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Li X, Wu W, Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Gao X, Han J. Cutaneous nevi and internal cancer risk: Results from two large prospective cohorts of US women. Int J Cancer 2020; 147:14-20. [PMID: 31593602 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Elevated cutaneous nevus number has been linked to longer telomeres. Recently, a large systematic Mendelian randomization study identified a significant positive association between telomere length and risk of cancer. Here, we hypothesized that higher nevus count, as a phenotypic marker of longer telomere, may be associated with increased risk of internal cancer, and prospectively examined the association between nevus count and total as well as site-specific cancer risk among participants in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS, 1986-2012) and the Nurses' Health Study 2 (NHS2, 1989-2013) using Cox proportional hazards models. During 3,900,264 person-years of follow-up, we documented a total of 23,004 internal cancer cases (15,484 in the NHS and 7,520 in the NHS2). Compared to participants who had no nevi, the multivariate hazard ratios of total cancer (excluding skin cancer) were 1.06 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.09) for women with 1-5 nevi, 1.08 (95% CI, 1.03-1.15) for those who had 6-14 nevi and 1.19 (95% CI, 1.05-1.35) for those with 15 or more nevi (p trend <0.0001). Moreover, because nevus count has been associated with risk of breast cancer previously, we conducted a secondary analysis by excluding breast cancer from the outcomes of interest. The results were very similar to those of our primary analysis. For individual cancer, most of the associations with nevus count were positive but not statistically significant. In conclusion, we identified the number of cutaneous nevi as a phenotypic marker associated with internal cancer risk, which may be explained by telomere biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Wenting Wu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN.,Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
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2
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Half the Genetic Variance in Vitamin D Concentration is Shared with Skin Colour and Sun Exposure Genes. Behav Genet 2019; 49:386-398. [DOI: 10.1007/s10519-019-09954-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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3
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Dudding T, Haworth S, Lind PA, Sathirapongsasuti JF, Tung JY, Mitchell R, Colodro-Conde L, Medland SE, Gordon S, Elsworth B, Paternoster L, Franks PW, Thomas SJ, Martin NG, Timpson NJ. Genome wide analysis for mouth ulcers identifies associations at immune regulatory loci. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1052. [PMID: 30837455 PMCID: PMC6400940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouth ulcers are the most common ulcerative condition and encompass several clinical diagnoses, including recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Despite previous evidence for heritability, it is not clear which specific genetic loci are implicated in RAS. In this genome-wide association study (n = 461,106) heritability is estimated at 8.2% (95% CI: 6.4%, 9.9%). This study finds 97 variants which alter the odds of developing non-specific mouth ulcers and replicate these in an independent cohort (n = 355,744) (lead variant after meta-analysis: rs76830965, near IL12A, OR 0.72 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.73); P = 4.4e−483). Additional effect estimates from three independent cohorts with more specific phenotyping and specific study characteristics support many of these findings. In silico functional analyses provide evidence for a role of T cell regulation in the aetiology of mouth ulcers. These results provide novel insight into the pathogenesis of a common, important condition. Oral ulcerations are sores of the mucous membrane of the mouth and highly prevalent in the population. Here, in a genome-wide association study, the authors identify 97 loci associated with mouth ulcers highlighting genes involved in T cell-mediated immunity and TH1 responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Dudding
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.,Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Simon Haworth
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.,Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | | - Joyce Y Tung
- Research, 23andMe, Inc, Mountain View, 94041, CA, USA
| | - Ruth Mitchell
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Lucía Colodro-Conde
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Department of Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott Gordon
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Benjamin Elsworth
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Paul W Franks
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, 221 00, Sweden.,Department of Public Health & Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, 901 87, Sweden.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Steven J Thomas
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, 4006, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK.
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4
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Taylor NJ, Mitra N, Goldstein AM, Tucker MA, Avril MF, Azizi E, Bergman W, Bishop DT, Bressac-de Paillerets B, Bruno W, Calista D, Cannon-Albright LA, Cuellar F, Cust AE, Demenais F, Elder DE, Gerdes AM, Ghiorzo P, Grazziotin TC, Hansson J, Harland M, Hayward NK, Hocevar M, Höiom V, Ingvar C, Landi MT, Landman G, Larre-Borges A, Leachman SA, Mann GJ, Nagore E, Olsson H, Palmer JM, Perić B, Pjanova D, Pritchard A, Puig S, van der Stoep N, Wadt KAW, Whitaker L, Yang XR, Newton Bishop JA, Gruis NA, Kanetsky PA. Germline Variation at CDKN2A and Associations with Nevus Phenotypes among Members of Melanoma Families. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:2606-2612. [PMID: 28830827 PMCID: PMC5701856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in CDKN2A are frequently identified among melanoma kindreds and are associated with increased atypical nevus counts. However, a clear relationship between pathogenic CDKN2A mutation carriage and other nevus phenotypes including counts of common acquired nevi has not yet been established. Using data from GenoMEL, we investigated the relationships between CDKN2A mutation carriage and 2-mm, 5-mm, and atypical nevus counts among blood-related members of melanoma families. Compared with individuals without a pathogenic mutation, those who carried one had an overall higher prevalence of atypical (odds ratio = 1.64; 95% confidence interval = 1.18-2.28) nevi but not 2-mm nevi (odds ratio = 1.06; 95% confidence interval = 0.92-1.21) or 5-mm nevi (odds ratio = 1.26; 95% confidence interval = 0.94-1.70). Stratification by case status showed more pronounced positive associations among non-case family members, who were nearly three times (odds ratio = 2.91; 95% confidence interval = 1.75-4.82) as likely to exhibit nevus counts at or above the median in all three nevus categories simultaneously when harboring a pathogenic mutation (vs. not harboring one). Our results support the hypothesis that unidentified nevogenic genes are co-inherited with CDKN2A and may influence carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Nandita Mitra
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alisa M Goldstein
- Human Genetics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret A Tucker
- Human Genetics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marie-Françoise Avril
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin et Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Esther Azizi
- Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Wilma Bergman
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre at Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Brigitte Bressac-de Paillerets
- Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Département de Biologie et Pathologie Médicales, INSERM, U1186, Villejuif, France
| | - William Bruno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa and IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST Genoa, Italy
| | - Donato Calista
- Dermatology Unit, Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
| | - Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- Departments of Genetic Epidemiology and Biomedical Informatics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Francisco Cuellar
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne E Cust
- Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Melanoma Institute Australia, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Florence Demenais
- Genetic Variation and Human Diseases Unit, UMR-946, INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - David E Elder
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Gerdes
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paola Ghiorzo
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre at Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Thais C Grazziotin
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Johan Hansson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mark Harland
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre at Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Marko Hocevar
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronica Höiom
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Ingvar
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Teresa Landi
- Human Genetics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gilles Landman
- Department of Pathology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandra Larre-Borges
- Unidad de Lesiones Pigmentadas, Cátedra de Dermatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sancy A Leachman
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Graham J Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia; Westmead Institute for Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eduardo Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncologia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Håkan Olsson
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Surgery, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jane M Palmer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Barbara Perić
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Dace Pjanova
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
| | - Antonia Pritchard
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susana Puig
- Melanoma Unit, Dermatology Department, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nienke van der Stoep
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karin A W Wadt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Linda Whitaker
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre at Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Xiaohong R Yang
- Human Genetics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia A Newton Bishop
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre at Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Nelleke A Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA.
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5
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Genome-Wide Association Shows that Pigmentation Genes Play a Role in Skin Aging. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:1887-1894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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6
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Arfi A, Clavier A, Honart JF, Ammari S, Merabet Z, Mateus C, Arfi-Rouche J. Blue Lymphangitis of the Breast after Breast Cancer: Case Report. Breast J 2016; 23:348-351. [PMID: 27914118 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Carcinomatous lymphangitis accounts for 5% of all skin metastases, but blue lymphangitis of the breast has never been described. We report a case of blue lymphangitis of the breast in a patient 11 years after treatment for ipsilateral breast cancer that was in full remission. Breast examination and imaging showed no other abnormalities. Skin biopsy revealed a carcinomatous-pigmented infiltration corresponding to melanoma metastasis, which helped highlight a primitive right flank injury. This case report emphasizes that a full body exam should always be performed with unusual presentation of breast cancer and reiterates the indispensable place of histology before any diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Arfi
- Service de chirurgie générale oncologique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris - Sud XI, Villejuif, France
| | - Alice Clavier
- Service de chirurgie générale oncologique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris - Sud XI, Villejuif, France
| | - Jean F Honart
- Service de chirurgie générale oncologique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris - Sud XI, Villejuif, France
| | - Samy Ammari
- Service d'imagerie diagnostique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris - Sud XI, Villejuif, France
| | - Zahira Merabet
- Service de pathologie morphologique et moléculaire, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris - Sud XI, Villejuif, France
| | - Christine Mateus
- Service d'onco-dermatologie, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris - Sud XI, Villejuif, France
| | - Julia Arfi-Rouche
- Service d'imagerie diagnostique, Institut Gustave Roussy, Université Paris - Sud XI, Villejuif, France
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7
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Hwang LD, Breslin PAS, Reed DR, Zhu G, Martin NG, Wright MJ. Is the Association Between Sweet and Bitter Perception due to Genetic Variation? Chem Senses 2016; 41:737-744. [PMID: 27506221 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjw083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perceived intensities of sweetness and bitterness are correlated with one another and each is influenced by genetics. The extent to which these correlations share common genetic variation, however, remains unclear. In a mainly adolescent sample ( n = 1901, mean age 16.2 years), including 243 monozygotic (MZ) and 452 dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs, we estimated the covariance among the perceived intensities of 4 bitter compounds (6- n -propylthiouracil [PROP], sucrose octa-acetate, quinine, caffeine) and 4 sweeteners (the weighted mean ratings of glucose, fructose, neohesperidine dihydrochalcone, aspartame) with multivariate genetic modeling. The sweetness factor was moderately correlated with sucrose octa-acetate, quinine, and caffeine ( rp = 0.35-0.40). This was mainly due to a shared genetic factor ( rg = 0.46-0.51) that accounted for 17-37% of the variance in the 3 bitter compounds' ratings and 8% of the variance in general sweetness ratings. In contrast, an association between sweetness and PROP only became evident after adjusting for the TAS2R38 diplotype ( rp increased from 0.18 to 0.32) with the PROP genetic factor accounting for 6% of variance in sweetness. These genetic associations were not inflated by scale use bias, as the cross-trait correlations for both MZ and DZ twins were weak. There was also little evidence for mediation by cognition or behavioral factors. This suggests an overlap of genetic variance between perceptions of sweetness and bitterness from a variety of stimuli, which includes PROP when considering the TAS2R38 diplotype. The most likely sources of shared variation are within genes encoding post-receptor transduction mechanisms common to the various taste G protein-coupled receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Dar Hwang
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Queensland 4006 , Australia.,School of Medicine , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4006 , Australia
| | - Paul A S Breslin
- Monell Chemical Senses Center , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA.,Department of Nutritional Sciences , School of Environmental and Biological Sciences , Rutgers University , New Brunswick , NJ 08901 , USA
| | - Danielle R Reed
- Monell Chemical Senses Center , Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Queensland 4006 , Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Queensland 4006 , Australia
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia and.,Centre for Advanced Imaging , University of Queensland , Brisbane , Queensland 4072 , Australia
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8
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Zhou Y, Zhu G, Charlesworth JC, Simpson S, Rubicz R, Göring HH, Patsopoulos NA, Laverty C, Wu F, Henders A, Ellis JJ, van der Mei I, Montgomery GW, Blangero J, Curran JE, Johnson MP, Martin NG, Nyholt DR, Taylor BV. Genetic loci for Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 are associated with risk of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2016; 22:1655-1664. [PMID: 26819262 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515626598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS). OBJECTIVE We sought genetic loci influencing EBV nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) IgG titers and hypothesized that they may play a role in MS risk. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of anti-EBNA-1 IgG titers in 3599 individuals from an unselected twin family cohort, followed by a meta-analysis with data from an independent EBNA-1 GWAS. We then examined the shared polygenic risk between the EBNA-1 GWAS (effective sample size (Neff) = 5555) and a large MS GWAS (Neff = 15,231). RESULTS We identified one locus of strong association within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region, of which the most significantly associated genotyped single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was rs2516049 (p = 4.11 × 10-9). A meta-analysis including data from another EBNA-1 GWAS in a cohort of Mexican-American families confirmed that rs2516049 remained the most significantly associated SNP (p = 3.32 × 10-20). By examining the shared polygenic risk, we show that the genetic risk for elevated anti-EBNA-1 titers is positively correlated with the development of MS, and that elevated EBNA-1 titers are not an epiphenomena secondary to MS. In the joint meta-analysis of EBNA-1 titers and MS, loci at 1p22.1, 3p24.1, 3q13.33, and 10p15.1 reached genome-wide significance (p < 5 × 10-8). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that apart from the confirmed HLA region, the association of anti-EBNA-1 IgG titer with MS risk is also mediated through non-HLA genes, and that studies aimed at identifying genetic loci influencing EBNA immune response provides a novel opportunity to identify new and characterize existing genetic risk factors for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Gu Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jac C Charlesworth
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Steve Simpson
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Rohina Rubicz
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Harald Hh Göring
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Nikolaos A Patsopoulos
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA/Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Caroline Laverty
- Monash Antibody Technologies Facility, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Feitong Wu
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Anjali Henders
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Ellis
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ingrid van der Mei
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Joanne E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Matthew P Johnson
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Statistical and Genomic Epidemiology Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia/Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bruce V Taylor
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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9
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Lee S, Duffy DL, McClenahan P, Lee KJ, McEniery E, Burke B, Jagirdar K, Martin NG, Sturm RA, Soyer HP, Schaider H. Heritability of naevus patterns in an adult twin cohort from the Brisbane Twin Registry: a cross-sectional study. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:356-63. [PMID: 26871925 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heritability of naevi counts is widely acknowledged as a potential surveillance parameter for prevention purposes. The contribution of heritability to the changes seen in naevus number and morphology over time and their corresponding dermoscopic characteristics is unknown, but is important to understand in order to account for adequate prevention measures. OBJECTIVES To identify naevus characteristics that are strongly influenced by heritability. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 220 individuals [76 monozygotic (MZ), 144 dizygotic (DZ)], recruited from the Brisbane Twin Naevus Study. Participants received full body imaging and dermoscopy of naevi ≥ 5 mm in diameter. Dermoscopic type, total naevus count (TNC), change in TNC with age, and naevus distribution, size, colour and profile were compared between MZ and DZ twins. Heritability of these traits was assessed via Falconer's estimate. RESULTS Significant differences were found in comparing MZ and DZ twins for TNC, numbers of naevi 5·0-7·9 mm in diameter, counts of light-brown naevi, naevi on the back and sun-protected sites, and naevi with the 'nonspecific' dermoscopic pattern. CONCLUSIONS This study strongly supports a heritable component to TNC, as well as changes in TNC, and the number of medium-sized naevi, light-brown naevi, specific sites and certain dermoscopic features in adults. These characteristics should be taken into account by naevus surveillance programmes and further studied to identify candidate gene associations for clinical and dermoscopic patterns in conjunction with melanoma risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lee
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - D L Duffy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - P McClenahan
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K J Lee
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - E McEniery
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - B Burke
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K Jagirdar
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - N G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - R A Sturm
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - H P Soyer
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - H Schaider
- Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
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10
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He Y, Wang M, Huang X, Li R, Xu H, Xu S, Jin L. A probabilistic method for testing and estimating selection differences between populations. Genome Res 2015; 25:1903-9. [PMID: 26463656 PMCID: PMC4665011 DOI: 10.1101/gr.192336.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human populations around the world encounter various environmental challenges and, consequently, develop genetic adaptations to different selection forces. Identifying the differences in natural selection between populations is critical for understanding the roles of specific genetic variants in evolutionary adaptation. Although numerous methods have been developed to detect genetic loci under recent directional selection, a probabilistic solution for testing and quantifying selection differences between populations is lacking. Here we report the development of a probabilistic method for testing and estimating selection differences between populations. By use of a probabilistic model of genetic drift and selection, we showed that logarithm odds ratios of allele frequencies provide estimates of the differences in selection coefficients between populations. The estimates approximate a normal distribution, and variance can be estimated using genome-wide variants. This allows us to quantify differences in selection coefficients and to determine the confidence intervals of the estimate. Our work also revealed the link between genetic association testing and hypothesis testing of selection differences. It therefore supplies a solution for hypothesis testing of selection differences. This method was applied to a genome-wide data analysis of Han and Tibetan populations. The results confirmed that both the EPAS1 and EGLN1 genes are under statistically different selection in Han and Tibetan populations. We further estimated differences in the selection coefficients for genetic variants involved in melanin formation and determined their confidence intervals between continental population groups. Application of the method to empirical data demonstrated the outstanding capability of this novel approach for testing and quantifying differences in natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungang He
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Minxian Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ran Li
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hongyang Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Li Jin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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11
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Coelho SG, Valencia JC, Yin L, Smuda C, Mahns A, Kolbe L, Miller SA, Beer JZ, Zhang G, Tuma PL, Hearing VJ. UV exposure modulates hemidesmosome plasticity, contributing to long-term pigmentation in human skin. J Pathol 2015; 236:17-29. [PMID: 25488118 DOI: 10.1002/path.4497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human skin colour, ie pigmentation, differs widely among individuals, as do their responses to various types of ultraviolet radiation (UV) and their risks of skin cancer. In some individuals, UV-induced pigmentation persists for months to years in a phenomenon termed long-lasting pigmentation (LLP). It is unclear whether LLP is an indicator of potential risk for skin cancer. LLP seems to have similar features to other forms of hyperpigmentation, eg solar lentigines or age spots, which are clinical markers of photodamage and risk factors for precancerous lesions. To investigate what UV-induced molecular changes may persist in individuals with LLP, clinical specimens from non-sunburn-inducing repeated UV exposures (UVA, UVB or UVA + UVB) at 4 months post-exposure (short-term LLP) were evaluated by microarray analysis and dataset mining. Validated targets were further evaluated in clinical specimens from six healthy individuals (three LLP+ and three LLP-) followed for more than 9 months (long-term LLP) who initially received a single sunburn-inducing UVA + UVB exposure. The results support a UV-induced hyperpigmentation model in which basal keratinocytes have an impaired ability to remove melanin that leads to a compensatory mechanism by neighbouring keratinocytes with increased proliferative capacity to maintain skin homeostasis. The attenuated expression of SOX7 and other hemidesmosomal components (integrin α6β4 and plectin) leads to increased melanosome uptake by keratinocytes and points to a spatial regulation within the epidermis. The reduced density of hemidesmosomes provides supporting evidence for plasticity at the epidermal-dermal junction. Altered hemidesmosome plasticity, and the sustained nature of LLP, may be mediated by the role of SOX7 in basal keratinocytes. The long-term sustained subtle changes detected are modest, but sufficient to create dramatic visual differences in skin colour. These results suggest that the hyperpigmentation phenomenon leading to increased interdigitation develops in order to maintain normal skin homeostasis in individuals with LLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio G Coelho
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Piérard GE, Piérard-Franchimont C, Delvenne P. Simulants of Malignant Melanoma. Oncol Rev 2015; 9:278. [PMID: 26779311 PMCID: PMC4698593 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2015.278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the recent period, dermoscopy has yielded improvement in the early disclosure of various atypical melanocytic neoplasms (AMN) of the skin. Beyond this clinical procedure, AMN histopathology remains mandatory for establishing their precise diagnosis. Of note, panels of experts in AMN merely report moderate agreement in various puzzling cases. Divergences in opinion and misdiagnosis are likely increased when histopathological criteria are not fine-tuned and when facing a diversity of AMN types. Furthermore, some AMN have been differently named in the literature including atypical Spitz tumor, metastasizing Spitz tumor, borderline and intermediate melanocytic tumor, malignant Spitz nevus, pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma or animal-type melanoma. Some acronyms have been further suggested such as MELTUMP (after melanocytic tumor of uncertain malignant potential) and STUMP (after Spitzoid melanocytic tumor of uncertain malignant potential). In this review, such AMN at the exclusion of cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM) variants, are grouped under the tentative broad heading skin melanocytoma. Such set of AMN frequently follows an indolent course, although they exhibit atypical and sometimes worrisome patterns or cytological atypia. Rare cases of skin melanocytomas progress to loco regional clusters of lesions (agminate melanocytomas), and even to regional lymph nodes. At times, the distinction between a skin melanocytoma and MM remains puzzling. However, multipronged immunohistochemistry and emerging molecular biology help profiling any malignancy risk if present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald E Piérard
- Laboaory of Skin Bioengineering and Imaging, Department of Clinical Sciences, Liège University, Liège, Belgium; Department of Dermatopathology, Unilab Lg, Liège University Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Philippe Delvenne
- Department of Dermatopathology, Unilab Lg, Liège University Hospital , Liège, Belgium
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13
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Variants Close to NTRK2 Gene Are Associated With Birth Weight in Female Twins. Twin Res Hum Genet 2014; 17:254-61. [DOI: 10.1017/thg.2014.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Low weight at birth has previously been shown to be associated with a number of adult diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and obesity later in life. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been published for singleton-born individuals, but the role of genetic variation in birth weight (BW) in twins has not yet been fully investigated. A GWAS was performed in 4,593 female study participants with BW data available from the TwinsUK cohort. A genome-wide significant signal was found in chromosome 9, close to the NTRK2 gene (OMIM: 600456). QIMR, an Australian twin cohort (n = 3,003), and UK-based singleton-birth individuals from the Hertfordshire cohort (n = 2,997) were used as replication for the top two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) underpinning this signal, rs12340987 and rs7849941. The top SNP, rs12340987, was found to be in the same direction in the Australian twins and in the singleton-born females (fixed effects meta-analysis beta = -0.13, SE = 0.02, and p = 1.48 × 10−8) but not in the singleton-born males tested. These findings provide an important insight into the genetic component of BW in twins who are normally excluded due to their lower BW when compared with singleton births, as well as the difference in BW between twins. The NTRK2 gene identified in this study has previously been associated with obesity.
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14
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Kvaskoff M, Bijon A, Mesrine S, Vilier A, Baglietto L, Fournier A, Clavel-Chapelon F, Dossus L, Boutron-Ruault MC. Association between melanocytic nevi and risk of breast diseases: The French E3N prospective cohort. PLoS Med 2014; 11:e1001660. [PMID: 24915306 PMCID: PMC4051602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While melanocytic nevi have been associated with genetic factors and childhood sun exposure, several observations also suggest a potential hormonal influence on nevi. To test the hypothesis that nevi are associated with breast tumor risk, we explored the relationships between number of nevi and benign and malignant breast disease risk. METHODS AND FINDINGS We prospectively analyzed data from E3N, a cohort of French women aged 40-65 y at inclusion in 1990. Number of nevi was collected at inclusion. Hazard ratios (HRs) for breast cancer and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Associations of number of nevi with personal history of benign breast disease (BBD) and family history of breast cancer were estimated using logistic regression. Over the period 15 June 1990-15 June 2008, 5,956 incident breast cancer cases (including 5,245 invasive tumors) were ascertained among 89,902 women. In models adjusted for age, education, and known breast cancer risk factors, women with "very many" nevi had a significantly higher breast cancer risk (HR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.01-1.27 versus "none"; ptrend = 0.04), although significance was lost after adjustment for personal history of BBD or family history of breast cancer. The 10-y absolute risk of invasive breast cancer increased from 3,749 per 100,000 women without nevi to 4,124 (95% CI = 3,674-4,649) per 100,000 women with "very many" nevi. The association was restricted to premenopausal women (HR = 1.40, ptrend = 0.01), even after full adjustment (HR = 1.34, ptrend = 0.03; phomogeneity = 0.04), but did not differ according to breast cancer type or hormone receptor status. In addition, we observed significantly positive dose-response relationships between number of nevi and history of biopsy-confirmed BBD (n = 5,169; ptrend<0.0001) and family history of breast cancer in first-degree relatives (n = 7,472; ptrend = 0.0003). The main limitations of our study include self-report of number of nevi using a qualitative scale, and self-reported history of biopsied BBD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest associations between number of nevi and the risk of premenopausal breast cancer, BBD, and family history of breast cancer. More research is warranted to elucidate these relationships and to understand their underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kvaskoff
- “Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health” Team, Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cancer Control Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Anne Bijon
- “Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health” Team, Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Sylvie Mesrine
- “Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health” Team, Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Alice Vilier
- “Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health” Team, Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Laura Baglietto
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council of Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Agnès Fournier
- “Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health” Team, Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Françoise Clavel-Chapelon
- “Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health” Team, Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Laure Dossus
- “Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health” Team, Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- “Nutrition, Hormones and Women's Health” Team, Inserm U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Université Paris Sud 11, UMRS 1018, F-94807, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
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15
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Lallas A, Reggiani C, Argenziano G, Kyrgidis A, Bakos R, Masiero NCMS, Scheibe AB, Cabo H, Ozdemir F, Sortino-Rachou AM, Turk BG, Moscarella E, Longo C, Zalaudek I. Dermoscopic nevus patterns in skin of colour: a prospective, cross-sectional, morphological study in individuals with skin type V and VI. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:1469-74. [PMID: 24237599 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the knowledge on the prevailing dermoscopic patterns of acquired melanocytic nevi (AMV) is based on studies in Caucasians, while little research focuses on the dermoscopic variability in nevi in skin of colour. OBJECTIVE To analyse the prevalent dermoscopic nevus patterns in subjects with a skin type (ST) V and VI. METHODS Prospective, cross-sectional, morphological study was conducted in six clinics with enrolment of consecutive individuals with a ST V or VI. Digital dermoscopic images of selected representative AMN were assessed for dermoscopic colours, morphological patterns and pigment distribution. RESULTS Analysis of 300 nevi from subjects with ST V and VI revealed significant differences in the nevus pattern between these two groups. The majority of nevi in ST V revealed a reticular pattern, whereas persons with ST VI more frequently exhibited a structureless pattern. Black, blue and grey were more frequent in ST VI, whereas the vast majority of nevi in ST V individuals showed dark brown colour. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new insights into the nevus pattern in individuals with a dark pigmentary trait, which may aid the diagnosis and management of nevi in this patients group.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lallas
- Skin Cancer Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova IRCCS, Reggio Emila, Italy
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16
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A new regulatory variant in the interleukin-6 receptor gene associates with asthma risk. Genes Immun 2013; 14:441-6. [PMID: 23945879 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The main genetic determinant of soluble interleukin 6 receptor (sIL-6R) levels is the missense variant rs2228145 that maps to the cleavage site of IL-6R. For each Ala allele, sIL-6R serum levels increase by ≈ 20 ng ml(-1) and asthma risk by 1.09-fold. However, this variant does not explain the total heritability for sIL-6R levels. Additional independent variants in IL6R may therefore contribute to variation in sIL-6R levels and influence asthma risk. We imputed 471 variants in IL6R and tested these for association with sIL-6R serum levels in 360 individuals. An intronic variant (rs12083537) was associated with sIL-6R levels independently of rs4129267 (P=0.0005), a proxy single-nucleotide polymorphism for rs2228145. A significant and consistent association for rs12083537 was observed in a replication panel of 354 individuals (P=0.033). Each rs12083537:A allele increased sIL-6R serum levels by 2.4 ng ml(-1). Analysis of mRNA levels in two cohorts did not identify significant associations between rs12083537 and IL6R transcription levels. On the other hand, results from 16,705 asthmatics and 30,809 controls showed that the rs12083537:A allele increased asthma risk by 1.04-fold (P=0.0419). Genetic risk scores based on IL6R regulatory variants may prove useful in explaining variation in clinical response to tocilizumab, an anti-IL-6R monoclonal antibody.
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17
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Ogbah Z, Badenas C, Harland M, Puig-Butille JA, Elliot F, Bonifaci N, Guino E, Randerson-Moor J, Chan M, Iles MM, Glass D, Brown AA, Carrera C, Kolm I, Bataille V, Spector TD, Malvehy J, Newton-Bishop J, Pujana MA, Bishop T, Puig S. Evaluation ofPAX3genetic variants and nevus number. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:666-76. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zighereda Ogbah
- Melanoma Unit; Department of Dermatology Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; IDIBAPS; Barcelona University; Barcelona; Spain
| | | | - Mark Harland
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
| | | | - Fay Elliot
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
| | - Nuria Bonifaci
- Breast Cancer and Systems Biology Unit; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); L'Hospitalet; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Elisabet Guino
- Biomarkers and Susceptibility Unit; Catalan Institute of Oncology; IDIBELL; L'Hospitalet; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Julie Randerson-Moor
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
| | - May Chan
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
| | - Mark M. Iles
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
| | | | - Andrew A. Brown
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology; Kings College London; St. Thomas’ Hospital Campus; London; UK
| | | | - Isabel Kolm
- Melanoma Unit; Department of Dermatology Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; IDIBAPS; Barcelona University; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Veronique Bataille
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology; Kings College London; St. Thomas’ Hospital Campus; London; UK
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology; Kings College London; St. Thomas’ Hospital Campus; London; UK
| | | | - Julia Newton-Bishop
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
| | - Miquel A. Pujana
- Breast Cancer and Systems Biology Unit; Translational Research Laboratory; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL); L'Hospitalet; Barcelona; Spain
| | - Tim Bishop
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine (LIMM); University of Leeds; Leeds; UK
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18
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Francis SE, Tu J, Qian Y, Avolio AP. A combination of genetic, molecular and haemodynamic risk factors contributes to the formation, enlargement and rupture of brain aneurysms. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 20:912-8. [PMID: 23726520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many people carry cerebral aneurysms but are generally unaware of their presence until they rupture, resulting in high morbidity or mortality. The pathogenesis and aetiology of aneurysms are largely unknown; however, a greater understanding, by analysing the genetic, molecular and haemodynamic risk factors involved in the initiation, enlargement, and rupture of aneurysms, could lead to effective prevention, early diagnosis and more effective treatment. The risk of aneurysm is increased by a family history of aneurysms, and amongst certain populations, namely in Japan and Finland. Several other risk factors are documented, including hypertension, smoking, alcohol consumption, and female sex. Studies indicate a higher occurrence of cerebral aneurysms in females compared to males. Oestrogen protects several components within the artery wall, and inhibits some of the inflammatory molecules that could cause aneurysms. At menopause, the oestrogen level decreases and the incidence of aneurysm increases. Haemodynamic stresses have been shown to be involved in the formation, growth and rupture of aneurysms. This is often associated with hypertension, which also increases the risk of aneurysm rupture. When an unruptured aneurysm is detected the decision to treat can be complicated, since only 1-2% of aneurysms eventually rupture. Haemodynamic simulation software offers an effective tool for the consideration of treatment options for patients who carry unruptured aneurysms. The assessment must consider the risks of interventional treatments versus non-interventional management options, such as controlling blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila E Francis
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, 75 Talavera Road, North Ryde, New South Wales 2109, Australia
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19
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Abstract
Dysplastic nevi are described as being on a continuum between common acquired nevi and melanoma because they are morphologically and biologically intermediate between these 2 entities. Since initially being reported as histologic lesions observed in melanoma-prone families, there has been considerable debate about the definition of dysplastic nevi, the histologic and clinical criteria used to define them, and their biologic importance. Their role as precursor lesions for melanoma is not their primary role in their relationship to melanoma because of the rarity of transformation of any individual nevus to a melanoma. Although there is still no single, universally agreed upon histologic or clinical definition or even name for these nevi, dysplastic nevi should be considered important because of their association with an increased risk for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa M Goldstein
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch/NCI, Executive Plaza South, Room 7004, 6120 Executive Blvd. MSC 7236, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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20
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MacKenzie Ross AD, Cook MG, Chong H, Hossain M, Pandha HS, Bennett DC. Senescence evasion in melanoma progression: uncoupling of DNA-damage signaling from p53 activation and p21 expression. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:226-35. [PMID: 23253087 PMCID: PMC3963476 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The best-established function of the melanoma-suppressor p16 is mediation of cell senescence, a permanent arrest following cell proliferation or certain stresses. The importance of p16 in melanoma suggests indolence of the other major senescence pathway through p53. Little or no p53 is expressed in senescent normal human melanocytes, but p16-deficient melanocytes can undergo p53-mediated senescence. As p16 expression occurs in nevi but falls with progression toward melanoma, we here investigated whether p53-dependent senescence occurs at some stage and, if not, what defects were detectable in this pathway, using immunohistochemistry. Phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) can mediate DNA-damage signaling, and under some conditions senescence, by phosphorylating and activating p53. Remarkably, we detected no prevalent p53-mediated senescence in any of six classes of lesions. Two separate defects in p53 signaling appeared common: in nevi, lack of p53 phosphorylation by activated CHEK2, and in melanomas, defective p21 upregulation by p53 even when phosphorylated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair D MacKenzie Ross
- Biomedical Sciences Research Centre (Box J2A), St George's, University of LondonCranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Martin G Cook
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Surrey County Hospital and Division of Clinical Medicine, University of SurreyGuildford, UK
| | - Heung Chong
- Cellular Pathology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, St George's, University of LondonLondon, UK
| | - Mehnaz Hossain
- Biomedical Sciences Research Centre (Box J2A), St George's, University of LondonCranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Hardev S Pandha
- Postgraduate Medical School, University of SurreyGuildford, UK
| | - Dorothy C Bennett
- Biomedical Sciences Research Centre (Box J2A), St George's, University of LondonCranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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21
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The Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study: Pathways to Cannabis Use, Abuse, and Dependence project-current status, preliminary results, and future directions. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012. [PMID: 23187020 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2012.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
We describe the data being collected from the Brisbane Longitudinal Twin Study in Australia as part of the US National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)-funded project, Pathways to Cannabis Use, Abuse and Dependence. The history, recruitment, assessment, and retention of twin families in this project are described in detail, along with preliminary findings and plans for future research. The goal of this NIDA project is to make a significant contribution to the discovery of quantitative trait loci influencing cannabis use disorders. Although the focus is cannabis use, abuse, and dependence in young adults, measures of comorbid illicit drug use disorders are also being collected. In addition, a variety of internalizing and externalizing disorders are being assessed, funded by support from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council. Because these same twins have participated in numerous twin studies since 1992, future plans will include linking different phenotypes to investigate relationships between drug use, psychiatric disorders, and psychological phenotypes within cross-sectional and longitudinal or developmental frameworks.
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Keating B, Bansal AT, Walsh S, Millman J, Newman J, Kidd K, Budowle B, Eisenberg A, Donfack J, Gasparini P, Budimlija Z, Henders AK, Chandrupatla H, Duffy DL, Gordon SD, Hysi P, Liu F, Medland SE, Rubin L, Martin NG, Spector TD, Kayser M. First all-in-one diagnostic tool for DNA intelligence: genome-wide inference of biogeographic ancestry, appearance, relatedness, and sex with the Identitas v1 Forensic Chip. Int J Legal Med 2012; 127:559-72. [PMID: 23149900 PMCID: PMC3631519 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-012-0788-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
When a forensic DNA sample cannot be associated directly with a previously genotyped reference sample by standard short tandem repeat profiling, the investigation required for identifying perpetrators, victims, or missing persons can be both costly and time consuming. Here, we describe the outcome of a collaborative study using the Identitas Version 1 (v1) Forensic Chip, the first commercially available all-in-one tool dedicated to the concept of developing intelligence leads based on DNA. The chip allows parallel interrogation of 201,173 genome-wide autosomal, X-chromosomal, Y-chromosomal, and mitochondrial single nucleotide polymorphisms for inference of biogeographic ancestry, appearance, relatedness, and sex. The first assessment of the chip’s performance was carried out on 3,196 blinded DNA samples of varying quantities and qualities, covering a wide range of biogeographic origin and eye/hair coloration as well as variation in relatedness and sex. Overall, 95 % of the samples (N = 3,034) passed quality checks with an overall genotype call rate >90 % on variable numbers of available recorded trait information. Predictions of sex, direct match, and first to third degree relatedness were highly accurate. Chip-based predictions of biparental continental ancestry were on average ~94 % correct (further support provided by separately inferred patrilineal and matrilineal ancestry). Predictions of eye color were 85 % correct for brown and 70 % correct for blue eyes, and predictions of hair color were 72 % for brown, 63 % for blond, 58 % for black, and 48 % for red hair. From the 5 % of samples (N = 162) with <90 % call rate, 56 % yielded correct continental ancestry predictions while 7 % yielded sufficient genotypes to allow hair and eye color prediction. Our results demonstrate that the Identitas v1 Forensic Chip holds great promise for a wide range of applications including criminal investigations, missing person investigations, and for national security purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Keating
- The University of Pennsylvania, Office 1016, Abramson Building, 3615 Civic Center Bvld., Philadelphia, PA 19104-4399 USA
| | - Aruna T. Bansal
- Identitas Inc., 1115 Broadway, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10010 USA
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Millman
- Centre of Forensic Sciences, 25 Grosvenor Street, Toronto, ON M7A 2G8 Canada
| | - Jonathan Newman
- Centre of Forensic Sciences, 25 Grosvenor Street, Toronto, ON M7A 2G8 Canada
| | - Kenneth Kidd
- Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208005, New Haven, CT 06520-8005 USA
| | - Bruce Budowle
- Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics, University North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Arthur Eisenberg
- Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics, University North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
| | - Joseph Donfack
- Laboratory Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135 USA
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Zoran Budimlija
- New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, 421 East 26th Street, New York, NY 10016 USA
| | - Anjali K. Henders
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Locked Bag 2000, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029 Australia
| | | | - David L. Duffy
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Locked Bag 2000, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029 Australia
| | - Scott D. Gordon
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Locked Bag 2000, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029 Australia
| | - Pirro Hysi
- Department of Twin Research, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Locked Bag 2000, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029 Australia
| | - Laurence Rubin
- Identitas Inc., 1115 Broadway, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10010 USA
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Royal Brisbane Hospital, Locked Bag 2000, Herston, Brisbane, Queensland 4029 Australia
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH UK
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies and comparative genomics have established major loci and specific polymorphisms affecting human skin, hair and eye color. Environmental changes have had an impact on selected pigmentation genes as populations have expanded into different regions of the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Sturm
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Melanogenix Group, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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Abstract
The classical twin study has been a powerful heuristic in biomedical, psychiatric and behavioural research for decades. Twin registries worldwide have collected biological material and longitudinal phenotypic data on tens of thousands of twins, providing a valuable resource for studying complex phenotypes and their underlying biology. In this Review, we consider the continuing value of twin studies in the current era of molecular genetic studies. We conclude that classical twin methods combined with novel technologies represent a powerful approach towards identifying and understanding the molecular pathways that underlie complex traits.
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Melanoma Genetics: Recent Findings Take Us Beyond Well-Traveled Pathways. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1763-74. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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The Brisbane Systems Genetics Study: genetical genomics meets complex trait genetics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35430. [PMID: 22563384 PMCID: PMC3338511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that genetic risk factors for common disease are caused by hereditary changes of gene regulation acting in complex pathways. Clearly understanding the molecular genetic relationships between genetic control of gene expression and its effect on complex diseases is essential. Here we describe the Brisbane Systems Genetics Study (BSGS), a family-based study that will be used to elucidate the genetic factors affecting gene expression and the role of gene regulation in mediating endophenotypes and complex diseases. BSGS comprises of a total of 962 individuals from 314 families, for which we have high-density genotype, gene expression and phenotypic data. Families consist of combinations of both monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, their siblings, and, for 72 families, both parents. A significant advantage of the inclusion of parents is improved power to disentangle environmental, additive genetic and non-additive genetic effects of gene expression and measured phenotypes. Furthermore, it allows for the estimation of parent-of-origin effects, something that has not previously been systematically investigated in human genetical genomics studies. Measured phenotypes available within the BSGS include blood phenotypes and biochemical traits measured from components of the tissue sample in which transcription levels are determined, providing an ideal test case for systems genetics approaches. We report results from an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis using 862 individuals from BSGS to test for associations between expression levels of 17,926 probes and 528,509 SNP genotypes. At a study wide significance level approximately 15,000 associations were observed between expression levels and SNP genotypes. These associations corresponded to a total of 2,081 expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) involving 1,503 probes. The majority of identified eQTL (87%) were located within cis-regions.
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Dubois L, Ohm Kyvik K, Girard M, Tatone-Tokuda F, Pérusse D, Hjelmborg J, Skytthe A, Rasmussen F, Wright MJ, Lichtenstein P, Martin NG. Genetic and environmental contributions to weight, height, and BMI from birth to 19 years of age: an international study of over 12,000 twin pairs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30153. [PMID: 22347368 PMCID: PMC3275599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the genetic and environmental influences on variances in weight, height, and BMI, from birth through 19 years of age, in boys and girls from three continents. DESIGN AND SETTINGS Cross-sectional twin study. Data obtained from a total of 23 twin birth-cohorts from four countries: Canada, Sweden, Denmark, and Australia. Participants were Monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) (same- and opposite-sex) twin pairs with data available for both height and weight at a given age, from birth through 19 years of age. Approximately 24,036 children were included in the analyses. RESULTS Heritability for body weight, height, and BMI was low at birth (between 6.4 and 8.7% for boys, and between 4.8 and 7.9% for girls) but increased over time, accounting for close to half or more of the variance in body weight and BMI after 5 months of age in both sexes. Common environmental influences on all body measures were high at birth (between 74.1-85.9% in all measures for boys, and between 74.2 and 87.3% in all measures for girls) and markedly reduced over time. For body height, the effect of the common environment remained significant for a longer period during early childhood (up through 12 years of age). Sex-limitation of genetic and shared environmental effects was observed. CONCLUSION Genetics appear to play an increasingly important role in explaining the variation in weight, height, and BMI from early childhood to late adolescence, particularly in boys. Common environmental factors exert their strongest and most independent influence specifically in pre-adolescent years and more significantly in girls. These findings emphasize the need to target family and social environmental interventions in early childhood years, especially for females. As gene-environment correlation and interaction is likely, it is also necessary to identify the genetic variants that may predispose individuals to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Dubois
- Institute of Population Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Bataille V, Lens M, Spector T. The use of the twin model to investigate the genetics and epigenetics of skin diseases with genomic, transcriptomic and methylation data. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012; 26:1067-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2011.04444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kvaskoff M, Whiteman DC, Zhao ZZ, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Hayward NK, Duffy DL. Polymorphisms in nevus-associated genes MTAP, PLA2G6, and IRF4 and the risk of invasive cutaneous melanoma. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 14:422-32. [PMID: 21962134 DOI: 10.1375/twin.14.5.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An evolving hypothesis postulates that melanomas may arise through 'nevus-associated' and 'chronic sun exposure' pathways. We explored this hypothesis by examining associations between nevus-associated loci and melanoma risk across strata of body site and histological subtype. We genotyped 1028 invasive case patients and 1469 controls for variants in methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), phospholipase A2, group VI (PLA2G6), and Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), and compared allelic frequencies globally and by anatomical site and histological subtype of melanoma. Odds-ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using classical and multinomial logistic regression models. Among controls, MTAP rs10757257, PLA2G6 rs132985 and IRF4 rs12203592 were the variants most significantly associated with number of nevi. In adjusted models, a significant association was found between MTAP rs10757257 and overall melanoma risk (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.14-1.53), with no evidence of heterogeneity across sites (Phomogeneity =.52). In contrast, MTAP rs10757257 was associated with superficial spreading/nodular melanoma (OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.15- 1.57), but not with lentigo maligna melanoma (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.46-1.35) (Phomogeneity =.06), the subtype associated with chronic sun exposure. Melanoma was significantly inversely associated with rs12203592 in children (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.16-0.77) and adolescents (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.42-0.91), but not in adults (Phomogeneity =.0008). Our results suggest that the relationship between MTAP and melanoma is subtype-specific, and that the association between IRF4 and melanoma is more evident for cases with a younger age at onset. These findings lend some support to the 'divergent pathways' hypothesis and may provide at least one candidate gene underlying this model. Further studies are warranted to confirm these findings and improve our understanding of these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kvaskoff
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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A novel recurrent mutation in MITF predisposes to familial and sporadic melanoma. Nature 2011; 480:99-103. [PMID: 22080950 PMCID: PMC3266855 DOI: 10.1038/nature10630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Whole-genome sequencing identifies a novel germline variant in the oncogene MITF, which is associated with the development of melanoma. Two papers in this issue of Nature demonstrate that missense substitutions in the gene encoding for microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) are associated with susceptibility to melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Functional analysis shows that the variant has impaired sumoylation that leads to differential regulation of several MITF targets, and promotes tumour cell clonogenicity, migration and invasion. So far, two genes associated with familial melanoma have been identified, accounting for a minority of genetic risk in families. Mutations in CDKN2A account for approximately 40% of familial cases1, and predisposing mutations in CDK4 have been reported in a very small number of melanoma kindreds2. Here we report the whole-genome sequencing of probands from several melanoma families, which we performed in order to identify other genes associated with familial melanoma. We identify one individual carrying a novel germline variant (coding DNA sequence c.G1075A; protein sequence p.E318K; rs149617956) in the melanoma-lineage-specific oncogene microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Although the variant co-segregated with melanoma in some but not all cases in the family, linkage analysis of 31 families subsequently identified to carry the variant generated a log of odds (lod) score of 2.7 under a dominant model, indicating E318K as a possible intermediate risk variant. Consistent with this, the E318K variant was significantly associated with melanoma in a large Australian case–control sample. Likewise, it was similarly associated in an independent case–control sample from the United Kingdom. In the Australian sample, the variant allele was significantly over-represented in cases with a family history of melanoma, multiple primary melanomas, or both. The variant allele was also associated with increased naevus count and non-blue eye colour. Functional analysis of E318K showed that MITF encoded by the variant allele had impaired sumoylation and differentially regulated several MITF targets. These data indicate that MITF is a melanoma-predisposition gene and highlight the utility of whole-genome sequencing to identify novel rare variants associated with disease susceptibility.
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Nan H, Xu M, Zhang J, Zhang M, Kraft P, Qureshi AA, Chen C, Guo Q, Hu FB, Rimm EB, Curhan G, Song Y, Amos CI, Wang LE, Lee JE, Wei Q, Hunter DJ, Han J. Genome-wide association study identifies nidogen 1 (NID1) as a susceptibility locus to cutaneous nevi and melanoma risk. Hum Mol Genet 2011; 20:2673-9. [PMID: 21478494 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a genome-wide association study on the number of melanocytic nevi reported by 9136 individuals of European ancestry, with follow-up replication in 3581 individuals. We identified the nidogen 1 (NID1) gene on 1q42 associated with nevus count (two linked single nucleotide polymorphisms with r(2) > 0.9: rs3768080 A allele associated with reduced count, P = 6.5 × 10(-8); and rs10754833 T allele associated with reduced count, P = 1.5 × 10(-7)). We further determined that the rs10754833 [T] was associated with a decreased melanoma risk in 2368 melanoma cases and 7432 controls [for CT genotype: odds ratio (OR) = 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.75-0.99, P = 0.04; for TT genotype: OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.71-0.98, P = 0.03]. Expression level of the NID1 locus was 2-fold higher for the rs10754833 T allele carriers than that with the CC genotype (P = 0.017) in the 87 HapMap CEU cell lines. The NID1 gene is a biologically plausible locus for nevogenesis and melanoma development, with decreased expression levels of NID1 in benign nevi (P = 3.5 × 10(-6)) and in primary melanoma (P = 4.6 × 10(-4)) compared with the normal skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Nan
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Associations of 9p21 variants with cutaneous malignant melanoma, nevi, and pigmentation phenotypes in melanoma-prone families with and without CDKN2A mutations. Fam Cancer 2011; 9:625-33. [PMID: 20574843 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-010-9356-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 9p21 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). In addition to CDKN2A, the major known high-risk susceptibility gene for CMM, recent studies suggest that other 9p21 genes may be involved in melanoma/nevi development. To identify 9p21 variants that influence susceptibility to CMM and number of nevi in CMM-prone families with and without CDKN2A mutations, we analyzed 562 individuals (183 CMM) from 53 families (23 CDKN2A+, 30 CDKN2A-) for 233 tagging SNPs in 21 genes at 9p21. Single SNP- and gene-based regression analyses were used to assess the risk of CMM, nevi count, skin complexion, and tanning ability associated with these SNPs and genes. We found that SNP rs7023329 in the MTAP gene was associated with number of nevi (P (trend) = 0.003) confirming a recent finding by a genome-wide association study. In addition, three SNPs in the ACO1 gene, rs7855483 (P (trend) = 0.002), rs17288067 (P (trend) = 0.0009), and rs10813813 (P (trend) = 0.005), showed the strongest associations with CMM risk. None of the examined 9p21 SNPs was associated with skin complexion, whereas two SNPs, rs10964862 in IFNW1 (P (trend) = 0.003), and rs13290968 in TUSC1 (P (trend) = 0.0006), were associated with tanning ability. Gene-based analyses suggested that the ACO1 gene was significantly associated with CMM (P = 0.0004); genes IFNW1 (P = 0.002) and ACO1 (P = 0.0002) were significantly associated with tanning ability. Our findings are consistent with recent proposals that additional 9p21 genes may contribute to CMM susceptibility in CMM-prone families. These genetic variants may, at least partially, exert their effects through nevi and tanning ability.
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Gerstenblith MR, Shi J, Landi MT. Genome-wide association studies of pigmentation and skin cancer: a review and meta-analysis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 23:587-606. [PMID: 20546537 PMCID: PMC3179913 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2010.00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified genetic loci associated with pigmentation, nevi, and skin cancer. We performed a review and meta-analysis of GWAS results, grouping them into four categories: (i) loci associated with pigmentation (hair, eye, and/or skin color), cutaneous UV-response (sun sensitivity and/or freckling), and skin cancer; (ii) loci associated with nevi and melanoma; (iii) loci associated with pigmentation and/or cutaneous UV-response but not skin cancer; and (iv) loci associated distinctly with skin cancer, mostly basal cell carcinoma, but not pigmentation or cutaneous UV-response. These findings suggest at least two pathways for melanoma development (via pigmentation and via nevi), and two pathways for basal cell carcinoma development (via pigmentation and independent of pigmentation). However, further work is necessary to separate the association with skin cancer from the association with pigmentation. As with any GWAS, the identified loci may not include the causal variants and may need confirmation by direct genome sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- MR Gerstenblith
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch/ Division of cancers Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, USA
| | - J Shi
- Biostatistics Branch/ Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, USA
| | - MT Landi
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch/ Division of cancers Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, USA
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Kvaskoff M, Bijon A, Mesrine S, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC. Pigmentary traits and risk of endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2010; 25:3157-8; author reply 3158-9. [PMID: 20884667 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deq250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Duffy DL, Iles MM, Glass D, Zhu G, Barrett JH, Höiom V, Zhao ZZ, Sturm RA, Soranzo N, Hammond C, Kvaskoff M, Whiteman DC, Mangino M, Hansson J, Newton-Bishop JA, Bataille V, Hayward NK, Martin NG, Bishop DT, Spector TD, Montgomery GW. IRF4 variants have age-specific effects on nevus count and predispose to melanoma. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 87:6-16. [PMID: 20602913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High melanocytic nevus count is a strong predictor of melanoma risk. A GWAS of nevus count in Australian adolescent twins identified an association of nevus count with the interferon regulatory factor 4 gene (IRF4 [p = 6 x 10(-9)]). There was a strong genotype-by-age interaction, which was replicated in independent UK samples of adolescents and adults. The rs12203592(*)T allele was associated with high nevus counts and high freckling scores in adolescents, but with low nevus counts and high freckling scores in adults. The rs12203592(*)T increased counts of flat (compound and junctional) nevi in Australian adolescent twins, but decreased counts of raised (intradermal) nevi. In combined analysis of melanoma case-control data from Australia, the UK, and Sweden, the rs12203592(*)C allele was associated with melanoma (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, p = 4 x 10(-3)), most significantly on the trunk (OR = 1.33, p = 2.5 x 10(-5)). The melanoma association was corroborated in a GWAS performed by the GenoMEL consortium for an adjacent SNP, rs872071 (rs872071(*)T: OR 1.14, p = 0.0035; excluding Australian, the UK, and Swedish samples typed at rs12203592: OR 1.08, p = 0.08).
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Duffy
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane 4029, Australia
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Liu F, Wollstein A, Hysi PG, Ankra-Badu GA, Spector TD, Park D, Zhu G, Larsson M, Duffy DL, Montgomery GW, Mackey DA, Walsh S, Lao O, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Vingerling JR, Uitterlinden AG, Martin NG, Hammond CJ, Kayser M. Digital quantification of human eye color highlights genetic association of three new loci. PLoS Genet 2010; 6:e1000934. [PMID: 20463881 PMCID: PMC2865509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have successfully identified genetic variants in several genes associated with human iris (eye) color; however, they all used simplified categorical trait information. Here, we quantified continuous eye color variation into hue and saturation values using high-resolution digital full-eye photographs and conducted a genome-wide association study on 5,951 Dutch Europeans from the Rotterdam Study. Three new regions, 1q42.3, 17q25.3, and 21q22.13, were highlighted meeting the criterion for genome-wide statistically significant association. The latter two loci were replicated in 2,261 individuals from the UK and in 1,282 from Australia. The LYST gene at 1q42.3 and the DSCR9 gene at 21q22.13 serve as promising functional candidates. A model for predicting quantitative eye colors explained over 50% of trait variance in the Rotterdam Study. Over all our data exemplify that fine phenotyping is a useful strategy for finding genes involved in human complex traits. We measured human eye color to hue and saturation values from high-resolution, digital, full-eye photographs of several thousand Dutch Europeans. This quantitative approach, which is extremely cost-effective, portable, and time efficient, revealed that human eye color varies along more dimensions than the one represented by the blue-green-brown categories studied previously. Our work represents the first genome-wide study of quantitative human eye color. We clearly identified 3 new loci, LYST, 17q25.3, TTC3/DSCR9, in contributing to the natural and subtle eye color variation along multiple dimensions, providing new leads towards a more detailed understanding of the genetic basis of human eye color. Our quantitative prediction model explained over 50% of eye color variance, representing the highest accuracy achieved so far in genomic prediction of human complex and quantitative traits, with relevance for future forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liu
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Wollstein
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cologne Center for Genomics (CCG), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgina A. Ankra-Badu
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Park
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gu Zhu
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mats Larsson
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David L. Duffy
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Susan Walsh
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Lao
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Forensic Molecular Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Oxley PR, Spivak M, Oldroyd BP. Six quantitative trait loci influence task thresholds for hygienic behaviour in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Mol Ecol 2010; 19:1452-61. [PMID: 20298472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2010.04569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Honeybee hygienic behaviour provides colonies with protection from many pathogens and is an important model system of the genetics of a complex behaviour. It is a textbook example of complex behaviour under simple genetic control: hygienic behaviour consists of two components--uncapping a diseased brood cell, followed by removal of the contents--each of which are thought to be modulated independently by a few loci of medium to large effect. A worker's genetic propensity to engage in hygienic tasks affects the intensity of the stimulus required before she initiates the behaviour. Genetic diversity within colonies leads to task specialization among workers, with a minority of workers performing the majority of nest-cleaning tasks. We identify three quantitative trait loci that influence the likelihood that workers will engage in hygienic behaviour and account for up to 30% of the phenotypic variability in hygienic behaviour in our population. Furthermore, we identify two loci that influence the likelihood that a worker will perform uncapping behaviour only, and one locus that influences removal behaviour. We report the first candidate genes associated with engaging in hygienic behaviour, including four genes involved in olfaction, learning and social behaviour, and one gene involved in circadian locomotion. These candidates will allow molecular characterization of this distinctive behavioural mode of disease resistance, as well as providing the opportunity for marker-assisted selection for this commercially significant trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Oxley
- Behaviour and Genetics of Social Insects Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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39
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Hacker E, Hayward NK, Dumenil T, James MR, Whiteman DC. The association between MC1R genotype and BRAF mutation status in cutaneous melanoma: findings from an Australian population. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:241-8. [PMID: 19571821 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing epidemiological and molecular evidence that cutaneous melanomas arise through multiple causal pathways. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between germline and somatic mutations in a population-based series of melanoma patients to reshape and refine the divergent pathway model for melanoma. Melanomas collected from 123 Australian patients were analyzed for melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) variants and mutations in the BRAF and NRAS genes. Detailed phenotypic and sun exposure data were systematically collected from all patients. We found that BRAF-mutant melanomas were significantly more likely from younger patients and those with high nevus counts, and were more likely in melanomas with adjacent neval remnants. Conversely, BRAF-mutant melanomas were significantly less likely in people with high levels of lifetime sun exposure. We observed no association between germline MC1R status and somatic BRAF mutations in melanomas from this population. BRAF-mutant melanomas have different origins from other cutaneous melanomas. These data support the divergent pathways hypothesis for melanoma, which may require a reappraisal of targeted cancer prevention activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Hacker
- Genetics & Population Health Division, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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40
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Medland SE, Zhu G, Martin NG. Estimating the heritability of hair curliness in twins of European ancestry. Twin Res Hum Genet 2010; 12:514-8. [PMID: 19803779 DOI: 10.1375/twin.12.5.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in Asian populations have identified variants in the EDAR and FGFR2 genes that arose following the divergence of Asians and Europeans and are associated with thick straight hair. To date no genetic variants have been identified influencing hair texture in Europeans. In the current study we examined the heritability of hair curliness in three unselected samples of predominantly European ancestry (N(S1) = 2717; N(S2) = 3904; N(S3) = 5079). When rated using a three point scale (Straight/Wavy/Curly) males were approximately 5% more likely to report straight hair than females and there were suggestions in the data that curliness increased slightly with age. Across samples significant additive and dominant genetic influences were detected resulting in a broad sense heritability of 85-95%. Given the magnitude and the specificity of the EDAR effect on hair morphology in Asian populations we are hopeful that future association studies will detect similar genetic influences in European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Medland
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, PO Royal Brishbane Hopsital, Brisbane, Australia.
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41
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Kvaskoff M, Mesrine S, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC. Author's Response * On the roles of skin type and sun exposure in the risk of endometriosis and melanoma. Int J Epidemiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyp326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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42
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Medland SE, Nyholt DR, Painter JN, McEvoy BP, McRae AF, Zhu G, Gordon SD, Ferreira MA, Wright MJ, Henders AK, Campbell MJ, Duffy DL, Hansell NK, Macgregor S, Slutske WS, Heath AC, Montgomery GW, Martin NG. Common variants in the trichohyalin gene are associated with straight hair in Europeans. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 85:750-5. [PMID: 19896111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Revised: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair morphology is highly differentiated between populations and among people of European ancestry. Whereas hair morphology in East Asian populations has been studied extensively, relatively little is known about the genetics of this trait in Europeans. We performed a genome-wide association scan for hair morphology (straight, wavy, curly) in three Australian samples of European descent. All three samples showed evidence of association implicating the Trichohyalin gene (TCHH), which is expressed in the developing inner root sheath of the hair follicle, and explaining approximately 6% of variance (p=1.5x10(-31)). These variants are at their highest frequency in Northern Europeans, paralleling the distribution of the straight-hair EDAR variant in Asian populations.
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43
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Byrne EM, McRae AF, Duffy DL, Zhao ZZ, Martin NG, Whitfield JB, Visscher PM, Montgomery GW. Family-based mitochondrial association study of traits related to type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Diabetologia 2009; 52:2359-2368. [PMID: 19760390 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS There has been much focus on the potential role of mitochondria in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, and many case-control mitochondrial association studies have been undertaken for these conditions. We tested for a potential association between common mitochondrial variants and a number of quantitative traits related to type 2 diabetes in a large sample of >2,000 healthy Australian adolescent twins and their siblings, many of whom were measured on more than one occasion. METHODS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first mitochondrial association study of quantitative traits undertaken using family data. The maternal inheritance pattern of mitochondria means established association methodologies are unsuitable for analysis of mitochondrial data in families. We present a methodology, implemented in the freely available program Sib-Pair for performing such an analysis. RESULTS Despite our study having the power to detect variants with modest effects on these phenotypes, only one significant association was found after correction for multiple testing in any of four age groups. This was for mt14365 with triacylglycerol levels (unadjusted p = 0.0006). This association was not replicated in other age groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We find little evidence in our sample to suggest that common European mitochondrial variants contribute to variation in quantitative phenotypes related to diabetes. Only one variant showed a significant association in our sample, and this association will need to be replicated in a larger cohort. Such replication studies or future meta-analyses may reveal more subtle effects that could not be detected here because of limitations of sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Byrne
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - A F McRae
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - D L Duffy
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Z Z Zhao
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - N G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - J B Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - P M Visscher
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
- Queensland Statistical Genetics, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | - G W Montgomery
- Genetic Epidemiology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Udayakumar D, Tsao H. Moderate- to low-risk variant alleles of cutaneous malignancies and nevi: lessons from genome-wide association studies. Genome Med 2009; 1:95. [PMID: 19863770 PMCID: PMC2784308 DOI: 10.1186/gm95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous malignancies, especially malignant melanoma, exhibit great genetic heterogeneity. As a result, some individuals and families have particularly increased risk due to genetic predisposition to the disease. The susceptibility alleles range from rarely occurring, heritable, high-risk variants to ubiquitously occurring low-risk variants. Although until now the focus has been mostly towards the familial high-risk genes, the development of genome-wide association studies has uncovered a number of moderate- to low-risk predisposition alleles. The ability to specifically identify genetic variation associated with visible pigmentation traits and disease risk has provided a much richer view of the genetics of cutaneous malignancies. In this review, we provide an update on the recently identified risk loci. Existing clinical data, combined with vast genome information, will provide a better understanding of the biology of disease, and increased accuracy in risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Udayakumar
- Department of Dermatology, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, 48 Blossom Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Falchi M, Bataille V, Hayward NK, Duffy DL, Bishop JAN, Pastinen T, Cervino A, Zhao ZZ, Deloukas P, Soranzo N, Elder DE, Barrett JH, Martin NG, Bishop DT, Montgomery GW, Spector TD. Genome-wide association study identifies variants at 9p21 and 22q13 associated with development of cutaneous nevi. Nat Genet 2009; 41:915-9. [PMID: 19578365 PMCID: PMC3080738 DOI: 10.1038/ng.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A high melanocytic nevi count is the strongest known risk factor for cutaneous melanoma. We conducted a genome-wide association study for nevus count using 297,108 SNPs in 1,524 twins, with validation in an independent cohort of 4,107 individuals. We identified strongly associated variants in MTAP, a gene adjacent to the familial melanoma susceptibility locus CDKN2A on 9p21 (rs4636294, combined P = 3.4 x 10(-15)), as well as in PLA2G6 on 22q13.1 (rs2284063, combined P = 3.4 x 10(-8)). In addition, variants in these two loci showed association with melanoma risk in 3,131 melanoma cases from two independent studies, including rs10757257 at 9p21, combined P = 3.4 x 10(-8), OR = 1.23 (95% CI = 1.15-1.30) and rs132985 at 22q13.1, combined P = 2.6 x 10(-7), OR = 1.23 (95% CI = 1.15-1.30). This provides the first report of common variants associated to nevus number and demonstrates association of these variants with melanoma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Falchi
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, St. Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, UK.
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46
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Abstract
Melanoma is a complex, heterogeneous cancer that continues to increase in incidence. Multiple studies have consistently identified major host and environmental risk factors for melanoma. Nevi, particularly dysplastic nevi, confer much higher risks than most pigmentary characteristics. Ultraviolet radiation exposure is the predominant environmental risk factor for melanoma. Recently, both rare high risk susceptibility genes and common polymorphic genes contributing to melanoma risk have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A Tucker
- Human Genetics Program, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Room 7122, Bethesda, MD 20892-7236, USA.
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47
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Polymorphisms in the syntaxin 17 gene are not associated with human cutaneous malignant melanoma. Melanoma Res 2009; 19:80-6. [PMID: 19209086 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0b013e328322fc45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) has increased significantly in most Caucasian populations in recent decades. Both genetic and environmental risk factors are involved in the development of CMM. A germline mutation in the syntaxin 17 (STX17) gene of horses was recently identified, which causes premature hair graying and is associated with susceptibility to melanoma. We hypothesized that common germline variants in the STX17 gene might be associated with a predisposition to human CMM or might interact with other melanoma risk genes. We genotyped 26 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the STX17 gene region in an Australian sample of 1560 melanoma cases and 1650 controls and performed logistic regression analysis to identify potential SNP interactions in a combined dataset. Our results do not support an association between CMM and any of the STX17 SNPs and provide no evidence for interactions between the melanoma risk SNP rs910873 on chromosome 20 and any of the STX17 SNPs. We conclude that common variants in the STX17 gene region do not play a key role in the pathogenesis of human melanoma.
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48
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Kvaskoff M, Mesrine S, Clavel-Chapelon F, Boutron-Ruault MC. Endometriosis risk in relation to naevi, freckles and skin sensitivity to sun exposure: the French E3N cohort. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 38:1143-53. [PMID: 19351698 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyp175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is an important women's health issue, however its aetiology remains unknown. An association between endometriosis and cutaneous melanoma was described, possibly explained through common genetic features. To further investigate this association, we assessed the link between phenotypic traits predisposing to melanoma and the risk of endometriosis. METHODS Using a case-control design, we analysed data from 97,215 women of the Etude Epidémiologique auprès de femmes de l'Education Nationale study, a cohort of 98,995 French women insured by a national health scheme mostly covering teachers, and aged 40-65 years at inclusion in 1990. Risk estimates were computed using unconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS After adjustment for potential confounding factors, there was a positive dose-effect relationship between risk of endometriosis (reported as surgically ascertained, n = 4241) and skin sensitivity to sun exposure [moderate: odds ratio (OR) 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.99-1.19; high: OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.10-1.36; compared with none; Ptrend < 0.0001], number of naevi (few: OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.05-1.35; many: OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.21-1.55; very many: OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.37-1.83; compared with none; Ptrend < 0.0001) and number of freckles (few: OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.00-1.17; very many/many: OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03-1.20; compared with none; Ptrend = 0.005). CONCLUSION This study is, to our knowledge, the first to report a positive dose-effect relationship between the risk of endometriosis and skin sensitivity to sun exposure, and number of naevi and freckles. These data suggest that endometriosis and melanoma may share some genetic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kvaskoff
- Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) ERI 20, EA 4045 and Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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49
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Chang YM, Newton-Bishop JA, Bishop DT, Armstrong BK, Bataille V, Bergman W, Berwick M, Bracci PM, Elwood JM, Ernstoff MS, Green AC, Gruis NA, Holly EA, Ingvar C, Kanetsky PA, Karagas MR, Le Marchand L, Mackie RM, Olsson H, Østerlind A, Rebbeck TR, Reich K, Sasieni P, Siskind V, Swerdlow AJ, Titus-Ernstoff L, Zens MS, Ziegler A, Barrett JH. A pooled analysis of melanocytic nevus phenotype and the risk of cutaneous melanoma at different latitudes. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:420-8. [PMID: 18792098 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An abnormal nevus phenotype is associated with an increased risk of melanoma. We report a pooled analysis conducted using individual nevus data from 15 case-control studies (5,421 melanoma cases and 6,966 controls). The aims were to quantify the risk better and to determine whether relative risk is varied by latitude. Bayesian unconditional logistic random coefficients models were employed to study the risk associated with nevus characteristics. Participants with whole body nevus counts in the highest of 4 population-based categories had a greatly increased risk of melanoma compared with those in the lowest category (pooled odds ratio (pOR) 6.9 (95% confidence interval (CI): 4.4, 11.2) for those aged<50 years and pOR 5.1 (95% CI: 3.6, 7.5) for those aged>or=50). The pOR for presence compared with absence of any clinically atypical nevi was 4.0 (95% CI: 2.8, 5.8). The pORs for 1-2 and >or=3 large nevi on the body compared with none were 2.9 (95% CI: 1.9, 4.3) and 7.1 (95% CI: 4.7, 11.6), respectively. The relative heterogeneities among studies were small for most measures of nevus phenotype, except for the analysis of nevus counts on the arms, which may have been due to methodological differences among studies. The pooled analysis also suggested that an abnormal nevus phenotype is associated most with melanomas on intermittently sun-exposed sites. The presence of increased numbers of nevi, large nevi and clinically atypical nevi on the body are robust risk factors for melanoma showing little variation in relative risk among studies performed at different latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-mei Chang
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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The use of common mitochondrial variants to detect and characterise population structure in the Australian population: implications for genome-wide association studies. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16:1396-403. [DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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