1
|
High-resolution chromosomal microarray analysis for copy-number variations in high-functioning autism reveals large aberration typical for intellectual disability. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 127:81-94. [PMID: 31838600 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Copy-number variants (CNVs), in particular rare, small and large ones (< 1% frequency) and those encompassing brain-related genes, have been shown to be associated with neurodevelopmental disorders like autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and intellectual disability (ID). However, the vast majority of CNV findings lack specificity with respect to autistic or developmental-delay phenotypes. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate the size and frequency of CNVs in high-functioning ASD (HFA) without ID compared with a random population sample and with published findings in ASD and ID. To investigate the role of CNVs for the "core symptoms" of high-functioning autism, we included in the present exploratory study only patients with HFA without ID. The aim was to test whether HFA have similar large rare (> 1 Mb) CNVs as reported in ASD and ID. We performed high-resolution chromosomal microarray analysis in 108 children and adolescents with HFA without ID. There was no significant difference in the overall number of rare CNVs compared to 124 random population samples. However, patients with HFA carried significantly more frequently CNVs containing brain-related genes. Surprisingly, six HFA patients carried very large CNVs known to be typically present in ID. Our findings provide new evidence that not only small, but also large CNVs affecting several key genes contribute to the genetic etiology/risk of HFA without affecting their intellectual ability.
Collapse
|
2
|
Deurloo MHS, Turlova E, Chen WL, Lin YW, Tam E, Tassew NG, Wu M, Huang YC, Crawley JN, Monnier PP, Groffen AJA, Sun HS, Osborne LR, Feng ZP. Transcription Factor 2I Regulates Neuronal Development via TRPC3 in 7q11.23 Disorder Models. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3313-3325. [PMID: 30120731 PMCID: PMC6477017 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) and 7q11.23 duplication syndrome (Dup7q11.23) are neurodevelopmental disorders caused by the deletion and duplication, respectively, of ~ 25 protein-coding genes on chromosome 7q11.23. The general transcription factor 2I (GTF2I, protein TFII-I) is one of these proteins and has been implicated in the neurodevelopmental phenotypes of WS and Dup7q11.23. Here, we investigated the effect of copy number alterations in Gtf2i on neuronal maturation and intracellular calcium entry mechanisms known to be associated with this process. Mice with a single copy of Gtf2i (Gtf2i+/Del) had increased axonal outgrowth and increased TRPC3-mediated calcium entry upon carbachol stimulation. In contrast, mice with 3 copies of Gtf2i (Gtf2i+/Dup) had decreases in axon outgrowth and in TRPC3-mediated calcium entry. The underlying mechanism was that TFII-I did not affect TRPC3 protein expression, while it regulated TRPC3 membrane translocation. Together, our results provide novel functional insight into the cellular mechanisms that underlie neuronal maturation in the context of the 7q11.23 disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marielle H S Deurloo
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Functional Genomics, CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ekaterina Turlova
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, 1184 Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Wen-Liang Chen
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, 1184 Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - You Wei Lin
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Elaine Tam
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, MaRS Centre, 1515 West Tower, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Nardos G Tassew
- Vision Division, Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Discovery Tower, KDT-8-418, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Michael Wu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ya-Chi Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jacqueline N Crawley
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Philippe P Monnier
- Vision Division, Krembil Research Institute, Krembil Discovery Tower, KDT-8-418, 60 Leonard Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Alexander J A Groffen
- Department of Functional Genomics, CNCR, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU Medical Center, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, 1184 Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Lucy R Osborne
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, MaRS Centre, 1515 West Tower, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 661 University Avenue, MaRS Centre, 1515 West Tower, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada.
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Castiglia L, Husain RA, Marquardt I, Fink C, Liehr T, Serino D, Elia M, Coci EG. 7q11.23 microduplication syndrome: neurophysiological and neuroradiological insights into a rare chromosomal disorder. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2018; 62:359-370. [PMID: 29266505 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phenotypical consequence of the heterozygous chromosome 7q11.23 interstitial microdeletion is the Williams-Beuren syndrome, a very well-known genetic multi-systemic disorder. Much less is known about the reverse condition, the heterozygous interstitial microduplication of 7q11.23 region. The first molecular cytogenetic description was published in 2005, and only after several years were the reported patients numerous enough to attempt a description of a common phenotype. METHOD By using a broad multidisciplinary approach, we investigated 12 patients with this rare genetic anomaly. Ten of them harboured the duplication of the classical Williams-Beuren syndrome region and two a slightly larger duplication. Upon a detailed description of the clinical and psychological features, we used electroencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging to explore neurophysiological function and brain structures. RESULTS We analysed the clinical, psychological, neuroradiological and neurophysiological features of 12 yet-unpublished individuals affected by this rare genetic anomaly, focusing specifically on the last two aspects. Several structural abnormalities of the central nervous system were detected, like ventriculomegaly, hypotrophic cerebellum, hypotrophic corpus callosum and hypoplastic temporal lobes. Although only one of 12 individuals suffered from seizures during childhood, three others had abnormal electroencephalography findings prominent in the anterior brain regions, without any visible seizures to date. CONCLUSION Taken together, we enlarged the yet-underrepresented cohort in the literature of patients affected by 7q11.23 microduplication syndrome and shed further light on neuroradiological and neurophysiological aspects of this rare genetic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Castiglia
- Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain, Troina, Enna, Italy
| | - R A Husain
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - I Marquardt
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Klinikum Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - C Fink
- Department of Radiology, Allgemeines Krankenhaus Celle, Celle, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - T Liehr
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Thuringia, Germany
| | - D Serino
- Department of Pediatric Neuro-Psichiatry, ASL CN1, Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy
| | - M Elia
- Oasi Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain, Troina, Enna, Italy
| | - E G Coci
- Department of Paediatrics, Städtisches Klinikum Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Universitaetsklinikum Bochum, Ruhr-Universitaet Bochum, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Collinson JM, Lindström NO, Neves C, Wallace K, Meharg C, Charles RH, Ross ZK, Fraser AM, Mbogo I, Oras K, Nakamoto M, Barker S, Duce S, Miedzybrodzka Z, Vargesson N. The developmental and genetic basis of 'clubfoot' in the peroneal muscular atrophy mutant mouse. Development 2018; 145:145/3/dev160093. [PMID: 29439133 DOI: 10.1242/dev.160093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors underlying the human limb abnormality congenital talipes equinovarus ('clubfoot') remain incompletely understood. The spontaneous autosomal recessive mouse 'peroneal muscular atrophy' mutant (PMA) is a faithful morphological model of human clubfoot. In PMA mice, the dorsal (peroneal) branches of the sciatic nerves are absent. In this study, the primary developmental defect was identified as a reduced growth of sciatic nerve lateral motor column (LMC) neurons leading to failure to project to dorsal (peroneal) lower limb muscle blocks. The pma mutation was mapped and a candidate gene encoding LIM-domain kinase 1 (Limk1) identified, which is upregulated in mutant lateral LMC motor neurons. Genetic and molecular analyses showed that the mutation acts in the EphA4-Limk1-Cfl1/cofilin-actin pathway to modulate growth cone extension/collapse. In the chicken, both experimental upregulation of Limk1 by electroporation and pharmacological inhibition of actin turnover led to defects in hindlimb spinal motor neuron growth and pathfinding, and mimicked the clubfoot phenotype. The data support a neuromuscular aetiology for clubfoot and provide a mechanistic framework to understand clubfoot in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Martin Collinson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Nils O Lindström
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Carlos Neves
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Karen Wallace
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Caroline Meharg
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Rebecca H Charles
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Zoe K Ross
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Amy M Fraser
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Ivan Mbogo
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Kadri Oras
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Masaru Nakamoto
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Simon Barker
- Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK
| | - Suzanne Duce
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Zosia Miedzybrodzka
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Neil Vargesson
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Earhart BA, Williams ME, Zamora I, Randolph LM, Votava-Smith JK, Marcy SN. Phenotype of 7q11.23 duplication: A family clinical series. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 173:114-119. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Earhart
- USC University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Marian E. Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, USC University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities; University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine of USC, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Irina Zamora
- Department of Pediatrics, USC University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities; University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine of USC, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Linda Marie Randolph
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics; University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Jodie K. Votava-Smith
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics; University of Southern California, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| | - Stephanie N. Marcy
- Department of Pediatrics, USC University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities; University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine of USC, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Los Angeles California
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abbas E, Cox DM, Smith T, Butler MG. The 7q11.23 Microduplication Syndrome: A Clinical Report with Review of Literature. J Pediatr Genet 2016; 5:129-40. [PMID: 27617154 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report a 14-year-old adolescent girl with selective mutism (SM) and a 7q11.23 microduplication detected by chromosomal microarray (CMA) analysis and reviewed the literature from 18 published clinical reports. Our patient had specific phobias, SM, extreme anxiety, obesity, cutis marmorata, and a round appearing face with a short neck and over folded ears. We reviewed the published clinical, cognitive, behavioral, and cytogenetic findings grouped by speech and language delay, growth and development, craniofacial, clinical, and behavior and cognitive features due to the 7q11.23 microduplication. This microduplication syndrome is characterized by speech delay (91%), social anxiety (42%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, 37%), autism spectrum disorder (29%), and separation anxiety (13%). Other findings include abnormal brain imaging (80%), congenital heart and vascular defects (54%), and mild intellectual disability (38%). We then compared the phenotype with Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) which is due to a deletion of the same chromosome region. Both syndromes have abnormal brain imaging, hypotonia, delayed motor development, joint laxity, mild intellectual disability, ADHD, autism, and poor visuospatial skills but opposite or dissimilar findings regarding speech and behavioral patterns, cardiovascular problems, and social interaction. Those with WBS are prone to have hyperverbal speech, lack of stranger anxiety, and supravalvular aortic stenosis while those with the 7q11.23 microduplication have speech delay, SM, social anxiety, and are prone to aortic dilatation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Abbas
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Devin M Cox
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Teri Smith
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Morris CA, Mervis CB, Paciorkowski AP, Abdul-Rahman O, Dugan SL, Rope AF, Bader P, Hendon LG, Velleman SL, Klein-Tasman BP, Osborne LR. 7q11.23 Duplication syndrome: Physical characteristics and natural history. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:2916-35. [PMID: 26333794 PMCID: PMC5005957 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In order to describe the physical characteristics, medical complications, and natural history of classic 7q11.23 duplication syndrome [hereafter Dup7 (MIM 609757)], reciprocal duplication of the region deleted in Williams syndrome [hereafter WS (MIM 194050)], we systematically evaluated 53 individuals aged 1.25-21.25 years and 11 affected adult relatives identified in cascade testing. In this series, 27% of probands with Dup7 had an affected parent. Seven of the 26 de novo duplications that were examined for inversions were inverted; in all seven cases one of the parents had the common inversion polymorphism of the WS region. We documented the craniofacial features of Dup7: brachycephaly, broad forehead, straight eyebrows, broad nasal tip, low insertion of the columella, short philtrum, thin upper lip, minor ear anomalies, and facial asymmetry. Approximately 30% of newborns and 50% of older children and adults had macrocephaly. Abnormalities were noted on neurological examination in 88.7% of children, while 81.6% of MRI studies showed structural abnormalities such as decreased cerebral white matter volume, cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, and ventriculomegaly. Signs of cerebellar dysfunction were found in 62.3%, hypotonia in 58.5%, Developmental Coordination Disorder in 74.2%, and Speech Sound Disorder in 82.6%. Behavior problems included anxiety disorders, ADHD, and oppositional disorders. Medical problems included seizures, 19%; growth hormone deficiency, 9.4%; patent ductus arteriosus, 15%; aortic dilation, 46.2%; chronic constipation, 66%; and structural renal anomalies, 18%. We compare these results to the WS phenotype and offer initial recommendations for medical evaluation and surveillance of individuals who have Dup7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A. Morris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, NV
| | - Carolyn B. Mervis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY
| | - Alex P. Paciorkowski
- Center for Neural Development and Disease, Departments of Neurology, Pediatrics, and Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Omar Abdul-Rahman
- Department of Pediatrics University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Sarah L. Dugan
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Alan F. Rope
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kaiser Permanente, Portland OR
| | | | - Laura G. Hendon
- Department of Pediatrics University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Shelley L. Velleman
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | | | - Lucy R. Osborne
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nicita F, Garone G, Spalice A, Savasta S, Striano P, Pantaleoni C, Spartà MV, Kluger G, Capovilla G, Pruna D, Freri E, D'Arrigo S, Verrotti A. Epilepsy is a possible feature in Williams-Beuren syndrome patients harboring typical deletions of the 7q11.23 critical region. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 170A:148-55. [PMID: 26437767 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Seizures are rarely reported in Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS)--a contiguous-gene-deletion disorder caused by a 7q11.23 heterozygous deletion of 1.5-1.8 Mb--and no previous study evaluated electro-clinical features of epilepsy in this syndrome. Furthermore, it has been hypothesized that atypical deletion (e.g., larger than 1.8 Mb) may be responsible for a more pronounced neurological phenotypes, especially including seizures. Our objectives are to describe the electro-clinical features in WBS and to correlate the epileptic phenotype with deletion of the 7q11.23 critical region. We evaluate the electro-clinical features in one case of distal 7q11.23 deletion syndrome and in eight epileptic WBS (eWBS) patients. Additionally, we compare the deletion size-and deleted genes-of four epileptic WBS (eWBS) with that of four non-epileptic WBS (neWBS) patients. Infantile spasms, focal (e.g., motor and dyscognitive with autonomic features) and generalized (e.g., tonic-clonic, tonic, clonic, myoclonic) seizures were encountered. Drug-resistance was observed in one patient. Neuroimaging discovered one case of focal cortical dysplasia, one case of fronto-temporal cortical atrophy and one case of periventricular nodular heterotopia. Comparison of deletion size between eWBS and neWBS patients did not reveal candidate genes potentially underlying epilepsy. This is the largest series describing electro-clinical features of epilepsy in WBS. In WBS, epilepsy should be considered both in case of typical and atypical deletions, which do not involve HIP1, YWHAG or MAGI2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nicita
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Giacomo Garone
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Spalice
- Child Neurology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University, Roma, Italy
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 'G. Gaslini' Institute, Italy
| | - Chiara Pantaleoni
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Foundation I.R.C.C.S. Neurological Institute "C. Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Valentina Spartà
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gerhard Kluger
- Sch, ö, n Klinik Vogtareuth, Hospital for Neuropediatrics and Neurological Rehabilitation, Epilepsy Center for Children and Adolescents, Vogtareuth, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Capovilla
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, C Poma Hospital, Mantova, Italy
| | - Dario Pruna
- Epilepsy Unit, Child Neuropsychiatry Department, University Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Freri
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Foundation I.R.C.C.S. Neurological Institute "C. Besta", Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano D'Arrigo
- Department of Pediatric Neuroscience, Foundation I.R.C.C.S. Neurological Institute "C. Besta", Milan, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carmona-Mora P, Widagdo J, Tomasetig F, Canales CP, Cha Y, Lee W, Alshawaf A, Dottori M, Whan RM, Hardeman EC, Palmer SJ. The nuclear localization pattern and interaction partners of GTF2IRD1 demonstrate a role in chromatin regulation. Hum Genet 2015; 134:1099-115. [PMID: 26275350 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-015-1591-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GTF2IRD1 is one of the three members of the GTF2I gene family, clustered on chromosome 7 within a 1.8 Mb region that is prone to duplications and deletions in humans. Hemizygous deletions cause Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) and duplications cause WBS duplication syndrome. These copy number variations disturb a variety of developmental systems and neurological functions. Human mapping data and analyses of knockout mice show that GTF2IRD1 and GTF2I underpin the craniofacial abnormalities, mental retardation, visuospatial deficits and hypersociability of WBS. However, the cellular role of the GTF2IRD1 protein is poorly understood due to its very low abundance and a paucity of reagents. Here, for the first time, we show that endogenous GTF2IRD1 has a punctate pattern in the nuclei of cultured human cell lines and neurons. To probe the functional relationships of GTF2IRD1 in an unbiased manner, yeast two-hybrid libraries were screened, isolating 38 novel interaction partners, which were validated in mammalian cell lines. These relationships illustrate GTF2IRD1 function, as the isolated partners are mostly involved in chromatin modification and transcriptional regulation, whilst others indicate an unexpected role in connection with the primary cilium. Mapping of the sites of protein interaction also indicates key features regarding the evolution of the GTF2IRD1 protein. These data provide a visual and molecular basis for GTF2IRD1 nuclear function that will lead to an understanding of its role in brain, behaviour and human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Carmona-Mora
- Cellular and Genetic Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Widagdo
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Florence Tomasetig
- Cellular and Genetic Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Cesar P Canales
- Cellular and Genetic Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Yeojoon Cha
- Cellular and Genetic Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Wei Lee
- Cellular and Genetic Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Abdullah Alshawaf
- Centre for Neural Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mirella Dottori
- Centre for Neural Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Renee M Whan
- Biomedical Imaging Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Edna C Hardeman
- Cellular and Genetic Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen J Palmer
- Cellular and Genetic Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mervis CB, Klein-Tasman BP, Huffman MJ, Velleman SL, Pitts CH, Henderson DR, Woodruff-Borden J, Morris CA, Osborne LR. Children with 7q11.23 duplication syndrome: psychological characteristics. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167:1436-50. [PMID: 25900101 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To begin to delineate the psychological characteristics associated with classic 7q11.23 duplication syndrome (duplication of the classic Williams syndrome region; hereafter classic Dup7), we tested 63 children with classic Dup7 aged 4-17 years. Sixteen toddlers aged 18-45 months with classic Dup7 and 12 adults identified by cascade testing also were assessed. For the child group, median General Conceptual Ability (similar to IQ) on the Differential Ability Scales-II was 85.0 (low average), with a range from severe disability to high average ability. Median reading and mathematics achievement standard scores were at the low average to average level, with a range from severe impairment to high average or superior ability. Adaptive behavior was considerably more limited; median Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised Broad Independence standard score was 62.0 (mild impairment), with a range from severe adaptive impairment to average adaptive ability. Anxiety disorders were common, with 50.0% of children diagnosed with Social Phobia, 29.0% with Selective Mutism, 12.9% with Separation Anxiety Disorder, and 53.2% with Specific Phobia. In addition, 35.5% were diagnosed with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and 24.2% with Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Disruptive Behavior Disorder-Not Otherwise Specified. 33.3% of the children screened positive for a possible Autism Spectrum Disorder and 82.3% were diagnosed with Speech Sound Disorder. We compare these findings to previously reported results for children with Williams syndrome and argue that genotype/phenotype studies involving the Williams syndrome region offer important opportunities to understand the contribution of genes in this region to common disorders affecting the general population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn B Mervis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | | | - Myra J Huffman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Shelley L Velleman
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - C Holley Pitts
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Danielle R Henderson
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Janet Woodruff-Borden
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Colleen A Morris
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada
| | - Lucy R Osborne
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Genetics and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zarate YA, Lepard T, Sellars E, Kaylor JA, Alfaro MP, Sailey C, Schaefer GB, Collins RT. Cardiovascular and genitourinary anomalies in patients with duplications within the Williams syndrome critical region: Phenotypic expansion and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1998-2002. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A. Zarate
- Division of Genetics; Arkansas Children's Hospital; Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Tiffany Lepard
- Division of Genetics; Arkansas Children's Hospital; Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Elizabeth Sellars
- Division of Genetics; Arkansas Children's Hospital; Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Julie A. Kaylor
- Molecular Genetic Pathology; Arkansas Children's Hospital; Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Maria P. Alfaro
- Molecular Genetic Pathology; Arkansas Children's Hospital; Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Charles Sailey
- Department of Pathology; The University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas
| | | | - R. Thomas Collins
- Division of Cardiology; Arkansas Children's Hospital; Little Rock Arkansas
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Prontera P, Serino D, Caldini B, Scarponi L, Merla G, Testa G, Muti M, Napolioni V, Mazzotta G, Piccirilli M, Donti E. Brief Report: Functional MRI of a Patient with 7q11.23 Duplication Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2014; 44:2608-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-014-2117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
13
|
Novara F, Rizzo A, Bedini G, Girgenti V, Esposito S, Pantaleoni C, Ciccone R, Sciacca FL, Achille V, Della Mina E, Gana S, Zuffardi O, Estienne M. MEF2C deletions and mutations versus duplications: a clinical comparison. Eur J Med Genet 2013; 56:260-5. [PMID: 23402836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5q14.3 deletions including the MEF2C gene have been identified to date using genomic arrays in patients with severe developmental delay or intellectual disability, stereotypic behavior, epilepsy, cerebral malformations and a facial gestalt not really distinctive though characterized by broad and/or high, bulging forehead, upslanting palpebral fissures, flat nasal root and bridge, small, upturned nose, hypotonic small mouth resulting in cupid bow/tented upper lip. MEF2C mutations have been also identified in patients with overlapping phenotype so that it is considered the gene responsible for the 5q14.3 deletion syndrome. To date, one single duplication including MEF2C has been reported in a patient with intellectual disability but its clinical significance remains uncertain also because of the large size of the imbalance. Here we present two further patients with 5q14.3 duplications including MEF2C. Their phenotype indeed suggest the pathogenic effect of the MEF2C duplication although other duplicated genes also brain expressed might contribute to the clinical features. In none of them a clear-cut syndrome can be identified. A comparison between MEF2C deleted/mutated and duplicated patients is also presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Novara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Novara F, Alfei E, D'Arrigo S, Pantaleoni C, Beri S, Achille V, Sciacca FL, Giorda R, Zuffardi O, Ciccone R. 5p13 microduplication syndrome: a new case and better clinical definition of the syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2012; 56:54-8. [PMID: 23085304 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 5p13 duplication syndrome (OMIM #613174), a contiguous gene syndrome involving duplication of several genes on chromosome 5p13 including NIPBL (OMIM 608667), has been described in rare patients with developmental delay and learning disability, behavioral problems and peculiar facial dysmorphisms. 5p13 duplications described so far present with variable sizes, from 0.25 to 13.6 Mb, and contain a variable number of genes. Here we report another patient with 5p13 duplication syndrome including NIPBL gene only. Proband's phenotype overlapped that reported in patients with 5p13 microduplication syndrome and especially that of subjects with smaller duplications. Moreover, we better define genotype-phenotype relationship associated with this duplication and confirmed that NIPBL was likely the major dosage sensitive gene for the 5p13 microduplication phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Novara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dixit A, McKee S, Mansour S, Mehta SG, Tanteles GA, Anastasiadou V, Patsalis PC, Martin K, McCullough S, Suri M, Sarkar A. 7q11.23 Microduplication: a recognizable phenotype. Clin Genet 2012; 83:155-61. [PMID: 22369319 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Williams-Beuren syndrome is a well-known microdeletion syndrome with a recognizable clinical phenotype. The subtle phenotype of the reciprocal microduplication of the Williams-Beuren critical region has been described recently. We report seven further patients, and a transmitting parent, with 7q11.23 microduplication. All our patients had speech delay, autistic features and facial dysmorphism consistent with the published literature. We conclude that the presence of specific dysmorphic features, including straight, neat eyebrows, thin lips and a short philtrum, in our patients with speech delay and autistic features provides further evidence that the children with 7q11.23 microduplication have a recognizable phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Dixit
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Nottingham City Hospital, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Malenfant P, Liu X, Hudson ML, Qiao Y, Hrynchak M, Riendeau N, Hildebrand MJ, Cohen IL, Chudley AE, Forster-Gibson C, Mickelson ECR, Rajcan-Separovic E, Lewis MES, Holden JJA. Association of GTF2i in the Williams-Beuren Syndrome Critical Region with Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Autism Dev Disord 2011; 42:1459-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-011-1389-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
17
|
Berg JS, Potocki L, Bacino CA. Common recurrent microduplication syndromes: diagnosis and management in clinical practice. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1066-78. [PMID: 20425813 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Details on the phenotypic consequences of genomic microdeletions and microduplications are rapidly emerging in the wake of increased utilization of high-resolution methods for the detection of genomic copy number variants (CNVs). Due to their recent discovery, the complete phenotypic characterization of these syndromes is still in progress. For practicing clinicians, this unprecedented molecular diagnostic capability has in many cases outpaced our ability to convey conclusive information regarding these conditions to patients and family members. In particular, genomic microduplication syndromes are frequently associated with variable phenotypes and incomplete penetrance, leading to difficulty in counseling regarding the potential future consequences of a given microduplication. In this review, we have attempted to provide an initial set of recommendations for the management of patients with recurrent microduplication syndromes. We summarize the clinical information for microduplications of 14 different genomic regions and provide a framework for clinical evaluation and anticipatory guidance in these conditions. It is our expectation that these preliminary guidelines will be revised further for each microduplication syndrome as more information becomes available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Berg
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Merla G, Brunetti-Pierri N, Micale L, Fusco C. Copy number variants at Williams–Beuren syndrome 7q11.23 region. Hum Genet 2010; 128:3-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0827-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
19
|
Sisodiya SM, Fauser S, Cross JH, Thom M. Focal cortical dysplasia type II: biological features and clinical perspectives. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8:830-43. [DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(09)70201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
20
|
Jackowski AP, Rando K, Maria de Araújo C, Del Cole CG, Silva I, Tavares de Lacerda AL. Brain abnormalities in Williams syndrome: a review of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging findings. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2009; 13:305-16. [PMID: 18722146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Williams syndrome (WS) is rare genetic form of mental retardation caused by a microdeletion on chromosome 7q11.23 that causes cognitive impairment and a variety of physical abnormalities. MRI studies of WS have demonstrated a series of brain abnormalities, including decreased brain size, with a relatively greater decrease in the volume of the cerebral white matter volume as compared to the cerebral gray matter. Moreover there is evidence that the posterior cerebrum is more affected in that persons with WS have a greater ratio of frontal to posterior regional volume. These findings are further supported by automated analyses that have shown reduced gray matter density in the superior parietal lobe areas. Functional MRI studies have demonstrated hypofunction immediately adjacent to, and anterior to, the intraparietal sulcus, a region in which structural brain differences had been identified. These anatomical and functional differences are consistent with the neuropsychological profile of WS - in particular, with evidence of dorsal stream visual processing deficits. To date, however, studies have always been performed in comparison to intellectually average controls. It is not clear, therefore, if findings are specific to the WS population or whether they represent a morphological disturbance characteristic of mental retardation, irrespective of genetic etiology. In this article, we reviewed recent advances underlying the structural and functional neural substrate of WS in Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE; 1997-2007).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Parolin Jackowski
- Laboratório Interdiciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas (LiNC), Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Depienne C, Heron D, Betancur C, Benyahia B, Trouillard O, Bouteiller D, Verloes A, Leguern E, Leboyer M, Brice A. Autism, language delay and mental retardation in a patient with 7q11 duplication. BMJ Case Rep 2009; 2009:bcr05.2009.1911. [PMID: 21686962 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.05.2009.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements are found in a subset of patients with autism. Duplications involving loci associated with behavioural disturbances constitute an especially good candidate mechanism. The Williams-Beuren critical region (WBCR), located at 7q11.23, is commonly deleted in Williams-Beuren microdeletion syndrome (WBS). However, only four patients with a duplication of the WBCR have been reported to date. Here, 206 patients with autism spectrum disorders were screened for the WBCR duplication by quantitative microsatellite analysis and multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification. One male patient with a de novo interstitial duplication of the entire WBCR of paternal origin was identified. The patient had autistic disorder, severe language delay and mental retardation, with mild dysmorphism. The present report concerns the first patient with autistic disorder and a WBCR duplication. This observation indicates that the 7q11.23 duplication could be involved in complex clinical phenotypes, ranging from developmental or language delay to mental retardation and autism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Depienne
- INSERM U679 (formerly U289), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Gu W, Lupski JR. CNV and nervous system diseases--what's new? Cytogenet Genome Res 2009; 123:54-64. [PMID: 19287139 DOI: 10.1159/000184692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several new genomic disorders caused by copy number variation (CNV) of genes whose dosage is critical for the physiological function of the nervous system have been recently identified. Dup(7)(q11.23) patients carry duplications of the genomic region deleted in Williams-Beuren syndrome, they are characterized by prominent speech delay. The phenotypes of Potocki-Lupski syndrome and MECP2 duplication syndrome were neuropsychologically examined in detail, which revealed autism as an endophenotype and a prominent behavioral feature of these disorders. Tandem duplication of LMNB1 was reported to cause adult-onset autosomal dominant leukodystrophy. PAFAH1B1/LIS1 and YWHAE, which were deleted in isolated lissencephaly (PAFAH1B1/LIS1 alone) and Miller-Dieker syndrome (both genes), were found to be duplicated in patients with developmental delay. Finally, two novel microdeletion syndromes affecting 17q21.31 and 15q13.3, as well as their reciprocal duplications, were also identified. In this review, we provide an overview of the phenotypic manifestation of these syndromes and the rearrangements causing them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fourteen new cases contribute to the characterization of the 7q11.23 microduplication syndrome. Eur J Med Genet 2009; 52:94-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
24
|
Ramocki MB, Zoghbi HY. Failure of neuronal homeostasis results in common neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Nature 2008; 455:912-8. [PMID: 18923513 DOI: 10.1038/nature07457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Failure of normal brain development leads to mental retardation or autism in about 3% of children. Many genes integral to pathways by which synaptic modification and the remodelling of neuronal networks mediate cognitive and social development have been identified, usually through loss of function. Evidence is accumulating, however, that either loss or gain of molecular functions can be deleterious to the nervous system. Copy-number variation, regulation of gene expression by non-coding RNAs and epigenetic changes are all mechanisms by which altered gene dosage can cause the failure of neuronal homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa B Ramocki
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, MS 225, BCMT-T807, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sudden unexpected death in a toddler with Williams syndrome. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2008; 4:240-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-008-9035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
26
|
Dysmorphic features, simplified gyral pattern and 7q11.23 duplication reciprocal to the Williams-Beuren deletion. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16:880-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
|
27
|
Merritt J, Lindor N. Further clinical description of duplication of Williams–Beuren region presenting with congenital glaucoma and brachycephaly. Am J Med Genet A 2008; 146A:1055-8. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
28
|
Turner DJ, Miretti M, Rajan D, Fiegler H, Carter NP, Blayney ML, Beck S, Hurles ME. Germline rates of de novo meiotic deletions and duplications causing several genomic disorders. Nat Genet 2007; 40:90-5. [PMID: 18059269 PMCID: PMC2669897 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2007.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/03/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Meiotic recombination between highly similar duplicated sequences (nonallelic homologous recombination, NAHR) generates deletions, duplications, inversions and translocations, and it is responsible for genetic diseases known as 'genomic disorders', most of which are caused by altered copy number of dosage-sensitive genes. NAHR hot spots have been identified within some duplicated sequences. We have developed sperm-based assays to measure the de novo rate of reciprocal deletions and duplications at four NAHR hot spots. We used these assays to dissect the relative rates of NAHR between different pairs of duplicated sequences. We show that (i) these NAHR hot spots are specific to meiosis, (ii) deletions are generated at a higher rate than their reciprocal duplications in the male germline and (iii) some of these genomic disorders are likely to have been underascertained clinically, most notably that resulting from the duplication of 7q11, the reciprocal of the deletion causing Williams-Beuren syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Turner
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Reymond A, Henrichsen CN, Harewood L, Merla G. Side effects of genome structural changes. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2007; 17:381-6. [PMID: 17913489 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2007.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first extensive catalog of structural human variation was recently released. It showed that large stretches of genomic DNA that vary considerably in copy number were extremely abundant. Thus it is conceivable that they play a major role in functional variation. Consistently, genomic insertions and deletions were shown to contribute to phenotypic differences by modifying not only the expression levels of genes within the aneuploid segments but also of normal copy-number neighboring genes. In this report, we review the possible mechanisms behind this latter effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, Genopode Building, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Berg JS, Brunetti-Pierri N, Peters SU, Kang SHL, Fong CT, Salamone J, Freedenberg D, Hannig VL, Prock LA, Miller DT, Raffalli P, Harris DJ, Erickson RP, Cunniff C, Clark GD, Blazo MA, Peiffer DA, Gunderson KL, Sahoo T, Patel A, Lupski JR, Beaudet AL, Cheung SW. Speech delay and autism spectrum behaviors are frequently associated with duplication of the 7q11.23 Williams-Beuren syndrome region. Genet Med 2007; 9:427-41. [PMID: 17666889 DOI: 10.1097/gim.0b013e3180986192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Williams-Beuren syndrome is among the most well-characterized microdeletion syndromes, caused by recurrent de novo microdeletions at 7q11.23 mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination between low copy repeats flanking this critical region. However, the clinical phenotype associated with reciprocal microduplication of this genomic region is less well described. We investigated the molecular, clinical, neurodevelopmental, and behavioral features of seven patients with dup(7)(q11.23), including two children who inherited the microduplication from one of their parents, to more fully characterize this emerging microduplication syndrome. METHODS Patients were identified by array-based comparative genomic hybridization. Clinical examinations were performed on seven affected probands, and detailed cognitive and behavioral evaluations were carried out on four of the affected probands. RESULTS Our findings confirm initial reports of speech delay seen in patients with dup(7)(q11.23) and further delineate and expand the phenotypic spectrum of this condition to include communication, social interactions, and repetitive interests that are often observed in individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. CONCLUSIONS Array-based comparative genomic hybridization is a powerful means of detecting genomic imbalances and identifying molecular etiologies in the clinic setting, including genomic disorders such as Williams-Beuren syndrome and dup(7)(q11.23). We propose that dup(7)(q11.23) syndrome may be as frequent as Williams-Beuren syndrome and a previously unrecognized cause of language delay and behavioral abnormalities. Indeed, these individuals may first be referred for evaluation of autism, even if they do not ultimately meet diagnostic criteria for an autism spectrum disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Berg
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Osborne LR, Mervis CB. Rearrangements of the Williams-Beuren syndrome locus: molecular basis and implications for speech and language development. Expert Rev Mol Med 2007; 9:1-16. [PMID: 17565757 PMCID: PMC2893216 DOI: 10.1017/s146239940700035x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) locus on human chromosome 7q11.23 is flanked by complex chromosome-specific low-copy repeats that mediate recurrent genomic rearrangements of the region. Common genomic rearrangements arise through unequal meiotic recombination and result in complex but distinct behavioural and cognitive phenotypes. Deletion of 7q11.23 results in WBS, which is characterised by mild to moderate intellectual disability or learning difficulties, with relative cognitive strengths in verbal short-term memory and in language and extreme weakness in visuospatial construction, as well as anxiety, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and overfriendliness. By contrast, duplication results in severely delayed speech and expressive language, with relative strength in visuospatial construction. Although deletion and duplication of the WBS region have very different effects, both cause forms of language impairment and suggest that dosage-sensitive genes within the region are important for the proper development of human speech and language. The spectrum and frequency of genomic rearrangements at 7q11.23 presents an exceptional opportunity to identify gene(s) directly involved in human speech and language development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy R Osborne
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Depienne C, Heron D, Betancur C, Benyahia B, Trouillard O, Bouteiller D, Verloes A, LeGuern E, Leboyer M, Brice A. Autism, language delay and mental retardation in a patient with 7q11 duplication. J Med Genet 2007; 44:452-8. [PMID: 17400790 PMCID: PMC1994965 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2006.047092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosomal rearrangements, arising from unequal recombination between repeated sequences, are found in a subset of patients with autism. Duplications involving loci associated with behavioural disturbances constitute an especially good candidate mechanism. The Williams-Beuren critical region (WBCR), located at 7q11.23, is commonly deleted in Williams-Beuren microdeletion syndrome (WBS). However, only four patients with a duplication of the WBCR have been reported to date: one with severe language delay and the three others with variable developmental, psychomotor and language delay. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS In this study, we screened 206 patients with autism spectrum disorders for the WBCR duplication by quantitative microsatellite analysis and multiple ligation-dependent probe amplification. RESULTS We identified one male patient with a de novo interstitial duplication of the entire WBCR of paternal origin. The patient had autistic disorder, severe language delay and mental retardation, with very mild dysmorphic features. CONCLUSION We report the first patient with autistic disorder and a WBCR duplication. This observation indicates that the 7q11.23 duplication could be involved in complex clinical phenotypes, ranging from developmental or language delay to mental retardation and autism, and extends the phenotype initially reported. These findings also support the existence of one or several genes in 7q11.23 sensitive to gene dosage and involved in the development of language and social interaction.
Collapse
|