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Ryan ME, Damke PP, Shaffer CL. DNA Transport through the Dynamic Type IV Secretion System. Infect Immun 2023; 91:e0043622. [PMID: 37338415 PMCID: PMC10353360 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00436-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The versatile type IV secretion system (T4SS) nanomachine plays a pivotal role in bacterial pathogenesis and the propagation of antibiotic resistance determinants throughout microbial populations. In addition to paradigmatic DNA conjugation machineries, diverse T4SSs enable the delivery of multifarious effector proteins to target prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, mediate DNA export and uptake from the extracellular milieu, and in rare examples, facilitate transkingdom DNA translocation. Recent advances have identified new mechanisms underlying unilateral nucleic acid transport through the T4SS apparatus, highlighting both functional plasticity and evolutionary adaptations that enable novel capabilities. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms underscoring DNA translocation through diverse T4SS machineries, emphasizing the architectural features that implement DNA exchange across the bacterial membrane and license transverse DNA release across kingdom boundaries. We further detail how recent studies have addressed outstanding questions surrounding the mechanisms by which nanomachine architectures and substrate recruitment strategies contribute to T4SS functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E. Ryan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Prashant P. Damke
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Carrie L. Shaffer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Lacroix B, Citovsky V. Genetic factors governing bacterial virulence and host plant susceptibility during Agrobacterium infection. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2022; 110:1-29. [PMID: 37283660 PMCID: PMC10241481 DOI: 10.1016/bs.adgen.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Several species of the Agrobacterium genus represent unique bacterial pathogens able to genetically transform plants, by transferring and integrating a segment of their own DNA (T-DNA, transferred DNA) in their host genome. Whereas in nature this process results in uncontrolled growth of the infected plant cells (tumors), this capability of Agrobacterium has been widely used as a crucial tool to generate transgenic plants, for research and biotechnology. The virulence of Agrobacterium relies on a series of virulence genes, mostly encoded on a large plasmid (Ti-plasmid, tumor inducing plasmid), involved in the different steps of the DNA transfer to the host cell genome: activation of bacterial virulence, synthesis and export of the T-DNA and its associated proteins, intracellular trafficking of the T-DNA and effector proteins in the host cell, and integration of the T-DNA in the host genomic DNA. Multiple interactions between these bacterial encoded proteins and host factors occur during the infection process, which determine the outcome of the infection. Here, we review our current knowledge of the mechanisms by which bacterial and plant factors control Agrobacterium virulence and host plant susceptibility.
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Enhanced Synthesis of Foreign Nuclear Protein Stimulates Viral Reproduction via the Induction of γ-Thionin Expression. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11121530. [PMID: 35736681 PMCID: PMC9229031 DOI: 10.3390/plants11121530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants are a promising platform for recombinant protein production. Here we propose a novel approach to increase the level of viral vector-mediated recombinant protein synthesis. This approach is based on the hypothesis that antiviral protection is weakened during the antibacterial cellular response. We suggested that introduced to the cell foreign nuclear localized proteins, including effectors such as bacterial nucleomodulins, can interfere with the import of cellular nuclear proteins and launch antibacterial defense reactions, creating favorable conditions for cytoplasmic virus reproduction. Here, we performed synthesis of an artificial nuclear protein—red fluorescent protein (mRFP) fused with a nuclear localization sequence (NLS)—in plant cells as a mimetic of a bacterial effector. Superproduction of mRFP:NLS induced Nicotiana benthamiana γ-thionin (NbγThio) mRNA accumulation. Both NLS-containing protein synthesis and increased NbγThio expression stimulated reproduction of the viral vector based on the genome of crucifer-infecting tobacco mosaic virus (crTMV) in N. benthamiana leaves. We isolated the NbγThio gene promoter (PrγThio) and showed that PrγThio activity sharply increased in response to massive synthesis of GFP fused with NLS. We conclude that NLS-induced PrγThio activation and increased accumulation of Nbγthio mRNA led to the stimulation of GFP expression from crTMV: GFP vector in the transient expression system.
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4
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Li S, Xu B, Niu X, Lu X, Cheng J, Zhou M, Hooykaas PJJ. JAZ8 Interacts With VirE3 Attenuating Agrobacterium Mediated Root Tumorigenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:685533. [PMID: 34868098 PMCID: PMC8639510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.685533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens can cause crown gall tumors by transferring both an oncogenic piece of DNA (T-DNA) and several effector proteins into a wide range of host plants. For the translocated effector VirE3 multiple functions have been reported. It acts as a transcription factor in the nucleus binding to the Arabidopsis thaliana pBrp TFIIB-like protein to activate the expression of VBF, an F-box protein involved in degradation of the VirE2 and VIP1 proteins, facilitating Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Also VirE3 has been found at the plasma membrane, where it could interact with VirE2. Here, we identified AtJAZ8 in a yeast two-hybrid screening with VirE3 as a bait and confirmed the interaction by pull-down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. We also found that the deletion of virE3 reduced Agrobacterium virulence in a root tumor assay. Overexpression of virE3 in Arabidopsis enhanced tumorigenesis, whereas overexpression of AtJAZ8 in Arabidopsis significantly decreased the numbers of tumors formed. Further experiments demonstrated that AtJAZ8 inhibited the activity of VirE3 as a plant transcriptional regulator, and overexpression of AtJAZ8 in Arabidopsis activated AtPR1 gene expression while it repressed the expression of AtPDF1.2. Conversely, overexpression of virE3 in Arabidopsis suppressed the expression of AtPR1 whereas activated the expression of AtPDF1.2. Our results proposed a novel mechanism of counter defense signaling pathways used by Agrobacterium, suggesting that VirE3 and JAZ8 may antagonistically modulate the salicylic acid/jasmonic acid (SA/JA)-mediated plant defense signaling response during Agrobacterium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bingliang Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bingliang Xu,
| | - Xiaolei Niu
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Xiaolei Niu,
| | - Xiang Lu
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jianping Cheng
- College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Meiliang Zhou,
| | - Paul J. J. Hooykaas
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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5
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De Saeger J, Park J, Chung HS, Hernalsteens JP, Van Lijsebettens M, Inzé D, Van Montagu M, Depuydt S. Agrobacterium strains and strain improvement: Present and outlook. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 53:107677. [PMID: 33290822 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Almost 40 years ago the first transgenic plant was generated through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, which, until now, remains the method of choice for gene delivery into plants. Ever since, optimized Agrobacterium strains have been developed with additional (genetic) modifications that were mostly aimed at enhancing the transformation efficiency, although an optimized strain also exists that reduces unwanted plasmid recombination. As a result, a collection of very useful strains has been created to transform a wide variety of plant species, but has also led to a confusing Agrobacterium strain nomenclature. The latter is often misleading for choosing the best-suited strain for one's transformation purposes. To overcome this issue, we provide a complete overview of the strain classification. We also indicate different strain modifications and their purposes, as well as the obtained results with regard to the transformation process sensu largo. Furthermore, we propose additional improvements of the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation process and consider several worthwhile modifications, for instance, by circumventing a defense response in planta. In this regard, we will discuss pattern-triggered immunity, pathogen-associated molecular pattern detection, hormone homeostasis and signaling, and reactive oxygen species in relationship to Agrobacterium transformation. We will also explore alterations that increase agrobacterial transformation efficiency, reduce plasmid recombination, and improve biocontainment. Finally, we recommend the use of a modular system to best utilize the available knowledge for successful plant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Saeger
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jihae Park
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Marine Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-840, South Korea
| | - Hoo Sun Chung
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Mieke Van Lijsebettens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Montagu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephen Depuydt
- Laboratory of Plant Growth Analysis, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 406-840, South Korea; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
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6
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Li X, Yang Q, Peng L, Tu H, Lee LY, Gelvin SB, Pan SQ. Agrobacterium-delivered VirE2 interacts with host nucleoporin CG1 to facilitate the nuclear import of VirE2-coated T complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26389-26397. [PMID: 33020260 PMCID: PMC7584991 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2009645117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the causal agent of crown gall disease. The bacterium is capable of transferring a segment of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) into recipient cells during the transformation process, and it has been widely used as a genetic modification tool for plants and nonplant organisms. Transferred DNA (T-DNA) has been proposed to be escorted by two virulence proteins, VirD2 and VirE2, as a nucleoprotein complex (T-complex) that targets the host nucleus. However, it is not clear how such a proposed large DNA-protein complex is delivered through the host nuclear pore in a natural setting. Here, we studied the natural nuclear import of the Agrobacterium-delivered ssDNA-binding protein VirE2 inside plant cells by using a split-GFP approach with a newly constructed T-DNA-free strain. Our results demonstrate that VirE2 is targeted into the host nucleus in a VirD2- and T-DNA-dependent manner. In contrast with VirD2 that binds to plant importin α for nuclear import, VirE2 directly interacts with the host nuclear pore complex component nucleoporin CG1 to facilitate its nuclear uptake and the transformation process. Our data suggest a cooperative nuclear import model in which T-DNA is guided to the host nuclear pore by VirD2 and passes through the pore with the assistance of interactions between VirE2 and host nucleoporin CG1. We hypothesize that this large linear nucleoprotein complex (T-complex) is targeted to the nucleus by a "head" guide from the VirD2-importin interaction and into the nucleus by a lateral assistance from the VirE2-nucleoporin interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Qinghua Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Ling Peng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Haitao Tu
- School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Lan-Ying Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Stanton B Gelvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Shen Q Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543;
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7
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Thompson MG, Moore WM, Hummel NFC, Pearson AN, Barnum CR, Scheller HV, Shih PM. Agrobacterium tumefaciens: A Bacterium Primed for Synthetic Biology. BIODESIGN RESEARCH 2020; 2020:8189219. [PMID: 37849895 PMCID: PMC10530663 DOI: 10.34133/2020/8189219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is an important tool in plant biotechnology due to its natural ability to transfer DNA into the genomes of host plants. Genetic manipulations of A. tumefaciens have yielded considerable advances in increasing transformational efficiency in a number of plant species and cultivars. Moreover, there is overwhelming evidence that modulating the expression of various mediators of A. tumefaciens virulence can lead to more successful plant transformation; thus, the application of synthetic biology to enable targeted engineering of the bacterium may enable new opportunities for advancing plant biotechnology. In this review, we highlight engineering targets in both A. tumefaciens and plant hosts that could be exploited more effectively through precision genetic control to generate high-quality transformation events in a wider range of host plants. We then further discuss the current state of A. tumefaciens and plant engineering with regard to plant transformation and describe how future work may incorporate a rigorous synthetic biology approach to tailor strains of A. tumefaciens used in plant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell G. Thompson
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - William M. Moore
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Niklas F. C. Hummel
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Allison N. Pearson
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Collin R. Barnum
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Henrik V. Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Patrick M. Shih
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Genome Center, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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8
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Li X, Zhu T, Tu H, Pan SQ. Agrobacterium VirE3 Uses Its Two Tandem Domains at the C-Terminus to Retain Its Companion VirE2 on the Cytoplasmic Side of the Host Plasma Membrane. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:464. [PMID: 32373148 PMCID: PMC7187210 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the causal agent of crown gall disease in nature; in the laboratory the bacterium is widely used for plant genetic modification. The bacterium delivers a single-stranded transferred DNA (T-DNA) and a group of crucial virulence proteins into host cells. A putative T-complex is formed inside host cells that is composed of T-DNA and virulence proteins VirD2 and VirE2, which protect the foreign DNA from degradation and guide its way into the host nucleus. However, little is known about how the T-complex is assembled inside host cells. We combined the split-GFP and split-sfCherry labeling systems to study the interaction of Agrobacterium-delivered VirE2 and VirE3 in host cells. Our results indicated that VirE2 co-localized with VirE3 on the cytoplasmic side of the host cellular membrane upon the delivery. We identified and characterized two tandem domains at the VirE3 C-terminus that interacted with VirE2 in vitro. Deletion of these two domains abolished the VirE2 accumulation on the host plasma membrane and affected the transformation. Furthermore, the two VirE2-interacting domains of VirE3 exhibited different affinities with VirE2. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the anchorage protein VirE3 uses the two tandem VirE2-interacting domains to facilitate VirE2 protection for T-DNA at the cytoplasmic side of the host cell entrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haitao Tu
- School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan Institute of Molecular Bio-Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Shen Q. Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Ramkumar TR, Lenka SK, Arya SS, Bansal KC. A Short History and Perspectives on Plant Genetic Transformation. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2020; 2124:39-68. [PMID: 32277448 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0356-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Plant genetic transformation is an important technological advancement in modern science, which has not only facilitated gaining fundamental insights into plant biology but also started a new era in crop improvement and commercial farming. However, for many crop plants, efficient transformation and regeneration still remain a challenge even after more than 30 years of technical developments in this field. Recently, FokI endonuclease-based genome editing applications in plants offered an exciting avenue for augmenting crop productivity but it is mainly dependent on efficient genetic transformation and regeneration, which is a major roadblock for implementing genome editing technology in plants. In this chapter, we have outlined the major historical developments in plant genetic transformation for developing biotech crops. Overall, this field needs innovations in plant tissue culture methods for simplification of operational steps for enhancing the transformation efficiency. Similarly, discovering genes controlling developmental reprogramming and homologous recombination need considerable attention, followed by understanding their role in enhancing genetic transformation efficiency in plants. Further, there is an urgent need for exploring new and low-cost universal delivery systems for DNA/RNA and protein into plants. The advancements in synthetic biology, novel vector systems for precision genome editing and gene integration could potentially bring revolution in crop-genetic potential enhancement for a sustainable future. Therefore, efficient plant transformation system standardization across species holds the key for translating advances in plant molecular biology to crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thakku R Ramkumar
- Agronomy Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sangram K Lenka
- TERI-Deakin NanoBiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sagar S Arya
- TERI-Deakin NanoBiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Kailash C Bansal
- TERI-Deakin NanoBiotechnology Centre, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi, India.
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10
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Zong N, Wang H, Li Z, Ma L, Xie L, Pang J, Fan Y, Zhao J. Maize NCP1 negatively regulates drought and ABA responses through interacting with and inhibiting the activity of transcription factor ABP9. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:339-357. [PMID: 31894455 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00951-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
NCP1, a NINJA family protein lacking EAR motif, acts as a negative regulator of ABA signaling by interacting with and inhibiting the activity of transcriptional activator ABP9. The phytohormone abscisic acid plays a pivotal role in regulating plant responses to a variety of abiotic stresses including drought and salinity. Maize ABP9 is an ABRE-binding bZIP transcription activator that enhances plant tolerance to multiple stresses by positively regulating ABA signaling, but the molecular mechanism by which ABP9 is regulated in mediating ABA responses remains unknown. Here, we report the identification of an ABP9-interacting protein, named ABP Nine Complex Protein 1 (NCP1) and its functional characterization. NCP1 belongs to the recently identified NINJA family proteins, but lacks the conserved EAR motif, which is a hallmark of this class of transcriptional repressors. In vitro and in vivo assays confirmed that NCP1 physically interacts with ABP9 and that they are co-localized in the nucleus. In addition, NCP1 and ABP9 are similarly induced with similar patterns by ABA treatment and osmotic stress. Interestingly, NCP1 over-expressing Arabidopsis plants exhibited a reduced sensitivity to ABA and decreased drought tolerance. Transient assay in maize protoplasts showed that NCP1 inhibits the activity of ABP9 in activating ABRE-mediated reporter gene expression, a notion further supported by genetic analysis of drought and ABA responses in the transgenic plants over-expressing both ABP9 and NCP1. These data together suggest that NCP1 is a novel negative regulator of ABA signaling via interacting with and inhibiting the activity of ABP9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zong
- Faculty of Maize Functional Genomics, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanqian Wang
- Faculty of Maize Functional Genomics, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaoxia Li
- Faculty of Maize Functional Genomics, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Ma
- Faculty of Maize Functional Genomics, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Xie
- Faculty of Maize Functional Genomics, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Pang
- Faculty of Maize Functional Genomics, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunliu Fan
- Faculty of Maize Functional Genomics, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Faculty of Maize Functional Genomics, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Tsugama D, Yoon HS, Fujino K, Liu S, Takano T. Protein phosphatase 2A regulates the nuclear accumulation of the Arabidopsis bZIP protein VIP1 under hypo-osmotic stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6101-6112. [PMID: 31504762 PMCID: PMC6859724 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
VIP1 is a bZIP transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana. When cells are exposed to mechanical stress, VIP1 transiently accumulates in the nucleus, where it regulates the expression of its target genes and suppresses mechanical stress-induced root waving. The nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of VIP1 is regulated by phosphorylation and calcium-dependent signaling, but specific regulators of these processes remain to be identified. Here, inhibitors of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) are shown to inhibit both the mechanical stress-induced dephosphorylation and nuclear accumulation of VIP1. The PP2A B subunit, which recruits substrates of PP2A holoenzyme, is classified into B, B', B'', and B''' families. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation, in vitro pull-down, and yeast two-hybrid assays, we show that VIP1 interacts with at least two of the six members of the Arabidopsis PP2A B''-family subunit, which have calcium-binding EF-hand motifs. VIP1AAA, a constitutively nuclear-localized VIP1 variant with substitutions in putative phosphorylation sites of VIP1, suppressed the root waving induced by VIP1-SRDX (a repression domain-fused variant of VIP1). These results support the idea that VIP1 is dephosphorylated by PP2A and that the dephosphorylation suppresses the root waving. The phosphorylation sites of VIP1 and its homologs were narrowed down by in vitro phosphorylation, yeast two-hybrid, and protein subcellular localization assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tsugama
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center (ANESC), The University of Tokyo, Midori-cho, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9 Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Hyuk Sung Yoon
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center (ANESC), The University of Tokyo, Midori-cho, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9 Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kaien Fujino
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Kita 9 Nishi 9 Kita-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Tetsuo Takano
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center (ANESC), The University of Tokyo, Midori-cho, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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12
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Lacroix B, Citovsky V. Pathways of DNA Transfer to Plants from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Related Bacterial Species. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:231-251. [PMID: 31226020 PMCID: PMC6717549 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Genetic transformation of host plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and related species represents a unique model for natural horizontal gene transfer. Almost five decades of studying the molecular interactions between Agrobacterium and its host cells have yielded countless fundamental insights into bacterial and plant biology, even though several steps of the DNA transfer process remain poorly understood. Agrobacterium spp. may utilize different pathways for transferring DNA, which likely reflects the very wide host range of Agrobacterium. Furthermore, closely related bacterial species, such as rhizobia, are able to transfer DNA to host plant cells when they are provided with Agrobacterium DNA transfer machinery and T-DNA. Homologs of Agrobacterium virulence genes are found in many bacterial genomes, but only one non-Agrobacterium bacterial strain, Rhizobium etli CFN42, harbors a complete set of virulence genes and can mediate plant genetic transformation when carrying a T-DNA-containing plasmid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, USA;
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5215, USA;
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Tsugama D, Liu S, Fujino K, Takano T. Calcium signalling regulates the functions of the bZIP protein VIP1 in touch responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:1219-1229. [PMID: 30010769 PMCID: PMC6324745 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS VIP1 is a bZIP transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana. VIP1 and its close homologues transiently accumulate in the nucleus when cells are exposed to hypo-osmotic and/or mechanical stress. Touch-induced root bending is enhanced in transgenic plants overexpressing a repression domain-fused form of VIP1 (VIP1-SRDXox), suggesting that VIP1, possibly with its close homologues, suppresses touch-induced root bending. The aim of this study was to identify regulators of these functions of VIP1 in mechanical stress responses. METHODS Co-immunoprecipitation analysis using VIP1-GFP fusion protein expressed in Arabidopsis plants identified calmodulins as VIP1-GFP interactors. In vitro crosslink analysis was performed using a hexahistidine-tagged calmodulin and glutathione S-transferase-fused forms of VIP1 and its close homologues. Plants expressing GFP-fused forms of VIP1 and its close homologues (bZIP59 and bZIP29) were submerged in hypotonic solutions containing divalent cation chelators, EDTA and EGTA, and a potential calmodulin inhibitor, chlorpromazine, to examine their effects on the nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of those proteins. VIP1-SRDXox plants were grown on medium containing 40 mm CaCl2, 40 mm MgCl2 or 80 mm NaCl. MCA1 and MCA2 are mechanosensitive calcium channels, and the hypo-osmotic stress-dependent nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of VIP1-GFP in the mca1 mca2 double knockout mutant background was examined. KEY RESULTS In vitro crosslink products were detected in the presence of CaCl2, but not in its absence. EDTA, EGTA and chlorpromazine all inhibited both the nuclear import and the nuclear export of VIP1-GFP, bZIP59-GFP and bZIP29-GFP. Either 40 mm CaCl2or 80 mm NaCl enhanced the VIP-SRDX-dependent root bending. The nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling of VIP1 was observed even in the mca1 mca2 mutant. CONCLUSIONS VIP1 and its close homologues can interact with calmodulins. Their nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling requires neither MCA1 nor MCA2, but does require calcium signalling. Salt stress affects the VIP1-dependent regulation of root bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tsugama
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, Japan
- For correspondence. E-mail:
| | - Shenkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaien Fujino
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takano
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Gelvin SB. The VirE-asy Way to Genetically Transform Plants. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:973-975. [PMID: 30472994 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium transfers T-DNA and several virulence effector proteins to plant cells. It is not known how and where T-complexes containing these components are assembled. A new study suggests that T-complexes form on the plant plasma membrane, mediated by the effector protein VirE3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanton B Gelvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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15
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Li X, Tu H, Pan SQ. Agrobacterium Delivers Anchorage Protein VirE3 for Companion VirE2 to Aggregate at Host Entry Sites for T-DNA Protection. Cell Rep 2018; 25:302-311.e6. [PMID: 30304671 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers oncogenic DNA (T-DNA) and effector proteins into various host plants. T-DNA is generated inside the bacteria and subsequently delivered into plant cells along with the companion effectors VirD2, VirE2, and VirE3. However, it is not clear how the T-complex consisting of VirD2 and VirE2 is assembled inside plant cells. Here, we report that the effector protein VirE3 localized to plant plasma membranes as an anchorage through a conserved α-helical-bundle domain. VirE3 interacted with itself and enabled VirE2 accumulation at host entry sites through direct interactions. VirE3 was critical for VirE2 function in T-DNA protection. Our data indicate that VirE3 functions as a previously unrecognized anchorage protein consisting of membrane-binding, self-interacting, and VirE2-interacting domains. Both VirE2 and VirE3 are conserved among Agrobacterium and rhizobia species but not other organisms, suggesting that a group of anchorage proteins have been generated through evolution to facilitate the nucleoprotein assembly at plant membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 10 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Haitao Tu
- Foshan Institute of Molecular Bio-Engineering, School of Stomatology and Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Shen Q Pan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 10 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore.
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16
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Mary C, Baron C. Bases moléculaires de l’infection de plantes parAgrobacterium tumefaciensvia un système de sécrétion de type IV. Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 97:215-223. [PMID: 30142282 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a well studied phytopathogen given its various applications for deciphering host-pathogen interactions, bacterial communication, and capacity to transfer DNA fragments into host cells via a membrane protein system, the type IV secretion system (T4SS). T4SS mechanism is similar to the one responsible for antibiotic resistance gene transmission, and new knowledge gained could be applied to other organisms using such a mechanism. As well, A. tumefaciens is of economic importance in biotechnology due to its capacity to generate genetically modified plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens harbours a plasmid known as Ti plasmid encoding T4SS function genes used for transferring genetic information and plant colonization. In this review, the authors describe the molecular basis of infection, from detection of host signals, to the description of different regions of Ti plasmid key to infection, ending with substrate transfer through bacterial wall. [Journal translation].
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Mary
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.,Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christian Baron
- Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.,Département de biochimie et médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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17
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Duan K, Willig CJ, De Tar JR, Spollen WG, Zhang ZJ. Transcriptomic Analysis of Arabidopsis Seedlings in Response to an Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation Process. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2018; 31:445-459. [PMID: 29171790 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-17-0249-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogen that causes crown gall disease. This pathogen is capable of transferring the T-DNA from its Ti plasmid to the host cell and, then, integrating it into the host genome. To date, this genetic transformation ability has been harnessed as the dominant technology to produce genetically modified plants for both basic research and crop biotechnological applications. However, little is known about the interaction between Agrobacterium tumefaciens and host plants, especially the host responses to Agrobacterium infection and its associated factors. We employed RNA-seq to follow the time course of gene expression in Arabidopsis seedlings infected with either an avirulent or a virulent Agrobacterium strain. Gene Ontology analysis indicated many biological processes were involved in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation process, including hormone signaling, defense response, cellular biosynthesis, and nucleic acid metabolism. RNAseq and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction results indicated that expression of genes involved in host plant growth and development were repressed but those involved in defense response were induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Further analysis of the responses of transgenic Arabidopsis lines constitutively expressing either the VirE2 or VirE3 protein suggested Vir proteins act to enhance plant defense responses in addition to their known roles facilitating T-DNA transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Duan
- 1 Plant Transformation Core Facility, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A.; and
| | - Christopher J Willig
- 1 Plant Transformation Core Facility, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A.; and
| | - Joann R De Tar
- 1 Plant Transformation Core Facility, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A.; and
| | | | - Zhanyuan J Zhang
- 1 Plant Transformation Core Facility, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, U.S.A.; and
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18
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Botero D, Alvarado C, Bernal A, Danies G, Restrepo S. Network Analyses in Plant Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:35. [PMID: 29441045 PMCID: PMC5797656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in the age of big data in Biology, studying the connections between the biological processes and the molecular mechanisms behind them is a challenging task. Systems biology arose as a transversal discipline between biology, chemistry, computer science, mathematics, and physics to facilitate the elucidation of such connections. A scenario, where the application of systems biology constitutes a very powerful tool, is the study of interactions between hosts and pathogens using network approaches. Interactions between pathogenic bacteria and their hosts, both in agricultural and human health contexts are of great interest to researchers worldwide. Large amounts of data have been generated in the last few years within this area of research. However, studies have been relatively limited to simple interactions. This has left great amounts of data that remain to be utilized. Here, we review the main techniques in network analysis and their complementary experimental assays used to investigate bacterial-plant interactions. Other host-pathogen interactions are presented in those cases where few or no examples of plant pathogens exist. Furthermore, we present key results that have been obtained with these techniques and how these can help in the design of new strategies to control bacterial pathogens. The review comprises metabolic simulation, protein-protein interactions, regulatory control of gene expression, host-pathogen modeling, and genome evolution in bacteria. The aim of this review is to offer scientists working on plant-pathogen interactions basic concepts around network biology, as well as an array of techniques that will be useful for a better and more complete interpretation of their data.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Botero
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Pathology (LAMFU), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Grupo de Diseño de Productos y Procesos, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Grupo de Biología Computacional y Ecología Microbiana, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Camilo Alvarado
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Pathology (LAMFU), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Bernal
- Laboratory of Molecular Interactions of Agricultural Microbes, LIMMA, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Giovanna Danies
- Department of Design, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silvia Restrepo
- Laboratory of Mycology and Plant Pathology (LAMFU), Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
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19
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Levy A, El-Mochtar C, Wang C, Goodin M, Orbovic V. A new toolset for protein expression and subcellular localization studies in citrus and its application to citrus tristeza virus proteins. PLANT METHODS 2018; 14:2. [PMID: 29339969 PMCID: PMC5759842 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-017-0270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transient gene expression is a powerful tool to study gene function in plants. In citrus, Agrobacterium transformation is the method of choice for transient expression studies, but this method does not work efficiently with many gene constructs, and there is a need for a more robust transient expression system in citrus leaves. Biolistic particle delivery is an alternative to Agrobacterium transformation, and in some plants, such as Arabidopsis, gives higher transformation rates in leaf tissues than Agrobacterium. RESULTS Here we describe an improved method for gene expression in epidermal cells of citrus leaves, using the Bio-Rad Helios gene-gun. Gene-gun bombardment of GFP-HDEL produced highly efficient gene expression in large number of cells and in different citrus varieties. We show here that transiently expressed proteins have maintained their functions in plants, and this is demonstrated by the subcellular localization of different organelle markers, and by a functional assay of Xanthomonas citri effector AvrGF1. To further expand the available tools for subcellular localization studies in citrus, we also generated a new set of transgenic citrus plants that contain organelle markers labelling the nuclei, actin and endoplasmic reticulum. Using these new tools, we were able to show that the coat protein of citrus tristeza virus localizes to the cytoplasm and nuclei when expressed in epidermal cells fused to GFP. CONCLUSION We have optimized a new method for transient expression in citrus leaves, to give highly reproducible and efficient transformation without producing a high level of injury or artifacts to the bombarded tissue. We also generated the first set organelle markers for use in citrus. These fluorescent protein markers label the nucleus and the actin. With these new resources, protein activity and subcellular localization can be studied in citrus rapidly and in high throughput. The handheld gene-gun device can also be used in the grove to deliver therapies for citrus diseases, such as canker and Huanglongbing, into trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Levy
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Choaa El-Mochtar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL USA
| | - Michael Goodin
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY USA
| | - Vladimir Orbovic
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL USA
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20
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Willig CJ, Duan K, Zhang ZJ. Transcriptome Profiling of Plant Genes in Response to Agrobacterium tumefaciens-Mediated Transformation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 418:319-348. [PMID: 30062593 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a plant pathogen that causes crown gall disease. During infection of the host plant, Agrobacterium transfers T-DNA from its Ti plasmid into the host cell, which can then be integrated into the host genome. This unique genetic transformation capability has been employed as the dominant technology for producing genetically modified plants for both basic research and biotechnological applications. Agrobacterium has been well studied as a disease-causing agent. The Agrobacterium-mediated transformation process involves early attachment of the bacterium to the host's surface, followed by transfer of T-DNA and virulence proteins into the plant cell. Throughout this process, the host plants exhibit dynamic gene expression patterns at each infection stage or in response to Agrobacterium strains with varying pathogenic capabilities. Shifting host gene expression patterns throughout the transformation process have effects on transformation frequency, host morphology, and metabolism. Thus, gene expression profiling during the Agrobacterium infection process can be an important approach to help elucidate the interaction between Agrobacterium and plants. This review highlights recent findings on host plant differential gene expression patterns in response to A. tumefaciens or related elicitor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaixuan Duan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zhanyuan J Zhang
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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21
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Huang F, Zhou X, Chen Z, Peng W, Luo M. VirD5 is required for efficient Agrobacterium infection and interacts with Arabidopsis VIP2. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:726-738. [PMID: 29084344 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During Agrobacterium (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) infection, the translocated virulence proteins (VirD2, VirE2, VirE3, VirF and VirD5) play crucial roles. It is thought that, through protein-protein interactions, Agrobacterium uses and abuses host plant factors and systems to facilitate its infection. Although some molecular functions have been revealed, the roles of VirD5 still need to be further elucidated. Here, plant transformation and tumorigenesis mediated by genetically modified Agrobacterium strains were performed to examine VirD5 roles. In addition, protein-protein interaction-associated molecular and biochemistry technologies were used to reveal and elucidate VirD5 interaction with Arabidopsis VirE2 interacting protein 2 (VIP2). Our results showed that deleting virD5 from Agrobacterium reduced its tumor formation ability and stable transformation efficiency but did not affect the transient transformation efficiency. We also found that VirD5 can interact with Arabidopsis VIP2. Further experiments demonstrated that VirD5 can affect VIP2 binding to cap-binding proteins (CBP20 and CBP80). The tumorigenesis efficiency for cbp80 mutant was not significantly changed, but that for cbp20, cbp20cbp80 mutants were significantly increased. This work demonstrates experimentally that VirD5 is required for efficient Agrobacterium infection and may promote this process by competitive interaction with Arabidopsis VIP2. CBP20 is involved in the Agrobacterium infection process and its effect can be synergistically enhanced by CBP80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shaojuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fei Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meizhong Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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22
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The Mechanism of T-DNA Integration: Some Major Unresolved Questions. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2018; 418:287-317. [DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Hwang HH, Yu M, Lai EM. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation: biology and applications. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2017; 15:e0186. [PMID: 31068763 PMCID: PMC6501860 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant genetic transformation heavily relies on the bacterial pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a powerful tool to deliver genes of interest into a host plant. Inside the plant nucleus, the transferred DNA is capable of integrating into the plant genome for inheritance to the next generation (i.e. stable transformation). Alternatively, the foreign DNA can transiently remain in the nucleus without integrating into the genome but still be transcribed to produce desirable gene products (i.e. transient transformation). From the discovery of A. tumefaciens to its wide application in plant biotechnology, numerous aspects of the interaction between A. tumefaciens and plants have been elucidated. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the biology and the applications of Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation, which may be useful for both microbiologists and plant biologists who desire a better understanding of plant transformation, protein expression in plants, and plant-microbe interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau-Hsuan Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, 402
| | - Manda Yu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115
| | - Erh-Min Lai
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 115
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Tsugama D, Liu S, Takano T. VIP1 is very important/interesting protein 1 regulating touch responses of Arabidopsis. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1187358. [PMID: 27171129 PMCID: PMC4973795 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1187358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
VIP1 (VIRE2-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1) is a bZIP transcription factor in Arabidopsis thaliana. VIP1 and its close homologs (i.e., Arabidopsis group I bZIP proteins) are present in the cytoplasm under steady conditions, but are transiently localized to the nucleus when cells are exposed to hypo-osmotic conditions, which mimic mechanical stimuli such as touch. Recently we have reported that overexpression of a repression domain-fused form of VIP1 represses the expression of some touch-responsive genes, changes structures and/or local auxin responses of the root cap cells, and enhances the touch-induced root waving. This raises the possibility that VIP1 suppresses touch-induced responses. VIP1 should be useful to further characterize touch responses of plants. Here we discuss 2 seemingly interesting perspectives about VIP1: (1) What factors are involved in regulating the nuclear localization of VIP1?; (2) What can be done to further characterize the physiological functions of VIP1 and other Arabidopsis group I bZIP proteins?
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tsugama
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shenkui Liu
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, P.R. China
| | - Tetsuo Takano
- Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Tsugama D, Liu S, Takano T. The bZIP Protein VIP1 Is Involved in Touch Responses in Arabidopsis Roots. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1355-65. [PMID: 27208231 PMCID: PMC4902608 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
VIP1 is a bZIP transcription factor in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). VIP1 transiently accumulates in the nucleus when cells are exposed to hypoosmotic conditions, but its physiological relevance is unclear. This is possibly because Arabidopsis has approximately 10 close homologs of VIP1 and they function redundantly. To examine their physiological roles, transgenic plants overexpressing a repression domain-fused form of VIP1 (VIP1-SRDXox plants), in which the gene activation mediated by VIP1 is expected to be repressed, were generated. Because hypoosmotic stress can mimic mechanical stimuli (e.g. touch), the touch-induced root-waving phenotypes and gene expression patterns in those transgenic plants were examined. VIP1-SRDXox plants exhibited more severe root waving and lower expression of putative VIP1 target genes. The expression of the VIP1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein partially suppressed the VIP1-SRDX-induced increase in root waving when expressed in the VIP1-SRDXox plants. These results suggest that VIP1 can suppress the touch-induced root waving. The VIP1-SRDX-induced increase in root waving was also suppressed when the synthetic auxin 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid or the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, which is known to activate auxin biosynthesis, was present in the growth medium. Root cap cells with the auxin marker DR5rev::GFP were more abundant in the VIP1-SRDXox background than in the wild-type background. Auxin is transported via the root cap, and the conditions of outermost root cap layers were abnormal in VIP1-SRDXox plants. These results raise the possibility that VIP1 influences structures of the root cap and thereby regulates the local auxin responses in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tsugama
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (D.T.);Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan (D.T., T.T.); andAlkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China (S.L.)
| | - Shenkui Liu
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (D.T.);Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan (D.T., T.T.); andAlkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China (S.L.)
| | - Tetsuo Takano
- Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan (D.T.);Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, University of Tokyo, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 188-0002, Japan (D.T., T.T.); andAlkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China (S.L.)
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Niu X, Zhou M, Henkel CV, van Heusden GPH, Hooykaas PJJ. The Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence protein VirE3 is a transcriptional activator of the F-box gene VBF. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:914-924. [PMID: 26461850 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of plant cells a part of the tumour-inducing plasmid, T-DNA, is integrated into the host genome. In addition, a number of virulence proteins are translocated into the host cell. The virulence protein VirE3 binds to the Arabidopsis thaliana pBrp protein, a plant-specific general transcription factor of the TFIIB family. To study a possible role for VirE3 in transcriptional regulation, we stably expressed virE3 in A. thaliana under control of a tamoxifen-inducible promoter. By RNA sequencing we showed that upon expression of virE3 the RNA levels of 607 genes were increased more than three-fold and those of 132 genes decreased more than three-fold. One of the strongly activated genes was that encoding VBF (At1G56250), an F-box protein that may affect the levels of the VirE2 and VIP1 proteins. Using Arabidopsis cell suspension protoplasts we showed that VirE3 stimulates the VBF promoter, especially when co-expressed with pBrp. Although pBrp is localized at the external surface of plastids, co-expression of VirE3 and pBrp in Arabidopsis cell suspension protoplasts resulted in the accumulation of pBrp in the nucleus. Our results suggest that VirE3 affects the transcriptional machinery of the host cell to favour the transformation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Niu
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan V Henkel
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G Paul H van Heusden
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J J Hooykaas
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lacroix B, Citovsky V. Nopaline-type Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium encodes a VirF-like functional F-box protein. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16610. [PMID: 26586289 PMCID: PMC4653730 DOI: 10.1038/srep16610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of plants, several bacterial virulence (Vir) proteins are translocated into the host cell to facilitate infection. One of the most important of such translocated factors is VirF, an F-box protein produced by octopine strains of Agrobacterium, which presumably facilitates proteasomal uncoating of the invading T-DNA from its associated proteins. The presence of VirF also is thought to be involved in differences in host specificity between octopine and nopaline strains of Agrobacterium, with the current dogma being that no functional VirF is encoded by nopaline strains. Here, we show that a protein with homology to octopine VirF is encoded by the Ti plasmid of the nopaline C58 strain of Agrobacterium. This protein, C58VirF, possesses the hallmarks of functional F-box proteins: it contains an active F-box domain and specifically interacts, via its F-box domain, with SKP1-like (ASK) protein components of the plant ubiquitin/proteasome system. Thus, our data suggest that nopaline strains of Agrobacterium have evolved to encode a functional F-box protein VirF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lacroix
- Stony Brook University, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Stony Brook University, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA
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Kleinboelting N, Huep G, Appelhagen I, Viehoever P, Li Y, Weisshaar B. The Structural Features of Thousands of T-DNA Insertion Sites Are Consistent with a Double-Strand Break Repair-Based Insertion Mechanism. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1651-64. [PMID: 26343971 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, an important tool in modern plant research, involves the integration of T-DNA initially present on a plasmid in agrobacteria into the genome of plant cells. The process of attachment of the agrobacteria to plant cells and the transport of T-DNA into the cell and further to the nucleus has been well described. However, the exact mechanism of integration into the host's DNA is still unclear, although several models have been proposed. During confirmation of T-DNA insertion alleles from the GABI-Kat collection of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants, we have generated about 34,000 sequences from the junctions between inserted T-DNA and adjacent genome regions. Here, we describe the evaluation of this dataset with regard to existing models for T-DNA integration. The results suggest that integration into the plant genome is mainly mediated by the endogenous plant DNA repair machinery. The observed integration events showed characteristics highly similar to those of repair sites of double-strand breaks with respect to microhomology and deletion sizes. In addition, we describe unexpected integration events, such as large deletions and inversions at the integration site that are relevant for correct interpretation of results from T-DNA insertion mutants in reverse genetics experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Kleinboelting
- Center for Biotechnology & Department of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gunnar Huep
- Center for Biotechnology & Department of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ingo Appelhagen
- Center for Biotechnology & Department of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Prisca Viehoever
- Center for Biotechnology & Department of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital Freiburg, Berliner Allee 29, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Weisshaar
- Center for Biotechnology & Department of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Bourras S, Rouxel T, Meyer M. Agrobacterium tumefaciens Gene Transfer: How a Plant Pathogen Hacks the Nuclei of Plant and Nonplant Organisms. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1288-1301. [PMID: 26151736 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-14-0380-rvw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium species are soilborne gram-negative bacteria exhibiting predominantly a saprophytic lifestyle. Only a few of these species are capable of parasitic growth on plants, causing either hairy root or crown gall diseases. The core of the infection strategy of pathogenic Agrobacteria is a genetic transformation of the host cell, via stable integration into the host genome of a DNA fragment called T-DNA. This genetic transformation results in oncogenic reprogramming of the host to the benefit of the pathogen. This unique ability of interkingdom DNA transfer was largely used as a tool for genetic engineering. Thus, the artificial host range of Agrobacterium is continuously expanding and includes plant and nonplant organisms. The increasing availability of genomic tools encouraged genome-wide surveys of T-DNA tagged libraries, and the pattern of T-DNA integration in eukaryotic genomes was studied. Therefore, data have been collected in numerous laboratories to attain a better understanding of T-DNA integration mechanisms and potential biases. This review focuses on the intranuclear mechanisms necessary for proper targeting and stable expression of Agrobacterium oncogenic T-DNA in the host cell. More specifically, the role of genome features and the putative involvement of host's transcriptional machinery in relation to the T-DNA integration and effects on gene expression are discussed. Also, the mechanisms underlying T-DNA integration into specific genome compartments is reviewed, and a theoretical model for T-DNA intranuclear targeting is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Bourras
- First, second, and third authors: INRA, UMR 1290 INRA-AgroParisTech BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Thierry Rouxel
- First, second, and third authors: INRA, UMR 1290 INRA-AgroParisTech BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Michel Meyer
- First, second, and third authors: INRA, UMR 1290 INRA-AgroParisTech BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, BP 01, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Song GC, Lee S, Hong J, Choi HK, Hong GH, Bae DW, Mysore KS, Park YS, Ryu CM. Aboveground insect infestation attenuates belowground Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:148-158. [PMID: 25676198 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease. Although Agrobacterium can be popularly used for genetic engineering, the influence of aboveground insect infestation on Agrobacterium induced gall formation has not been investigated. Nicotiana benthamiana leaves were exposed to a sucking insect (whitefly) infestation and benzothiadiazole (BTH) for 7 d, and these exposed plants were inoculated with a tumorigenic Agrobacterium strain. We evaluated, both in planta and in vitro, how whitefly infestation affects crown gall disease. Whitefly-infested plants exhibited at least a two-fold reduction in gall formation on both stem and crown root. Silencing of isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1), required for salicylic acid (SA) synthesis, compromised gall formation indicating an involvement of SA in whitefly-derived plant defence against Agrobacterium. Endogenous SA content was augmented in whitefly-infested plants upon Agrobacterium inoculation. In addition, SA concentration was three times higher in root exudates from whitefly-infested plants. As a consequence, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of roots of whitefly-infested plants was clearly inhibited when compared to control plants. These results suggest that aboveground whitefly infestation elicits systemic defence responses throughout the plant. Our findings provide new insights into insect-mediated leaf-root intra-communication and a framework to understand interactions between three organisms: whitefly, N. benthamiana and Agrobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geun Cheol Song
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Jaehwa Hong
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- Department of Plant Pathology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, South Korea
| | - Hye Kyung Choi
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Gun Hyong Hong
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
| | - Dong-Won Bae
- Central Instrument Facility, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701, South Korea
| | - Kirankumar S Mysore
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yong-Soon Park
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Superbacteria Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, 305-806, South Korea
- Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 305-350, South Korea
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Krenek P, Samajova O, Luptovciak I, Doskocilova A, Komis G, Samaj J. Transient plant transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens: Principles, methods and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1024-42. [PMID: 25819757 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is widely used as a versatile tool for development of stably transformed model plants and crops. However, the development of Agrobacterium based transient plant transformation methods attracted substantial attention in recent years. Transient transformation methods offer several applications advancing stable transformations such as rapid and scalable recombinant protein production and in planta functional genomics studies. Herein, we highlight Agrobacterium and plant genetics factors affecting transfer of T-DNA from Agrobacterium into the plant cell nucleus and subsequent transient transgene expression. We also review recent methods concerning Agrobacterium mediated transient transformation of model plants and crops and outline key physical, physiological and genetic factors leading to their successful establishment. Of interest are especially Agrobacterium based reverse genetics studies in economically important crops relying on use of RNA interference (RNAi) or virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology. The applications of Agrobacterium based transient plant transformation technology in biotech industry are presented in thorough detail. These involve production of recombinant proteins (plantibodies, vaccines and therapeutics) and effectoromics-assisted breeding of late blight resistance in potato. In addition, we also discuss biotechnological potential of recombinant GFP technology and present own examples of successful Agrobacterium mediated transient plant transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Krenek
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Olga Samajova
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivan Luptovciak
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Anna Doskocilova
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - George Komis
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Jozef Samaj
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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32
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Bar-Ziv A, Levy Y, Citovsky V, Gafni Y. The Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) V2 protein inhibits enzymatic activity of the host papain-like cysteine protease CYP1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:525-9. [PMID: 25797621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The viral V2 protein is one of the key factors that Tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (TYLCV), a major tomato pathogen worldwide, utilizes to combat the host defense. Besides suppressing the plant RNA silencing defense by targeting the host SGS3 component of the silencing machinery, V2 also interacts with the host CYP1 protein, a papain-like cysteine protease likely involved in hypersensitive response reactions. The biological effects of the V2-CYP1 interaction, however, remain unknown. We addressed this question by demonstrating that V2 inhibits the enzymatic activity of CYP1, but does not interfere with post-translational maturation of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Bar-Ziv
- Institute of Plant Sciences, A.R.O., The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Yael Levy
- Institute of Plant Sciences, A.R.O., The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Yedidya Gafni
- Institute of Plant Sciences, A.R.O., The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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33
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Wang Y, Peng W, Zhou X, Huang F, Shao L, Luo M. The putative Agrobacterium transcriptional activator-like virulence protein VirD5 may target T-complex to prevent the degradation of coat proteins in the plant cell nucleus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:1266-1281. [PMID: 24865527 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium exports at least five virulence proteins (VirE2, VirE3, VirF, VirD2, VirD5) into host cells and hijacks some host plant factors to facilitate its transformation process. Random DNA binding selection assays (RDSAs), electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and yeast one-hybrid systems were used to identify protein-bound DNA elements. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation, glutathione S-transferase pull-down and yeast two-hybrid assays were used to detect protein interactions. Protoplast transformation, coprecipitation, competitive binding and cell-free degradation assays were used to analyze the relationships among proteins. We found that Agrobacterium VirD5 exhibits transcriptional activation activity in yeast, is located in the plant cell nucleus, and forms homodimers. A specific VirD5-bound DNA element designated D5RE (VirD5 response element) was identified. VirD5 interacted directly with Arabidopsis VirE2 Interacting Protein 1 (AtVIP1). However, the ternary complex of VirD5-AtVIP1-VirE2 could be detected, whereas that of VirD5-AtVIP1-VBF (AtVIP1 Binding F-box protein) could not. We demonstrated that VirD5 competes with VBF for binding to AtVIP1 and stabilizes AtVIP1 and VirE2 in the cell-free degradation system. Our results indicated that VirD5 may act as both a transcriptional activator-like effector to regulate host gene expression and a protector preventing the coat proteins of the T-complex from being quickly degraded by the host's ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fei Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lingyun Shao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Meizhong Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement and College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Li Y, Chen YY, Wang F, Xu ZS, Jiang Q, Xiong AS. Isolation and characterization of the Agvip1 gene and response to abiotic and metal ions stresses in three celery cultivars. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:6003-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sakalis PA, van Heusden GPH, Hooykaas PJJ. Visualization of VirE2 protein translocation by the Agrobacterium type IV secretion system into host cells. Microbiologyopen 2014; 3:104-17. [PMID: 24376037 PMCID: PMC3937733 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Type IV secretion systems (T4SS) can mediate the translocation of bacterial virulence proteins into host cells. The plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens uses a T4SS to deliver a VirD2-single stranded DNA complex as well as the virulence proteins VirD5, VirE2, VirE3, and VirF into host cells so that these become genetically transformed. Besides plant cells, yeast and fungi can efficiently be transformed by Agrobacterium. Translocation of virulence proteins by the T4SS has so far only been shown indirectly by genetic approaches. Here we report the direct visualization of VirE2 protein translocation by using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and Split GFP visualization strategies. To this end, we cocultivated Agrobacterium strains expressing VirE2 tagged with one part of a fluorescent protein with host cells expressing the complementary part, either fused to VirE2 (for BiFC) or not (Split GFP). Fluorescent filaments became visible in recipient cells 20-25 h after the start of the cocultivation indicative of VirE2 protein translocation. Evidence was obtained that filament formation was due to the association of VirE2 with the microtubuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe A Sakalis
- Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversitySylviusweg 72, Leiden, 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - G Paul H van Heusden
- Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversitySylviusweg 72, Leiden, 2333 BE, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J J Hooykaas
- Institute of Biology, Leiden UniversitySylviusweg 72, Leiden, 2333 BE, The Netherlands
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Nester EW. Agrobacterium: nature's genetic engineer. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:730. [PMID: 25610442 PMCID: PMC4285021 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium was identified as the agent causing the plant tumor, crown gall over 100 years ago. Since then, studies have resulted in many surprising observations. Armin Braun demonstrated that Agrobacterium infected cells had unusual nutritional properties, and that the bacterium was necessary to start the infection but not for continued tumor development. He developed the concept of a tumor inducing principle (TIP), the factor that actually caused the disease. Thirty years later the TIP was shown to be a piece of a tumor inducing (Ti) plasmid excised by an endonuclease. In the next 20 years, most of the key features of the disease were described. The single-strand DNA (T-DNA) with the endonuclease attached is transferred through a type IV secretion system into the host cell where it is likely coated and protected from nucleases by a bacterial secreted protein to form the T-complex. A nuclear localization signal in the endonuclease guides the transferred strand (T-strand), into the nucleus where it is integrated randomly into the host chromosome. Other secreted proteins likely aid in uncoating the T-complex. The T-DNA encodes enzymes of auxin, cytokinin, and opine synthesis, the latter a food source for Agrobacterium. The genes associated with T-strand formation and transfer (vir) map to the Ti plasmid and are only expressed when the bacteria are in close association with a plant. Plant signals are recognized by a two-component regulatory system which activates vir genes. Chromosomal genes with pleiotropic functions also play important roles in plant transformation. The data now explain Braun's old observations and also explain why Agrobacterium is nature's genetic engineer. Any DNA inserted between the border sequences which define the T-DNA will be transferred and integrated into host cells. Thus, Agrobacterium has become the major vector in plant genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene W. Nester
- *Correspondence: Eugene W. Nester, Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, 1959 N.E. Pacific Street, Box 357735, Seattle, WA 98195, USA e-mail:
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Pitzschke A. Agrobacterium infection and plant defense-transformation success hangs by a thread. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:519. [PMID: 24391655 PMCID: PMC3866890 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The value of Agrobacterium tumefaciens for plant molecular biologists cannot be appreciated enough. This soil-borne pathogen has the unique capability to transfer DNA (T-DNA) into plant systems. Gene transfer involves both bacterial and host factors, and it is the orchestration of these factors that determines the success of transformation. Some plant species readily accept integration of foreign DNA, while others are recalcitrant. The timing and intensity of the microbially activated host defense repertoire sets the switch to "yes" or "no." This repertoire is comprised of the specific induction of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), defense gene expression, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hormonal adjustments. Agrobacterium tumefaciens abuses components of the host immunity system it mimics plant protein functions and manipulates hormone levels to bypass or override plant defenses. A better understanding of the ongoing molecular battle between agrobacteria and attacked hosts paves the way toward developing transformation protocols for recalcitrant plant species. This review highlights recent findings in agrobacterial transformation research conducted in diverse plant species. Efficiency-limiting factors, both of plant and bacterial origin, are summarized and discussed in a thought-provoking manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pitzschke
- *Correspondence: Andrea Pitzschke, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna A-1190, Austria e-mail:
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Elmer JJ, Christensen MD, Rege K. Applying horizontal gene transfer phenomena to enhance non-viral gene therapy. J Control Release 2013; 172:246-257. [PMID: 23994344 PMCID: PMC4258102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is widespread amongst prokaryotes, but eukaryotes tend to be far less promiscuous with their genetic information. However, several examples of HGT from pathogens into eukaryotic cells have been discovered and mimicked to improve non-viral gene delivery techniques. For example, several viral proteins and DNA sequences have been used to significantly increase cytoplasmic and nuclear gene delivery. Plant genetic engineering is routinely performed with the pathogenic bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens and similar pathogens (e.g. Bartonella henselae) may also be able to transform human cells. Intracellular parasites like Trypanosoma cruzi may also provide new insights into overcoming cellular barriers to gene delivery. Finally, intercellular nucleic acid transfer between host cells will also be briefly discussed. This article will review the unique characteristics of several different viruses and microbes and discuss how their traits have been successfully applied to improve non-viral gene delivery techniques. Consequently, pathogenic traits that originally caused diseases may eventually be used to treat many genetic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Elmer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova 19085, USA.
| | | | - Kaushal Rege
- Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-6106, USA.
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Lacroix B, Citovsky V. The roles of bacterial and host plant factors in Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2013. [PMID: 24166430 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.130199b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The genetic transformation of plants mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens represents an essential tool for both fundamental and applied research in plant biology. For a successful infection, culminating in the integration of its transferred DNA (T-DNA) into the host genome, Agrobacterium relies on multiple interactions with host-plant factors. Extensive studies have unraveled many of such interactions at all major steps of the infection process: activation of the bacterial virulence genes, cell-cell contact and macromolecular translocation from Agrobacterium to host cell cytoplasm, intracellular transit of T-DNA and associated proteins (T-complex) to the host cell nucleus, disassembly of the T-complex, T-DNA integration, and expression of the transferred genes. During all these processes, Agrobacterium has evolved to control and even utilize several pathways of host-plant defense response. Studies of these Agrobacterium-host interactions substantially enhance our understanding of many fundamental cellular biological processes and allow improvements in the use of Agrobacterium as a gene transfer tool for biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Ueki S, Magori S, Lacroix B, Citovsky V. Transient gene expression in epidermal cells of plant leaves by biolistic DNA delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 940:17-26. [PMID: 23104330 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Transient gene expression is a useful approach for studying the functions of gene products. In the case of plants, Agrobacterium infiltration is a method of choice for transient introduction of genes for many species. However, this technique does not work efficiently in some species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, the infection of Agrobacterium is known to induce dynamic changes in gene expression patterns in the host plants, possibly affecting the function and localization of the proteins to be tested. These problems can be circumvented by biolistic delivery of the genes of interest. Here, we present an optimized protocol for biolistic delivery of plasmid DNA into epidermal cells of plant leaves, which can be easily performed using the Bio-Rad Helios gene gun system. This protocol allows efficient and reproducible transient expression of diverse genes in Arabidopsis, Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum, and is suitable for studies of the biological function and subcellular localization of the gene products directly in planta. The protocol also can be easily adapted to other species by optimizing the delivery gas pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Ueki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
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Ueki S, Magori S, Lacroix B, Citovsky V. Transient gene expression in epidermal cells of plant leaves by biolistic DNA delivery. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 940:17-26. [PMID: 23104330 PMCID: PMC3725258 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-110-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Transient gene expression is a useful approach for studying the functions of gene products. In the case of plants, Agrobacterium infiltration is a method of choice for transient introduction of genes for many species. However, this technique does not work efficiently in some species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana. Moreover, the infection of Agrobacterium is known to induce dynamic changes in gene expression patterns in the host plants, possibly affecting the function and localization of the proteins to be tested. These problems can be circumvented by biolistic delivery of the genes of interest. Here, we present an optimized protocol for biolistic delivery of plasmid DNA into epidermal cells of plant leaves, which can be easily performed using the Bio-Rad Helios gene gun system. This protocol allows efficient and reproducible transient expression of diverse genes in Arabidopsis, Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum, and is suitable for studies of the biological function and subcellular localization of the gene products directly in planta. The protocol also can be easily adapted to other species by optimizing the delivery gas pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoko Ueki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
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Bar-Ziv A, Levy Y, Hak H, Mett A, Belausov E, Citovsky V, Gafni Y. The tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) V2 protein interacts with the host papain-like cysteine protease CYP1. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2012; 7:983-9. [PMID: 22827939 PMCID: PMC3474700 DOI: 10.4161/psb.20935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The V2 protein of Tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (TYLCV) is an RNA-silencing suppressor that counteracts the innate immune response of the host plant. However, this anti-host defense function of V2 may include targeting of other defensive mechanisms of the plant. Specifically, we show that V2 recognizes and directly binds the tomato CYP1 protein, a member of the family of papain-like cysteine proteases which are involved in plant defense against diverse pathogens. This binding occurred both in vitro and in vivo, within living plant cells. The V2 binding site within mCYP1 was identified in the direct proximity to the papain-like cysteine protease active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Bar-Ziv
- Institute of Plant Sciences; A.R.O.; The Volcani Center; Bet Dagan, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Yael Levy
- Institute of Plant Sciences; A.R.O.; The Volcani Center; Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Hagit Hak
- Institute of Plant Sciences; A.R.O.; The Volcani Center; Bet Dagan, Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry; The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anahit Mett
- Institute of Plant Sciences; A.R.O.; The Volcani Center; Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Sciences; A.R.O.; The Volcani Center; Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Vitaly Citovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; State University of New York; Stony Brook, NY USA
| | - Yedidya Gafni
- Institute of Plant Sciences; A.R.O.; The Volcani Center; Bet Dagan, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences; Bar-Ilan University; Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Correspondence to: Yedidya Gafni;
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Tuttle JR, Haigler CH, Robertson D. Method: low-cost delivery of the cotton leaf crumple virus-induced gene silencing system. PLANT METHODS 2012; 8:27. [PMID: 22853641 PMCID: PMC3441267 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously developed a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) vector for cotton from the bipartite geminivirusCotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV). The original CLCrV VIGS vector was designed for biolistic delivery by a gene gun. This prerequisite limited the use of the system to labs with access to biolistic equipment. Here we describe the adaptation of this system for delivery by Agrobacterium (Agrobacterium tumefaciens). We also describe the construction of two low-cost particle inflow guns. RESULTS The biolistic CLCrV vector was transferred into two Agrobacterium binary plasmids. Agroinoculation of the binary plasmids into cotton resulted in silencing and GFP expression comparable to the biolistic vector. Two homemade low-cost gene guns were used to successfully inoculate cotton (G. hirsutum) and N. benthamiana with either the CLCrV VIGS vector or the Tomato golden mosaic virus (TGMV) VIGS vector respectively. CONCLUSIONS These innovations extend the versatility of CLCrV-based VIGS for analyzing gene function in cotton. The two low-cost gene guns make VIGS experiments affordable for both research and teaching labs by providing a working alternative to expensive commercial gene guns.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Richard Tuttle
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Candace H Haigler
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Dominique Robertson
- Department of Plant Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
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Anand A, Rojas CM, Tang Y, Mysore KS. Several components of SKP1/Cullin/F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and associated factors play a role in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:203-16. [PMID: 22486382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04133.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
• Successful genetic transformation of plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens requires the import of bacterial T-DNA and virulence proteins into the plant cell that eventually form a complex (T-complex). The essential components of the T-complex include the single stranded T-DNA, bacterial virulence proteins (VirD2, VirE2, VirE3 and VirF) and associated host proteins that facilitate the transfer and integration of T-DNA. The removal of the proteins from the T-complex is likely achieved by targeted proteolysis mediated by VirF and the plant ubiquitin proteasome complex. • We evaluated the involvement of the host SKP1/culin/F-box (SCF)-E3 ligase complex and its role in plant transformation. Gene silencing, mutant screening and gene expression studies suggested that the Arabidopsis homologs of yeast SKP1 (suppressor of kinetochore protein 1) protein, ASK1 and ASK2, are required for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. • We identified the role for SGT1b (suppressor of the G2 allele of SKP1), an accessory protein that associates with SCF-complex, in plant transformation. We also report the differential expression of many genes that encode F-box motif containing SKP1-interacting proteins (SKIP) upon Agrobacterium infection. • We speculate that these SKIP genes could encode the plant specific F-box proteins that target the T-complex associated proteins for polyubiquitination and subsequent degradation by the 26S proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith Anand
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73402, USA
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Kiyokawa K, Yamamoto S, Sato Y, Momota N, Tanaka K, Moriguchi K, Suzuki K. Yeast transformation mediated by Agrobacterium strains harboring an Ri plasmid: comparative study between GALLS of an Ri plasmid and virE of a Ti plasmid. Genes Cells 2012; 17:597-610. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2012.01612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kiyokawa
- Department of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima; Hiroshima; 739-8526; Japan
| | - Shinji Yamamoto
- Department of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima; Hiroshima; 739-8526; Japan
| | - Yukari Sato
- Department of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima; Hiroshima; 739-8526; Japan
| | - Naoto Momota
- Department of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima; Hiroshima; 739-8526; Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Tanaka
- Department of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima; Hiroshima; 739-8526; Japan
| | - Kazuki Moriguchi
- Department of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima; Hiroshima; 739-8526; Japan
| | - Katsunori Suzuki
- Department of Biological Science; Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University; Higashi-Hiroshima; Hiroshima; 739-8526; Japan
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Gelvin SB. Traversing the Cell: Agrobacterium T-DNA's Journey to the Host Genome. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:52. [PMID: 22645590 PMCID: PMC3355731 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The genus Agrobacterium is unique in its ability to conduct interkingdom genetic exchange. Virulent Agrobacterium strains transfer single-strand forms of T-DNA (T-strands) and several Virulence effector proteins through a bacterial type IV secretion system into plant host cells. T-strands must traverse the plant wall and plasma membrane, traffic through the cytoplasm, enter the nucleus, and ultimately target host chromatin for stable integration. Because any DNA sequence placed between T-DNA "borders" can be transferred to plants and integrated into the plant genome, the transfer and intracellular trafficking processes must be mediated by bacterial and host proteins that form complexes with T-strands. This review summarizes current knowledge of proteins that interact with T-strands in the plant cell, and discusses several models of T-complex (T-strand and associated proteins) trafficking. A detailed understanding of how these macromolecular complexes enter the host cell and traverse the plant cytoplasm will require development of novel technologies to follow molecules from their bacterial site of synthesis into the plant cell, and how these transferred molecules interact with host proteins and sub-cellular structures within the host cytoplasm and nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanton B. Gelvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN, USA
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Abstract
The SCF (Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein) ubiquitin ligase complex plays a pivotal role in various biological processes, including host-pathogen interactions. Many pathogens exploit the host SCF machinery to promote efficient infection by translocating pathogen-encoded F-box proteins into the host cell. How pathogens ensure sufficient amounts of the F-box effectors in the host cell despite the intrinsically unstable nature of F-box proteins, however, remains unclear. We found that the Agrobacterium F-box protein VirF, an important virulence factor, undergoes rapid degradation through the host proteasome pathway. This destabilization of VirF was counteracted by VirD5, another bacterial effector that physically associated with VirF. These observations reveal a previously unknown counterdefense strategy used by pathogens against potential host antimicrobial responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Magori
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5215, USA.
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Lacroix B, Citovsky V. Extracellular VirB5 enhances T-DNA transfer from Agrobacterium to the host plant. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25578. [PMID: 22028781 PMCID: PMC3196495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
VirB5 is a type 4 secretion system protein of Agrobacterium located on the surface of the bacterial cell. This localization pattern suggests a function for VirB5 which is beyond its known role in biogenesis and/or stabilization of the T-pilus and which may involve early interactions between Agrobacterium and the host cell. Here, we identify VirB5 as the first Agrobacterium virulence protein that can enhance infectivity extracellularly. Specifically, we show that elevating the amounts of the extracellular VirB5--by exogenous addition of the purified protein, its overexpression in the bacterium, or transgenic expression in and secretion out of the host cell--enhances the efficiency the Agrobacterium-mediated T-DNA transfer, as measured by transient expression of genes contained on the transferred T-DNA molecule. Importantly, the exogenous VirB5 enhanced transient T-DNA expression in sugar beet, a major crop recalcitrant to genetic manipulation. Increasing the pool of the extracellular VirB5 did not complement an Agrobacterium virB5 mutant, suggesting a dual function for VirB5: in the bacterium and at the bacterium-host cell interface. Consistent with this idea, VirB5 expressed in the host cell, but not secreted, had no effect on the transformation efficiency. That the increase in T-DNA expression promoted by the exogenous VirB5 was not due to its effects on bacterial growth, virulence gene induction, bacterial attachment to plant tissue, or host cell defense response suggests that VirB5 participates in the early steps of the T-DNA transfer to the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America.
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Lacroix B, Citovsky V. Agrobacterium aiming for the host chromatin: Host and bacterial proteins involved in interactions between T-DNA and plant nucleosomes. Commun Integr Biol 2011; 2:42-5. [PMID: 19513263 DOI: 10.4161/cib.2.1.7468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium genetically transforms its hosts by transferring a segment of DNA (T-DNA) into the host cell and integrating it into the host genome. Integration requires a close interaction between T-DNA, which is packaged into a nucleoprotein complex (T-complex) by bacterial virulence (Vir) proteins, and the host chromatin. This interaction is facilitated by the host protein VIP 1, which binds both to the major protein component of the T-complex, VirE2, and to the core histones. Recently, VIP1 has been demonstrated to mediate the interaction between plant nucleosomes and VirE2-DNA complexes (i.e., synthetic T-complex-like structures) in vitro. Here, we discuss major implications of these observations-such as the possible role of core histone modifications, proteasomal uncoating of the T-complex mediated by the bacterial F-box protein VirF, and the need for changes in chromatin structure to render it accessible to the T-DNA integration-for the process of chromatin targeting of foreign DNA and its integration into the eukaryotic genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lacroix
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology; State University of New York; Stony Brook, New York USA
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Epigenetic control of Agrobacterium T-DNA integration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1809:388-94. [PMID: 21296691 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To genetically transform plants, Agrobacterium transfers its T-DNA into the host cell and integrates it into the plant genome, resulting in neoplastic growths. Over the past 2 decades, a great deal has been learned about the molecular mechanism by which Agrobacterium produces T-DNA and transports it into the host nucleus. However, T-DNA integration, which is the limiting, hence, the most critical step of the transformation process, largely remains an enigma. Increasing evidence suggests that Agrobacterium utilizes the host DNA repair machinery to facilitate T-DNA integration. Meanwhile, it is well known that chromatin modifications, including the phosphorylation of histone H2AX, play an important role in DNA repair. Thus, by implication, such epigenetic codes in chromatin may also have a considerable impact on T-DNA integration, although the direct evidence to demonstrate this hypothesis is still lacking. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of Agrobacterium T-DNA integration and discuss the potential link between this process and the epigenetic information in the host chromatin. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Epigenetic Control of cellular and developmental processes in plants.
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