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Wang Q, Wang T, Cao L, Mu A, Fu S, Wang P, Gao Y, Ji W, Liu Z, Du Z, Guddat LW, Zhang W, Li S, Li X, Lou Z, Wang X, Hu Z, Rao Z. Inherent symmetry and flexibility in hepatitis B virus subviral particles. Science 2024; 385:1217-1224. [PMID: 39264996 DOI: 10.1126/science.adp1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection poses a major global health challenge with massive morbidity and mortality. Despite a preventive vaccine, current treatments provide limited virus clearance, necessitating lifelong commitment. The HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) is crucial for diagnosis and prognosis, yet its high-resolution structure and assembly on the virus envelope remain elusive. Utilizing extensive datasets and advanced cryo-electron microscopy analysis, we present structural insights into HBsAg at a near-atomic resolution of 3.7 angstroms. HBsAg homodimers assemble into subviral particles with D2- and D4-like quasisymmetry, elucidating the dense-packing rules and structural adaptability of HBsAg. These findings provide insights into how HBsAg assembles into higher-order filaments and interacts with the capsid to form virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai, China
- National Facility for Protein Science, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Response, College of Life Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - An Mu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, CAS, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Fu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Peipei Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Ji
- National Facility for Protein Science, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanqiang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Response, College of Life Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wenchi Zhang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangxi Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyu Hu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Response, College of Life Sciences, and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, CAS, Beijing, China
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Gadji M, Ba A, Gueye YB, Senghor AB, Dieye TN, Diop S. Improvement of blood transfusion safety using the chemiluminescence technique for viral marker screening of blood donors in sub Saharan Africa. Hematol Transfus Cell Ther 2024:S2531-1379(24)00292-X. [PMID: 39317575 DOI: 10.1016/j.htct.2024.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sub-Saharan Africa struggles continuously with insufficient resources and inadequate infrastructure that hinder the establishment of a safer blood supply despite improvements in transfusion safety over recent decades. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the chemiluminescence technique in combination with immunoenzymatic and immunochromatographic tests for viral marker screening of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in donated blood in a country of sub-Saharan Africa. METHOD This study was conducted in a population of 113,406 blood donors at the National Centre of Blood Transfusion in Senegal. The data were obtained from the 'INLOG' software and donor registers. Statistical analyses used Excel 2010 and Epi Info v6. Screening for HBsAg viral markers, anti-HCV Ab, HIV p24 Ag, anti-HIV1 and anti-HIV2 antibodies were first carried out using the chemiluminescence technique. Blood donations screened positive for HBV or HCV were retested in a second chemiluminescence equipment. HIV-positive donations and their controls were subjected to solid phase immunochromatographic and indirect enzyme immunoassay techniques. RESULTS The prevalence among donors of HBV was 8.39 %, 0.56 % for HCV and 0.18 % for HIV. Of the donors tested positive for HIV in screenings and in doubled-controls, only 61.54 % were confirmed by the alternative tests; 34.02 % were negative and 4.44 % discordant between the three techniques. CONCLUSION This study shows the importance of introducing the chemiluminescence technique in association with serological screening of transfusion-transmitted viruses to improve blood supply safety in low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macoura Gadji
- Service of Biological Haematology & Oncology-Haematology (BHOH), Department of Biology and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology (FMPOS), University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal; National Centre of Blood Transfusion (NCBT/CNTS), Dakar, Senegal.
| | - Aissata Ba
- Service of Biological Haematology & Oncology-Haematology (BHOH), Department of Biology and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology (FMPOS), University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal; National Centre of Blood Transfusion (NCBT/CNTS), Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Tandakha Ndiaye Dieye
- National Centre of Blood Transfusion (NCBT/CNTS), Dakar, Senegal; Service of Immunology; Department of Biology and Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology (FMPOS), University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Saliou Diop
- National Centre of Blood Transfusion (NCBT/CNTS), Dakar, Senegal; Service of Haematology; Department of Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, Pharmacy and Odonto-Stomatology (FMPOS), University Cheikh Anta Diop of Dakar (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal
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Maio N, Heffner AL, Rouault TA. Iron‑sulfur clusters in viral proteins: Exploring their elusive nature, roles and new avenues for targeting infections. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119723. [PMID: 38599324 PMCID: PMC11139609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Viruses have evolved complex mechanisms to exploit host factors for replication and assembly. In response, host cells have developed strategies to block viruses, engaging in a continuous co-evolutionary battle. This dynamic interaction often revolves around the competition for essential resources necessary for both host cell and virus replication. Notably, iron, required for the biosynthesis of several cofactors, including iron‑sulfur (FeS) clusters, represents a critical element in the ongoing competition for resources between infectious agents and host. Although several recent studies have identified FeS cofactors at the core of virus replication machineries, our understanding of their specific roles and the cellular processes responsible for their incorporation into viral proteins remains limited. This review aims to consolidate our current knowledge of viral components that have been characterized as FeS proteins and elucidate how viruses harness these versatile cofactors to their benefit. Its objective is also to propose that viruses may depend on incorporation of FeS cofactors more extensively than is currently known. This has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of viral replication, thereby carrying significant implications for the development of strategies to target infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunziata Maio
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Audrey L Heffner
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Tracey A Rouault
- Molecular Medicine Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Su J, Harati Taji Z, Kosinska AD, Ates Oz E, Xie Z, Bielytskyi P, Shein M, Hagen P, Esmaeili S, Steiger K, Protzer U, Schütz AK. Introducing adjuvant-loaded particulate hepatitis B core antigen as an alternative therapeutic hepatitis B vaccine component. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:100997. [PMID: 38425450 PMCID: PMC10904195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Particulate hepatitis B core antigen (HBcoreAg) is a potent immunogen used as a vaccine carrier platform. HBcoreAg produced in E. coli encapsidates random bacterial RNA (bRNA). Using the heterologous protein-prime, viral-vector-boost therapeutic hepatitis B vaccine TherVacB, we compared the properties of different HBcoreAg forms. We explored how the content of HBcoreAg modulates antigen stability, immunogenicity, and antiviral efficacy. Methods bRNA was removed from HBcoreAg by capsid disassembly, followed by reassembly in the absence or presence of specific nucleic acid-based adjuvants poly I:C or CpG. The morphology and structure of empty, bRNA-containing and adjuvant-loaded HBcoreAg were monitored by electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Empty, bRNA-containing or adjuvant-loaded HBcoreAg were applied together with HBsAg and with or without nucleic acid-based external adjuvants within the TherVacB regimen in both wild-type and HBV-carrier mice. Results While HBcoreAg retained its structure upon bRNA removal, its stability and immunogenicity decreased significantly. Loading HBcoreAg with nucleic acid-based adjuvants re-established stability of the capsid-like antigen. Immunization with poly I:C- or CpG-loaded HBcoreAg induced high antibody titers against co-administered HBsAg. When applied within the TherVacB regimen, they activated vigorous HBcoreAg- and HBsAg-specific T-cell responses in wild-type and HBV-carrier mice, requiring a significantly lower dose of adjuvant compared to externally added adjuvant. Finally, immunization with adjuvant-loaded HBcoreAg mixed with HBsAg led to long-term control of persistent HBV replication in the HBV-carrier mice. Conclusion Adjuvant-loaded HBcoreAg retained capsid integrity and stability, was as immunogenic in vivo as externally adjuvanted HBcoreAg, requiring lower adjuvant levels, and supported immunity against co-administered, non-adjuvanted HBsAg. Thus, adjuvant-loaded HBcoreAg represents a promising novel platform for vaccine development. Impact and implications Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcoreAg) recapitulates the capsid of the HBV that hosts the viral genome. Produced recombinantly, it is not infectious but emerges as a potent immunogen in vaccine development. In this preclinical study, we show that loading HBcoreAg with defined nucleic-acid-based adjuvants on the one hand stabilizes the HBcoreAg with standardized capsid content and, on the other hand, efficiently promotes the immunity of HBcoreAg and a co-administered antigen, allowing for reduced adjuvant doses. Therefore, adjuvant-loaded HBcoreAg not only serves as an encouraging option for therapeutic hepatitis B vaccines, but could also act as an efficient adjuvant delivery system for other types of vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Su
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Germany
| | - Zahra Harati Taji
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna D. Kosinska
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Germany
| | - Edanur Ates Oz
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhe Xie
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Pavlo Bielytskyi
- Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mikhail Shein
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Hagen
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Shohreh Esmaeili
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Comparative Experimental Pathology, Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich partner site, Germany
| | - Anne K. Schütz
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Bavarian NMR Center, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
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Wang F, Song H, Xu F, Xu J, Wang L, Yang F, Zhu Y, Tan G. Role of hepatitis B virus non-structural protein HBx on HBV replication, interferon signaling, and hepatocarcinogenesis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1322892. [PMID: 38188582 PMCID: PMC10767994 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1322892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B, a global health concern caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV), infects nearly 2 billion individuals worldwide, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO). HBV, a hepatotropic DNA virus, predominantly targets and replicates within hepatocytes. Those carrying the virus are at increased risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, resulting in nearly 900,000 fatalities annually. The HBV X protein (HBx), encoded by the virus's open reading frame x, plays a key role in its virulence. This protein is integral to viral replication, immune modulation, and liver cancer progression. Despite its significance, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying HBx remain elusive. This review investigates the HBx protein's roles in HBV replication, interferon signaling regulation, and hepatocellular carcinoma progression. By understanding the complex interactions between the virus and its host mediated by HBx, we aim to establish a solid foundation for future research and the development of HBx-targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongxiao Song
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fengchao Xu
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Health Examination Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yujia Zhu
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Guangyun Tan
- Department of Hepatology, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Pfister S, Rabl J, Wiegand T, Mattei S, Malär AA, Lecoq L, Seitz S, Bartenschlager R, Böckmann A, Nassal M, Boehringer D, Meier BH. Structural conservation of HBV-like capsid proteins over hundreds of millions of years despite the shift from non-enveloped to enveloped life-style. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1574. [PMID: 36949039 PMCID: PMC10033635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of nackednaviruses provided new insight into the evolutionary history of the hepatitis B virus (HBV): The common ancestor of HBV and nackednaviruses was non-enveloped and while HBV acquired an envelope during evolution, nackednaviruses remained non-enveloped. We report the capsid structure of the African cichlid nackednavirus (ACNDV), determined by cryo-EM at 3.7 Å resolution. This enables direct comparison with the known capsid structures of HBV and duck HBV, prototypic representatives of the mammalian and avian lineages of the enveloped Hepadnaviridae, respectively. The sequence identity with HBV is 24% and both the ACNDV capsid protein fold and the capsid architecture are very similar to those of the Hepadnaviridae and HBV in particular. Acquisition of the hepadnaviral envelope was thus not accompanied by a major change in capsid structure. Dynamic residues at the spike tip are tentatively assigned by solid-state NMR, while the C-terminal domain is invisible due to dynamics. Solid-state NMR characterization of the capsid structure reveals few conformational differences between the quasi-equivalent subunits of the ACNDV capsid and an overall higher capsid structural disorder compared to HBV. Despite these differences, the capsids of ACNDV and HBV are structurally highly similar despite the 400 million years since their separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pfister
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julius Rabl
- Cryo-EM Knowledge hub, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
- Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Simone Mattei
- EMBL Imaging Centre, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, EMBL Heidelberg, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Stefan Seitz
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 69367, Lyon, France.
| | - Michael Nassal
- Department of Medicine II / Molecular Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | | | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kumar M, Pahuja S, Khare P, Kumar A. Current Challenges and Future Perspectives of Diagnosis of Hepatitis B Virus. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030368. [PMID: 36766473 PMCID: PMC9914745 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that approximately 260 million people worldwide are infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV), which is one of the leading causes of liver disease and liver cancer throughout the world. Compared with developed countries, low-income and middle-income countries have limited access to resources and advanced technologies that require highly specialized staff for HBV diagnosis. In spite of the heavy burden caused by hepatitis B virus, 90% of people are still undiagnosed. The World Health Organization (WHO) goal of eliminating hepatitis B by 2030 seems very difficult to achieve due to the existing diagnostic infrastructure in low-resource regions. The majority of diagnostic laboratories still use hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-based tests. WHO's elimination plan is at risk of derailment due to phases like the window period, immune control, and occult HBV infection (OBI) not being detected by standard tests. Here, in this article, we are focusing on various diagnostic platforms for the better diagnosis of HBV. The aim of the elimination of HBV can only be achieved by detecting all phases of HBV infection, which can be executed by a combined approach of using new marker assays along with advanced pretesting and testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- National Institute of Biologicals, Noida 201309, India
| | - Sangeeta Pahuja
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Hospitals, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Prashant Khare
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology Research, Xenesis Institute, 5th Floor, Plot 68, Sector 44, Gurugram 122003, India
| | - Anoop Kumar
- National Institute of Biologicals, Noida 201309, India
- Correspondence:
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Depta PN, Dosta M, Wenzel W, Kozlowska M, Heinrich S. Hierarchical Coarse-Grained Strategy for Macromolecular Self-Assembly: Application to Hepatitis B Virus-Like Particles. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314699. [PMID: 36499027 PMCID: PMC9740473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular self-assembly is at the basis of many phenomena in material and life sciences that find diverse applications in technology. One example is the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs) that act as stable empty capsids used for drug delivery or vaccine fabrication. Similarly to the capsid of a virus, VLPs are protein assemblies, but their structural formation, stability, and properties are not fully understood, especially as a function of the protein modifications. In this work, we present a data-driven modeling approach for capturing macromolecular self-assembly on scales beyond traditional molecular dynamics (MD), while preserving the chemical specificity. Each macromolecule is abstracted as an anisotropic object and high-dimensional models are formulated to describe interactions between molecules and with the solvent. For this, data-driven protein-protein interaction potentials are derived using a Kriging-based strategy, built on high-throughput MD simulations. Semi-automatic supervised learning is employed in a high performance computing environment and the resulting specialized force-fields enable a significant speed-up to the micrometer and millisecond scale, while maintaining high intermolecular detail. The reported generic framework is applied for the first time to capture the formation of hepatitis B VLPs from the smallest building unit, i.e., the dimer of the core protein HBcAg. Assembly pathways and kinetics are analyzed and compared to the available experimental observations. We demonstrate that VLP self-assembly phenomena and dependencies are now possible to be simulated. The method developed can be used for the parameterization of other macromolecules, enabling a molecular understanding of processes impossible to be attained with other theoretical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Nicolas Depta
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology (SPE), Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Maksym Dosta
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology (SPE), Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co Kg., 88400 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wenzel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mariana Kozlowska
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Heinrich
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology (SPE), Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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9
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Hong X, Menne S, Hu J. Constrained evolution of overlapping genes in viral host adaptation: Acquisition of glycosylation motifs in hepadnaviral precore/core genes. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010739. [PMID: 35901192 PMCID: PMC9362955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepadnaviruses use extensively overlapping genes to expand their coding capacity, especially the precore/core genes encode the precore and core proteins with mostly identical sequences but distinct functions. The precore protein of the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) is N-glycosylated, in contrast to the precore of the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) that lacks N-glycosylation. To explore the roles of the N-linked glycosylation sites in precore and core functions, we substituted T77 and T92 in the WHV precore/core N-glycosylation motifs (75NIT77 and 90NDT92) with the corresponding HBV residues (E77 and N92) to eliminate the sequons. Conversely, these N-glycosylation sequons were introduced into the HBV precore/core gene by E77T and N92T substitutions. We found that N-glycosylation increased the levels of secreted precore gene products from both HBV and WHV. However, the HBV core (HBc) protein carrying the E77T substitution was defective in supporting virion secretion, and during infection, the HBc E77T and N92T substitutions impaired the formation of the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), the critical viral DNA molecule responsible for establishing and maintaining infection. In cross-species complementation assays, both HBc and WHV core (WHc) proteins supported all steps of intracellular replication of the heterologous virus while WHc, with or without the N-glycosylation sequons, failed to interact with HBV envelope proteins for virion secretion. Interestingly, WHc supported more efficiently intracellular cccDNA amplification than HBc in the context of either HBV or WHV. These findings reveal novel determinants of precore secretion and core functions and illustrate strong constraints during viral host adaptation resulting from their compact genome and extensive use of overlapping genes. Hepadnaviruses infect a wide range of hosts. The human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) are two closely related hepadnaviruses. In contrast to the WHV precore protein, which is N-glycosylated, the HBV precore protein lacks N-glycosylation. As precore and core proteins expressed from the overlapping precore/core genes share most of their sequences but have distinct functions, we investigated the roles of the N-linked glycosylation sequons in HBV and WHV precore/core genes. Our results revealed an important role of the N-linked glycosylation sequons in enhancing precore secretion levels and regulating core protein functions in virion secretion and infection. Furthermore, cross-species complementation assays using HBV and WHV core proteins and HBV or WHV genomes defective in core protein expression indicated that both HBV and WHV core proteins could support intracellular viral replication but not virion secretion of the heterologous virus. These results provide novel insights into the evolution of overlapping genes during host adaptation of hepadnaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xupeng Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Zaki MYW, Fathi AM, Samir S, Eldafashi N, William KY, Nazmy MH, Fathy M, Gill US, Shetty S. Innate and Adaptive Immunopathogeneses in Viral Hepatitis; Crucial Determinants of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1255. [PMID: 35267563 PMCID: PMC8909759 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) infections remain the most common risk factors for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and their heterogeneous distribution influences the global prevalence of this common type of liver cancer. Typical hepatitis infection elicits various immune responses within the liver microenvironment, and viral persistence induces chronic liver inflammation and carcinogenesis. HBV is directly mutagenic but can also cause low-grade liver inflammation characterized by episodes of intermittent high-grade liver inflammation, liver fibrosis, and cirrhosis, which can progress to decompensated liver disease and HCC. Equally, the absence of key innate and adaptive immune responses in chronic HCV infection dampens viral eradication and induces an exhausted and immunosuppressive liver niche that favors HCC development and progression. The objectives of this review are to (i) discuss the epidemiological pattern of HBV and HCV infections, (ii) understand the host immune response to acute and chronic viral hepatitis, and (iii) explore the link between this diseased immune environment and the development and progression of HCC in preclinical models and HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Y. W. Zaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61732, Egypt; (A.M.F.); (N.E.); (M.H.N.); (M.F.)
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ahmed M. Fathi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61732, Egypt; (A.M.F.); (N.E.); (M.H.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Samara Samir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt;
| | - Nardeen Eldafashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61732, Egypt; (A.M.F.); (N.E.); (M.H.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Kerolis Y. William
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt;
| | - Maiiada Hassan Nazmy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61732, Egypt; (A.M.F.); (N.E.); (M.H.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Moustafa Fathy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61732, Egypt; (A.M.F.); (N.E.); (M.H.N.); (M.F.)
| | - Upkar S. Gill
- Barts Liver Centre, Centre for Immunobiology, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, QMUL, London E1 2AT, UK;
| | - Shishir Shetty
- National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit and Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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11
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Entry Inhibitors of Hepatitis B and D Viruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:199-205. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Alexander LT, Lepore R, Kryshtafovych A, Adamopoulos A, Alahuhta M, Arvin AM, Bomble YJ, Böttcher B, Breyton C, Chiarini V, Chinnam NB, Chiu W, Fidelis K, Grinter R, Gupta GD, Hartmann MD, Hayes CS, Heidebrecht T, Ilari A, Joachimiak A, Kim Y, Linares R, Lovering AL, Lunin VV, Lupas AN, Makbul C, Michalska K, Moult J, Mukherjee PK, Nutt W(S, Oliver SL, Perrakis A, Stols L, Tainer JA, Topf M, Tsutakawa SE, Valdivia‐Delgado M, Schwede T. Target highlights in CASP14: Analysis of models by structure providers. Proteins 2021; 89:1647-1672. [PMID: 34561912 PMCID: PMC8616854 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The biological and functional significance of selected Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction 14 (CASP14) targets are described by the authors of the structures. The authors highlight the most relevant features of the target proteins and discuss how well these features were reproduced in the respective submitted predictions. The overall ability to predict three-dimensional structures of proteins has improved remarkably in CASP14, and many difficult targets were modeled with impressive accuracy. For the first time in the history of CASP, the experimentalists not only highlighted that computational models can accurately reproduce the most critical structural features observed in their targets, but also envisaged that models could serve as a guidance for further studies of biologically-relevant properties of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila T. Alexander
- Biozentrum, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Computational Structural BiologySIB Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Athanassios Adamopoulos
- Oncode Institute and Division of BiochemistryNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Markus Alahuhta
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGoldenColoradoUSA
| | - Ann M. Arvin
- Department of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yannick J. Bomble
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGoldenColoradoUSA
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- Biocenter and Rudolf Virchow Center, Julius‐Maximilians Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Cécile Breyton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural BiologyGrenobleFrance
| | - Valerio Chiarini
- Program in Structural Biology and BiophysicsInstitute of Biotechnology, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Naga babu Chinnam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular OncologyThe University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Wah Chiu
- Microbiology and ImmunologyStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- BioengineeringStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
- Division of Cryo‐EM and Bioimaging SSRLSLAC National Accelerator LaboratoryMenlo ParkCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Rhys Grinter
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of MicrobiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Gagan D. Gupta
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences DivisionBhabha Atomic Research CentreMumbaiIndia
| | - Marcus D. Hartmann
- Department of Protein EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Christopher S. Hayes
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
- Biomolecular Science and Engineering ProgramUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tatjana Heidebrecht
- Oncode Institute and Division of BiochemistryNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Andrea Ilari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology of the National Research Council of Italy (CNR)RomeItaly
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Youngchang Kim
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
| | - Romain Linares
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Structural BiologyGrenobleFrance
| | | | - Vladimir V. Lunin
- Bioscience Center, National Renewable Energy LaboratoryGoldenColoradoUSA
| | - Andrei N. Lupas
- Department of Protein EvolutionMax Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyTübingenGermany
| | - Cihan Makbul
- Biocenter and Rudolf Virchow Center, Julius‐Maximilians Universität WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Karolina Michalska
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
| | - John Moult
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular GeneticsInstitute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of MarylandRockvilleMarylandUSA
| | - Prasun K. Mukherjee
- Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology DivisionBhabha Atomic Research CentreMumbaiIndia
| | - William (Sam) Nutt
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
| | - Stefan L. Oliver
- Department of PediatricsStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- Oncode Institute and Division of BiochemistryNetherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lucy Stols
- Center for Structural Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
- X‐ray Science DivisionArgonne National Laboratory, Structural Biology CenterArgonneIllinoisUSA
| | - John A. Tainer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular OncologyThe University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
- Department of Cancer BiologyUniversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University College LondonLondonUK
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz‐Institut für Experimentelle VirologieHamburgGermany
| | - Susan E. Tsutakawa
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated BioimagingLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Torsten Schwede
- Biozentrum, University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
- Computational Structural BiologySIB Swiss Institute of BioinformaticsBaselSwitzerland
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13
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Fu K, Wang C, Ma C, Zhou H, Li Y. The Potential Application of Chinese Medicine in Liver Diseases: A New Opportunity. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:771459. [PMID: 34803712 PMCID: PMC8600187 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.771459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver diseases have been a common challenge for people all over the world, which threatens the quality of life and safety of hundreds of millions of patients. China is a major country with liver diseases. Metabolic associated fatty liver disease, hepatitis B virus and alcoholic liver disease are the three most common liver diseases in our country, and the number of patients with liver cancer is increasing. Therefore, finding effective drugs to treat liver disease has become an urgent task. Chinese medicine (CM) has the advantages of low cost, high safety, and various biological activities, which is an important factor for the prevention and treatment of liver diseases. This review systematically summarizes the potential of CM in the treatment of liver diseases, showing that CM can alleviate liver diseases by regulating lipid metabolism, bile acid metabolism, immune function, and gut microbiota, as well as exerting anti-liver injury, anti-oxidation, and anti-hepatitis virus effects. Among them, Keap1/Nrf2, TGF-β/SMADS, p38 MAPK, NF-κB/IκBα, NF-κB-NLRP3, PI3K/Akt, TLR4-MyD88-NF-κB and IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathways are mainly involved. In conclusion, CM is very likely to be a potential candidate for liver disease treatment based on modern phytochemistry, pharmacology, and genomeproteomics, which needs more clinical trials to further clarify its importance in the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yunxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Binding of a Pocket Factor to Hepatitis B Virus Capsids Changes the Rotamer Conformation of Phenylalanine 97. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112115. [PMID: 34834922 PMCID: PMC8618838 DOI: 10.3390/v13112115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: During maturation of the Hepatitis B virus, a viral polymerase inside the capsid transcribes a pre-genomic RNA into a partly double stranded DNA-genome. This is followed by envelopment with surface proteins inserted into a membrane. Envelopment is hypothetically regulated by a structural signal that reports the maturation state of the genome. NMR data suggest that such a signal can be mimicked by the binding of the detergent Triton X 100 to hydrophobic pockets in the capsid spikes. (2) Methods: We have used electron cryo-microscopy and image processing to elucidate the structural changes that are concomitant with the binding of Triton X 100. (3) Results: Our maps show that Triton X 100 binds with its hydrophobic head group inside the pocket. The hydrophilic tail delineates the outside of the spike and is coordinated via Lys-96. The binding of Triton X 100 changes the rotamer conformation of Phe-97 in helix 4, which enables a π-stacking interaction with Trp-62 in helix 3. Similar changes occur in mutants with low secretion phenotypes (P5T and L60V) and in a mutant with a pre-mature secretion phenotype (F97L). (4) Conclusion: Binding of Triton X 100 is unlikely to mimic structural maturation because mutants with different secretion phenotypes show similar structural responses.
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15
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Cheng Z, Lin P, Cheng N. HBV/HIV Coinfection: Impact on the Development and Clinical Treatment of Liver Diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:713981. [PMID: 34676223 PMCID: PMC8524435 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.713981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a common contributor to chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Approximately 10% of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also have chronic HBV co-infection, owing to shared transmission routes. HIV/HBV coinfection accelerates the progression of chronic HBV to cirrhosis, end-stage liver disease, or hepatocellular carcinoma compared to chronic HBV mono-infection. HBV/HIV coinfection alters the natural history of hepatitis B and renders the antiviral treatment more complex. In this report, we conducted a critical review on the epidemiology, natural history, and pathogenesis of liver diseases related to HBV/HIV coinfection. We summarized the novel therapeutic options for these coinfected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimeng Cheng
- Department of Bile Duct Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Panpan Lin
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nansheng Cheng
- Department of Bile Duct Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Blanco-Rodriguez G, Di Nunzio F. The Viral Capsid: A Master Key to Access the Host Nucleus. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061178. [PMID: 34203080 PMCID: PMC8234750 DOI: 10.3390/v13061178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are pathogens that have evolved to hijack the cellular machinery to replicate themselves and spread to new cells. During the course of evolution, viruses developed different strategies to overcome the cellular defenses and create new progeny. Among them, some RNA and many DNA viruses require access to the nucleus to replicate their genome. In non-dividing cells, viruses can only access the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Therefore, viruses have developed strategies to usurp the nuclear transport machinery and gain access to the nucleus. The majority of these viruses use the capsid to manipulate the nuclear import machinery. However, the particular tactics employed by each virus to reach the host chromatin compartment are very different. Nevertheless, they all require some degree of capsid remodeling. Recent notions on the interplay between the viral capsid and cellular factors shine new light on the quest for the nuclear entry step and for the fate of these viruses. In this review, we describe the main components and function of nuclear transport machinery. Next, we discuss selected examples of RNA and DNA viruses (HBV, HSV, adenovirus, and HIV) that remodel their capsid as part of their strategies to access the nucleus and to replicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Blanco-Rodriguez
- Advanced Molecular Virology and Retroviral Dynamics Group, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France;
- Immunity and Cancer Department, Curie Institute, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francesca Di Nunzio
- Advanced Molecular Virology and Retroviral Dynamics Group, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Conformational Plasticity of Hepatitis B Core Protein Spikes Promotes Peptide Binding Independent of the Secretion Phenotype. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050956. [PMID: 33946808 PMCID: PMC8145704 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus is a major human pathogen, which forms enveloped virus particles. During viral maturation, membrane-bound hepatitis B surface proteins package hepatitis B core protein capsids. This process is intercepted by certain peptides with an “LLGRMKG” motif that binds to the capsids at the tips of dimeric spikes. With microcalorimetry, electron cryo microscopy and peptide microarray-based screens, we have characterized the structural and thermodynamic properties of peptide binding to hepatitis B core protein capsids with different secretion phenotypes. The peptide “GSLLGRMKGA” binds weakly to hepatitis B core protein capsids and mutant capsids with a premature (F97L) or low-secretion phenotype (L60V and P5T). With electron cryo microscopy, we provide novel structures for L60V and P5T and demonstrate that binding occurs at the tips of the spikes at the dimer interface, splaying the helices apart independent of the secretion phenotype. Peptide array screening identifies “SLLGRM” as the core binding motif. This shortened motif binds only to one of the two spikes in the asymmetric unit of the capsid and induces a much smaller conformational change. Altogether, these comprehensive studies suggest that the tips of the spikes act as an autonomous binding platform that is unaffected by mutations that affect secretion phenotypes.
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18
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Glebe D, Goldmann N, Lauber C, Seitz S. HBV evolution and genetic variability: Impact on prevention, treatment and development of antivirals. Antiviral Res 2020; 186:104973. [PMID: 33166575 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) poses a major global health burden with 260 million people being chronically infected and 890,000 dying annually from complications in the course of the infection. HBV is a small enveloped virus with a reverse-transcribed DNA genome that infects hepatocytes and can cause acute and chronic infections of the liver. HBV is endemic in humans and apes representing the prototype member of the viral family Hepadnaviridae and can be divided into 10 genotypes. Hepadnaviruses have been found in all vertebrate classes and constitute an ancient viral family that descended from non-enveloped progenitors more than 360 million years ago. The de novo emergence of the envelope protein gene was accompanied with the liver-tropism and resulted in a tight virus-host association. The oldest HBV genomes so far have been isolated from human remains of the Bronze Age and the Neolithic (~7000 years before present). Despite the remarkable stability of the hepadnaviral genome over geological eras, HBV is able to rapidly evolve within an infected individual under pressure of the immune response or during antiviral treatment. Treatment with currently available antivirals blocking intracellular replication of HBV allows controlling of high viremia and improving liver health during long-term therapy of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but they are not sufficient to cure the disease. New therapy options that cover all HBV genotypes and emerging viral variants will have to be developed soon. In addition to the antiviral treatment of chronically infected patients, continued efforts to expand the global coverage of the currently available HBV vaccine will be one of the key factors for controlling the rising global spread of HBV. Certain improvements of the vaccine (e.g. inclusion of PreS domains) could counteract known problems such as low or no responsiveness of certain risk groups and waning anti-HBs titers leading to occult infections, especially with HBV genotypes E or F. But even with an optimal vaccine and a cure for hepatitis B, global eradication of HBV would be difficult to achieve because of an existing viral reservoir in primates and bats carrying closely related hepadnaviruses with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen, Heidelberg, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Nora Goldmann
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Schubertstr. 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Chris Lauber
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group Computational Virology, Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture Between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen, Heidelberg, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Seitz
- Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Giessen, Heidelberg, Hannover, Germany.
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Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection impacts an estimated 257-291 million people globally. The current approach to treatment for chronic HBV infection is complex, reflecting a risk:benefit approach driven by the lack of an effective curative regimen. This complexity and the lack of a durable treatment response, necessitating indefinite treatment in the majority of cases, have resulted in low uptake of testing and treatment, particularly in regions where comprehensive primary care is lacking and access to affordable testing and treatment is limited. Multiple targeted therapies are now in early human study with the primary goal to achieve persistent HBV DNA and hepatitis B surface antigen suppression after a finite course of treatment, which is referred to as functional cure. This article summarizes the current therapies for HBV infection and discusses the limitations of these therapies, novel approaches to HBV cure, and therapeutic endpoints of clinical trials aimed to cure hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Naggie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA; .,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina 27701, USA
| | - Anna S Lok
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
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20
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Intracellular Trafficking of HBV Particles. Cells 2020; 9:cells9092023. [PMID: 32887393 PMCID: PMC7563130 DOI: 10.3390/cells9092023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hepatitis B virus (HBV), that is causative for more than 240 million cases of chronic liver inflammation (hepatitis), is an enveloped virus with a partially double-stranded DNA genome. After virion uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis, the viral nucleocapsid is transported towards the nuclear pore complex. In the nuclear basket, the nucleocapsid disassembles. The viral genome that is covalently linked to the viral polymerase, which harbors a bipartite NLS, is imported into the nucleus. Here, the partially double-stranded DNA genome is converted in a minichromosome-like structure, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The DNA virus HBV replicates via a pregenomic RNA (pgRNA)-intermediate that is reverse transcribed into DNA. HBV-infected cells release apart from the infectious viral parrticle two forms of non-infectious subviral particles (spheres and filaments), which are assembled by the surface proteins but lack any capsid and nucleic acid. In addition, naked capsids are released by HBV replicating cells. Infectious viral particles and filaments are released via multivesicular bodies; spheres are secreted by the classic constitutive secretory pathway. The release of naked capsids is still not fully understood, autophagosomal processes are discussed. This review describes intracellular trafficking pathways involved in virus entry, morphogenesis and release of (sub)viral particles.
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21
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Patterson A, Zhao Z, Waymire E, Zlotnick A, Bothner B. Dynamics of Hepatitis B Virus Capsid Protein Dimer Regulate Assembly through an Allosteric Network. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2273-2280. [PMID: 32662972 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
While there is an effective vaccine for Human Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), 257 million people have chronic infections for which there is no cure. The assembly process for the viral capsid is a potential therapeutic target. In order to understand the capsid assembly process, we investigated the dimeric building blocks of the capsid. To understand what blocks assembly, we took advantage of an assembly incompetent mutant dimer, Cp149-Y132A, located in the interdimer interface. This mutation leads to changes in protein dynamics throughout the structure of the dimer as measured by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). To further understand how the HBV capsid assembles, the homologue woodchuck HBV (WHV) capsid protein dimer (Cp) was used. WHV is more stable than HBV in HDX-MS and native mass spectrometry experiments. Because the WHV Cp assembles more rapidly into viral capsids than HBV, it was suspected that an increase in stability of the intradimer interface and/or in the contact region leads to increased assembly rates. The differences in dynamics when comparing HBV and human Cp149-Y132A as well as the differences in dynamics when comparing the HBV and WHV Cps allowed us to map an allosteric network within the HBV dimer. Through a careful comparison of structure, stability, and dynamics using four different capsid protein dimers, we conclude that protein subunit dynamics regulate HBV capsid assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Patterson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Zhongchao Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Elizabeth Waymire
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Brian Bothner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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22
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Makbul C, Nassal M, Böttcher B. Slowly folding surface extension in the prototypic avian hepatitis B virus capsid governs stability. eLife 2020; 9:e57277. [PMID: 32795390 PMCID: PMC7455244 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important but difficult to study human pathogen. Most basics of the hepadnaviral life-cycle were unraveled using duck HBV (DHBV) as a model although DHBV has a capsid protein (CP) comprising ~260 rather than ~180 amino acids. Here we present high-resolution structures of several DHBV capsid-like particles (CLPs) determined by electron cryo-microscopy. As for HBV, DHBV CLPs consist of a dimeric α-helical frame-work with protruding spikes at the dimer interface. A fundamental new feature is a ~ 45 amino acid proline-rich extension in each monomer replacing the tip of the spikes in HBV CP. In vitro, folding of the extension takes months, implying a catalyzed process in vivo. DHBc variants lacking a folding-proficient extension produced regular CLPs in bacteria but failed to form stable nucleocapsids in hepatoma cells. We propose that the extension domain acts as a conformational switch with differential response options during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Makbul
- Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Department of Biochemistry and Rudolf Virchow CentreWürzburgGermany
| | - Michael Nassal
- University Hospital Freiburg, Internal Medicine 2/Molecular BiologyFreiburgGermany
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Department of Biochemistry and Rudolf Virchow CentreWürzburgGermany
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23
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Phosphorylation of the Arginine-Rich C-Terminal Domains of the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Core Protein as a Fine Regulator of the Interaction between HBc and Nucleic Acid. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070738. [PMID: 32650547 PMCID: PMC7412469 DOI: 10.3390/v12070738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphogenesis of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) viral particles is nucleated by the oligomerization of HBc protein molecules, resulting in the formation of an icosahedral capsid shell containing the replication-competent nucleoprotein complex made of the viral polymerase and the pre-genomic RNA (pgRNA). HBc is a phospho-protein containing two distinct domains acting together throughout the viral replication cycle. The N-terminal domain, (residues 1–140), shown to self-assemble, is linked by a short flexible domain to the basic C-terminal domain (residues 150–183) that interacts with nucleic acids (NAs). In addition, the C-terminal domain contains a series of phospho-acceptor residues that undergo partial phosphorylation and de-phosphorylation during virus replication. This highly dynamic process governs the homeostatic charge that is essential for capsid stability, pgRNA packaging and to expose the C-terminal domain at the surface of the particles for cell trafficking. In this review, we discuss the roles of the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of HBc protein during HBV morphogenesis, focusing on how the C-terminal domain phosphorylation dynamics regulate its interaction with nucleic acids throughout the assembly and maturation of HBV particles.
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24
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Seitz S, Habjanič J, Schütz AK, Bartenschlager R. The Hepatitis B Virus Envelope Proteins: Molecular Gymnastics Throughout the Viral Life Cycle. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:263-288. [PMID: 32600157 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
New hepatitis B virions released from infected hepatocytes are the result of an intricate maturation process that starts with the formation of the nucleocapsid providing a confined space where the viral DNA genome is synthesized via reverse transcription. Virion assembly is finalized by the enclosure of the icosahedral nucleocapsid within a heterogeneous envelope. The latter contains integral membrane proteins of three sizes, collectively known as hepatitis B surface antigen, and adopts multiple conformations in the course of the viral life cycle. The nucleocapsid conformation depends on the reverse transcription status of the genome, which in turn controls nucleocapsid interaction with the envelope proteins for virus exit. In addition, after secretion the virions undergo a distinct maturation step during which a topological switch of the large envelope protein confers infectivity. Here we review molecular determinants for envelopment and models that postulate molecular signals encoded in the capsid scaffold conducive or adverse to the recruitment of envelope proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Seitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Jelena Habjanič
- Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anne K Schütz
- Bavarian NMR Center, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; .,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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25
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Pastor F, Herrscher C, Patient R, Eymieux S, Moreau A, Burlaud-Gaillard J, Seigneuret F, de Rocquigny H, Roingeard P, Hourioux C. Direct interaction between the hepatitis B virus core and envelope proteins analyzed in a cellular context. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16178. [PMID: 31700077 PMCID: PMC6838148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52824-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) production requires intricate interactions between the envelope and core proteins. Analyses of mutants of these proteins have made it possible to map regions involved in the formation and secretion of virions. Tests of binding between core and envelope peptides have also been performed in cell-free conditions, to study the interactions potentially underlying these mechanisms. We investigated the residues essential for core-envelope interaction in a cellular context in more detail, by transiently producing mutant or wild-type L, S, or core proteins separately or in combination, in Huh7 cells. The colocalization and interaction of these proteins were studied by confocal microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation, respectively. The L protein was shown to constitute a molecular platform for the recruitment of S and core proteins in a perinuclear environment. Several core amino acids were found to be essential for direct interaction with L, including residue Y132, known to be crucial for capsid formation, and residues L60, L95, K96 and I126. Our results confirm the key role of L in the tripartite core-S-L interaction and identify the residues involved in direct core-L interaction. This model may be valuable for studies of the potential of drugs to inhibit HBV core-envelope interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin Pastor
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Charline Herrscher
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Romuald Patient
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Sebastien Eymieux
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Alain Moreau
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Florian Seigneuret
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Philippe Roingeard
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France. .,Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France.
| | - Christophe Hourioux
- INSERM U1259 MAVIVH - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France. .,Plate-Forme IBiSA des Microscopies, PPF ASB - University of Tours and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France.
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26
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Obr M, Schur FKM. Structural analysis of pleomorphic and asymmetric viruses using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging. Adv Virus Res 2019; 105:117-159. [PMID: 31522703 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Describing the protein interactions that form pleomorphic and asymmetric viruses represents a considerable challenge to most structural biology techniques, including X-ray crystallography and single particle cryo-electron microscopy. Obtaining a detailed understanding of these interactions is nevertheless important, considering the number of relevant human pathogens that do not follow strict icosahedral or helical symmetry. Cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging methods provide structural insights into complex biological environments and are well suited to go beyond structures of perfectly symmetric viruses. This chapter discusses recent developments showing that cryo-ET and subtomogram averaging can provide high-resolution insights into hitherto unknown structural features of pleomorphic and asymmetric virus particles. It also describes how these methods have significantly added to our understanding of retrovirus capsid assemblies in immature and mature viruses. Additional examples of irregular viruses and their associated proteins, whose structures have been studied via cryo-ET and subtomogram averaging, further support the versatility of these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Obr
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Florian K M Schur
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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27
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Ratnatilaka Na Bhuket P, Luckanagul JA, Rojsitthisak P, Wang Q. Chemical modification of enveloped viruses for biomedical applications. Integr Biol (Camb) 2019; 10:666-679. [PMID: 30295307 DOI: 10.1039/c8ib00118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The unique characteristics of enveloped viruses including nanometer size, consistent morphology, narrow size distribution, versatile functionality and biocompatibility have attracted attention from scientists to develop enveloped viruses for biomedical applications. The biomedical applications of the viral-based nanoparticles include vaccine development, imaging and targeted drug delivery. The modification of the structural elements of enveloped viruses is necessary for the desired functions. Here, we review the chemical approaches that have been utilized to develop bionanomaterials based on enveloped viruses for biomedical applications. We first provide an overview of the structures of enveloped viruses which are composed of nucleic acids, structural and functional proteins, glycan residues and lipid envelope. The methods for modification, including direct conjugation, metabolic incorporation of functional groups and peptide tag insertion, are described based on the biomolecular types of viral components. Layer-by-layer technology is also included in this review to illustrate the non-covalent modification of enveloped viruses. Then, we further elaborate the applications of chemically-modified enveloped viruses, virus-like particles and viral subcomponents in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pahweenvaj Ratnatilaka Na Bhuket
- Biomedicinal Chemistry Program, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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28
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Takaki A, Kawano S, Uchida D, Takahara M, Hiraoka S, Okada H. Paradoxical Roles of Oxidative Stress Response in the Digestive System before and after Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020213. [PMID: 30781816 PMCID: PMC6406746 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is recognized as a cancer-initiating stress response in the digestive system. It is produced through mitochondrial respiration and induces DNA damage, resulting in cancer cell transformation. However, recent findings indicate that oxidative stress is also a necessary anticancer response for destroying cancer cells. The oxidative stress response has also been reported to be an important step in increasing the anticancer response of newly developed molecular targeted agents. Oxidative stress might therefore be a cancer-initiating response that should be downregulated in the precancerous stage in patients at risk of cancer but an anticancer cell response that should not be downregulated in the postcancerous stage when cancer cells are still present. Many commercial antioxidant agents are marketed as “cancer-eliminating agents” or as products to improve one’s health, so cancer patients often take these antioxidant agents. However, care should be taken to avoid harming the anticancerous oxidative stress response. In this review, we will highlight the paradoxical effects of oxidative stress and antioxidant agents in the digestive system before and after carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Seiji Kawano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Takahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Sakiko Hiraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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29
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Liu K, Hu J. Secretion of empty or complete hepatitis B virions: envelopment of empty capsids versus mature nucleocapsids. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
HBV replicates its DNA genome, a partially double-stranded, relaxed circular DNA, via reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate called pre-genomic RNA by its reverse transcriptase. A major characteristic of HBV replication is the selective envelopment and secretion of relaxed circular DNA-containing mature capsids and empty capsids with no DNA or RNA, but not those containing pre-genomic RNA or the single-stranded DNA replication intermediate. In this review, the potential mechanisms of HBV virion morphogenesis will be discussed, with a focus on key determinants of both the capsid and envelope proteins for the selective secretion of complete and empty virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuancheng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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30
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Heger-Stevic J, Zimmermann P, Lecoq L, Böttcher B, Nassal M. Hepatitis B virus core protein phosphorylation: Identification of the SRPK1 target sites and impact of their occupancy on RNA binding and capsid structure. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007488. [PMID: 30566530 PMCID: PMC6317823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates its 3 kb DNA genome through capsid-internal reverse transcription, initiated by assembly of 120 core protein (HBc) dimers around a complex of viral pregenomic (pg) RNA and polymerase. Following synthesis of relaxed circular (RC) DNA capsids can be enveloped and secreted as stable virions. Upon infection of a new cell, however, the capsid disintegrates to release the RC-DNA into the nucleus for conversion into covalently closed circular (ccc) DNA. HBc´s interactions with nucleic acids are mediated by an arginine-rich C terminal domain (CTD) with intrinsically strong non-specific RNA binding activity. Adaptation to the changing demands for nucleic acid binding during the viral life cycle is thought to involve dynamic phosphorylation / dephosphorylation events. However, neither the relevant enzymes nor their target sites in HBc are firmly established. Here we developed a bacterial coexpression system enabling access to definably phosphorylated HBc. Combining Phos-tag gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry and mutagenesis we identified seven of the eight hydroxy amino acids in the CTD as target sites for serine-arginine rich protein kinase 1 (SRPK1); fewer sites were phosphorylated by PKA and PKC. Phosphorylation of all seven sites reduced nonspecific RNA encapsidation as drastically as deletion of the entire CTD and altered CTD surface accessibility, without major structure changes in the capsid shell. The bulk of capsids from human hepatoma cells was similarly highly, yet non-identically, phosphorylated as by SRPK1. While not proving SRPK1 as the infection-relevant HBc kinase the data suggest a mechanism whereby high-level HBc phosphorylation principally suppresses RNA binding whereas one or few strategic dephosphorylation events enable selective packaging of the pgRNA/polymerase complex. The tools developed in this study should greatly facilitate the further deciphering of the role of HBc phosphorylation in HBV infection and its evaluation as a potential new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Heger-Stevic
- University Hospital Freiburg, Department of Medicine II / Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Biological Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Zimmermann
- University Hospital Freiburg, Department of Medicine II / Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Biological Faculty, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, University of Lyon1, Lyon, France
| | - Bettina Böttcher
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Nassal
- University Hospital Freiburg, Department of Medicine II / Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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31
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Structure of Mutant Hepatitis B Core Protein Capsids with Premature Secretion Phenotype. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:4941-4954. [PMID: 30539760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus is a major human pathogen that consists of a viral genome surrounded by an icosahedrally ordered core protein and a polymorphic, lipidic envelope that is densely packed with surface proteins. A point mutation in the core protein in which a phenylalanine at position 97 is exchanged for a smaller leucine leads to premature envelopment of the capsid before the genome maturation is fully completed. We have used electron cryo-microscopy and image processing to investigate how the point mutation affects the structure of the capsid at 2.6- to 2.8 Å-resolution. We found that in the mutant the smaller side chain at position 97 is displaced, increasing the size of an adjacent pocket in the center of the spikes of the capsid. In the mutant, this pocket is filled with an unknown density. Phosphorylation of serine residues in the unresolved C-terminal domain of the mutant leaves the structure of the ordered capsid largely unchanged. However, we were able to resolve several previously unresolved residues downstream of proline 144 that precede the phosphorylation-sites. These residues pack against the neighboring subunits and increase the inter-dimer contact suggesting that the C-termini play an important role in capsid stabilization and provide a much larger interaction interface than previously observed.
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32
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Common and Distinct Capsid and Surface Protein Requirements for Secretion of Complete and Genome-Free Hepatitis B Virions. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00272-18. [PMID: 29743374 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00272-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During the morphogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV), an enveloped virus, two types of virions are secreted: (i) a minor population of complete virions containing a mature nucleocapsid with the characteristic, partially double-stranded, relaxed circular DNA genome and (ii) a major population containing an empty capsid with no DNA or RNA (empty virions). Secretion of both types of virions requires interactions between the HBV capsid or core protein (HBc) and the viral surface or envelope proteins. We have studied the requirements from both HBc and envelope proteins for empty virion secretion in comparison with those for secretion of complete virions. Substitutions within the N-terminal domain of HBc that block secretion of DNA-containing virions reduced but did not prevent secretion of empty virions. The HBc C-terminal domain was not essential for empty virion secretion. Among the three viral envelope proteins, the smallest, S, alone was sufficient for empty virion secretion at a basal level. The largest protein, L, essential for complete virion secretion, was not required but could stimulate empty virion secretion. Also, substitutions in L that eliminated secretion of complete virions reduced but did not eliminate empty virion secretion. S mutations that blocked secretion of the hepatitis D virus (HDV), an HBV satellite, did not block secretion of either empty or complete HBV virions. Together, these results indicate that both common and distinct signals on empty capsids and mature nucleocapsids interact with the S and L proteins during the formation of complete and empty virions.IMPORTANCE Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major cause of severe liver diseases, including cirrhosis and cancer. In addition to the complete infectious virion particle, which contains an outer envelope layer and an interior capsid that, in turn, encloses a DNA genome, HBV-infected cells also secrete noninfectious, incomplete viral particles in large excess over the number of complete virions. In particular, the empty (or genome-free) virion shares with the complete virion the outer envelope and interior capsid but contains no genome. We have carried out a comparative study on the capsid and envelope requirements for the secretion of these two types of virion particles and uncovered both shared and distinct determinants on the capsid and envelope for their secretion. These results provide new information on HBV morphogenesis and have implications for efforts to develop empty HBV virions as novel biomarkers and a new generation of HBV vaccine.
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33
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus that can establish a persistent and chronic infection in humans through immune anergy. Currently, 3.5% of the global population is chronically infected with HBV, although the incidence of HBV infections is decreasing owing to vaccination and, to a lesser extent, the use of antiviral therapy to reduce the viral load of chronically infected individuals. The course of chronic HBV infection typically comprises different clinical phases, each of which potentially lasts for decades. Well-defined and verified serum and liver biopsy diagnostic markers enable the assessment of disease severity, viral replication status, patient risk stratification and treatment decisions. Current therapy includes antiviral agents that directly act on viral replication and immunomodulators, such as interferon therapy. Antiviral agents for HBV include reverse transcriptase inhibitors, which are nucleoside or nucleotide analogues that can profoundly suppress HBV replication but require long-term maintenance therapy. Novel compounds are being actively investigated to achieve the goal of HBV surface antigen seroclearance (functional cure), a serological state that is associated with a higher remission rate (thus, no viral rebound) after treatment cessation and a lower rate of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This Primer addresses several aspects of HBV infection, including epidemiology, immune pathophysiology, diagnosis, prevention and management.
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34
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David G, Fogeron ML, Schledorn M, Montserret R, Haselmann U, Penzel S, Badillo A, Lecoq L, André P, Nassal M, Bartenschlager R, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Structural Studies of Self-Assembled Subviral Particles: Combining Cell-Free Expression with 110 kHz MAS NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4787-4791. [PMID: 29457857 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral membrane proteins are prime targets in combatting infection. Still, the determination of their structure remains a challenge, both with respect to sample preparation and the need for structural methods allowing for analysis in a native-like lipid environment. Cell-free protein synthesis and solid-state NMR spectroscopy are promising approaches in this context, the former with respect to its great potential in the native expression of complex proteins, and the latter for the analysis of membrane proteins in lipids. Herein, we show that milligram amounts of the small envelope protein of the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) can be produced by cell-free expression, and that the protein self-assembles into subviral particles. Proton-detected 2D NMR spectra recorded at a magic-angle-spinning frequency of 110 kHz on <500 μg protein show a number of isolated peaks with line widths comparable to those of model membrane proteins, paving the way for structural studies of this protein that is homologous to a potential drug target in HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume David
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Marie-Laure Fogeron
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | | | - Roland Montserret
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Uta Haselmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis Germany, Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Penzel
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Badillo
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France.,RD-Biotech, Recombinant Protein Unit, 3 rue Henri Baigue, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
| | - Patrice André
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1111, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unités Mixte de Recherche, 5308, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.,Université de Lyon, Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Nassal
- University Hospital Freiburg, Internal Medicine II/Molecular Biology, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis Germany, Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beat H Meier
- Physical Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367, Lyon, France
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35
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David G, Fogeron M, Schledorn M, Montserret R, Haselmann U, Penzel S, Badillo A, Lecoq L, André P, Nassal M, Bartenschlager R, Meier BH, Böckmann A. Strukturelle Untersuchung subviraler Partikel durch die Kombination von zellfreier Proteinherstellung mit 110 kHz MAS‐NMR‐Spektroskopie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume David
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon Frankreich
| | - Marie‐Laure Fogeron
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon Frankreich
| | | | - Roland Montserret
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon Frankreich
| | - Uta Haselmann
- Department für Infektiologie Molekulare Virologie Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 345 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
- Abteilung Virus-assoziierte Karzinogenese Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Im Neuenheimer Feld 242 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Susanne Penzel
- Lab. für Physikalische Chemie ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Aurélie Badillo
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon Frankreich
- RD-Biotech Recombinant Protein Unit 3 rue Henri Baigue 25000 Besançon Frankreich
| | - Lauriane Lecoq
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon Frankreich
| | - Patrice André
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 1111 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unités Mixte de Recherche 5308 Lyon Frankreich
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Villeurbanne Frankreich
- Université de Lyon, Lyon, France Laboratoire de Virologie Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse Hospices Civils de Lyon Lyon Frankreich
| | - Michael Nassal
- Universitätsklinikum Freiburg Klinik für Innere Medizin II/ Molekulare Biologie Hugstetter Straße 55 79106 Freiburg Deutschland
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department für Infektiologie Molekulare Virologie Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 345 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
- Abteilung Virus-assoziierte Karzinogenese Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) Im Neuenheimer Feld 242 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Beat H. Meier
- Lab. für Physikalische Chemie ETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Schweiz
| | - Anja Böckmann
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, MMSB, Labex Ecofect, UMR 5086 CNRS Université de Lyon 7 passage du Vercors 69367 Lyon Frankreich
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36
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Konopleva MV, Sokolova MV, Shevlyagina NV, Bazhenov AI, Fel'Dsherova AA, Krymskij MA, Borisova VN, Semenenko TA, Nesterenko VG, Suslov AP. MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS WITH ESCAPE MUTATIONS IN S-gene G145R AND S143L. Vopr Virusol 2017; 62:119-128. [PMID: 36494979 DOI: 10.18821/0507-4088-2017-62-3-119-128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In terms of serological properties and immunization, the wild type of HBsAg HBV and its G145R mutant behave as different antigens. This testifies to serious structural changes, which presumably could have a significant impact on the morphogenesis of virions and subviral particles. Nevertheless, morphological and ultrastructural investigations of HBV with G145R mutation have not been carried yet. OBJECTIVES Research of structural and morphological organization of HBV in the presence of the G145R escape mutation. METHODS Studies of sera, purified viruses and recombinant HBsAg were carried out by transmission electron microscopy by the method of negative staining and indirect reaction of immunelabeling using monoclonal antibodies of different specificity. Specimens of wild type HBV and HBV with S143L mutation obtained in an identical manner were used as the control. RESULTS The presence of typical virus particles of HBV was shown in the specimens of wild strain and HBV with S143L mutation. Specimens of HBV with G145R mutation were characterized by expressed morphological heterogeneity. In the initial serum and in the specimen of purified virus containing G145R mutant, large oval particles 60-70 nm and up to 200 nm in size, respectively, were found. The presence of antigen structures of HBV in all heterogeneous forms was confirmed. It was shown that forming of subviral particles in the process of expression of the recombinant HBsAg with G145R mutation depends on conditions of expression and purification of the protein. They can vary from well-formed circular and oval particles to practically unstructured fine-grained masses. CONCLUSION Direct data on the impact of G145R escape-mutation in S-gene, in contrast to S143L mutation, on the morphogenesis of virions and subviral particles of HBV were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Konopleva
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - M V Sokolova
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - N V Shevlyagina
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - A I Bazhenov
- N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine of Moscow Healthcare Department
| | - A A Fel'Dsherova
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | | | | | - T A Semenenko
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - V G Nesterenko
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
| | - A P Suslov
- Federal Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology named after the honorary academician N.F. Gamaleya
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37
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Valaydon ZS, Locarnini SA. The virological aspects of hepatitis B. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31:257-264. [PMID: 28774407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic virus that is responsible for a significant burden of disease, causing liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is a small DNA virus with a replication strategy that is similar to that of a retrovirus. HBV is prone to mutagenesis and under the influence of diverse selection pressures, has evolved into a pool of quasispecies, genotypes and mutants, which confers a significant survival advantage. The genome is small, circular, and compact but has a complex replication strategy. The viral life cycle involves the formation of a covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which is organized into a minichromosome that is the template for the synthesis of viral mRNA. HBV DNA (double-stranded linear form) can also integrate into the host genome, ensuring lifelong persistence of the virus. To date, despite great advances in therapeutics, once HBV is chronically established, it is incurable. This is by virtue of many aspects of its virological structure and viral life cycle. In this review, we aim to discuss important aspects of the virology of HBV with a focus on clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zina S Valaydon
- Division of Research and Molecular Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, Eastern Hill Academic Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Stephen A Locarnini
- Division of Research and Molecular Development, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Peter Doherty Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Liu C, Fan G, Wang Z, Chen HS, Yin CC. Allosteric conformational changes of human HBV core protein transform its assembly. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1404. [PMID: 28469174 PMCID: PMC5431180 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01568-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus core protein (HBc) has multiple roles in the viral lifecycle: viral assembly, compartment for reverse transcription, intracellular trafficking, and nuclear functions. HBc displays assembly polymorphism - it can assemble into icosahedral capsid and aberrant non-capsid structures. It has been hypothesized that the assembly polymorphism is due to allosteric conformational changes of HBc dimer, the smallest assembly unit, however, the mechanism governing the polymorphic assembly of the HBc dimer is still elusive. By using the experimental antiviral drug BAY 41-4109, we successfully transformed the HBc assembly from icosahedral capsid to helical tube. Structural analyses of HBc dimers from helical tubes, T = 4 icosahedral capsid, and sheet-like HBc ensemble revealed differences within the inter-dimer interface. Disruption of the HBc inter-dimer interface may likely promote the various assembly forms of HBc. Our work provides new structural insights into the HBV assembly mechanism and strategic guide for anti-HBV drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Liu
- Department of Biophysics, Peking University Health Science Centre, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guizhen Fan
- Department of Biophysics, Peking University Health Science Centre, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Biophysics, Peking University Health Science Centre, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hong-Song Chen
- Institute of Hepatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Chang-Cheng Yin
- Department of Biophysics, Peking University Health Science Centre, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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39
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Berardi A, Lomonossoff GP, Evans DJ, Barker SA. Plant-expressed Hepatitis B core antigen virus-like particles: Characterization and investigation of their stability in simulated and pig gastro-intestinal fluids. Int J Pharm 2017; 522:147-156. [PMID: 28263835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are potential oral vaccine candidates, as their highly compact structure may allow them to withstand the harsh conditions of the gastro-intestinal (GI) environment. Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) is an immunogenic protein that assembles into 30 or 34nm diameter VLPs. Here, the stabilities of both the HBcAg polypeptide itself and the three-dimensional structure of the VLPs upon exposure to in vitro and ex vivo simulated gastric and intestinal fluids were investigated. Plant-expressed HBcAg VLPs were efficiently purified by sucrose density gradient and characterized. The purified VLPs did not show major chemical or physical instability upon exposure to the low pH conditions typically found in the stomach; however, they completely agglomerated upon acidification and subsequent pH neutralization. The HBcAg polypeptide was highly digested upon exposure to pepsin in simulated gastric fluids. HBcAg appeared more stable in both simulated and ex vivo intestinal fluids, where despite a partial digestion of the HBcAg polypeptide, the VLPs maintained their most immunogenic epitopes and their particulate conformation. These results suggest that HBcAg VLPs are likely to be unstable in gastric fluids, yet if the gastric instability could be bypassed, they could maintain their particulate structure and immunogenicity in intestinal fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Berardi
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK; Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - George P Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - David J Evans
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Susan A Barker
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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40
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Gallagher JR, Torian U, McCraw DM, Harris AK. Characterization of the disassembly and reassembly of the HBV glycoprotein surface antigen, a pliable nanoparticle vaccine platform. Virology 2017; 502:176-187. [PMID: 28061386 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
While nanoparticle vaccine technology is gaining interest due to the success of vaccines like those for the human papillomavirus that is based on viral capsid nanoparticles, little information is available on the disassembly and reassembly of viral surface glycoprotein-based nanoparticles. One such particle is the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (sAg) that exists as nanoparticles. Here we show, using biochemical analysis coupled with electron microscopy, that sAg nanoparticle disassembly requires both reducing agent to disrupt intermolecular disulfide bonds, and detergent to disrupt hydrophobic interactions that stabilize the nanoparticle. Particles were otherwise resistant to salt and urea, suggesting the driving mechanism of particle formation involves hydrophobic interactions. We reassembled isolated sAg protein into nanoparticles by detergent removal and reassembly resulted in a wider distribution of particle diameters. Knowledge of these driving forces of nanoparticle assembly and stability should facilitate construction of epitope-displaying nanoparticles that can be used as immunogens in vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Gallagher
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Udana Torian
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dustin M McCraw
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Audray K Harris
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6351, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus is one of the smallest human pathogens, encoded by a 3,200-bp genome with only four open reading frames. Yet the virus shows a remarkable diversity in structural features, often with the same proteins adopting several conformations. In part, this is the parsimony of viruses, where a minimal number of proteins perform a wide variety of functions. However, a more important theme is that weak interactions between components as well as components with multiple conformations that have similar stabilities lead to a highly dynamic system. In hepatitis B virus, this is manifested as a virion where the envelope proteins have multiple structures, the envelope-capsid interaction is irregular, and the capsid is a dynamic compartment that actively participates in metabolism of the encapsidated genome and carries regulated signals for intracellular trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405;
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42
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Morikawa K, Suda G, Sakamoto N. Viral life cycle of hepatitis B virus: Host factors and druggable targets. Hepatol Res 2016; 46:871-7. [PMID: 26776362 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Morikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Goki Suda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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43
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Zhang Z, Zehnder B, Damrau C, Urban S. Visualization of hepatitis B virus entry - novel tools and approaches to directly follow virus entry into hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1915-26. [PMID: 27149321 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a widespread human pathogen, responsible for chronic infections of ca. 240 million people worldwide. Until recently, the entry pathway of HBV into hepatocytes was only partially understood. The identification of human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as a bona fide receptor of HBV has provided us with new tools to investigate this pathway in more details. Combined with advances in virus visualization techniques, approaches to directly visualize HBV cell attachment, NTCP interaction, virion internalization and intracellular transport are now becoming feasible. This review summarizes our current understanding of how HBV specifically enters hepatocytes, and describes possible visualization strategies applicable for a deeper understanding of the underlying cell biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benno Zehnder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine Damrau
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center of Infectious Diseases (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
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44
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Blondot ML, Bruss V, Kann M. Intracellular transport and egress of hepatitis B virus. J Hepatol 2016; 64:S49-S59. [PMID: 27084037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates its genomic information in the nucleus via transcription and therefore has to deliver its partially double stranded DNA genome into the nucleus. Like other viruses with a nuclear replication phase, HBV genomes are transported inside the viral capsids first through the cytoplasm towards the nuclear envelope. Following the arrival at the nuclear pore, the capsids are transported through, using classical cellular nuclear import pathways. The arrest of nuclear import at the nucleoplasmic side of the nuclear pore is unique, however, and is where the capsids efficiently disassemble leading to genome release. In the latter phase of the infection, newly formed nucleocapsids in the cytosol have to move to budding sites at intracellular membranes carrying the three viral envelope proteins. Capsids containing single stranded nucleic acid are not enveloped, in contrast to empty and double stranded DNA containing capsids. A small linear domain in the large envelope protein and two areas on the capsid surface have been mapped, where point mutations strongly block nucleocapsid envelopment. It is possible that these domains are involved in the envelope--with capsid interactions driving the budding process. Like other enveloped viruses, HBV also uses the cellular endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) machinery for catalyzing budding through the membrane and away from the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Lise Blondot
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Volker Bruss
- Institute for Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Technische Universität Muenchen, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kann
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France; CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
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45
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Maiwall R, Kumar M. Prevention and Treatment of Recurrent Hepatitis B after Liver Transplantation. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2016; 4:54-65. [PMID: 27047773 PMCID: PMC4807144 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2015.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is a global health problem that leads to development of various complications, such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, and liver failure requiring liver transplantation. The recurrence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) post-liver transplantation is a major cause of allograft dysfunction, cirrhosis of the allograft, and graft failure. Patients with high viral load at the time of transplantation, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) positivity, or those with a history of anti-viral drug resistance are considered as high-risk for recurrent HBV post-liver transplantation, while patients with low viral load, including HBeAg negative status, acute liver failure, and hepatitis D virus (HDV) co-infection are considered to be at low-risk for recurrent HBV post-liver transplantation. Antivirals for patients awaiting liver transplantation(LT) cause suppression of HBV replication and reduce the risk of recurrent HBV infection of the allograft and, therefore, all HBV patients with decompensated cirrhosis should be treated with potent antivirals with high genetic barrier to resistance (entecavir or tenofovir) prior to liver transplantation. Prevention of post-liver transplantation recurrence should be done using a combination of hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and antivirals in patients at high risk of recurrence. Low dose HBIG, HBIG-free protocols, and monoprophylaxis with high potency antivirals can still be considered in patients at low risk of recurrence. Even, marginal grafts from anti-HBc positive donors can be safely used in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative, preferably in anti-hepatitis B core (HBc)/anti-hepatitis B surface (HBs) positive recipients. In this article, we aim to review the mechanisms and risk factors of HBV recurrence post-LT in addition to the various treatment strategies proposed for the prevention of recurrent HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Maiwall
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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46
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Green TM, Santos MF, Barsky SH, Rappa G, Lorico A. Analogies Between Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and Enveloped Viruses with an Emphasis on Human Breast Cancer. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:169-179. [PMID: 32226654 PMCID: PMC7099913 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Cancer cells utilize extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a means of transferring oncogenic proteins and nucleic acids to other cells to enhance the growth and spread of the tumor. There is an unexpected amount of similarities between these small, membrane-bound particles and enveloped virions, including protein content, physical characteristics (i.e., size and morphology), and mechanisms of entry and exit into target cells. Recent Findings This review describes the attributes shared by both cancer-derived EVs, with an emphasis on breast cancer-derived EVs, and enveloped viral particles and discusses the methods by which virions can utilize the EV pathway as a means of transferring viral material and oncogenes to host cells. Additionally, the possible links between human papilloma virus and its influence on the miRNA content of breast cancer-derived EVs are examined. Summary The rapidly growing field of EVs is allowing investigators from different disciplines to enter uncharted territory. The study of the emerging similarities between cancer-derived EVs and enveloped virions may lead to novel important scientific discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni M Green
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
| | - Mark F Santos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
| | - Sanford H Barsky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
| | - Germana Rappa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
| | - Aurelio Lorico
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences and The Roseman Comprehensive Community Cancer Center, Las Vegas, NV 89135 USA
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47
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Selzer L, Zlotnick A. Assembly and Release of Hepatitis B Virus. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:cshperspect.a021394. [PMID: 26552701 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein is a dynamic and versatile protein that directs many viral processes. During capsid assembly, core protein allosteric changes ensure efficient formation of a stable capsid that assembles while packaging viral RNA-polymerase complex. Reverse transcription of the RNA genome as well as transport of the capsid to multiple cellular compartments are directed by dynamic phosphorylation and structural changes of core protein. Subsequently, interactions of the capsid with the surface proteins and/or host proteins trigger envelopment and release of the viral capsids or the transport to the nucleus. Held together by many weak protein-protein interactions, the viral capsid is an extraordinary metastable machine that is stable enough to persist in the cellular and extracellular environment but dissociates to allow release of the viral genome at the right time during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Selzer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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48
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Abstract
This work reviews specific related aspects of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) reproduction, including virion structure, the RNA genome, the mode of genome replication, the delta antigens, and the assembly of HDV using the envelope proteins of its helper virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV). These topics are considered with perspectives ranging from a history of discovery through to still-unsolved problems. HDV evolution, virus entry, and associated pathogenic potential and treatment of infections are considered in other articles in this collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Taylor
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
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49
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Harms ZD, Selzer L, Zlotnick A, Jacobson SC. Monitoring Assembly of Virus Capsids with Nanofluidic Devices. ACS NANO 2015; 9:9087-96. [PMID: 26266555 PMCID: PMC4753561 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b03231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Virus assembly is a coordinated process in which typically hundreds of subunits react to form complex, symmetric particles. We use resistive-pulse sensing to characterize the assembly of hepatitis B virus core protein dimers into T = 3 and T = 4 icosahedral capsids. This technique counts and sizes intermediates and capsids in real time, with single-particle sensitivity, and at biologically relevant concentrations. Other methods are not able to produce comparable real-time, single-particle observations of assembly reactions below, near, and above the pseudocritical dimer concentration, at which the dimer and capsid concentrations are approximately equal. Assembly reactions across a range of dimer concentrations reveal three distinct patterns. At dimer concentrations as low as 50 nM, well below the pseudocritical dimer concentration of 0.5 μM, we observe a switch in the ratio of T = 3 to T = 4 capsids, which increases with decreasing dimer concentration. Far above the pseudocritical dimer concentration, kinetically trapped, incomplete T = 4 particles assemble rapidly, then slowly anneal into T = 4 capsids. At all dimer concentrations tested, T = 3 capsids form more rapidly than T = 4 capsids, suggesting distinct pathways for the two forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Harms
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Lisa Selzer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
| | - Adam Zlotnick
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405
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50
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Molecular Mechanisms to Control Post-Transplantation Hepatitis B Recurrence. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17494-513. [PMID: 26263973 PMCID: PMC4581205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B often progresses to decompensated liver cirrhosis requiring orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Although newer nucleos(t)ide analogues result in >90% viral and hepatitis activity control, severely decompensated patients still need OLT because of drug-resistant virus, acute exacerbation, or hepatocellular carcinoma. Acute hepatitis B is also an indication for OLT, because it can progress to fatal acute liver failure. After OLT, the hepatitis B recurrence rate is >80% without prevention, while >90% of transplant recipients are clinically controlled with combined hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment. However, long-term HBIG administration is associated with several unresolved issues, including limited availability and extremely high cost; therefore, several treatment protocols with low-dose HBIG, combined with nucleos(t)ide analogues, have been investigated. Another approach is to induce self-producing anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) antibodies using an HBV envelope (HBs) antigen vaccine. Patients who are not HBV carriers, such as those with acutely infected liver failure, are good candidates for vaccination. For chronic HBV carrier liver cirrhosis patients, a successful vaccine response can only be achieved in selected patients, such as those treated with experimentally reduced immunosuppression protocols. The present protocol for post-OLT HBV control and the future prospects of newer treatment strategies are reviewed.
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