy rate of 76 %. Cross-validation proved an accuracy rate of 80 %. CONCLUSIONS To date, the newly developed Singapore equation is the most accurate BMR prediction equation in Chinese and is applicable for use in a large BMI range including those overweight and obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan G Camps
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Nan Xin Wang
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - Wei Shuan Kimberly Tan
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore
| | - C Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre (CNRC), Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117609, Singapore. .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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Validation of prediction equations for resting energy expenditure in Singaporean Chinese men. Obes Res Clin Pract 2015; 8:e201-98. [PMID: 24847670 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of resting energy expenditure (REE) is important in establishing adequate dietary intake goals for effective weight management. Previous studies have shown that the validity of an energy prediction equation may depend on the ethnicity of the population. Validation studies are lacking in the Singaporean Chinese population. A total of 96 healthy Singaporean Chinese males of age 21–40 years and body mass index (BMI) 18.5–30.0 kg/m2 participated in this study. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry and compared with REE predicted using existing equations. Validity was evaluated on the basis of mean bias and percentage of subjects predicted within ±10% of REE measured. In addition, Bland and Altman analyses were performed. No significant difference was observed between the mean levels of measured and predicted REE derived from the Owen equation. The Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University (FAO/WHO/UNU), Harris–Benedict and Mifflin equations significantly overestimated the mean measured REE by 7.5%, 6.0% and 2.4% respectively. Percentage of valid predictions for FAO/WHO/UNU, Harris–Benedict, Mifflin and Owen equations were 60%, 67%, 75% and 73% respectively. Bland and Altman analyses demonstrated poor agreement for all equations. The Owen equation provided a valid estimation of REE in Singaporean Chinese men at a group level. However, the individual errors of the equations were unacceptable high and may have limited utility in making clinical decisions on nutritional requirements.
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Physical activity of urban middle aged women in different domains: a cross sectional study. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13410-014-0227-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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15
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Qi MW, Li XF, Weschler LB, Sundell J. CO2 generation rate in Chinese people. INDOOR AIR 2014; 24:559-566. [PMID: 24654944 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) metabolically produced by humans has been widely used as a tracer gas for determining ventilation rates in occupied rooms. Among other necessities, the method requires good estimates of human CO2 generation rates. An empirically derived equation is widely used to calculate the CO2 generation rate. However, there are indications that this equation is not valid for young Chinese people. In this study, we measured the CO2 generation rate of 44 young Chinese people at two typical activity levels, quiet sitting and relaxed standing. We found that the commonly used empirical equation overpredicted CO2 generation rates, but could be corrected with a factor of 0.75 for Chinese females and of 0.85 for Chinese males. The variance for measured CO2 sitting was much smaller than for standing, and hence, we concluded that sitting yields more precise CO2 generation estimates. The relative contributions of sex, height, weight, and metabolic rate were analyzed. We concluded that the error in estimating metabolic rate is responsible for most of the difference in measured generation of CO2 from the empirical equation's predictions. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The tracer gas method using CO2 generated by people is widely used to calculate ventilation rate. However, the empirically derived equation that is normally used to estimate CO2 generation rate is not suitable for young Chinese people at rest. To estimate the CO2 generation rate in Chinese people under low-activity conditions, the empirical equation should be multiplied by correction factors of 0.75 and 0.85 for females and males, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Qi
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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Tseng CK, Hsu HS, Ho CT, Huang HY, Liu CS, Lin CC, Lin WY. Predictive equation of resting energy expenditure in obese adult Taiwanese. Obes Res Clin Pract 2013; 5:e267-360. [PMID: 24331134 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE To examine the accuracy of present resting energy expenditure (REE) predictive equations among obese adult Taiwanese, and obtain new predictive equations for this population. METHOD A total of 80 participants (men = 42, women = 38) aged 18-64 years (mean 41.5 ± 13.1 years) with body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m(2) were recruited from obesity clinic of a tertiary hospital. Anthropometric data including weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HipC) were collected. Body fat and fat free mass (FFM) were measured using bioelectric impedance analysis. Indirect calorimeter (Vmax 29n) was used for measurement of REE. The commonly used predictive equations (Harris-Benedict equation, Bernstein equation, Mifflin equation, Owen equation, Schofield equation, Cunningham equation, Wang equation, and Liu equation) were tested for group means and individual prediction accuracy for our target population. New predictive equations were formulated using multiple linear regression analyses. RESULT The mean BMI was 34.3 ± 4.6 kg/m(2). All of the commonly used predictive equations showed statistically significant differences with the measured REE values. As for individual prediction accuracy, these predictive equations showed poor performance and only Mifflin equation provided an individual accuracy over 40%. The new predictive equation recommended for obese adult Taiwanese is below: REE (kcal/d) = 11.6 × weight (kg) - 204.84 × gender - 4.8 × height (cm) + 1594.6 (gender: men = 1; women = 2). CONCLUSION The previous commonly used predictive equations were less accurate in obese Taiwanese. For this specific population, the newly developed equation should be applied for better prediction of REE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Kang Tseng
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Hua-Shui Hsu
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Te Ho
- Department of Family Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Ying Huang
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chiu-Shong Liu
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Chieh Lin
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Yuan Lin
- School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Frankenfield DC. Bias and accuracy of resting metabolic rate equations in non-obese and obese adults. Clin Nutr 2013; 32:976-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ikeda K, Fujimoto S, Goto M, Yamada C, Hamasaki A, Ida M, Nagashima K, Shide K, Kawamura T, Inagaki N. A new equation to estimate basal energy expenditure of patients with diabetes. Clin Nutr 2013; 32:777-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2012.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rao ZY, Wu XT, Liang BM, Wang MY, Hu W. Comparison of five equations for estimating resting energy expenditure in Chinese young, normal weight healthy adults. Eur J Med Res 2012; 17:26. [PMID: 22937737 PMCID: PMC3477055 DOI: 10.1186/2047-783x-17-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most resting energy expenditure (REE) predictive equations for adults were derived from research conducted in western populations; whether they can also be used in Chinese young people is still unclear. Therefore, we conducted this study to determine the best REE predictive equation in Chinese normal weight young adults. METHODS Forty-three (21 male, 22 female) healthy college students between the age of 18 and 25 years were recruited. REE was measured by the indirect calorimetry (IC) method. Harris-Benedict, World Health Organization (WHO), Owen, Mifflin and Liu's equations were used to predictREE (REEe). REEe that was within 10% of measured REE (REEm) was defined as accurate. Student's t test, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, McNemar Test and the Bland-Altman method were used for data analysis. RESULTS REEm was significantly lower (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) than REEe from equations, except for Liu's, Liu's-s, Owen, Owen-s and Mifflin in men and Liu's and Owen in women. REEe calculated by ideal body weight was significantly higher than REEe calculated by current body weight ( P < 0.01), the only exception being Harris-Benedict equation in men. Bland-Altman analysis showed that the Owen equation with current body weight generated the least bias. The biases of REEe from Owen with ideal body weight and Mifflin with both current and ideal weights were also lower. CONCLUSIONS Liu's, Owen, and Mifflin equations are appropriate for the prediction of REE in young Chinese adults. However, the use of ideal body weight did not increase the accuracy of REEe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-yong Rao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Miyake R, Ohkawara K, Ishikawa-Takata K, Morita A, Watanabe S, Tanaka S. Obese Japanese adults with type 2 diabetes have higher basal metabolic rates than non-diabetic adults. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2012; 57:348-54. [PMID: 22293212 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Several cross-sectional studies in Pima Indians and Caucasians have indicated that obese individuals with type 2 diabetes have a higher basal metabolic rate (BMR) than healthy, obese individuals. However, no study has investigated this comparison in Japanese subjects, who are known to be susceptible to type 2 diabetes due to genetic characteristics. Thirty obese Japanese adults with pre-type 2 diabetes (n=7) or type 2 diabetes (n=13) or without diabetes (n=10) participated in this study. BMR was measured using indirect calorimetry. The relationships between residual BMR (calculated as measured BMR minus BMR adjusted for fat-free mass, fat mass, age, and sex) and biomarkers including fasting glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA(1c)), fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-R), triglycerides, and free fatty acids were examined using Pearson's correlation. BMR in diabetic subjects adjusted for fat-free mass, fat mass, age, and sex was 7.1% higher than in non-diabetic subjects. BMR in diabetic subjects was also significantly (p<0.05) higher than in non-diabetic subjects. There was a significant correlation between residual BMR and fasting glucose (r=0.391, p=0.032). These results indicate that in the Japanese population, obese subjects with type 2 diabetes have higher BMR compared with obese non-diabetic subjects. The fasting glucose level may contribute to these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Miyake
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
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Miyake R, Tanaka S, Ohkawara K, Ishikawa-Takata K, Hikihara Y, Taguri E, Kayashita J, Tabata I. Validity of predictive equations for basal metabolic rate in Japanese adults. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2012; 57:224-32. [PMID: 21908945 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many predictive equations for basal metabolic rate (BMR) based on anthropometric measurements, age, and sex have been developed, mainly for healthy Caucasians. However, it has been reported that many of these equations, used widely, overestimate BMR not only for Asians, but also for Caucasians. The present study examined the accuracy of several predictive equations for BMR in Japanese subjects. In 365 healthy Japanese male and female subjects, aged 18 to 79 y, BMR was measured in the post-absorptive state using a mask and Douglas bag. Six predictive equations were examined. Total error was used as an index of the accuracy of each equation's prediction. Predicted BMR values by Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (Japan-DRI), Adjusted Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (Adjusted-DRI), and Ganpule equations were not significantly different from the measured BMR in either sex. On the other hand, Harris-Benedict, Schofield, and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization/United Nations University equations were significantly higher than the measured BMR in both sexes. The prediction error by Japan-DRI, Adjusted-DRI, and Harris-Benedict equations was significantly correlated with body weight in both sexes. Total error using the Ganpule equation was low in both males and females (125 and 99 kcal/d, respectively). In addition, total error using the Adjusted-DRI equation was low in females (95 kcal/d). Thus, the Ganpule equation was the most accurate in predicting BMR in our healthy Japanese subjects, because the difference between the predicted and measured BMR was relatively small, and body weight had no effect on the prediction error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Miyake
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
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Controlling energetic intake based on a novel logistic regression model for the metabolic syndrome in a Chinese population. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:256-62. [PMID: 20807463 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510003235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to develop a novel method of energy calculation for controlling energetic intake in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Demographics and dietary data were recorded for 2582 obese subjects. Nutritional education was applied to all the patients. One year later, the data on age, sex, activity intensity coefficient, waistline, environmental temperature and BMI in subjects who lost ≥ 5% body weight were entered into a multivariate logistic regression analysis model. Energy requirement was calculated from the results of multivariate logistic regression. Four hundred and thirty-four metabolic syndrome patients were then randomly divided into the treated group (216) and the control group (218). The energetic intake in the experimental group was controlled based on the new energy requirement model. The traditional energy exchange method was used in the control group. The independent factors predicting metabolic syndrome prognosis, such as age, sex, activity intensity coefficient, waistline, environmental temperature and BMI, were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. The energy requirement model was then constructed by logistic regression analysis. After 6 months of energetic intake control based on the new model, the parameters of the experimental group were significantly different from those of the controls (all P < 0·05): waistline, 89·65 (SD 5·54) v. 91·97 (SD 4·78) cm; BMI, 24·67 (SD 3·54) v. 25·87 (SD 2·65) kg/m2; fasting blood glucose, 6·9 (SD 3·6) v. 8·7 (SD 4·6) mmol/l; 2 h PG, 8·7 (SD 5·7) v. 10·7 (SD 4·5) mmol/l; HbA1c, 7·7 (SD 1·6) v. 8·9 (SD 2·6) %; homoeostasis model insulin resistance index, 3·14 (SD 1·62) v. 4·32 (SD 2·25). The new energy requirement model can effectively improve the clinical outcomes of controlling energetic intake in metabolic syndrome patients.
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Khaing Nang EE, Khoo EYH, Salim A, Tai ES, Lee J, Van Dam RM. Patterns of physical activity in different domains and implications for intervention in a multi-ethnic Asian population: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2010; 10:644. [PMID: 20973981 PMCID: PMC2976750 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The benefits of regular physical activity for quality of life and disease prevention have been well documented. Identification of low activity groups would facilitate interventional programs. Many studies have focussed on leisure time activity, which may not capture the spectrum of physical activity relevant to disease prevention. Furthermore, few studies have been conducted in urban Asian settings. Methods We evaluated physical activity in different domains (leisure time, occupational, household and transportation) and its sociodemographic determinants in 4750 adult Chinese, Malay, and Asian Indian Singaporeans. Physical activity was assessed using locally validated questionnaires. Results Occupational and household activity contributed substantially more to total physical activity than leisure time or transportation activity. However, when only activity of at least moderate intensity was considered leisure time activity contributed most to total physical activity. Higher socio-economic status was associated with more leisure time activity, but less total physical activity due to reduced activity in the other domains. Chinese ethnicity was also associated with less total physical activity as a result of less activity in non-leisure time domains. Conclusions In assessing levels of physical activity and recommending changes, it is important to consider physical activity in different domains. Focus on leisure-time physical activity alone could identify the wrong groups for intervention and miss opportunities for increasing physical activity in populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Ei Khaing Nang
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Basal energy expenditure in southern Chinese healthy adults: measurement and development of a new equation. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:1817-23. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510002795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to measure basal energy expenditure (BEE) using the Cosmed K4b2portable metabolic system (Rome, Italy) and to develop a new predictive equation for BEE in southern Chinese adults. A total of 165 healthy Chinese adults aged 18–45 years with normal body weight were involved in the present study. BEE was measured by Cosmed K4b2. Body composition was determined by body composition analysers (ImpediMed DF50, QLD, Australia). Multiple linear regression analysis and correlation analysis were applied to develop a new optimal equation for predicting BEE of southern healthy Chinese adults. Measured BEE (mBEE) of southern Chinese healthy adults was 5513 (sem96) kJ/d, which was similar to the results predicted by the equation developed by of Liu 5579 (sem57) kJ/d (P = 0·37) and significantly lower than those from equations developed by Henry (5763 (sem54) kJ/d), Schofield (5898 (sem58) kJ/d) and Harris–Benedict (HB; 5863 (sem51) kJ/d) (allP = 0·001). The optimal equation developed by our data was BEE (kJ/d) = 277+89 weight (kg)+600 sex (male = 1 and female = 0) (r2 = 0·48,n165). For males, BEE (kJ/d) = 105 weight (kg) − 58 (r2 = 0·27,n79); for females, BEE (kJ/d) = 69 weight (kg)+1335 (r2 = 0·24,n86). In conclusion, the mBEE of southern Chinese healthy adults was 5513 (sem96) kJ/d. The BMR of Chinese adults of normal weight is overestimated by widely used prediction equations developed by Henry, Schofield and HB. The equation developed in the present study (equation 7) can be used in predicting BEE for Chinese adults aged 18–45 years with normal body weight.
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ALMAJWAL A, WILLIAMS P, BATTERHAM M. Current dietetic practices of obesity management in Saudi Arabia and comparison with Australian practices and best practice criteria. Nutr Diet 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0080.2009.01335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Alves VGF, da Rocha EEM, Gonzalez MC, da Fonseca RBV, Silva MHDN, Chiesa CA. Assessement of resting energy expenditure of obese patients: Comparison of indirect calorimetry with formulae. Clin Nutr 2009; 28:299-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2009.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 03/18/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Assessing individual dietary intake from common-plate meals: a new tool for an enduring practice. Public Health Nutr 2009; 12:2464-72. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980009005618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveThe purposes of the present study were to estimate individual intake from common-plate meals among Bedouin Arabs using a modified 24 h recall questionnaire, and to evaluate reported energy intake (EI) by comparison with estimated energy requirement (EER).DesignWeighed records were used to develop a method of quantifying intake from common plates. Reported EI and nutrient intakes were obtained from administration of the modified 24 h recall. The relative standard error (RSE) was used to evaluate the reliability of reported nutrient intakes. The FAO/WHO/United Nations University and Oxford equations and reported physical activity levels were used to compute ratios of reported EI to BMR and EER.SettingPopulation centres of traditionally semi-nomadic Bedouin Arabs undergoing sedentarization/urbanization in southern Israel.SubjectsA convenience sample of 451 adults (aged 19–82 years).ResultsMean (se) energy intake was 9648 (276) kJ/d (2306 (66) kcal/d) for men and 8230 (172) kJ/d (1967 (41) kcal/d) for women, of which carbohydrates accounted for 63–64 %. The nutrient intakes evaluated had RSE ratios of less than 25 %. EI:EER ratios ranged from 0·86 to 0·89, and from 0·87 to 0·93 among non-dieters who ate the usual amount on the recall day.ConclusionsThe modified 24 h recall produced plausible estimates of energy and nutrient intakes, comparable to those obtained with the 24 h recall in other populations. The modified questionnaire makes an important contribution to facilitating large-scale nutritional surveillance in the Bedouin population, and may serve as a model for modifying dietary instruments to quantify individual intake in other populations that practise common-plate eating.
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Hand-Held Indirect Calorimeter Offers Advantages Compared with Prediction Equations, in a Group of Overweight Women, to Determine Resting Energy Expenditures and Estimated Total Energy Expenditures during Research Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 109:836-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Villegas R, Shu XO, Yang G, Matthews CE, Li H, Cai H, Gao YT, Zheng W. Energy balance and type 2 diabetes: a report from the Shanghai Women's Health Study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2009; 19:190-197. [PMID: 18774701 PMCID: PMC2701731 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The combined effect of the components of energy balance (energy intake and physical activity) and the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has not been adequately investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the components of energy balance and the incidence of T2D in a cohort of middle-aged women. METHODS AND RESULTS A population-based prospective study of 64,227 middle-aged Chinese women who had no prior history of diabetes or chronic disease at study recruitment. Participants completed in-person interviews at baseline and follow-up surveys that collected information on diabetes risk factors including dietary and physical activity habits and disease occurrence. Anthropometric measurements were taken by trained interviewers at recruitment. Average follow-up time was 4.6 years. During 297,755 person-years of follow-up, 1608 new cases of T2D were documented. Body mass index (BMI) and weight gain (since age 20) were strongly associated with T2D incidence. Energy intake (EI) was associated with modestly increased risk, while physical activity (PA) was associated with decreased risk of T2D. Less active women with higher EI had higher risk of T2D (RR=1.96; 95% CI: 1.44, 2.67) than active women with lower EI (P(interaction)=0.02). The EI to PA (EI:PA) ratio was positively associated with T2D risk; the association was more evident among overweight and obese women (BMI > or = 23 kg/m(2)). CONCLUSION These data suggest that energy balance plays an important role in the development of T2D, and this effect may be modified by BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Villegas
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiao Ou Shu
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gong Yang
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Charles E. Matthews
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Honglan Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute and Cancer Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Cai
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yu-Tang Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute and Cancer Institute of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Snodgrass JJ, Leonard WR, Sorensen MV, Tarskaia LA, Mosher MJ. The influence of basal metabolic rate on blood pressure among indigenous Siberians. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2008; 137:145-55. [PMID: 18470897 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is an important global health issue and is currently increasing at a rapid pace in most industrializing nations. Although a number of risk factors have been linked with the development of hypertension, including obesity, high dietary sodium, and chronic psychosocial stress, these factors cannot fully explain the variation in blood pressure and hypertension rates that occurs within and between populations. The present study uses data collected on adults from three indigenous Siberian populations (Evenki, Buryat, and Yakut [Sakha]) to test the hypothesis of Luke et al. (Hypertension 43 (2004) 555-560) that basal metabolic rate (BMR) and blood pressure are positively associated independent of body size. When adjusted for body size and composition, as well as potentially confounding variables such as age, smoking status, ethnicity, and degree of urbanization, BMR was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP; P < 0.01) and pulse pressure (PP; P < 0.01); BMR showed a trend with diastolic blood pressure (DBP; P = 0.08). Thus, higher BMR is associated with higher SBP and PP; this is opposite the well-documented inverse relationship between physical activity and blood pressure. If the influence of BMR on blood pressure is confirmed, the systematically elevated BMRs of indigenous Siberians may help explain the relatively high blood pressures and hypertension rates documented among native Siberians in the post-Soviet period. These findings underscore the importance of considering the influence of biological adaptation to regional environmental conditions in structuring health changes associated with economic development and lifestyle change.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Josh Snodgrass
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
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Wouters-Adriaens MPE, Westerterp KR. Low resting energy expenditure in Asians can be attributed to body composition. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:2212-6. [PMID: 18719650 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare resting energy expenditure (REE) between Asians and whites after adjusting for fat-free mass measured with a two- or more-compartment model. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Participants were 10 white men (28 +/- 3 years), 10 Asian men (30 +/- 4 years), 10 white women (22 +/- 4 years), and 11 Asian women (31 +/- 7 years). REE was measured with a ventilated hood system under strictly controlled conditions. Body composition was measured with a two-compartment model based on body mass (BM) and body volume (hydrodensitometry), a three-compartment model adding total body water (TBW) (deuterium dilution), and a four-compartment model incorporating bone mass (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)) as well. Lean BM in the trunk and in the extremities was assessed with DXA. All measurements were performed at Maastricht University. Measurements on Asian subjects were performed within 3 months after their arrival in the Netherlands. RESULTS Absolute REE was lower in Asians (5.87 +/- 0.91 MJ/day) than in whites (7.00 +/- 1.11 MJ/day). There was no significant difference in REE between the two races after adjustment for fat-free mass. DISCUSSION There were no significant differences in REE between Asians and whites after adjustment for differences in body composition based on a two- or more-compartment model.
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Froehle AW. Climate variables as predictors of basal metabolic rate: New equations. Am J Hum Biol 2008; 20:510-29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Woo J, Cheung B, Ho S, Sham A, Lam TH. Influence of dietary pattern on the development of overweight in a Chinese population. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007; 62:480-7. [PMID: 17327865 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine dietary factors predisposing to overweight and obesity, taking into account age, gender, education level and physical activity. DESIGN Longitudinal population study. SETTING Community living subjects in Hong Kong. SUBJECTS One thousand and ten Chinese subjects participating in a territory wide dietary and cardiovascular risk factor prevalence survey in 1995-1996 were followed up for 5-9 years. MEASUREMENTS Body mass index (BMI) was measured. Information was collected on factors predisposing to development of overweight and obesity (age, gender, education level, physical activity, macronutrient intake, Mediterranean diet score and food variety), and the predisposing dietary factors examined, adjusted for other confounding factors, using logistic regression. RESULTS The 5-9-year incidence of overweight is 22.6% (BMI > or =23 kg/m2, 95% confidence interval (CI)=15.0-30.1%) or 11.5% (BMI > or =25 kg/m2, 95% CI=7.3-15.7%), and for obesity (BMI >/=30 kg/m2) is 0.6% (95% CI=-0.2-1.4%). The corresponding figures for women were 14.1% (95% CI=8.8-19.5%), 9.7% (95% CI=6.0-13.4%) and 3% (95% CI=1.3-4.8%). After adjusting for confounding factors (age, sex, education and physical activity), increased variety of snack consumption was associated with increased risk of developing overweight (BMI > or =23 kg/m2) in the Hong Kong Chinese population over a 5-9-year period. CONCLUSION Increased variety of snack consumption may predispose to weight gain over a 5-9-year period.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Woo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong.
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Abstract
AbstractObjectivesTo describe issues related to energy requirements of free living adults and discuss the importance of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and their relationships to total energy expenditure (TEE ) and physical activity level (PAL, derived as TEE/BMR) and to determine the influence of body weight, height, age and sex.DesignBased on a review of the literature, this paper examines the variability in BMR due to methodology, ethnicity, migration and adaptation (both metabolic and behavioural) due to changes in nutritional status. Collates and compiles data on measurements of TEE in free living healthy adults, to arrive at limits and to compare TEE of populations with different life-styles.Results and ConclusionsThe constancy of BMR and its validity as a reliable predictor of TEE in adults as well as the validity of PAL as an index of TEE adjusted for BMR and thus its use to categorise the physical activity pattern and lifestyle of an individual was confirmed. The limits of human daily energy expenditure at around 1.2×BMR and 4.5×BMR based on measurements made in free living adults have been reported in the literature. A large and robust database now exists of energy expenditure measurements obtained by the doubly labelled water method in the scientific literature and the data shows that, in general, levels of energy expenditure are similar to the recommendations for energy requirements adopted by FAO/WHO/UNU (1985). The review also confirms that metabolic adaptation to energy restriction is not an important factor that needs to be considered when recommending energy requirements for adults in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Shetty
- Public Health Nutrition Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.
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Henry CJK. Basal metabolic rate studies in humans: measurement and development of new equations. Public Health Nutr 2006; 8:1133-52. [PMID: 16277825 DOI: 10.1079/phn2005801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To facilitate the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization/United Nations University Joint (FAO/WHO/UNU) Expert Consultation on Energy and Protein Requirements which met in Rome in 1981, Schofield et al. reviewed the literature and produced predictive equations for both sexes for the following ages: 0-3, 3-10, 10-18, 18-30, 30-60 and >60 years. These formed the basis for the equations used in 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU document, Energy and Protein Requirements. While Schofield's analysis has served a significant role in re-establishing the importance of using basal metabolic rate (BMR) to predict human energy requirements, recent workers have subsequently queried the universal validity and application of these equations. A survey of the most recent studies (1980-2000) in BMR suggests that in most cases the current FAO/WHO/UNU predictive equations overestimate BMR in many communities. The FAO/WHO/UNU equations to predict BMR were developed using a database that contained a disproportionate number--3388 out of 7173 (47%)--of Italian subjects. The Schofield database contained relatively few subjects from the tropical region. The objective here is to review the historical development in the measurement and application of BMR and to critically review the Schofield et al. BMR database presenting a series of new equations to predict BMR. DESIGN This division, while arbitrary, will enable readers who wish to omit the historical review of BMR to concentrate on the evolution of the new BMR equations. SETTING BMR data collected from published and measured values. SUBJECTS A series of new equations (Oxford equations) have been developed using a data set of 10,552 BMR values that (1) excluded all the Italian subjects and (2) included a much larger number (4018) of people from the tropics. RESULTS In general, the Oxford equations tend to produce lower BMR values than the current FAO/WHO/UNU equations in 18-30 and 30-60 year old males and in all females over 18 years of age. CONCLUSIONS This is an opportune moment to re-examine the role and place of BMR measurements in estimating total energy requirements today. The Oxford equations' future use and application will surely depend on their ability to predict more accurately the BMR in contemporary populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J K Henry
- School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, UK.
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da Rocha EEM, Alves VGF, Silva MHN, Chiesa CA, da Fonseca RBV. Can measured resting energy expenditure be estimated by formulae in daily clinical nutrition practice? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2005; 8:319-28. [PMID: 15809536 DOI: 10.1097/01.mco.0000165012.77567.1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To recognize the fundamental factors that alter energy expenditure on a daily basis and the impact they have on the measurement of caloric consumption by the human body, through respiratory indirect calorimetry, and thus to try to determine which predictive equation best correlates with total energy expenditure generated from energy measurements. RECENT FINDINGS The most important compartment of the body, for its metabolic activity and influence upon resting metabolic rate, is fat-free mass. Other variables affecting energy expenditure are sex, weight, height, age, body surface area, fat mass and ethnicity. Metabolic and activity factors such as the thermic effect of nutrients, facultative thermogenesis, anabolism/growth and physical activity, also contribute, comprising total daily energy expenditure. Following the pioneering work of Harris and Benedict for the estimation of energy expenditure, several authors turned their experimental interest to this area, and various recent predictive formulae were derived. These are useful and easy to apply in daily clinical nutrition practice. However, because of the cited variables upon energy expenditure, the final daily caloric estimates show inherent errors ranging from -23.5 to +22.5% upon measured caloric expenditure. These are particularly remarkable in critically ill patients who are exposed to medical and surgical interventions. SUMMARY One has to be careful in choosing, understanding and clinically applying the results from predictive equations, bearing in mind that the original population from which the equation was derived does not always correspond to that currently being evaluated.
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Yao M, McCrory MA, Ma G, Tucker KL, Gao S, Fuss P, Roberts SB. Relative influence of diet and physical activity on body composition in urban Chinese adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77:1409-16. [PMID: 12791617 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/77.6.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relative influence of diet and physical activity on body fatness remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate associations of dietary variables and physical activity with body fatness in urban Chinese adults. DESIGN We conducted a cross-sectional study in 130 weight-stable men and women aged 35-49 y. Subjects were selected from upper and lower tertiles of dietary fat and physical activity on the basis of screening questionnaires. Dietary intake was assessed by weighed food intake, physical activity level (PAL) was calculated as the ratio of predicted total energy expenditure (TEE) to predicted resting energy expenditure, and body composition was measured with the use of (2)H(2)O. Reported energy intake and predicted TEE were validated against TEE determined with the use of (2)H(2)(18)O (n = 73). RESULTS Body fatness was positively associated with dietary variety (ie, variety of ingredients) (partial r = 0.186, P = 0.039) and frequency of consuming restaurant foods (partial r = 0.237, P = 0.001) and negatively associated with PAL (partial r = -0.307, P = 0.001) in a multiple regression analysis that controlled for sex and confounders. The combined variance accounted for by dietary variety and restaurant food consumption (9.1%) was equivalent to that for PAL (9.4%). Neither dietary fat nor energy density predicted body fatness, but dietary energy density predicted within-subject day-to-day variation in reported energy intake (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Dietary variety, frequency of restaurant food consumption, and PAL significantly predicted body fatness in urban Chinese adults, but dietary fat did not. These findings support previous studies in US adults and suggest that dietary variables other than fat have an important influence on adult body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjiang Yao
- Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Yao M, McCrory MA, Ma G, Li Y, Dolnikowski GG, Roberts SB. Energy requirements of urban Chinese adults with manual or sedentary occupations, determined using the doubly labeled water method. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56:575-84. [PMID: 12080396 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2001] [Revised: 10/08/2001] [Accepted: 10/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine total energy expenditure (TEE) in relation to occupation and reported leisure time activities in free-living Chinese adults, and to determine whether measured TEE values differ from current international dietary energy recommendations. SETTING AND SUBJECTS Seventy three weight-maintaining adults aged 35-49 y, leading unrestricted lives in urban Beijing, with a wide variety of occupations. DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional study in which TEE was determined by doubly labeled water, body composition by deuterium oxide ((2)H(2)O) dilution, resting energy expenditure (pREE) by prediction equations, and occupational and leisure time activities by questionnaire. RESULTS For men and women respectively, TEE averaged 12.10+/-0.32 and 9.53+/-0.23 MJ/day (P<0.001), and physical activity level (PAL=TEE/pREE) was 1.77+/-0.04 and 1.66+/-0.02 (P<0.05). Fat-free mass (FFM) was the single best predictor of TEE (adjusted r(2)=0.71, P<0.001). Occupational category (light, moderate and heavy) further predicted TEE, independent of FFM (adjusted multiple r(2)=0.82, P<0.001). Both TEE adjusted for weight and PAL increased with occupational category. Measured TEE was slightly but significantly higher than the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU estimates for women with light occupations, but did not differ from estimates for men with light occupations, or for adults with moderate or heavy occupations. CONCLUSION Level of occupational activity, but not duration or type of leisure activity, significantly predicted TEE in free-living urban Chinese adults. Current energy requirement recommendations slightly underestimated the energy needs of women with light occupations but were accurate for men and women with moderate and heavy occupations. SPONSORSHIP NIH grants DK53404 and F32-DK09747.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yao
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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Woo J, Ho SC, Sham A. Longitudinal changes in body mass index and body composition over 3 years and relationship to health outcomes in Hong Kong Chinese age 70 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc 2001; 49:737-46. [PMID: 11454112 DOI: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.49150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine longitudinal changes in body mass index (BMI) and body composition with age and the relationship between these changes with mortality, morbidity, functional capacity, and other health outcome measures. DESIGN A 3-year longitudinal study of a random sample of community-living subjects. SETTING Older Chinese in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China. PARTICIPANTS Two thousand and thirty-two Chinese subjects age 70 and older recruited territory-wide by proportional random sampling. MEASUREMENTS Baseline information collected included medical history, self-perceived health, Barthel Index, Geriatric Depression Score, time taken to complete a 16-foot walk, height, weight, mid-arm circumference, arm skin-fold thickness, and waist/hip ratio. Body composition was calculated from prediction equation. Outcome measures included mortality, development of new diseases, Barthel Index, time taken for 16-foot walk, self-perceived health, and Geriatric Depression Score. RESULTS All parameters, with the exception of triceps skin-fold thickness in men, decreased, regardless of presence or absence of disease. The decrease in arm circumference, triceps skin-fold thickness, and total body fat (TBF) was greater in women than in men, whereas men had a greater decrease in fat-free mass (FFM). Even in the absence of disease, three times as many subjects lost > or =5kg in weight as gained > or =5kg (15% vs. 5%), and only age could be identified as a contributing factor to this weight loss. In the absence of disease, lower anthropometric indices were associated with greater mortality, development of new disease (in women only), dependency, and poor performance measure. Waist-hip ratio was not associated with mortality or any other health outcomes. Decrease in both FFM and TBF were associated with worse outcomes, the effect being more marked in women. CONCLUSION In the older population, changes in weight and body composition occur even in the absence of disease and are associated with mortality and physical functioning level. Weight loss rather than weight gain appears to be more important in this population, and promotion of life-style interventions targeted at weight maintenance would be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Woo
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics and Department of Community and Family Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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