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Raja S, Paschoalin RT, Terra IAA, Schalla C, Guimarães F, Periyasami G, Mattoso LHC, Sechi A. Highly fluorescent hybrid nanofibers as potential nanofibrous scaffolds for studying cell-fiber interactions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 319:124535. [PMID: 38830327 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the fabrication of hybrid nanofibers for labeling and bioimaging applications. Our approach is involved for developing highly fluorescent nanofibers using a blend of polylactic acid, polyethyleneglycol, and perylenediimide dyes, through the solution blow spinning technique. The nanofibers are exhibited diameters ranging from 330 nm to 420 nm. Nanofibers showed excellent red and near-infrared fluorescence emissive properties in fluorescent spectroscopy. Moreover, the strong two-photon absorption phenomenon was observed for nanofibers under confocal microscopy. To assess the applicability of these fluorescent nanofibers in bioimaging settings, we employ two types of mammalian cells B16F1 melanoma cells and J774.A1 macrophages. Both cell types exhibit negligible cytotoxicity after 24 h incubation with the nanofibers, indicating the suitability of nanofibers for cell-based experiments. We also observe strong interactions between the nanofibers and cells, as evidenced by two major events: a) the acquisition of an elongated cellular morphology with the major cellular axis parallel to the nanofibers and b) the accumulation of actin filaments along the points of contact of the cells with the fibers. Our findings demonstrate the suitability of these newly developed fluorescent nanofibers in cell-based applications for guiding cellular behavior. We expect that these fluorescent nanofibers have the potential to serve as scaffold materials for long-time tracking of cell-fiber interactions in fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Raja
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Dept. of Cell and Tumor Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse, 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Marcina Strzody Street 9, Gliwice 44-100, Poland; Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego Street 22b, Gliwice 44-100, Poland.
| | - Rafaella T Paschoalin
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Idelma A A Terra
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Carmen Schalla
- Dept. of Cell and Tumor Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse, 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Francisco Guimarães
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São-Carlense, 400, 13566-590 São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Govindasami Periyasami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luiz H C Mattoso
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentation, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Dept. of Cell and Tumor Biology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse, 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Raab JE, Hamilton DJ, Harju TB, Huynh TN, Russo BC. Pushing boundaries: mechanisms enabling bacterial pathogens to spread between cells. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0052423. [PMID: 38661369 PMCID: PMC11385730 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00524-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
For multiple intracellular bacterial pathogens, the ability to spread directly into adjacent epithelial cells is an essential step for disease in humans. For pathogens such as Shigella, Listeria, Rickettsia, and Burkholderia, this intercellular movement frequently requires the pathogens to manipulate the host actin cytoskeleton and deform the plasma membrane into structures known as protrusions, which extend into neighboring cells. The protrusion is then typically resolved into a double-membrane vacuole (DMV) from which the pathogen quickly escapes into the cytosol, where additional rounds of intercellular spread occur. Significant progress over the last few years has begun to define the mechanisms by which intracellular bacterial pathogens spread. This review highlights the interactions of bacterial and host factors that drive mechanisms required for intercellular spread with a focus on how protrusion structures form and resolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Raab
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Desmond J Hamilton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Tucker B Harju
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Thao N Huynh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian C Russo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
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Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Skowron K, Wałecka-Zacharska E. Genomic and pathogenicity islands of Listeria monocytogenes-overview of selected aspects. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1161486. [PMID: 37388250 PMCID: PMC10300472 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1161486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes causes listeriosis, a disease characterized by a high mortality rate (up to 30%). Since the pathogen is highly tolerant to changing conditions (high and low temperature, wide pH range, low availability of nutrients), it is widespread in the environment, e.g., water, soil, or food. L. monocytogenes possess a number of genes that determine its high virulence potential, i.e., genes involved in the intracellular cycle (e.g., prfA, hly, plcA, plcB, inlA, inlB), response to stress conditions (e.g., sigB, gadA, caspD, clpB, lmo1138), biofilm formation (e.g., agr, luxS), or resistance to disinfectants (e.g., emrELm, bcrABC, mdrL). Some genes are organized into genomic and pathogenicity islands. The islands LIPI-1 and LIPI-3 contain genes related to the infectious life cycle and survival in the food processing environment, while LGI-1 and LGI-2 potentially ensure survival and durability in the production environment. Researchers constantly have been searching for new genes determining the virulence of L. monocytogenes. Understanding the virulence potential of L. monocytogenes is an important element of public health protection, as highly pathogenic strains may be associated with outbreaks and the severity of listeriosis. This review summarizes the selected aspects of L. monocytogenes genomic and pathogenicity islands, and the importance of whole genome sequencing for epidemiological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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Listeria monocytogenes-How This Pathogen Uses Its Virulence Mechanisms to Infect the Hosts. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121491. [PMID: 36558825 PMCID: PMC9783847 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeriosis is a serious food-borne illness, especially in susceptible populations, including children, pregnant women, and elderlies. The disease can occur in two forms: non-invasive febrile gastroenteritis and severe invasive listeriosis with septicemia, meningoencephalitis, perinatal infections, and abortion. Expression of each symptom depends on various bacterial virulence factors, immunological status of the infected person, and the number of ingested bacteria. Internalins, mainly InlA and InlB, invasins (invasin A, LAP), and other surface adhesion proteins (InlP1, InlP4) are responsible for epithelial cell binding, whereas internalin C (InlC) and actin assembly-inducing protein (ActA) are involved in cell-to-cell bacterial spread. L. monocytogenes is able to disseminate through the blood and invade diverse host organs. In persons with impaired immunity, the elderly, and pregnant women, the pathogen can also cross the blood-brain and placental barriers, which results in the invasion of the central nervous system and fetus infection, respectively. The aim of this comprehensive review is to summarize the current knowledge on the epidemiology of listeriosis and L. monocytogenes virulence mechanisms that are involved in host infection, with a special focus on their molecular and cellular aspects. We believe that all this information is crucial for a better understanding of the pathogenesis of L. monocytogenes infection.
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Kazemi Rad S, Assmar M, Mirpour M, Razavi MR. Evaluation of Chitosan Nanoparticle Antimicrobial Effect on Isolated Listeria monocytogenes Bacteria from Pregnant Women and L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 51:2783-2790. [PMID: 36742246 PMCID: PMC9874196 DOI: 10.18502/ijph.v51i12.11469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Listeria monocytogenes is a gram positive, facultative intracellular bacteria and it is a causative agent of listeriosis. Abortion is one the most important side effect of listeriosis. Nano chitosan is widely used as nanomaterials considered due to its characteristics such as bactericidal and nontoxicity activity. The aim of this study was isolation of L. monocytogenes bacteria from pregnant women vaginal samples and evaluation of chitosan nanoparticles effects against them. Methods Overall, 100 vaginal specimens were collected from pregnant women with and without a history of abortion referred to Tehran's Hospitals from Sep 2019 to Jul 2020 with questionnaires. Then, using biochemical methods, L. monocytogenes bacteria were isolated and identified. Isolated L. monocytogenes strains were confirmed using PCR and evaluation of prfA gene, which is the main gene for identification of this bacterium. The effect of chitosan nanoparticles was evaluated in comparison with the antibiotics used based CSLI guideline on isolated bacteria by well diffusion method. MIC and MBC were determined for nanoparticle at the end. Results Five strains of L. monocytogenes that were confirmed by PCR method. Moreover, a statistically significant relationship was observed between the isolated strains and the samples taken from women with a history of abortion. MIC and MBC for L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 were 156.25 and 312.5 μg/ml and for 5 isolated strains were 78.12 and 158.25 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusion L. monocytogenes could be a causative agent of abortion in pregnant women. Concerning the results, Nano chitosan has acceptable antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Kazemi Rad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Assmar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran,Corresponding Author:
| | - Mirsasan Mirpour
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahijan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Lahijan, Iran
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Kanlaya R, Thongboonkerd V. Persistent Escherichia coli infection in renal tubular cells enhances calcium oxalate crystal-cell adhesion by inducing ezrin translocation to apical membranes via Rho/ROCK pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:381. [PMID: 35751006 PMCID: PMC11072855 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04414-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) can cause not only infection stones but also metabolic stones (e.g., those containing calcium oxalate monohydrate or COM). However, precise mechanisms underlying UTI-induced metabolic stones remained unknown. In this study, Escherichia coli, the most common bacterium found in recurrent UTI was used to establish the in vitro model for persistent infection of renal epithelial cells. The promoting effects of persistent E. coli infection on kidney stone formation were validated by COM crystal-cell adhesion assay, followed by immunofluorescence study for changes in surface expression of the known COM crystal receptors. Among the five receptors examined, only ezrin had significantly increased level on the surface of persistently infected cells without change in its total level. Such translocation of ezrin to apical membranes was confirmed by Western blotting of apical membrane and cytosolic fractions and confocal microscopic examination. Additionally, persistent infection increased phosphorylation (Thr567) of ezrin. However, all of these changes induced by persistent E. coli infection were significantly inhibited by small-interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for ezrin or a Rho-associated kinase (ROCK)-specific inhibitor (Y-27632). In summary, this study provides a piece of evidence demonstrating that persistent infection by E. coli, one of the non-urease-producing bacteria, may contribute to COM metabolic stone formation by translocation of ezrin to apical membranes, thereby promoting COM crystal-cell adhesion. Such ezrin translocation was mediated via Rho/ROCK signaling pathway. These findings may, at least in part, explain the pathogenic mechanisms underlying recurrent UTI-induced metabolic kidney stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattiyaporn Kanlaya
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 6th Floor - SiMR Building, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 6th Floor - SiMR Building, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Mechanical Forces Govern Interactions of Host Cells with Intracellular Bacterial Pathogens. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2022; 86:e0009420. [PMID: 35285720 PMCID: PMC9199418 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00094-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat infectious diseases, it is important to understand how host cells interact with bacterial pathogens. Signals conveyed from pathogen to host, and vice versa, may be either chemical or mechanical. While the molecular and biochemical basis of host-pathogen interactions has been extensively explored, relatively less is known about mechanical signals and responses in the context of those interactions. Nevertheless, a wide variety of bacterial pathogens appear to have developed mechanisms to alter the cellular biomechanics of their hosts in order to promote their survival and dissemination, and in turn many host responses to infection rely on mechanical alterations in host cells and tissues to limit the spread of infection. In this review, we present recent findings on how mechanical forces generated by host cells can promote or obstruct the dissemination of intracellular bacterial pathogens. In addition, we discuss how in vivo extracellular mechanical signals influence interactions between host cells and intracellular bacterial pathogens. Examples of such signals include shear stresses caused by fluid flow over the surface of cells and variable stiffness of the extracellular matrix on which cells are anchored. We highlight bioengineering-inspired tools and techniques that can be used to measure host cell mechanics during infection. These allow for the interrogation of how mechanical signals can modulate infection alongside biochemical signals. We hope that this review will inspire the microbiology community to embrace those tools in future studies so that host cell biomechanics can be more readily explored in the context of infection studies.
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Chua MD, Mineva GM, Guttman JA. Ube2N is present and functions within listeria Actin-rich structures and lamellipodia: A localization and pharmacological inhibition study. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2022; 306:1140-1148. [PMID: 35488878 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton forms much of the structure needed for the intracellular motility of an assortment of microbes as well as entire cells. The co-factor to the ubiquitin conjugating enzyme Ube2N (Ube2V1) has been implicated in both cancer cell metastasis and lysine-63 ubiquitylation of β actin. As this protein complexes with Ube2N, we sought to investigate whether Ube2N itself was involved in actin-based events occurring during the Listeria monocytogenes infections as well as within motile whole cells. Through examination of L. monocytogenes actin clouds, comet tails and membrane protrusions as well as lamellipodia in migrating cells, we show that Ube2N is recruited to actin-rich structures. When pharmacologically inhibited we demonstrate that Ube2N is crucial for the function of actin-rich structures when associated with the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dominic Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gabriela Miroslavova Mineva
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian Andrew Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Raja S, Buhl EM, Dreschers S, Schalla C, Zenke M, Sechi A, Mattoso LHC. Curauá-derived carbon dots: Fluorescent probes for effective Fe(III) ion detection, cellular labeling and bioimaging. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112409. [PMID: 34579918 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the generation of curauá-derived carbon dots (C-dots) and their suitability for Fe(III) detection, bioimaging and FACS analysis. C-dots were generated from curauá (Ananas erectifolius) fibers by a facile one-step hydrothermal approach. They exhibited graphite-like structure with a mean diameter of 2.4 nm, high water solubility, high levels of carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups, excitation-dependent multicolor fluorescence emission (in the range 450 nm - 560 nm) and superior photostability. C-dots were highly selective and effective for the detection of ferric Fe(III) ion in an aqueous medium with a detection limit of 0.77 μM in the linear range of 0-30 μM, a value much lower than the guideline limits proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). In biological cell systems, C-dots were very well tolerated by B16F1 mouse melanoma and J774.A1 mouse macrophages cell lines, both of which effectively internalized C-dots in their cytoplasmic compartment. Finally, C-dots were effective probes for long-term live cell imaging experiments and multi-channel flow cytometry analysis. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that curauá-derived C-dots serve as versatile and effective natural products for Fe(III) ion sensing, labeling and bioimaging of various cell types. This study adds novel C-dots to the library of carbon-based probes and paves the way towards a sustainable conversion of a most abundant biomass waste into value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Raja
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Eva Miriam Buhl
- Institute for Pathology, Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse, 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Dreschers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carmen Schalla
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Helmholtz Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Luiz H C Mattoso
- National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness (LNNA), Embrapa Instrumentação, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
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Schäringer K, Maxeiner S, Schalla C, Rütten S, Zenke M, Sechi A. LSP1-myosin1e bimolecular complex regulates focal adhesion dynamics and cell migration. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21268. [PMID: 33470457 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000740rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Several cytoskeleton-associated proteins and signaling pathways work in concert to regulate actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cell adhesion, and migration. Although the leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) has been shown to interact with the actin cytoskeleton, its function in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton dynamics is, as yet, not fully understood. We have recently demonstrated that the bimolecular complex between LSP1 and myosin1e controls actin cytoskeleton remodeling during phagocytosis. In this study, we show that LSP1 downregulation severely impairs cell migration, lamellipodia formation, and focal adhesion dynamics in macrophages. Inhibition of the interaction between LSP1 and myosin1e also impairs these processes resulting in poorly motile cells, which are characterized by few and small lamellipodia. Furthermore, cells in which LSP1-myosin1e interaction is inhibited are typically associated with inefficient focal adhesion turnover. Collectively, our findings show that the LSP1-myosin1e bimolecular complex plays a pivotal role in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling and focal adhesion dynamics required for cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Schäringer
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Maxeiner
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carmen Schalla
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Rütten
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Impens F, Dussurget O. Three decades of listeriology through the prism of technological advances. Cell Microbiol 2021; 22:e13183. [PMID: 32185895 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Decades of breakthroughs resulting from cross feeding of microbiological research and technological innovation have promoted Listeria monocytogenes to the rank of model microorganism to study host-pathogen interactions. The extraordinary capacity of this bacterium to interfere with a vast array of host cellular processes uncovered new concepts in microbiology, cell biology and infection biology. Here, we review technological advances that revealed how bacteria and host interact in space and time at the molecular, cellular, tissue and whole body scales, ultimately revolutionising our understanding of Listeria pathogenesis. With the current bloom of multidisciplinary integrative approaches, Listeria entered a new microbiology era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Impens
- Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium.,Department for Biomedical Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,VIB Proteomics Core, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier Dussurget
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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12
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The molecular mechanisms of listeriolysin O-induced lipid membrane damage. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183604. [PMID: 33722646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular food-borne pathogen that causes listeriosis, a severe and potentially life-threatening disease. Listeria uses a number of virulence factors to proliferate and spread to various cells and tissues. In this process, three bacterial virulence factors, the pore-forming protein listeriolysin O and phospholipases PlcA and PlcB, play a crucial role. Listeriolysin O belongs to a family of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins that are mostly expressed by gram-positive bacteria. Its unique structural features in an otherwise conserved three-dimensional fold, such as the acidic triad and proline-glutamate-serine-threonine-like sequence, enable the regulation of its intracellular activity as well as distinct extracellular functions. The stability of listeriolysin O is pH- and temperature-dependent, and this provides another layer of control of its activity in cells. Moreover, many recent studies have demonstrated a unique mechanism of pore formation by listeriolysin O, i.e., the formation of arc-shaped oligomers that can subsequently fuse to form membrane defects of various shapes and sizes. During listerial invasion of host cells, these membrane defects can disrupt phagosome membranes, allowing bacteria to escape into the cytosol and rapidly multiply. The activity of listeriolysin O is profoundly dependent on the amount and accessibility of cholesterol in the lipid membrane, which can be modulated by the phospholipase PlcB. All these prominent features of listeriolysin O play a role during different stages of the L. monocytogenes life cycle by promoting the proliferation of the pathogen while mitigating excessive damage to its replicative niche in the cytosol of the host cell.
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13
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Dhanda AS, Yang D, Kooner A, Guttman JA. Distribution of PDLIM1 at actin-rich structures generated by invasive and adherent bacterial pathogens. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:919-938. [PMID: 33022122 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The enteric bacterial pathogens Listeria monocytogenes (Listeria) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) remodel the eukaryotic actin cytoskeleton during their disease processes. Listeria generate slender actin-rich comet/rocket tails to move intracellularly, and later, finger-like membrane protrusions to spread amongst host cells. EPEC remain extracellular, but generate similar actin-rich membranous protrusions (termed pedestals) to move atop the host epithelia. These structures are crucial for disease as diarrheal (and systemic) infections are significantly abrogated during infections with mutant strains that are unable to generate the structures. The current repertoire of host components enriched within these structures is vast and diverse. In this protein catalog, we and others have found that host actin crosslinkers, such as palladin and α-actinin-1, are routinely exploited. To expand on this list, we set out to investigate the distribution of PDLIM1, a scaffolding protein and binding partner of palladin and α-actinin-1, during bacterial infections. We show that PDLIM1 localizes to the site of initial Listeria entry into cells. Following this, PDLIM1 localizes to actin filament clouds surrounding immotile bacteria, and then colocalizes with actin once the comet/rocket tails are generated. Unlike palladin or α-actinin-1, PDLIM1 is maintained within the actin-rich core of membrane protrusions. Conversely, α-actinin-1, but not PDLIM1 (or palladin), is enriched at the membrane invagination that internalizes the Listeria-containing membrane protrusion. We also show that PDLIM1 is a component of the EPEC pedestal core and that its recruitment is dependent on the bacterial effector Tir. Our findings highlight PDLIM1 as another protein present within pathogen-induced actin-rich structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Dhanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Diana Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Avneen Kooner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian A Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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14
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Dhanda AS, Yang D, Guttman JA. Localization of alpha-actinin-4 during infections by actin remodeling bacteria. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:1400-1419. [PMID: 33099893 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens cause disease by subverting the structure and function of their target host cells. Several foodborne agents such as Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Shigella flexneri (S. flexneri), Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) manipulate the host actin cytoskeleton to cause diarrheal (and systemic) infections. During infections, these invasive and adherent pathogens hijack the actin filaments of their host cells and rearrange them into discrete actin-rich structures that promote bacterial adhesion (via pedestals), invasion (via membrane ruffles and endocytic cups), intracellular motility (via comet/rocket tails) and/or intercellular dissemination (via membrane protrusions and invaginations). We have previously shown that actin-rich structures generated by L. monocytogenes contain the host actin cross-linker α-actinin-4. Here we set out to examine α-actinin-4 during other key steps of the L. monocytogenes infectious cycle as well as characterize the subcellular distribution of α-actinin-4 during infections with other model actin-hijacking bacterial pathogens (S. flexneri, S. Typhimurium and EPEC). Although α-actinin-4 is absent at sites of initial L. monocytogenes invasion, we show that it is a new component of the membrane invaginations formed during secondary infections of neighboring host cells. Importantly, we reveal that α-actinin-4 also localizes to the major actin-rich structures generated during cell culture infections with S. flexneri (comet/rocket tails and membrane protrusions), S. Typhimurium (membrane ruffles) and EPEC (pedestals). Taken together, these findings suggest that α-actinin-4 is a host factor that is exploited by an assortment of actin-hijacking bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Dhanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Diana Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian A Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Dowd GC, Mortuza R, Ireton K. Molecular Mechanisms of Intercellular Dissemination of Bacterial Pathogens. Trends Microbiol 2020; 29:127-141. [PMID: 32682632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several intracellular bacterial pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexerni, and Rickettsia spp. use an actin-based motility process to spread in mammalian cell monolayers. Cell-to-cell spread is mediated by protrusive structures that contain bacteria encased in the host cell plasma membrane. These protrusions, which form in infected host cells, are internalized by neighboring cells. In this review, we summarize key findings on cell-to-cell spread, focusing on recent work on mechanisms of protrusion formation and internalization. We also discuss the dynamic behavior of bacterial populations during spread, and highlight recent findings showing that intercellular spread by an extracellular bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina C Dowd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Roman Mortuza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Keith Ireton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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16
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Dhanda AS, Yu C, Lulic KT, Vogl AW, Rausch V, Yang D, Nichols BJ, Kim SH, Polo S, Hansen CG, Guttman JA. Listeria monocytogenes Exploits Host Caveolin for Cell-to-Cell Spreading. mBio 2020; 11:e02857-19. [PMID: 31964732 PMCID: PMC6974566 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02857-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes moves from one cell to another using actin-rich membrane protrusions that propel the bacterium toward neighboring cells. Despite cholesterol being required for this transfer process, the precise host internalization mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that caveolin endocytosis is key to this event as bacterial cell-to-cell transfer is severely impaired when cells are depleted of caveolin-1. Only a subset of additional caveolar components (cavin-2 and EHD2) are present at sites of bacterial transfer, and although clathrin and the clathrin-associated proteins Eps15 and AP2 are absent from the bacterial invaginations, efficient L. monocytogenes spreading requires the clathrin-interacting protein epsin-1. We also directly demonstrated that isolated L. monocytogenes membrane protrusions can trigger the recruitment of caveolar proteins in a neighboring cell. The engulfment of these bacterial and cytoskeletal structures through a caveolin-based mechanism demonstrates that the classical nanometer-scale theoretical size limit for this internalization pathway is exceeded by these bacterial pathogens.IMPORTANCEListeria monocytogenes moves from one cell to another as it disseminates within tissues. This bacterial transfer process depends on the host actin cytoskeleton as the bacterium forms motile actin-rich membranous protrusions that propel the bacteria into neighboring cells, thus forming corresponding membrane invaginations. Here, we examine these membrane invaginations and demonstrate that caveolin-1-based endocytosis is crucial for efficient bacterial cell-to-cell spreading. We show that only a subset of caveolin-associated proteins (cavin-2 and EHD2) are involved in this process. Despite the absence of clathrin at the invaginations, the classical clathrin-associated protein epsin-1 is also required for efficient bacterial spreading. Using isolated L. monocytogenes protrusions added onto naive host cells, we demonstrate that actin-based propulsion is dispensable for caveolin-1 endocytosis as the presence of the protrusion/invagination interaction alone triggers caveolin-1 recruitment in the recipient cells. Finally, we provide a model of how this caveolin-1-based internalization event can exceed the theoretical size limit for this endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Dhanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Connie Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katarina T Lulic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A Wayne Vogl
- Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Valentina Rausch
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Simona Polo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
- Dipartimento di oncologia ed emato-oncologia, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Carsten G Hansen
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Julian A Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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17
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Dhanda AS, Lulic KT, Yu C, Chiu RH, Bukrinsky M, Guttman JA. Listeria monocytogenes hijacks CD147 to ensure proper membrane protrusion formation and efficient bacterial dissemination. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4165-4178. [PMID: 31076805 PMCID: PMC11105388 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03130-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Efficient cell-to-cell transfer of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) requires the proper formation of actin-rich membrane protrusions. To date, only the host proteins ezrin, the binding partner of ezrin, CD44, as well as cyclophilin A (CypA) have been identified as crucial components for L. monocytogenes membrane protrusion stabilization and, thus, efficient cell-to-cell movement of the microbes. Here, we examine the classical binding partner of CypA, CD147, and find that this membrane protein is also hijacked by the bacteria for their cellular dissemination. CD147 is enriched at the plasma membrane surrounding the membrane protrusions as well as the resulting invaginations generated in neighboring cells. In cells depleted of CD147, these actin-rich structures appear similar to those generated in CypA depleted cells as they are significantly shorter and more contorted as compared to their straighter counterparts formed in wild-type control cells. The presence of malformed membrane protrusions hampers the ability of L. monocytogenes to efficiently disseminate from CD147-depleted cells. Our findings uncover another important host protein needed for L. monocytogenes membrane protrusion formation and efficient microbial dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Dhanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Katarina T Lulic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Connie Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Robert H Chiu
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Surgical Oncology and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 2300 Eye St NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Julian A Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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18
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Dhanda AS, Yu C, Guttman JA. Distribution of CD147 During Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infections. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:2224-2232. [PMID: 31443124 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) are highly infectious gastrointestinal human pathogens. These microbes inject bacterial-derived effector proteins directly into the host cell cytosol as part of their disease processes. A common host subcellular target of these pathogens is the actin cytoskeleton, which is commandeered by the bacteria and is used during their attachment onto (EPEC) or invasion into (S. Typhimurium) the host cells. We previously demonstrated that the host enzyme cyclophilin A (CypA) is recruited to the actin-rich regions of EPEC pedestals and S. Typhimurium membrane ruffles. To further expand the growing catalogue of host proteins usurped by actin-hijacking bacteria, we examined the host plasma membrane protein and cognate receptor of CypA, CD147, during EPEC and S. Typhimurium infections. Here, we show that CD147 is enriched at the basolateral regions of pedestals but, unlike CypA, it is absent from their actin-rich core. We show that the CD147 recruitment to these areas requires EPEC pedestal formation and not solely bacteria-host cell contact. Additionally, we demonstrate that the depletion of CD147 by siRNA does not alter the formation of pedestals. Finally, we show that CD147 is also a component of actin-rich membrane ruffles generated during S. Typhimurium invasion of host cells. Collectively, our findings establish CD147 as another host component present at dynamic actin-rich structures formed during bacterial infections. Anat Rec, 302:2224-2232, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Dhanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Connie Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Julian A Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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19
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Sanderlin AG, Vondrak C, Scricco AJ, Fedrigo I, Ahyong V, Lamason RL. RNAi screen reveals a role for PACSIN2 and caveolins during bacterial cell-to-cell spread. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:2124-2133. [PMID: 31242077 PMCID: PMC6743452 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-04-0197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a human bacterial pathogen that disseminates through host tissues using a process called cell-to-cell spread. This critical yet understudied virulence strategy resembles a vesicular form of intercellular trafficking that allows L. monocytogenes to move between host cells without escaping the cell. Interestingly, eukaryotic cells can also directly exchange cellular components via intercellular communication pathways (e.g., trans-endocytosis) using cell–cell adhesion, membrane trafficking, and membrane remodeling proteins. Therefore, we hypothesized that L. monocytogenes would hijack these types of host proteins during spread. Using a focused RNA interference screen, we identified 22 host genes that are important for L. monocytogenes spread. We then found that caveolins (CAV1 and CAV2) and the membrane sculpting F-BAR protein PACSIN2 promote L. monocytogenes protrusion engulfment during spread, and that PACSIN2 specifically localizes to protrusions. Overall, our study demonstrates that host intercellular communication pathways may be coopted during bacterial spread and that specific trafficking and membrane remodeling proteins promote bacterial protrusion resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen G Sanderlin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Cassandra Vondrak
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Arianna J Scricco
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Indro Fedrigo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Vida Ahyong
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Rebecca L Lamason
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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20
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Abstract
The Gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is able to promote its entry into a diverse range of mammalian host cells by triggering plasma membrane remodeling, leading to bacterial engulfment. Upon cell invasion, L. monocytogenes disrupts its internalization vacuole and translocates to the cytoplasm, where bacterial replication takes place. Subsequently, L. monocytogenes uses an actin-based motility system that allows bacterial cytoplasmic movement and cell-to-cell spread. L. monocytogenes therefore subverts host cell receptors, organelles and the cytoskeleton at different infection steps, manipulating diverse cellular functions that include ion transport, membrane trafficking, post-translational modifications, phosphoinositide production, innate immune responses as well as gene expression and DNA stability.
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Ortega FE, Koslover EF, Theriot JA. Listeria monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread in epithelia is heterogeneous and dominated by rare pioneer bacteria. eLife 2019; 8:40032. [PMID: 30719971 PMCID: PMC6363384 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes hijacks host actin to promote its intracellular motility and intercellular spread. While L. monocytogenes virulence hinges on cell-to-cell spread, little is known about the dynamics of bacterial spread in epithelia at a population level. Here, we use live microscopy and statistical modeling to demonstrate that L. monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread proceeds anisotropically in an epithelial monolayer in culture. We show that boundaries of infection foci are irregular and dominated by rare pioneer bacteria that spread farther than the rest. We extend our quantitative model for bacterial spread to show that heterogeneous spreading behavior can improve the chances of creating a persistent L. monocytogenes infection in an actively extruding epithelium. Thus, our results indicate that L. monocytogenes cell-to-cell spread is heterogeneous, and that rare pioneer bacteria determine the frontier of infection foci and may promote bacterial infection persistence in dynamic epithelia. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter). Eating food that has been contaminated with bacteria called Listeria monocytogenes can result in life-threatening infections. The bacteria first invade the epithelial cells that line the small intestine. After this, L. monocytogenes can move from one host cell to another, which allows the infection to reach other organs. Most studies into how L. monocytogenes infections spread have focused either on how single bacterial cells move from one host cell to the next, or on how millions of bacteria damage host tissues. Little was known about the intermediate steps of an infection, where the bacteria start to colonize the small intestine. To investigate, Ortega et al. recorded videos of L. monocytogenes spreading between epithelial cells grown on a glass coverslip, and developed computer simulations to try to reproduce how the bacteria spread. This revealed that the bacteria do not all move in the same way. Instead, less than 1% of the bacteria move in ‘steps’ that are up to 10 times longer than those taken by the others. Ortega et al. named these bacteria ‘pioneers’. Ortega et al. propose that the pioneers form long protrusions that allow them to spread directly from an infected cell to a non-neighboring cell. By taking these large steps, the pioneers may increase the chances that the bacteria will cause a long-lasting infection. Future research will be needed to answer further questions about the pioneers. For example, how do the pioneer bacteria differ from the majority of bacterial cells? Would targeting anti-bacterial treatments at pioneers make it easier to treat infections? It also remains to be seen if other types of bacteria also show this pioneer behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian E Ortega
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Elena F Koslover
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Julie A Theriot
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Weddle
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hervé Agaisse
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Chua MD, Walker BD, Jin JP, Guttman JA. Calponins Are Recruited to Actin-Rich Structures Generated by Pathogenic Escherichia coli, Listeria, and Salmonella. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:2103-2111. [PMID: 30312538 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The ingestion of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), Listeria monocytogenes, or Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium leads to their colonization of the intestinal lumen, which ultimately causes an array of ailments ranging from diarrhea to bacteremia. Once in the intestines, these microbes generate various actin-rich structures to attach, invade, or move within the host intestinal epithelial cells. Although an assortment of actin-associated proteins has been identified to varying degrees at these structures, the localization of many actin stabilizing proteins have yet to be analyzed. Here, we examined the recruitment of the actin-associated proteins, calponin 1 and 2 at EPEC pedestals, L. monocytogenes actin clouds, comet tails and listeriopods, and S. Typhimurium membrane ruffles. In other systems, calponins are known to bind to and stabilize actin filaments. In EPEC pedestals, calponin 1 was recruited uniformly throughout the structures while calponin 2 was enriched at the apical tip. During L. monocytogenes infections, calponin 1 was found through all the actin-rich structures generated by the bacteria, while calponin 2 was only present within actin-rich structures formed by L. monocytogenes near the host cell membrane. Finally, both calponins were found within S. Typhimurium-generated membrane ruffles. Taken together, we have shown that although calponin 1 is recruited to actin-rich structures formed by the three bacteria, calponin 2 is specifically recruited to only membrane-bound actin-rich structures formed by the bacteria. Thus, our findings suggest that calponin 2 is a novel marker for membrane-bound actin structures formed by pathogenic bacteria. Anat Rec, 301:2103-2111, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Dominic Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Jian-Ping Jin
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Julian A Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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24
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Flieger A, Frischknecht F, Häcker G, Hornef MW, Pradel G. Pathways of host cell exit by intracellular pathogens. MICROBIAL CELL 2018; 5:525-544. [PMID: 30533418 PMCID: PMC6282021 DOI: 10.15698/mic2018.12.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Host cell exit is a critical step in the life-cycle of intracellular pathogens, intimately linked to barrier penetration, tissue dissemination, inflammation, and pathogen transmission. Like cell invasion and intracellular survival, host cell exit represents a well-regulated program that has evolved during host-pathogen co-evolution and that relies on the dynamic and intricate interplay between multiple host and microbial factors. Three distinct pathways of host cell exit have been identified that are employed by three different taxa of intracellular pathogens, bacteria, fungi and protozoa, namely (i) the initiation of programmed cell death, (ii) the active breaching of host cellderived membranes, and (iii) the induced membrane-dependent exit without host cell lysis. Strikingly, an increasing number of studies show that the majority of intracellular pathogens utilize more than one of these strategies, dependent on life-cycle stage, environmental factors and/or host cell type. This review summarizes the diverse exit strategies of intracellular-living bacterial, fungal and protozoan pathogens and discusses the convergently evolved commonalities as well as system-specific variations thereof. Key microbial molecules involved in host cell exit are highlighted and discussed as potential targets for future interventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Flieger
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | | | - Georg Häcker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mathias W Hornef
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Germany
| | - Gabriele Pradel
- Division of Cellular and Applied Infection Biology, Institute of Biology II, RWTH Aachen University, Germany
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25
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Dhanda AS, Lulic KT, Vogl AW, Mc Gee MM, Chiu RH, Guttman JA. Listeria Membrane Protrusion Collapse: Requirement of Cyclophilin A for Listeria Cell-to-Cell Spreading. J Infect Dis 2018; 219:145-153. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron S Dhanda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Katarina T Lulic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A Wayne Vogl
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Margaret M Mc Gee
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Robert H Chiu
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles
- Surgical Oncology and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Julian A Guttman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
The coevolution of intracellular bacteria with their eukaryotic hosts has presented these pathogens with numerous challenges for their evolutionary progress and survival. Chief among these is the ability to exit from host cells, an event that is fundamentally linked to pathogen dissemination and transmission. Recent years have witnessed a major expansion of research in this area, and this chapter summarizes our current understanding of the spectrum of exit strategies that are exploited by intracellular pathogens. Clear themes regarding the mechanisms of microbial exit have emerged and are most easily conceptualized as (i) lysis of the host cell, (ii) nonlytic exit of free bacteria, and (iii) release of microorganisms into membrane-encased compartments. The adaptation of particular exit strategies is closely linked with additional themes in microbial pathogenesis, including host cell death, manipulation of host signaling pathways, and coincident activation of proinflammatory responses. This chapter will explore the molecular determinants used by intracellular pathogens to promote host cell escape and the infectious advantages each exit pathway may confer, and it will provide an evolutionary framework for the adaptation of these mechanisms.
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Paschoalin RT, Traldi B, Aydin G, Oliveira JE, Rütten S, Mattoso LH, Zenke M, Sechi A. Solution blow spinning fibres: New immunologically inert substrates for the analysis of cell adhesion and motility. Acta Biomater 2017; 51:161-174. [PMID: 28069500 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The control of cell behaviour through material geometry is appealing as it avoids the requirement for complex chemical surface modifications. Significant advances in new technologies have been made to the development of polymeric biomaterials with controlled geometry and physico-chemical properties. Solution blow spinning technique has the advantage of ease of use allowing the production of nano or microfibres and the direct fibre deposition on any surface in situ. Yet, in spite of these advantages, very little is known about the influence of such fibres on biological functions such as immune response and cell migration. In this work, we engineered polymeric fibres composed of either pure poly(lactic acid) (PLA) or blends of PLA and polyethylene glycol (PEG) by solution blow spinning and determined their impact on dendritic cells, highly specialised cells essential for immunity and tolerance. We also determined the influence of fibres on cell adhesion and motility. Cells readily interacted with fibres resulting in an intimate contact characterised by accumulation of actin filaments and focal adhesion components at sites of cell-fibre interactions. Moreover, cells were guided along the fibres and actin and focal adhesion components showed a highly dynamic behaviour at cell-fibre interface. Remarkably, fibres did not elicit any substantial increase of activation markers and inflammatory cytokines in dendritic cells, which remained in their immature (inactive) state. Taken together, these findings will be useful for developing new biomaterials for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Lamason RL, Welch MD. Actin-based motility and cell-to-cell spread of bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 35:48-57. [PMID: 27997855 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Subversion of the host actin cytoskeleton is a critical virulence mechanism used by a variety of intracellular bacterial pathogens during their infectious life cycles. These pathogens manipulate host actin to promote actin-based motility and coordinate motility with cell-to-cell spread. Growing evidence suggests that the tactics employed by pathogens are surprisingly diverse. Here, we review recent advances suggesting that bacterial surface proteins exhibit divergent biochemical mechanisms of actin polymerization and recruit distinct host protein networks to drive motility, and that bacteria deploy secreted effector proteins that alter host cell mechanotransduction pathways to enable spread. Further investigation into the divergent strategies used by bacterial pathogens to mobilize actin will reveal new insights into pathogenesis and cytoskeleton regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Lamason
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Matthew D Welch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Manipulation of host membranes by the bacterial pathogens Listeria, Francisella, Shigella and Yersinia. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 60:155-167. [PMID: 27448494 PMCID: PMC7082150 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens display an impressive arsenal of molecular mechanisms that allow survival in diverse host niches. Subversion of plasma membrane and cytoskeletal functions are common themes associated to infection by both extracellular and intracellular pathogens. Moreover, intracellular pathogens modify the structure/stability of their membrane-bound compartments and escape degradation from phagocytic or autophagic pathways. Here, we review the manipulation of host membranes by Listeria monocytogenes, Francisella tularensis, Shigella flexneri and Yersinia spp. These four bacterial model pathogens exemplify generalized strategies as well as specific features observed during bacterial infection processes.
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Rai AN, Thornton JA, Stokes J, Sunesara I, Swiatlo E, Nanduri B. Polyamine transporter in Streptococcus pneumoniae is essential for evading early innate immune responses in pneumococcal pneumonia. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26964. [PMID: 27247105 PMCID: PMC4887915 DOI: 10.1038/srep26964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial etiology of pneumococcal pneumonia in adults worldwide. Genomic plasticity, antibiotic resistance and extreme capsular antigenic variation complicates the design of effective therapeutic strategies. Polyamines are ubiquitous small cationic molecules necessary for full expression of pneumococcal virulence. Polyamine transport system is an attractive therapeutic target as it is highly conserved across pneumococcal serotypes. In this study, we compared an isogenic deletion strain of S. pneumoniae TIGR4 in polyamine transport operon (ΔpotABCD) with the wild type in a mouse model of pneumococcal pneumonia. Our results show that the wild type persists in mouse lung 24 h post infection while the mutant strain is cleared by host defense mechanisms. We show that intact potABCD is required for survival in the host by providing resistance to neutrophil killing. Comparative proteomics analysis of murine lungs infected with wild type and ΔpotABCD pneumococci identified expression of proteins that could confer protection to wild type strain and help establish infection. We identified ERM complex, PGLYRP1, PTPRC/CD45 and POSTN as new players in the pathogenesis of pneumococcal pneumonia. Additionally, we found that deficiency of polyamine transport leads to up regulation of the polyamine synthesis genes speE and cad in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswathy N Rai
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Justin A Thornton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - John Stokes
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Imran Sunesara
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Edwin Swiatlo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Lamellipodin Is Important for Cell-to-Cell Spread and Actin-Based Motility in Listeria monocytogenes. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3740-8. [PMID: 26169271 PMCID: PMC4534642 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00193-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen capable of invading a broad range of cell types and replicating within the host cell cytoplasm. This paper describes the colocalization of host cell lamellipodin (Lpd) with intracellular L. monocytogenes detectable 6 h postinfection of epithelial cells. The association was mediated via interactions between both the peckstrin homology (PH) domain in Lpd and phosphatidylinositol (3,4)-bisphosphate [PI(3,4)P2] on the bacterial surface and by interactions between the C-terminal EVH1 (Ena/VASP [vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein] homology domain 1) binding domains of Lpd and the host VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein) recruited to the bacterial cell surface by the listerial ActA protein. Depletion of Lpd by short interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in reduced plaque size and number, indicating a role for Lpd in cell-to-cell spread. In contrast, overexpression of Lpd resulted in an increase in the number of L. monocytogenes-containing protrusions (listeriopods). Manipulation of the levels of Lpd within the cell also affected the intracellular velocity of L. monocytogenes, with a reduction in Lpd corresponding to an increase in intracellular velocity. These data, together with the observation that Lpd accumulated at the interface between the bacteria and the developing actin tail at the initiation of actin-based movement, indicate a possible role for Lpd in the actin-based movement and the cell-to-cell spread of L. monocytogenes.
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Abstract
Blood group antigens represent polymorphic traits inherited among individuals and populations. At present, there are 34 recognized human blood groups and hundreds of individual blood group antigens and alleles. Differences in blood group antigen expression can increase or decrease host susceptibility to many infections. Blood groups can play a direct role in infection by serving as receptors and/or coreceptors for microorganisms, parasites, and viruses. In addition, many blood group antigens facilitate intracellular uptake, signal transduction, or adhesion through the organization of membrane microdomains. Several blood groups can modify the innate immune response to infection. Several distinct phenotypes associated with increased host resistance to malaria are overrepresented in populations living in areas where malaria is endemic, as a result of evolutionary pressures. Microorganisms can also stimulate antibodies against blood group antigens, including ABO, T, and Kell. Finally, there is a symbiotic relationship between blood group expression and maturation of the gastrointestinal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cooling
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Tran ENH, Attridge SR, Teh MY, Morona R. Shigella flexneri cell-to-cell spread, and growth and inflammation in mice, is limited by the outer membrane protease IcsP. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv088. [PMID: 26025071 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Shigella flexneri autotransporter protein IcsA is essential for intra- and intercellular spread, and icsA mutants are attenuated in several models. However, the pathogenic significance of the outer membrane protease IcsP, which orchestrates the polar distribution of IcsA on the bacterial surface, remains unclear. To further examine this point, we constructed icsP mutants in the two most commonly studied S. flexneri strains and evaluated their in vitro and in vivo performance relative to wild type. Both icsP mutants showed aberrant surface distribution of IcsA, but the in vitro consequences depended upon the cell line being used to assess bacterial motility and plaque formation. Evaluating the behaviour of the mutants in two mouse models suggested functional expression of icsP might limit bacterial persistence and the associated inflammation in host tissues, consistent with the findings in one of the three cell lines used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ngoc Hoa Tran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen R Attridge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Min Yan Teh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Renato Morona
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Kuehl CJ, Dragoi AM, Talman A, Agaisse H. Bacterial spread from cell to cell: beyond actin-based motility. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:558-66. [PMID: 26021574 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several intracellular pathogens display the ability to propagate within host tissues by displaying actin-based motility in the cytosol of infected cells. As motile bacteria reach cell-cell contacts they form plasma membrane protrusions that project into adjacent cells and resolve into vacuoles from which the pathogen escapes, thereby achieving spread from cell to cell. Seminal studies have defined the bacterial and cellular factors that support actin-based motility. By contrast, the mechanisms supporting the formation of protrusions and their resolution into vacuoles have remained elusive. Here, we review recent advances in the field showing that Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella flexneri have evolved pathogen-specific mechanisms of bacterial spread from cell to cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole J Kuehl
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ana-Maria Dragoi
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Arthur Talman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hervé Agaisse
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale School of Medicine, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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35
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Maxeiner S, Shi N, Schalla C, Aydin G, Hoss M, Vogel S, Zenke M, Sechi AS. Crucial role for the LSP1-myosin1e bimolecular complex in the regulation of Fcγ receptor-driven phagocytosis. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1652-64. [PMID: 25717183 PMCID: PMC4436777 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-05-1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is fundamental for the innate immune process of phagocytosis. This study shows that LSP1 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling during Fcγ receptor–mediated phagocytosis and that its interactions with myosin1e and actin are crucial for the efficiency of this actin-driven process. Actin cytoskeleton remodeling is fundamental for Fcγ receptor–driven phagocytosis. In this study, we find that the leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) localizes to nascent phagocytic cups during Fcγ receptor–mediated phagocytosis, where it displays the same spatial and temporal distribution as the actin cytoskeleton. Down-regulation of LSP1 severely reduces the phagocytic activity of macrophages, clearly demonstrating a crucial role for this protein in Fcγ receptor–mediated phagocytosis. We also find that LSP1 binds to the class I molecular motor myosin1e. LSP1 interacts with the SH3 domain of myosin1e, and the localization and dynamics of both proteins in nascent phagocytic cups mirror those of actin. Furthermore, inhibition of LSP1–myosin1e and LSP1–actin interactions profoundly impairs pseudopodial formation around opsonized targets and their subsequent internalization. Thus the LSP1–myosin1e bimolecular complex plays a pivotal role in the regulation of actin cytoskeleton remodeling during Fcγ receptor–driven phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Maxeiner
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, Applied Ecology, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nian Shi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, Applied Ecology, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carmen Schalla
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, Applied Ecology, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Guelcan Aydin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, Applied Ecology, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mareike Hoss
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Applied Ecology, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Simon Vogel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, Applied Ecology, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Antonio S Sechi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, Applied Ecology, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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The class II phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase PIK3C2A promotes Shigella flexneri dissemination through formation of vacuole-like protrusions. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1695-704. [PMID: 25667265 DOI: 10.1128/iai.03138-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens such as Shigella flexneri and Listeria monocytogenes achieve dissemination in the intestinal epithelium by displaying actin-based motility in the cytosol of infected cells. As they reach the cell periphery, motile bacteria form plasma membrane protrusions that resolve into vacuoles in adjacent cells, through a poorly understood mechanism. Here, we report on the role of the class II phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase PIK3C2A in S. flexneri dissemination. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that PIK3C2A was required for the resolution of protrusions into vacuoles through the formation of an intermediate membrane-bound compartment that we refer to as a vacuole-like protrusion (VLP). Genetic rescue of PIK3C2A depletion with RNA interference (RNAi)-resistant cDNA constructs demonstrated that VLP formation required the activity of PIK3C2A in primary infected cells. PIK3C2A expression was required for production of phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P] at the plasma membrane surrounding protrusions. PtdIns(3)P production was not observed in the protrusions formed by L. monocytogenes, whose dissemination did not rely on PIK3C2A. PIK3C2A-mediated PtdIns(3)P production in S. flexneri protrusions was regulated by host cell tyrosine kinase signaling and relied on the integrity of the S. flexneri type 3 secretion system (T3SS). We suggest a model of S. flexneri dissemination in which the formation of VLPs is mediated by the PIK3C2A-dependent production of the signaling lipid PtdIns(3)P in the protrusion membrane, which relies on the T3SS-dependent activation of tyrosine kinase signaling in protrusions.
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37
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de Souza Santos M, Orth K. Subversion of the cytoskeleton by intracellular bacteria: lessons from Listeria, Salmonella and Vibrio. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:164-73. [PMID: 25440316 PMCID: PMC5806695 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Entry into host cells and intracellular persistence by invasive bacteria are tightly coupled to the ability of the bacterium to disrupt the eukaryotic cytoskeletal machinery. Herein we review the main strategies used by three intracellular pathogens to harness key modulators of the cytoskeleton. Two of these bacteria, namely Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, exhibit quite distinct intracellular lifestyles and therefore provide a comprehensive panel for the understanding of the intricate bacteria-cytoskeleton interplay during infections. The emerging intracellular pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus is depicted as a developing model for the uncovering of novel mechanisms used to hijack the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela de Souza Santos
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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38
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Fattouh R, Kwon H, Czuczman MA, Copeland JW, Pelletier L, Quinlan ME, Muise AM, Higgins DE, Brumell JH. The diaphanous-related formins promote protrusion formation and cell-to-cell spread of Listeria monocytogenes. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1185-95. [PMID: 25281757 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular pathogen whose virulence depends on its ability to spread from cell to cell within an infected host. Although the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex is necessary and sufficient for Listeria actin tail assembly, previous studies suggest that other actin polymerization factors, such as formins, may participate in protrusion formation. Here, we show that Arp2/3 localized to only a minor portion of the protrusion. Moreover, treatment of L. monocytogenes-infected HeLa cells with a formin FH2-domain inhibitor significantly reduced protrusion length. In addition, the Diaphanous-related formins 1-3 (mDia1-3) localized to protrusions, and knockdown of mDia1, mDia2, and mDia3 substantially decreased cell-to-cell spread of L. monocytogenes. Rho GTPases are known to be involved in formin activation. Our studies also show that knockdown of several Rho family members significantly influenced bacterial cell-to-cell spread. Collectively, these findings identify a Rho GTPase-formin network that is critically involved in the cell-to-cell spread of L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John W Copeland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Laurence Pelletier
- Department of Molecular Genetics Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto
| | - Margot E Quinlan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles
| | - Aleixo M Muise
- Cell Biology Program Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto
| | - Darren E Higgins
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children Department of Molecular Genetics Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto
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Identification of Listeria monocytogenesVirulence Factors in Women With Abortion by Polymerase Chain Reaction. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.19931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Listeria monocytogenes exploits efferocytosis to promote cell-to-cell spread. Nature 2014; 509:230-4. [PMID: 24739967 PMCID: PMC4151619 DOI: 10.1038/nature13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Efferocytosis, the process by which dying or dead cells are removed by phagocytosis, has an important role in development, tissue homeostasis and innate immunity. Efferocytosis is mediated, in part, by receptors that bind to exofacial phosphatidylserine (PS) on cells or cellular debris after loss of plasma membrane asymmetry. Here we show that a bacterial pathogen, Listeria monocytogenes, can exploit efferocytosis to promote cell-to-cell spread during infection. These bacteria can escape the phagosome in host cells by using the pore-forming toxin listeriolysin O (LLO) and two phospholipase C enzymes. Expression of the cell surface protein ActA allows L. monocytogenes to activate host actin regulatory factors and undergo actin-based motility in the cytosol, eventually leading to formation of actin-rich protrusions at the cell surface. Here we show that protrusion formation is associated with plasma membrane damage due to LLO's pore-forming activity. LLO also promotes the release of bacteria-containing protrusions from the host cell, generating membrane-derived vesicles with exofacial PS. The PS-binding receptor TIM-4 (encoded by the Timd4 gene) contributes to efficient cell-to-cell spread by L. monocytogenes in macrophages in vitro and growth of these bacteria is impaired in Timd4(-/-) mice. Thus, L. monocytogenes promotes its dissemination in a host by exploiting efferocytosis. Our results indicate that PS-targeted therapeutics may be useful in the fight against infections by L. monocytogenes and other bacteria that use similar strategies of cell-to-cell spread during infection.
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41
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Three-dimensional architecture of actin filaments in Listeria monocytogenes comet tails. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20521-6. [PMID: 24306931 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320155110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is capable of remodelling the actin cytoskeleton of its host cells such that "comet tails" are assembled powering its movement within cells and enabling cell-to-cell spread. We used cryo-electron tomography to visualize the 3D structure of the comet tails in situ at the level of individual filaments. We have performed a quantitative analysis of their supramolecular architecture revealing the existence of bundles of nearly parallel hexagonally packed filaments with spacings of 12-13 nm. Similar configurations were observed in stress fibers and filopodia, suggesting that nanoscopic bundles are a generic feature of actin filament assemblies involved in motility; presumably, they provide the necessary stiffness. We propose a mechanism for the initiation of comet tail assembly and two scenarios that occur either independently or in concert for the ensuing actin-based motility, both emphasizing the role of filament bundling.
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42
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Abstract
A wide spectrum of pathogenic bacteria and protozoa has adapted to an intracellular life-style, which presents several advantages, including accessibility to host cell metabolites and protection from the host immune system. Intracellular pathogens have developed strategies to enter and exit their host cells while optimizing survival and replication, progression through the life cycle, and transmission. Over the last decades, research has focused primarily on entry, while the exit process has suffered from neglect. However, pathogen exit is of fundamental importance because of its intimate association with dissemination, transmission, and inflammation. Hence, to fully understand virulence mechanisms of intracellular pathogens at cellular and systemic levels, it is essential to consider exit mechanisms to be a key step in infection. Exit from the host cell was initially viewed as a passive process, driven mainly by physical stress as a consequence of the explosive replication of the pathogen. It is now recognized as a complex, strategic process termed "egress," which is just as well orchestrated and temporally defined as entry into the host and relies on a dynamic interplay between host and pathogen factors. This review compares egress strategies of bacteria, pathogenic yeast, and kinetoplastid and apicomplexan parasites. Emphasis is given to recent advances in the biology of egress in mycobacteria and apicomplexans.
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43
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Parameswaran N, Gupta N. Re-defining ERM function in lymphocyte activation and migration. Immunol Rev 2013; 256:63-79. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neetha Parameswaran
- Department of Immunology; Lerner Research Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
| | - Neetu Gupta
- Department of Immunology; Lerner Research Institute; Cleveland Clinic; Cleveland OH USA
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44
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Abstract
Intracellular pathogens have developed elaborate mechanisms to exploit the different cellular systems of their unwilling hosts to facilitate their entry, replication, and survival. In particular, a diverse range of bacteria and viruses have evolved unique strategies to harness the power of Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization to enhance their cell-to-cell spread. In this review, we discuss how studying these pathogens has revolutionized our molecular understanding of Arp2/3-dependent actin assembly and revealed key signaling pathways regulating actin assembly in cells. Future analyses of microbe-host interactions are likely to continue uncovering new mechanisms regulating actin assembly and dynamics, as well as unexpected cellular functions for actin. Further, studies with known and newly emerging pathogens will also undoubtedly continue to enhance our understanding of the role of the actin cytoskeleton during pathogenesis and potentially highlight future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Welch
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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45
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Abstract
Several bacterial pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella flexneri and Rickettsia spp., have evolved mechanisms to actively spread within human tissues. Spreading is initiated by the pathogen-induced recruitment of host filamentous (F)-actin. F-actin forms a tail behind the microbe, propelling it through the cytoplasm. The motile pathogen then encounters the host plasma membrane, forming a bacterium-containing protrusion that is engulfed by an adjacent cell. Over the past two decades, much progress has been made in elucidating mechanisms of F-actin tail formation. Listeria and Shigella produce tails of branched actin filaments by subverting the host Arp2/3 complex. By contrast, Rickettsia forms tails with linear actin filaments through a bacterial mimic of eukaryotic formins. Compared with F-actin tail formation, mechanisms controlling bacterial protrusions are less well understood. However, recent findings have highlighted the importance of pathogen manipulation of host cell–cell junctions in spread. Listeria produces a soluble protein that enhances bacterial protrusions by perturbing tight junctions. Shigella protrusions are engulfed through a clathrin-mediated pathway at ‘tricellular junctions’—specialized membrane regions at the intersection of three epithelial cells. This review summarizes key past findings in pathogen spread, and focuses on recent developments in actin-based motility and the formation and internalization of bacterial protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Ireton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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46
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Lindner C, Urbánek P, Pavelka B, Hartmann M, Herrlich P. A link between two tumorigenic proteins, CD44 and p21WAF1: CD44 increases phorbol ester-induced expression of p21WAF1 by stabilizing its mRNA and extending protein half-life. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:2698-704. [PMID: 23856463 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The cell surface glycoprotein CD44 enhances phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (TPA)-induced expression of p21WAF1 by stabilizing its mRNA and enhancing the protein's half-life in several cell lines. Only the plasma membrane-anchored cytoplasmic tail of CD44 and its interacting ezrin, radixin, moesin (ERM) proteins are required for this effect. A mitogen activated kinase (MEK) inhibitor abolishes the action of CD44 on p21. Down-regulation of p21 dramatically decreased anchorage-independence of a cancer cell line, whereas CD44 expression in this background could partially rescue the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lindner
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstr. 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
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47
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Adada M, Canals D, Hannun YA, Obeid LM. Sphingolipid regulation of ezrin, radixin, and moesin proteins family: implications for cell dynamics. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1841:727-37. [PMID: 23850862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A key but poorly studied domain of sphingolipid functions encompasses endocytosis, exocytosis, cellular trafficking, and cell movement. Recently, the ezrin, radixin and moesin (ERM) family of proteins emerged as novel potent targets regulated by sphingolipids. ERMs are structural proteins linking the actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane, also forming a scaffold for signaling pathways that are used for cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and cell division. Opposing functions of the bioactive sphingolipid ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), contribute to ERM regulation. S1P robustly activates whereas ceramide potently deactivates ERM via phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, respectively. This recent dimension of cytoskeletal regulation by sphingolipids opens up new avenues to target cell dynamics, and provides further understanding of some of the unexplained biological effects mediated by sphingolipids. In addition, these studies are providing novel inroads into defining basic mechanisms of regulation and action of bioactive sphingolipids. This review describes the current understanding of sphingolipid regulation of the cytoskeleton, it also describes the biologies in which ERM proteins have been involved, and finally how these two large fields have started to converge. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled New Frontiers in Sphingolipid Biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Adada
- The Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel Canals
- The Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- The Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lina M Obeid
- The Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, NY 11768, USA.
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48
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Li G, Zhou T, Liu L, Chen J, Zhao Z, Peng Y, Li P, Gao N. Ezrin dephosphorylation/downregulation contributes to ursolic acid-mediated cell death in human leukemia cells. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e108. [PMID: 23584398 PMCID: PMC3641322 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ezrin links the actin filaments with the cell membrane and has a functional role in the apoptotic process. It appears clear that ezrin is directly associated with Fas, leading to activation of caspase cascade and cell death. However, the exact role of ezrin in ursolic acid (UA)-induced apoptosis remains unclear. In this study, we show for the first time that UA induces apoptosis in both transformed and primary leukemia cells through dephosphorylation/downregulation of ezrin, association and polarized colocalization of Fas and ezrin, as well as formation of death-inducing signaling complex. These events are dependent on Rho-ROCK1 signaling pathway. Knockdown of ezrin enhanced cell death mediated by UA, whereas overexpression of ezrin attenuated UA-induced apoptosis. Our in vivo study also showed that UA-mediated inhibition of tumor growth of mouse leukemia xenograft model is in association with the dephosphorylation/downregulation of ezrin. Such findings suggest that the cytoskeletal protein ezrin may represent an attractive target for UA-mediated lethality in human leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, 3rd Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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49
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Bishai EA, Sidhu GS, Li W, Dhillon J, Bohil AB, Cheney RE, Hartwig JH, Southwick FS. Myosin-X facilitates Shigella-induced membrane protrusions and cell-to-cell spread. Cell Microbiol 2012; 15:353-367. [PMID: 23083060 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular pathogen Shigella flexneri forms membrane protrusions to spread from cell to cell. As protrusions form, myosin-X (Myo10) localizes to Shigella. Electron micrographs of immunogold-labelled Shigella-infected HeLa cells reveal that Myo10 concentrates at the bases and along the sides of bacteria within membrane protrusions. Time-lapse video microscopy shows that a full-length Myo10 GFP-construct cycles along the sides of Shigella within the membrane protrusions as these structures progressively lengthen. RNAi knock-down of Myo10 is associated with shorter protrusions with thicker stalks, and causes a >80% decrease in confluent cell plaque formation. Myo10 also concentrates in membrane protrusions formed by another intracellular bacteria, Listeria, and knock-down of Myo10 also impairs Listeria plaque formation. In Cos7 cells (contain low concentrations of Myo10), the expression of full-length Myo10 nearly doubles Shigella-induced protrusion length, and lengthening requires the head domain, as well as the tail-PH domain, but not the FERM domain. The GFP-Myo10-HMM domain localizes to the sides of Shigella within membrane protrusions and the GFP-Myo10-PH domain localizes to host cell membranes. We conclude thatMyo10 generates the force to enhance bacterial-induced protrusions by binding its head region to actin filaments and its PH tail domain to the peripheral membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen A Bishai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Gurjit S Sidhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jess Dhillon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Aparna B Bohil
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Richard E Cheney
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John H Hartwig
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frederick S Southwick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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50
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Haglund CM, Welch MD. Pathogens and polymers: microbe-host interactions illuminate the cytoskeleton. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 195:7-17. [PMID: 21969466 PMCID: PMC3187711 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201103148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens subvert the host cell cytoskeleton to promote their own survival, replication, and dissemination. Study of these microbes has led to many discoveries about host cell biology, including the identification of cytoskeletal proteins, regulatory pathways, and mechanisms of cytoskeletal function. Actin is a common target of bacterial pathogens, but recent work also highlights the use of microtubules, cytoskeletal motors, intermediate filaments, and septins. The study of pathogen interactions with the cytoskeleton has illuminated key cellular processes such as phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, membrane trafficking, motility, autophagy, and signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cat M Haglund
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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