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Zhang X, Zhang L, Liu Y, Liu L, Wang J, Wang C, Zhang S, Cheng G, Wang L. Predictive Roles of Basal Metabolic Rate and Muscle Mass in Lung Function among Patients with Obese Asthma: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:1809. [PMID: 38931162 PMCID: PMC11206345 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic-status-related mechanisms underlying the deterioration of the lung function in obese asthma have not been completely elucidated. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the basal metabolic rate (BMR) in patients with obese asthma, its association with the lung function, and its mediating role in the impact of obesity on the lung function. METHODS A 12-month prospective cohort study (n = 598) was conducted in a real-world setting, comparing clinical, body composition, BMR, and lung function data between patients with obese (n = 282) and non-obese (n = 316) asthma. Path model mediation analyses for the BMR and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) were conducted. We also explored the effects of the BMR on the long-term lung function in patients with asthma. RESULTS Patients with obese asthma exhibited greater airway obstruction, with lower FEV1 (1.99 vs. 2.29 L), FVC (3.02 vs. 3.33 L), and FEV1/FVC (65.5 vs. 68.2%) values compared to patients with non-obese asthma. The patients with obese asthma also had higher BMRs (1284.27 vs. 1210.08 kcal/d) and SMM (23.53 vs. 22.10 kg). Both the BMR and SMM mediated the relationship between obesity and the lung function spirometers (FEV1, %FEV1, FVC, %FVC, and FEV1/FVC). A higher BMR or SMM was associated with better long-term lung function. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlights the significance of the BMR and SMM in mediating the relationship between obesity and spirometry in patients with asthma, and in determining the long-term lung function. Interventions for obese asthma should focus not only on reducing adiposity but also on maintaining a high BMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Division of Internal Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Z.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Internal Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Z.)
| | - Ying Liu
- Division of Internal Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Z.)
| | - Lei Liu
- Division of Internal Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Z.)
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Changyong Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Division of Internal Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Z.)
| | - Gaiping Cheng
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Division of Internal Medicine, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (X.Z.)
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Beserra JB, Morais JBS, Severo JS, Cruz KJC, de Oliveira ARS, Henriques GS, do Nascimento Marreiro D. Relation Between Zinc and Thyroid Hormones in Humans: a Systematic Review. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4092-4100. [PMID: 33409921 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02562-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the relation between zinc and the thyroid hormones in humans. The search for articles was conducted using the Pubmed, Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and ScienceDirect databases on October 21 and 22, 2019, by two authors independently. The recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) were followed in the conduct of this review. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias of the trials included in this review. After the screening of the articles, eight studies that assessed the effects of zinc supplementation on thyroid hormone concentrations and ten studies that assessed the relationship between blood zinc concentrations and thyroid hormones were included in this systematic review. Although cross-sectional and case-control studies have shown a relationship between zinc deficiency and thyroid, the data from this systematic review provides inconclusive evidence with respect to the effects of zinc supplementation on thyroid hormone concentrations due to the divergence of the research found by the authors that only reports findings in patients suffering from some kind of disease, which cannot be generalized to the average human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Batista Beserra
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Soares Severo
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | - Kyria Jayanne Clímaco Cruz
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil
| | | | | | - Dilina do Nascimento Marreiro
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Minister Petrônio Portela, Teresina, Piauí, Brazil.
- Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Ministro Petrônio Portela, Bairro Ininga, Teresina, Piauí, 64049550, Brazil.
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Babić Leko M, Gunjača I, Pleić N, Zemunik T. Environmental Factors Affecting Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone and Thyroid Hormone Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6521. [PMID: 34204586 PMCID: PMC8234807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are necessary for the normal functioning of physiological systems. Therefore, knowledge of any factor (whether genetic, environmental or intrinsic) that alters the levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones is crucial. Genetic factors contribute up to 65% of interindividual variations in TSH and thyroid hormone levels, but many environmental factors can also affect thyroid function. This review discusses studies that have analyzed the impact of environmental factors on TSH and thyroid hormone levels in healthy adults. We included lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, diet and exercise) and pollutants (chemicals and heavy metals). Many inconsistencies in the results have been observed between studies, making it difficult to draw a general conclusion about how a particular environmental factor influences TSH and thyroid hormone levels. However, lifestyle factors that showed the clearest association with TSH and thyroid hormones were smoking, body mass index (BMI) and iodine (micronutrient taken from the diet). Smoking mainly led to a decrease in TSH levels and an increase in triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels, while BMI levels were positively correlated with TSH and free T3 levels. Excess iodine led to an increase in TSH levels and a decrease in thyroid hormone levels. Among the pollutants analyzed, most studies observed a decrease in thyroid hormone levels after exposure to perchlorate. Future studies should continue to analyze the impact of environmental factors on thyroid function as they could contribute to understanding the complex background of gene-environment interactions underlying the pathology of thyroid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tatijana Zemunik
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, University of Split, Šoltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia; (M.B.L.); (I.G.); (N.P.)
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Strasser B, Pesta D, Rittweger J, Burtscher J, Burtscher M. Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051409. [PMID: 33922108 PMCID: PMC8143537 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular physical exercise and a healthy diet are major determinants of a healthy lifespan. Although aging is associated with declining endurance performance and muscle function, these components can favorably be modified by regular physical activity and especially by exercise training at all ages in both sexes. In addition, age-related changes in body composition and metabolism, which affect even highly trained masters athletes, can in part be compensated for by higher exercise metabolic efficiency in active individuals. Accordingly, masters athletes are often considered as a role model for healthy aging and their physical capacities are an impressive example of what is possible in aging individuals. In the present review, we first discuss physiological changes, performance and trainability of older athletes with a focus on sex differences. Second, we describe the most important hormonal alterations occurring during aging pertaining regulation of appetite, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure and the modulatory role of exercise training. The third part highlights nutritional aspects that may support health and physical performance for older athletes. Key nutrition-related concerns include the need for adequate energy and protein intake for preventing low bone and muscle mass and a higher demand for specific nutrients (e.g., vitamin D and probiotics) that may reduce the infection burden in masters athletes. Fourth, we present important research findings on the association between exercise, nutrition and the microbiota, which represents a rapidly developing field in sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Strasser
- Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, A-1020 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(0)1-798-40-98
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (D.P.); (J.R.)
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (D.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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Nikooyeh B, Shariatzadeh N, Kalayi A, Zahedirad M, Neyestani TR. Development of new predictive equations for basal metabolic rate in Iranian healthy adults: negligible effect of sex. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2020; 92:311-320. [PMID: 32654630 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have reported inaccuracy of predicting basal metabolic rate (BMR) by using common equations for Asian people. Thus, this study was undertaken to develop new predictive equations for the Iranian community and also to compare their accuracy with the commonly used formulas. Anthropometric measures and thyroid function were evaluated for 267 healthy subjects (18-60 y). Indirect calorimetry (InCal) was performed only for those participants with normal thyroid function tests (n = 252). Comparison of predicted RMR (both kcal/d and kcal.kg.wt-1.d-1) using current predictive formulas and measured RMR revealed that Harris-Benedict and FAO/WHO/UNU significantly over-estimated and Mifflin-St. Jeor significantly under-estimated RMR as compared to InCal measurements. In stepwise regression analysis for developing new equations, the highest r2 (=0.89) was from a model comprising sex, height and weight. However, further analyses revealed that unlike the subjects under 30 y, the association between age and the measured RMR in subjects 30 y and plus was negative (r = -0.241, p = 0.001). As a result, two separate equations were developed for these two age groups. Over 80 percent of variations were covered by the new equations. In conclusion, there were statistical significant under- and over-estimation of RMR using common predictive equations in our subjects. Using the new equations, the accuracy of the calculated RMR increased remarkably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nikooyeh
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Shariatzadeh
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Kalayi
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Zahedirad
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tirang R Neyestani
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute and Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Behesthi University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Isobe Y, Sakurai M, Kita Y, Takeshita Y, Misu H, Kaneko S, Takamura T. Fat-free mass and calf circumference as body composition indices to determine non-exercise activity thermogenesis in patients with diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2015; 7:352-8. [PMID: 27330721 PMCID: PMC4847889 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction To investigate the clinical and anthropometrical parameters that are associated with non‐exercise activity thermogenesis that is composed of basal energy expenditure (BEE) and diet‐induced thermogenesis (DIT) in patients with diabetes. Materials and Methods Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance, and BEE and DIT were measured using indirect calorimetry in 40 Japanese patients with diabetes. Results BEE correlated positively with bodyweight, body mass index, fat mass, and fat‐free mass, and correlated negatively with age in both men and women. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, BEE correlated positively with both fat mass and fat‐free mass independently of sex and age. In addition, DIT correlated positively with bodyweight, body mass index, fat mass and fat‐free mass, and correlated negatively with age in women, but not men. Fat‐free mass contributed to DIT at least partly, and an aging‐related decrease in DIT was observed. The best anthropometric parameter that reflected fat mass and fat‐free mass was hip circumference (HC) and calf circumference (CC), respectively, in both men and women. Indeed, both HC (men β = 0.600, P < 0.001; women β = 0.752, P < 0.001) and CC (men β = 0.810, P = 0.012; women β = 0.821, P = 0.002) were correlated with BEE independently of age and sex. In addition, CC (β = 0.653, P = 0.009), but not HC was correlated with DIT significantly only in females, independently of age. Conclusions HC reflects fat mass and was positively associated with BEE, but not with DIT. In contrast, CC reflects fat‐free mass, and was positively associated with BEE in both men and women, and with DIT in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Isobe
- Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan
| | - Masaru Sakurai
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health Kanazawa Medical University Uchinada Ishikawa Japan
| | - Yuki Kita
- Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan
| | - Yumie Takeshita
- Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan
| | - Hirofumi Misu
- Department of Comprehensive Metabology Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
| | - Shuichi Kaneko
- Department of Disease Control and Homeostasis Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Japan
| | - Toshinari Takamura
- Department of Comprehensive Metabology Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences Kanazawa Ishikawa Japan
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Hess SY. The impact of common micronutrient deficiencies on iodine and thyroid metabolism: the evidence from human studies. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 24:117-32. [PMID: 20172476 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies of micronutrients are highly prevalent in low-income countries. Inadequate intake of iodine impairs thyroid function and results in a spectrum of disorders. Other common deficiencies of micronutrients such as iron, selenium, vitamin A, and possibly zinc may interact with iodine nutrition and thyroid function. Randomised controlled intervention trials in iodine- and iron-deficient populations have shown that providing iron along with iodine results in greater improvements in thyroid function and volume than providing iodine alone. Vitamin A supplementation given alone or in combination with iodised salt can have a beneficial impact on thyroid function and thyroid size. Despite numerous studies of the effect of selenium on iodine and thyroid metabolism in animals, most published randomised controlled intervention trials in human populations failed to confirm an impact of selenium supplementation on thyroid metabolism. Little evidence is available on interactions between iodine and zinc metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Y Hess
- Program in International and Community Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Froehle AW. Climate variables as predictors of basal metabolic rate: New equations. Am J Hum Biol 2008; 20:510-29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Maxwell C, Volpe SL. Effect of zinc supplementation on thyroid hormone function. A case study of two college females. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2007; 51:188-94. [PMID: 17541266 DOI: 10.1159/000103324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Zinc is crucial for proper thyroid hormone metabolism; zinc deficiency may result in decreased thyroid hormone levels and resting metabolic rate (RMR). The purpose of this investigation was to assess the effects of zinc supplementation on plasma zinc, serum ferritin, plasma total triiodothyronine (T(3)) and thyroxine (T(4)), serum free T(3) and T(4), and thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations, and RMR in zinc-deficient, physically active women. METHODS Two zinc-deficient female college students (ZD1 and ZD2) were supplemented with 26.4 mg/day of zinc (as zinc gluconate), and the above parameters were analyzed at 0, 2 and 4 months. RESULTS Zinc deficiency was clinically corrected in both subjects, while serum ferritin concentration declined to classify both subjects as borderline iron deficient (ZD1 = 15.3 and ZD2 = 15.3 ng/ml at 4 months). At 4 months, total T(3) concentrations increased in ZD1, while all thyroid hormone concentrations increased in ZD2. RMR increased in both subjects by 4 months. CONCLUSION Zinc supplementation appeared to be directly responsible for the increase in plasma zinc and decline in serum ferritin concentrations in both subjects. Zinc supplementation appeared to have a favorable effect on thyroid hormone levels, particularly total T(3), and RMR.
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Ruggiero C, Ferrucci L. The endeavor of high maintenance homeostasis: resting metabolic rate and the legacy of longevity. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 61:466-71. [PMID: 16720742 PMCID: PMC2645618 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/61.5.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism, the continuous conversion between structural molecules and energy, is life in essence. Size, metabolic rate, and maximum life span appear to be inextricably interconnected in all biological organisms and almost follow a "universal" law. The notion of metabolic rate as the natural "rate of living" filled most of the academic discussion on aging in the early 20th century to be later replaced by the free-radical theory of aging. We argue that the rate of living theory was discarded too quickly and that studying factors affecting resting metabolic rate during the aging process may provide great insight into the core mechanisms explaining differential longevity between individuals, and possibly the process leading to frailty. We predict that measures of resting metabolic rate will be introduced in geriatric clinical practice to gather information on the degree of multisystem dysregulation, exhaustion of energy reserve, and risk of irreversible frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelinda Ruggiero
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, University of Perugia Medical School, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Italy
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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