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Papandreou A, Singh N, Gianfrancesco L, Budinger D, Barwick K, Agrotis A, Luft C, Shao Y, Lenaerts AS, Gregory A, Jeong SY, Hogarth P, Hayflick S, Barral S, Kriston-Vizi J, Gissen P, Kurian MA, Ketteler R. Cardiac glycosides restore autophagy flux in an iPSC-derived neuronal model of WDR45 deficiency. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.09.13.556416. [PMID: 37745522 PMCID: PMC10515824 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.13.556416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Beta-Propeller Protein-Associated Neurodegeneration (BPAN) is one of the commonest forms of Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation, caused by mutations in the gene encoding the autophagy-related protein, WDR45. The mechanisms linking autophagy, iron overload and neurodegeneration in BPAN are poorly understood and, as a result, there are currently no disease-modifying treatments for this progressive disorder. We have developed a patient-derived, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based midbrain dopaminergic neuronal cell model of BPAN (3 patient, 2 age-matched controls and 2 isogenic control lines) which shows defective autophagy and aberrant gene expression in key neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental and collagen pathways. A high content imaging-based medium-throughput blinded drug screen using the FDA-approved Prestwick library identified 5 cardiac glycosides that both corrected disease-related defective autophagosome formation and restored BPAN-specific gene expression profiles. Our findings have clear translational potential and emphasise the utility of iPSC-based modelling in elucidating disease pathophysiology and identifying targeted therapeutics for early-onset monogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Papandreou
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nivedita Singh
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lorita Gianfrancesco
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Dimitri Budinger
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Katy Barwick
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Alexander Agrotis
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Christin Luft
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ying Shao
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Serena Barral
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Janos Kriston-Vizi
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Gissen
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Genetics & Genomic Medicine Programme, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Robin Ketteler
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Human Medicine, Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- These authors contributed equally
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Ng GYQ, Loh ZWL, Fann DY, Mallilankaraman K, Arumugam TV, Hande MP. Role of Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Pathways in Metabolic Diseases. Genome Integr 2024; 15:e20230003. [PMID: 38770527 PMCID: PMC11102075 DOI: 10.14293/genint.14.1.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Physiological processes that govern the normal functioning of mammalian cells are regulated by a myriad of signalling pathways. Mammalian mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases constitute one of the major signalling arms and have been broadly classified into four groups that include extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and ERK5. Each signalling cascade is governed by a wide array of external and cellular stimuli, which play a critical part in mammalian cells in the regulation of various key responses, such as mitogenic growth, differentiation, stress responses, as well as inflammation. This evolutionarily conserved MAP kinase signalling arm is also important for metabolic maintenance, which is tightly coordinated via complicated mechanisms that include the intricate interaction of scaffold proteins, recognition through cognate motifs, action of phosphatases, distinct subcellular localisation, and even post-translational modifications. Aberration in the signalling pathway itself or their regulation has been implicated in the disruption of metabolic homeostasis, which provides a pathophysiological foundation in the development of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is an umbrella term that usually includes a group of closely associated metabolic diseases such as hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia, and hypertension. These risk factors exacerbate the development of obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, and hepatic diseases, which have accounted for an increase in the worldwide morbidity and mortality rate. This review aims to summarise recent findings that have implicated MAP kinase signalling in the development of metabolic diseases, highlighting the potential therapeutic targets of this pathway to be investigated further for the attenuation of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Yong Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zachary Wai-Loon Loh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Y. Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karthik Mallilankaraman
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thiruma V. Arumugam
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. Prakash Hande
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Pei X, Zhang L, Liu D, Wu Y, Li X, Cao Y, Du X. Notoginsenoside R1 attenuates brain injury in rats with traumatic brain injury: Possible mediation of apoptosis via ERK1/2 signaling pathway. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295903. [PMID: 38109303 PMCID: PMC10727368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) occurs worldwide and is associated with high mortality and disability rate. Apoptosis induced by TBI is one of the important causes of secondary injury after TBI. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is the main phytoestrogen extracted from Panax notoginseng. Many studies have shown that NGR1 has potent neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties and is effective in ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, we investigated the potential neuroprotective effects of NGR1 after TBI and explored its molecular mechanism of action. A rat model of TBI was established using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) method. The expression levels of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3, and ERK1/2-related molecules in the downstream pathway were also detected by western blotting. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by real-time quantitative PCR. Nissl staining was used to clarify the morphological changes around the injury foci in rats after TBI. Fluoro-Jade B (FJB) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) fluorescence staining were used to detect the apoptosis of neural cells in each group of rats. The results showed that NGR1 administration reduced neurological deficits after TBI, as well as brain edema and brain tissue apoptosis. It also significantly inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, NGR1 decreased the expression levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p-RSK1, which are phosphorylated after trauma. This study suggests that NGR1 can improve neuronal apoptosis in brain injury by inhibiting the ERK signaling pathway. NGR1 is a potential novel neuroprotective agent for the treatment of secondary brain injury after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Pei
- Department of Psychiatric, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, China
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Translational Medicine Center, The First People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Psychiatric, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, China
| | - Yajuan Wu
- Department of Psychiatric, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Psychiatric, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Cao
- Department of Psychiatric, The Fourth People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang City, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Du
- Department of Psychiatric, Suzhou Guangji Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction can prevent and treat oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain by TNFα/IL-1β/IL-6/MAPK/NF-kB pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5013-5022. [PMID: 35759577 PMCID: PMC9271291 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored the effects and mechanisms of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction on chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain (CINP). METHODS Bodyweight and related behavioral testing of the rat model were utilized to investigate the effects of Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction on CINP. ELISA was used to measure the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, in the serum of chronic CINP rats. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were performed to detect the expression of MAPK pathway related-proteins namely ERK1/2, p38, and JNK, and the expression of downstream essential proteins such as c-Fos, CREB, and NF-κB. RESULTS Body weight and related behavioral testing of the rat model suggests that Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction can improve the slow weight gain of oxaliplatin-induced chronic CINP model rats and effectively prevent and treat oxaliplatin-induced regular CIPN rat model of hyperalgesia. It can also oppress the mechanical pain threshold, cold pain threshold, and heat pain threshold decreased. Furthermore, by ELISA, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis, we found that Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction can down-regulate the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the serum of chronic CINP rats induced by oxaliplatin. It also suppresses the expression of MAPK pathway related-proteins ERK1/2, p38, and JNK. This results in a decrease in the expression of downstream essential proteins, c-Fos, CREB, and Nf-κB. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we found that Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu Decoction can combat nerve cell injury, reduce pain sensitization, and prevent and repair the damage of nerve cells in the oxaliplatin CINP model rats via TNFα/IL-1β/IL-6/MAPK/NF-kB pathway.
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Devost D, Zingg HH, Hébert TE. The MAP kinase ERK5/MAPK7 is a downstream effector of oxytocin signaling in myometrial cells. Cell Signal 2021; 90:110211. [PMID: 34902542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hormone oxytocin (OT) has pleiotropic activities both in the central nervous system as well as in peripheral tissues, including uterotonic effects on the myometrium during parturition. OT effects are mediated by a single transmembrane receptor, belonging to the GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor) superfamily and coupled primarily to Gq- and Gi-containing heterotrimeric G proteins. Upon receptor stimulation, one well-studied downstream effect is activation of the ERK1/2 MAP (mitogen-activated protein) kinase, and studies have shown that induction of COX-2 by OT in the myometrium required ERK1/2 activity. Many studies investigating the role of ERK1/2 in myometrial tissue were based on the use of chemical inhibitors that, to varying degrees, also inhibited ERK5/MAPK7. Here we report that OT activates ERK5 in a human myometrial cell line in a dose- and time-dependent manner through the activation of Gi/o heterotrimers. Using complementary approaches, we demonstrate that OT-induced COX-2 induction and the concomitant release of PGF2α into the media are primarily ERK5-dependent and to a much lesser extent ERK1/2-dependent. Moreover, in contrast to ERK1/2 activation, ERK5 activation is downstream of Gi/o activation. Here, we also found that ERK5 impacted both basal and to a lesser extent, OT-mediated myometrial cell contraction in vitro. Finally, tracking both ERK1/2 and ERK5 activity during different stages of gestation in rat myometrium, we showed that they followed distinct patterns starting at the onset of labor corresponding to the highest COX-2 expression levels. Overall, our results reveal an important, hitherto unrecognized role for ERK5 in myometrial cell contraction involving induction of COX-2. This novel pathway is likely to play an important role in supporting uterine contractions during parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Devost
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Hans H Zingg
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Terence E Hébert
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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Yin YH, Zhang XH, Wang XA, Li RH, Zhang YW, Shan XX, You XX, Huang XD, Wu AL, Wang M, Pan XF, Bian C, Jiang WS, Shi Q, Yang JX. Construction of a chromosome-level genome assembly for genome-wide identification of growth-related quantitative trait loci in Sinocyclocheilus grahami (Cypriniformes, Cyprinidae). Zool Res 2021; 42:262-266. [PMID: 33764016 PMCID: PMC8175956 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Dianchi golden-line barbel, Sinocyclocheilus grahami (Regan, 1904), is one of the “Four Famous Fishes” of Yunnan Province, China. Given its economic value, this species has been artificially bred successfully since 2007, with a nationally selected breed (“S. grahami, Bayou No. 1”) certified in 2018. For the future utilization of this species, its growth rate, disease resistance, and wild adaptability need to be improved, which could be achieved with the help of molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS). In the current study, we constructed the first chromosome-level genome of S. grahami, assembled 48 pseudo-chromosomes, and obtained a genome assembly of 1.49 Gb. We also performed QTL-seq analysis of S. grahami using the highest and lowest bulks (i.e., largest and smallest size) in both a sibling and random population. We screened two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) (Chr3, 14.9–39.1 Mb and Chr17, 4.1–27.4 Mb) as the major growth-related locations. Several candidate genes (e.g., map2k5, stat1, phf21a, sox6, and smad6) were also identified, with functions related to growth, such as cell differentiation, neuronal development, skeletal muscle development, chondrogenesis, and immunity. These results built a solid foundation for in-depth MAS studies on the growth traits of S. grahami.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hui Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Fish Breeding, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Plateau-Lake Health and Restoration, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin-Hui Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Xiao-Ai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Fish Breeding, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Plateau-Lake Health and Restoration, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Rui-Han Li
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Yuan-Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Fish Breeding, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Plateau-Lake Health and Restoration, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Xin-Xin Shan
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Xin-Xin You
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Xin-Di Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Fish Breeding, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Plateau-Lake Health and Restoration, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - An-Li Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Fish Breeding, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Plateau-Lake Health and Restoration, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Mo Wang
- Key Laboratory for Conserving Wildlife with Small Populations in Yunnan, Faculty of Biodiversity Conservation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Xiao-Fu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Fish Breeding, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Plateau-Lake Health and Restoration, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China
| | - Chao Bian
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Wan-Sheng Jiang
- Hunan Engineering Laboratory for Chinese Giant Salamander's Resource Protection and Comprehensive Utilization, and Key Laboratory of Hunan Forest and Chemical Industry Engineering, Jishou University, Zhangjiajie, Hunan 427000, China. E-mail:
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Jun-Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Fish Breeding, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China.,Yunnan Engineering Research Center for Plateau-Lake Health and Restoration, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650224, China. E-mail:
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Zhang F, Liu CL, Tong MM, Zhao Z, Chen SQ. Both Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 signaling pathways are involved in BDNF-induced differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into neural stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2019; 708:134345. [PMID: 31229623 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induces the differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into neural stem cells (NSCs), its exact mechanism remains unelucidated. Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 are two important signalling pathways of the Wnt and MAPK signalling cascades and are speculated to be closely related to the differentiation of cells. In this study, we reported the role of the Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 signalling pathways on the BDNF-induced differentiation of iPSCs into NSCs. We examined the expression of β-catenin and p-ERK5 using small interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced silencing of β-catenin and ERK genes. We found that BDNF significantly improved the efficiency of iPSC differentiation and that the expression of β-catenin and p-ERK5 in the BDNF culture medium was significantly upregulated. Furthermore, we found that the expression of the β-catenin component was downregulated by siRNA-β-catenin, and the expression of the p-ERK5 component was downregulated by siRNA-ERK5. Flow cytometry showed that the differentiation rate of iPSCs was also significantly decreased by RNA interference. The results suggested that the Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 signalling pathways are activated in the process of BDNF-induced iPSC differentiation. Interestingly, our study showed that siRNA-ERK5 not only inhibits the activity of the ERK5 signalling pathway but also partially controls the activity of the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. The results suggested that the Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 signalling pathways are not independently involved in the process of BDNF-induced iPSC differentiation. Our study showed that BDNF promotes the differentiation of iPSCs into NSCs by activating the Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 signalling pathways, and an interconnected relationship may exist between the Wnt/β-catenin and ERK5 signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Stem cells research center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215001, China
| | - Chen-Lu Liu
- Stem cells research center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215001, China
| | - Ming-Min Tong
- Stem cells research center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215001, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Neurology department, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215001, China
| | - Shuang-Qing Chen
- Stem cells research center, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215001, China.
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Akyol O, Sherchan P, Yilmaz G, Reis C, Ho WM, Wang Y, Huang L, Solaroglu I, Zhang JH. Neurotrophin-3 provides neuroprotection via TrkC receptor dependent pErk5 activation in a rat surgical brain injury model. Exp Neurol 2018; 307:82-89. [PMID: 29883578 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical brain injury (SBI) which occurs due to the inadvertent injury inflicted to surrounding brain tissue during neurosurgical procedures can potentiate blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, brain edema and neurological deficits. This study investigated the role of neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) and tropomyosin related kinase receptor C (TrkC) against brain edema and neurological deficits in a rat SBI model. METHODS SBI was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by partial right frontal lobe resection. Temporal expression of endogenous NT-3 and TrkC was evaluated at 6, 12, 24 and 72 h after SBI. SBI rats received recombinant NT-3 which was directly applied to the brain surgical injury site using gelfoam. Brain edema and neurological function was evaluated at 24 and 72 h after SBI. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) for TrkC and Rap1 was administered via intracerebroventricular injection 24 h before SBI. BBB permeability assay and western blot was performed at 24 h after SBI. RESULTS Endogenous NT-3 was decreased and TrkC expression increased after SBI. Topical administration of recombinant NT-3 reduced brain edema, BBB permeability and improved neurological function after SBI. Recombinant NT-3 administration increased the expression of phosphorylated Rap1 and Erk5. The protective effect of NT-3 was reversed with TrkC siRNA but not Rap1 siRNA. CONCLUSIONS Topical application of NT-3 reduced brain edema, BBB permeability and improved neurological function after SBI. The protective effect of NT-3 was possibly mediated via TrkC dependent activation of Erk5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onat Akyol
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Prativa Sherchan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Gokce Yilmaz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Cesar Reis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Wingi Man Ho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA
| | - Ihsan Solaroglu
- Koç University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University, CA 92354, USA.
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9
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Kaneshiro S, Otsuki D, Yoshida K, Yoshikawa H, Higuchi C. MEK5 suppresses osteoblastic differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:241-7. [PMID: 25998381 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and is activated by its upstream kinase, MAPK kinase 5 (MEK5), which is a member of the MEK family. Although the role of MEK5 has been investigated in several fields, little is known about its role in osteoblastic differentiation. In this study, we have demonstrated the role of MEK5 in osteoblastic differentiation in mouse preosteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and bone marrow stromal ST2 cells. We found that treatment with BIX02189, an inhibitor of MEK5, increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the gene expression of ALP, osteocalcin (OCN) and osterix, as well as it enhanced the calcification of the extracellular matrix. Moreover, osteoblastic cell proliferation decreased at a concentration of greater than 0.5 μM. In addition, knockdown of MEK5 using siRNA induced an increase in ALP activity and in the gene expression of ALP, OCN, and osterix. In contrast, overexpression of wild-type MEK5 decreased ALP activity and attenuated osteoblastic differentiation markers including ALP, OCN and osterix, but promoted cell proliferation. In summary, our results indicated that MEK5 suppressed the osteoblastic differentiation, but promoted osteoblastic cell proliferation. These results implied that MEK5 may play a pivotal role in cell signaling to modulate the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts. Thus, inhibition of MEK5 signaling in osteoblasts may be of potential use in the treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Kaneshiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Japan Community Health Care Organization Osaka Hospital, 4-2-78 Fukushima, Fukushima Ward, Osaka City, Osaka 553-0003, Japan; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Dai Otsuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chikahisa Higuchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Jiang J, Zhao LG, Teng YJ, Chen SL, An LP, Ma JL, Wang J, Xia YY. ERK5 signalling pathway is essential for fluid shear stress-induced COX-2 gene expression in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 406:237-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2441-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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11
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Wang X, Pesakhov S, Harrison JS, Danilenko M, Studzinski GP. ERK5 pathway regulates transcription factors important for monocytic differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:856-67. [PMID: 24264602 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are important transducers of external signals for cell growth, survival, and other cellular responses including cell differentiation. Several MAPK cascades are known with the MEK1/2-ERK1/2, JNK, and p38MAPKs receiving most attention, but the role of MEK5-ERK5 in intracellular signaling deserves more scrutiny, as this pathway transmits signals that can complement ERK/2 signaling. We hypothesized that the ERK5 pathway plays a role in the control of monocytic differentiation, which is disturbed in myeloid leukemia. We therefore examined the cellular phenotype and key molecular events which occur when human myeloid leukemia cells, acute (AML) or chronic (CML), are forced to differentiate by vitamin D derivatives (VDDs). This study was performed using established cell lines HL60 and U937, and primary cultures of blasts from 10 patients with ML. We found that ERK5 and its direct downstream target transcription factor MEF2C are upregulated by 1,25D in parallel with monocytic differentiation. Further, inhibition of ERK5 activity by specific pharmacological agents BIX02189 and XMD8-92 alters the phenotype of these cells by reducing the abundance of the VDD-induced surface monocytic marker CD14, and concomitantly increasing surface expression of the general myeloid marker CD11b. Similar results were obtained when the expression of ERK5 was reduced by siRNA or short hairpin (sh) RNA. ERK5 inhibition resulted in an expected decrease in MEF2C activation. We also found that in AML cells the transcription factor C/EBPβ is positively regulated, while C/EBPα is negatively regulated by ERK5. These findings provide new understanding of dysregulated differentiation in human myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuening Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, New Jersey
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Elkins JM, Wang J, Deng X, Pattison MJ, Arthur JSC, Erazo T, Gomez N, Lizcano JM, Gray NS, Knapp S. X-ray crystal structure of ERK5 (MAPK7) in complex with a specific inhibitor. J Med Chem 2013; 56:4413-21. [PMID: 23656407 PMCID: PMC3683888 DOI: 10.1021/jm4000837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
protein kinase ERK5 (MAPK7) is an emerging drug target for
a variety of indications, in particular for cancer where it plays
a key role mediating cell proliferation, survival, epithelial–mesenchymal
transition, and angiogenesis. To date, no three-dimensional structure
has been published that would allow rational design of inhibitors.
To address this, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of the
human ERK5 kinase domain in complex with a highly specific benzo[e]pyrimido[5,4-b]diazepine-6(11H)-one inhibitor. The structure reveals that specific residue
differences in the ATP-binding site, compared to the related ERKs
p38s and JNKs, allow for the development of ERK5-specific inhibitors.
The selectivity of previously observed ERK5 inhibitors can also be
rationalized using this structure, which provides a template for future
development of inhibitors with potential for treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Elkins
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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13
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Obara Y. [Roles of ERK5 in neuronal cells]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2013; 141:251-5. [PMID: 23665555 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.141.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Akinleye A, Furqan M, Mukhi N, Ravella P, Liu D. MEK and the inhibitors: from bench to bedside. J Hematol Oncol 2013; 6:27. [PMID: 23587417 PMCID: PMC3626705 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-6-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Four distinct MAP kinase signaling pathways involving 7 MEK enzymes have been identified. MEK1 and MEK2 are the prototype members of MEK family proteins. Several MEK inhibitors are in clinical trials. Trametinib is being evaluated by FDA for the treatment of metastatic melanoma with BRAF V600 mutation. Selumetinib has been studied in combination with docetaxel in phase II randomized trial in previously treated patients with advanced lung cancer. Selumetinib group had better response rate and progression-free survival. This review also summarized new MEK inhibitors in clinical development, including pimasertib, refametinib, PD-0325901, TAK733, MEK162 (ARRY 438162), RO5126766, WX-554, RO4987655 (CH4987655), GDC-0973 (XL518), and AZD8330.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akintunde Akinleye
- Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Muhammad Furqan
- Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Nikhil Mukhi
- Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Pavan Ravella
- Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
| | - Delong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Westchester Medical Center and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, 10595, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, New York Medical College and Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA
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Drew BA, Burow ME, Beckman BS. MEK5/ERK5 pathway: the first fifteen years. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1825:37-48. [PMID: 22020294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While conventional MAP kinase pathways are one of the most highly studied signal transduction molecules, less is known about the MEK5 signaling pathway. This pathway has been shown to play a role in normal cell growth cycles, survival and differentiation. The MEK5 pathway is also believed to mediate the effects of a number of oncogenes. MEK5 is the upstream activator of ERK5 in many epithelial cells. Activation of the MEK-MAPK pathway is a frequent event in malignant tumor formation and contributes to chemoresistance and anti-apoptotic signaling. This pathway may be involved in a number of more aggressive, metastatic varieties of cancer due to its role in cell survival, proliferation and EMT transitioning. Further study of this pathway may lead to new prognostic factors and new drug targets to combat more aggressive forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Drew
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Teraishi T, Miura K. Detection of phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase in the developing spinal cord of the mouse embryo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413:87-91. [PMID: 21871441 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Global understanding of the proteome is a major research topic. The comprehensive visualization of the distribution of proteins in vivo or the construction of in situ protein atlases may be a valuable strategy for proteomic researchers. Information about the distribution of various proteins under physiological and pathological conditions should be extremely valuable for the basic and clinical sciences. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade plays an essential role in intracellular signaling in organisms. This cascade also regulates biological processes involving development, differentiation, and proliferation. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are integral reactions in regulating the activity of MAPKs. Changes in the phosphorylation state of MAPKs are rapid and reversible; therefore, the localizations of physiologically phosphorylated MAPKs in vivo are difficult to accurately detect. Furthermore, phosphorylated MAPKs are likely to change phosphorylated states through commonly used experimental manipulations. In the present study, as a step toward the construction of in situ phosphoprotein atlases, we attempted to detect physiologically phosphorylated MAPKs in vivo in developing spinal cords of mice. We previously reported an improved immunohistochemical method for detecting unstable phosphorylated MAPKs. The distribution patterns of phosphorylated MAPKs in the spinal cords of embryonic mice from embryonic day 13 (E13) to E17 were observed with an improved immunohistochemical method. Phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) and phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 (p-JNK1/2) were strongly observed in the marginal layer and the dorsal horn from E13 to E17. Our results suggest that p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK1/2 play critical roles in the developing spinal cord. Constructing phosphoprotein atlases will be possible in the future if this work is systematically developed on a larger scale than we presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Teraishi
- Department of Psychiatry, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8513, Japan.
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Obara Y, Nemoto W, Kohno S, Murata T, Kaneda N, Nakahata N. Basic fibroblast growth factor promotes glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor gene expression mediated by activation of ERK5 in rat C6 glioma cells. Cell Signal 2011; 23:666-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Endo T, Kusakabe M, Sunadome K, Yamamoto T, Nishida E. The kinase SGK1 in the endoderm and mesoderm promotes ectodermal survival by down-regulating components of the death-inducing signaling complex. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra2. [PMID: 21245468 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A balance between cell survival and apoptosis is essential for animal development. Although proper development involves multiple interactions between germ layers, little is known about the intercellular and intertissue signaling pathways that promote cell survival in neighboring or distant germ layers. We found that serum- and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) promoted ectodermal cell survival during early Xenopus embryogenesis through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism. Dorsal depletion of SGK1 in Xenopus embryos resulted in shortened axes and reduced head structures with defective eyes, and ventral depletion led to defective tail morphologies. Although the gene encoding SGK1 was mainly expressed in the endoderm and dorsal mesoderm, knockdown of SGK1 caused excessive apoptosis in the ectoderm. SGK1-depleted ectodermal explants showed little or no apoptosis, suggesting non-cell-autonomous effects of SGK1 on ectodermal cells. Microarray analysis revealed that SGK1 knockdown increased the expression of genes encoding FADD (Fas-associated death domain protein) and caspase-10, components of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC). Inhibition of DISC function suppressed excessive apoptosis in SGK1-knockdown embryos. SGK1 acted through the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) to stimulate production of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), and overexpression of BMP7 in SGK1-knockdown embryos reduced the abundance of DISC components. We show that phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) functioned upstream of SGK1, thus revealing an endodermal and mesodermal pathway from PI3K to SGK1 to NF-κB that produces BMP7, which promotes ectodermal survival by decreasing DISC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Endo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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The role of specific mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades in the regulation of steroidogenesis. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2011; 2011:821615. [PMID: 21637381 PMCID: PMC3100650 DOI: 10.1155/2011/821615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) comprise a family of serine/threonine kinases that are activated by a large variety of extracellular stimuli and play integral roles in controlling many cellular processes, from the cell surface to the nucleus. The MAPK family includes four distinct MAPK cascades, that is, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 MAPK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase or stress-activated protein kinase, and ERK5. These MAPKs are essentially operated through three-tiered consecutive phosphorylation events catalyzed by a MAPK kinase kinase, a MAPK kinase, and a MAPK. MAPKs lie in protein kinase cascades. The MAPK signaling pathways have been demonstrated to be associated with events regulating the expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and steroidogenesis in steroidogenic tissues. However, it has become clear that the regulation of MAPK-dependent StAR expression and steroid synthesis is a complex process and is context dependent. This paper summarizes the current level of understanding concerning the roles of the MAPK signaling cascades in the regulation of StAR expression and steroidogenesis in different steroidogenic cell models.
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Obara Y, Nakahata N. The signaling pathway leading to extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) activation via G-proteins and ERK5-dependent neurotrophic effects. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:10-6. [PMID: 19858097 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.060236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) or mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are involved in cellular proliferation, differentiation, migration, and gene expression. The MAPK family includes ERK1/2, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases 1, 2, and 3, p38MAPK alpha, beta, gamma, and -delta, and ERK5 as conventional MAPKs and ERK3, ERK4 NLK, and ERK7 as atypical MAPKs. Like other MAPKs, ERK5 is activated by variety of stimuli, including growth factors, G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) agonists, cytokines, and stress. However, the signaling pathway leading to ERK5 activation is not well understood compared with the other conventional MAPKs. For example, the pharmacological reagents that induce second messenger cAMP and Ca(2+) downstream of GPCRs do not activate ERK5 in neuronal cells. In addition, conflicting results have come from studies examining the involvement of small G-proteins in ERK5 activation by growth factors, and the details of the signaling pathway remain controversial. In addition, the physiological roles of ERK5 in neuronal cells have not been clarified. One reason was the lack of a selective ERK5 pharmacological inhibitor until the novel selective MEK5/ERK5 inhibitors BIX02188 and BIX02189 (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 377:120-125, 2008) reported last year. Another reason is that the use of interfering mutants is limited in neuronal cells because the transfection efficiency is low. Despite these difficulties, recent studies suggest that ERK5 mediates the promotion of neuronal survival and neuronal differentiation in vitro and in vivo. In this review, the signaling pathway leading to ERK5 activation through heterotrimeric and small G-proteins and the physiological roles of ERK5 in neuronal cells are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Obara
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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21
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Rogers C, Moody SA, Casey E. Neural induction and factors that stabilize a neural fate. BIRTH DEFECTS RESEARCH. PART C, EMBRYO TODAY : REVIEWS 2009; 87:249-62. [PMID: 19750523 PMCID: PMC2756055 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The neural ectoderm of vertebrates forms when the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway is suppressed. Herein, we review the molecules that directly antagonize extracellular BMP and the signaling pathways that further contribute to reduce BMP activity in the neural ectoderm. Downstream of neural induction, a large number of "neural fate stabilizing" (NFS) transcription factors are expressed in the presumptive neural ectoderm, developing neural tube and ultimately in neural stem cells. Herein, we review what is known about their activities during normal development to maintain a neural fate and regulate neural differentiation. Further elucidation of how the NFS genes interact to regulate neural specification and differentiation should ultimately prove useful for regulating the expansion and differentiation of neural stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally A. Moody
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University
| | - Elena Casey
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University
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22
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Obara Y, Yamauchi A, Takehara S, Nemoto W, Takahashi M, Stork PJS, Nakahata N. ERK5 activity is required for nerve growth factor-induced neurite outgrowth and stabilization of tyrosine hydroxylase in PC12 cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:23564-73. [PMID: 19581298 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.027821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) play important physiological roles in proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression. ERK5 is approximately twice the size of ERK1/2, and its amino-terminal half contains the kinase domain that shares homology with ERK1/2 and TEY activation motif, whereas the carboxyl-terminal half is unique. In this study, we examined a physiological role of ERK5 in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12), comparing it with ERK1/2. Nerve growth factor (NGF) induced phosphorylation of both ERK5 and ERK1/2, whereas the cAMP analog dibutyryl cAMP (Bt(2)cAMP) caused only ERK1/2 phosphorylation. U0126, at 30 mum, that blocks ERK1/2 signaling selectively attenuated neurite outgrowth induced by NGF and Bt(2)cAMP, but BIX02188 and BIX02189, at 30 mum, that block ERK5 signaling and an ERK5 dominant-negative mutant suppressed only NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. Next, we examined the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme of catecholamine biosynthesis. Both NGF and Bt(2)cAMP increased tyrosine hydroxylase gene promoter activity in an ERK1/2-dependent manner but was ERK5-independent. However, when both ERK5 and ERK1/2 signalings were inhibited, tyrosine hydroxylase protein up-regulation by NGF and Bt(2)cAMP was abolished, because of the loss of stabilization of tyrosine hydroxylase protein by ERK5. Taking these results together, ERK5 is involved in neurite outgrowth and stabilization of tyrosine hydroxylase in PC12 cells, and ERK5, along with ERK1/2, plays essential roles in the neural differentiation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Obara
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Finegan KG, Wang X, Lee EJ, Robinson AC, Tournier C. Regulation of neuronal survival by the extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5. Cell Death Differ 2009; 16:674-83. [PMID: 19148185 PMCID: PMC2670276 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2008.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5 (ERK5) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) that phosphorylates and regulates various transcription factors in response to growth factors and extra-cellular stresses. To address its biological function during the development of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), we have engineered a novel model of sympathetic neurons in which the erk5 gene can be deleted in vitro. Our data provide for the first time genetic evidence that ERK5 is required to mediate the survival response of neurons to nerve growth factor (NGF). Increased cell death associated with the loss of ERK5 is caused by elevated expression of the BH3-only members of the Bcl-2 family, Bad and Bim. Further investigation indicated that ERK5 suppresses the transcription of the bad and the bim genes via Ca++/cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and Forkhead box 03a (Foxo3a), respectively. Consistently, we found that the phosphorylation of both p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) and protein kinase B (PKB) is impaired in neurons lacking ERK5. Together these findings reveal a novel signaling mechanism that promotes neuronal survival during the development of the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Finegan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Berwick DC, Calissano M, Corness JD, Cook SJ, Latchman DS. Regulation of Brn-3a N-terminal transcriptional activity by MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signalling in neural differentiation. Brain Res 2008; 1256:8-18. [PMID: 19135033 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The POU family transcription factor Brn-3a is required for the differentiation and survival of sensory neurones, and is phosphorylated in neuroblastoma cells following treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (RA). Mutation of serines-121 and -122 of Brn-3a to alanine blocks its phosphorylation and impairs RA-mediated neurite outgrowth. Here we show that this deficit in differentiation is mimicked by a single mutation at serine-122, and demonstrate a similar requirement for a second residue, threonine-39. Like Brn-3a, the neuropeptide Galanin has been implicated in the development of sensory neurones. We show that Brn-3a over-expression acts synergistically with RA treatment to up-regulate Galanin promoter activity; that the activity of the N-terminal transcriptional activation domain of Brn-3a is increased following RA treatment; and that both these effects require threonine-39 and serine-122. In addition, we demonstrate that the RA-mediated activation of Galanin promoter activity and Brn-3a N-terminal transcriptional activity are both blocked by pan-MEK inhibitors, and show that the expression of a constitutively-active mutant of MEK1, but not MEK5, is sufficient to increase Brn-3a activity. These results reveal an important role for the ERK1/2 pathway in Brn-3a regulation during RA-mediated neuronal differentiation and define the neuropeptide Galanin as a novel target of this transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Berwick
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Ananieva O, Macdonald A, Wang X, McCoy CE, McIlrath J, Tournier C, Arthur JSC. ERK5 regulation in naïve T-cell activation and survival. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:2534-47. [PMID: 18792406 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
ERK5 has been implicated in regulating the MEF2-dependent genes Klf2 and nur77 downstream of the TCR and the maintenance of expression of CD62L on peripheral T cells. Based on this data, knockout of ERK5 would be predicted to compromise T-cell development and the maintenance of T cells in the periphery. Using an ERK5 conditional knockout, driven by CD4-CRE or Vav-CRE transgenes resulting in the loss of ERK5 in T cells, we have found that ERK5 is not required for T-cell development. In addition, normal numbers of T cells were found in the spleens and lymph nodes of these mice. We also find that TCR stimulation is not a strong signal for ERK5 activation in primary murine T cells. ERK5 was found to contribute to the induction of Klf2 but not nur77 mRNA following TCR activation. Despite the reduction in Klf2 mRNA, no effect was seen in ERK5 knockouts on either the mRNA levels for the Klf2 target genes CD62L, CCR7 and S1P, or the cell surface expression of CD62L. These results suggest that while ERK5 does contribute to Klf2 regulation in T cells, it is not essential for the expression of CD62L or T-cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Ananieva
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, College of Life Sciences, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Fujii Y, Matsuda S, Takayama G, Koyasu S. ERK5 is involved in TCR-induced apoptosis through the modification of Nur77. Genes Cells 2008; 13:411-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2008.01177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Obara Y, Okano Y, Ono S, Yamauchi A, Hoshino T, Kurose H, Nakahata N. Betagamma subunits of G(i/o) suppress EGF-induced ERK5 phosphorylation, whereas ERK1/2 phosphorylation is enhanced. Cell Signal 2008; 20:1275-83. [PMID: 18407464 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) play important physiological roles in proliferation, differentiation and gene expression. ERK5 is twice the size of ERK1/2, the amino-terminal half contains the kinase domain that shares the homology with ERK1/2 and TEY activation motif, whereas the carboxy-terminal half is unique. In this study, we examined the cross-talk mechanism between G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases, focusing on ERK1/2 and 5. The pretreatment of rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) with pertussis toxin (PTX) specifically enhanced epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced ERK5 phosphorylation. In addition, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) attenuated the EGF-induced ERK5 phosphorylation in LPA(1) receptor- and G(i/o)-dependent manners. On the other hand, LPA alone activated ERK1/2 via Gbetagamma subunits and Ras and potentiated EGF-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation at late time points. These results suggest G(i/o) negatively regulates ERK5, while it positively regulates ERK1/2. LPA did not affect cAMP levels after EGF treatment, and the reagents promoting cAMP production such as forskolin and cholera toxin also attenuated the EGF-induced ERK5 phosphorylation, indicating that the inhibitory effect of LPA on ERK5 inhibition via G(i/o) is not due to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase by Galpha(i/o). However, the inhibitory effect of LPA on ERK5 was abolished in PC12 cells stably overexpressing C-terminus of GPCR kinase2 (GRK2), and overexpression of Gbeta(1) and gamma(2) subunits also suppressed ERK5 phosphorylation by EGF. In response to LPA, Gbetagamma subunits interacted with EGF receptor in a time-dependent manner. These results strongly suggest that LPA negatively regulates the EGF-induced ERK5 phosphorylation through Gbetagamma subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaro Obara
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-3, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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28
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Rosário M, Franke R, Bednarski C, Birchmeier W. The neurite outgrowth multiadaptor RhoGAP, NOMA-GAP, regulates neurite extension through SHP2 and Cdc42. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 178:503-16. [PMID: 17664338 PMCID: PMC2064841 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200609146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal differentiation involves the formation and extension of neuronal processes. We have identified a novel regulator of neurite formation and extension, the neurite outgrowth multiadaptor, NOMA-GAP, which belongs to a new family of multiadaptor proteins with RhoGAP activity. We show that NOMA-GAP is essential for NGF-stimulated neuronal differentiation and for the regulation of the ERK5 MAP kinase and the Cdc42 signaling pathways downstream of NGF. NOMA-GAP binds directly to the NGF receptor, TrkA, and becomes tyrosine phosphorylated upon receptor activation, thus enabling recruitment and activation of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2. Recruitment of SHP2 is required for the stimulation of neuronal process extension and for sustained activation of ERK5 downstream of NOMA-GAP. In addition, we show that NOMA-GAP promotes neurite outgrowth by tempering activation of the Cdc42/PAK signaling pathway in response to NGF. NOMA-GAP, through its dual function as a multiadaptor and RhoGAP protein, thus plays an essential role downstream of NGF in promoting neurite outgrowth and extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Rosário
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.
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29
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Morimoto H, Kondoh K, Nishimoto S, Terasawa K, Nishida E. Activation of a C-terminal transcriptional activation domain of ERK5 by autophosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:35449-56. [PMID: 17928297 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704079200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ERK5 plays a crucial role in many biological processes by regulating transcription. ERK5 has a large C-terminal-half that contains a transcriptional activation domain. However, it has remained unclear how its transcriptional activation activity is regulated. Here, we show that the activated kinase activity of ERK5 is required for the C-terminal-half to enhance the AP-1 activity, and that the activated ERK5 undergoes autophosphorylation on its most C-terminal region. Changing these phosphorylatable threonine and serine residues to unphosphorylatable alanines significantly reduces the transcriptional activation activity of ERK5. Moreover, phosphomimetic mutants of the C-terminal-half of ERK5 without an N-terminal kinase domain are shown to be able to enhance the AP-1 activity in fibroblastic cells. These results reveal the role of the stimulus-induced ERK5 autophosphorylation in regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Morimoto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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30
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Satoh K, Ohnishi J, Sato A, Takeyama M, Iemura SI, Natsume T, Shibuya H. Nemo-like kinase-myocyte enhancer factor 2A signaling regulates anterior formation in Xenopus development. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:7623-30. [PMID: 17785444 PMCID: PMC2169051 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01481-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of anterior neural structure in Xenopus laevis requires the inhibition of bone morphogenic protein 4 and Wnt signaling. We previously reported that Nemo-like kinase (NLK) negatively regulates Wnt signaling via the phosphorylation of T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor. However, the molecular events occurring downstream of NLK pathways in early neural development remain unclear. In the present study, we identified the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2A (MEF2A) as a novel substrate for NLK. NLK regulates the function of Xenopus MEF2A (xMEF2A) via phosphorylation, and this modification can be inhibited by the depletion of endogenous NLK. In Xenopus embryos, the depletion of either NLK or MEF2A results in a severe defect in anterior development. The endogenous expression of anterior markers was blocked by the depletion of endogenous Xenopus NLK (xNLK) or xMEF2A but, notably, not by the depletion of other xMEF2 family proteins, xMEF2C and xMEF2D. Defects in head formation or the expression of the anterior marker genes caused by the depletion of endogenous xMEF2A could be eliminated by the expression of wild-type xMEF2A, but not xMEF2A containing mutated xNLK phosphorylation sites. Furthermore, the expression of xNLK-induced anterior markers was efficiently blocked by the depletion of endogenous xMEF2A in animal pole explants. These results show that NLK specifically regulates the MEF2A activity required for anterior formation in Xenopus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotoshi Satoh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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31
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Nishimoto S, Nishida E. Fibroblast Growth Factor 13 Is Essential for Neural Differentiation in Xenopus Early Embryonic Development. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:24255-61. [PMID: 17584734 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704277200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In Xenopus embryonic development, the MEK5-ERK5 pathway, one of the MAPK pathways, lies downstream of SoxD and upstream of Xngnr1 in a signaling pathway regulating neural differentiation. It remains unclear, however, how the MEK5-ERK5 pathway is regulated in Xenopus neural development. As SoxD is a transcription factor, we hypothesized that some growth factor should be induced by SoxD and activate the MEK5-ERK5 pathway. As the expression level of fibroblast growth factor 13 (FGF13) is increased by SoxD, we analyzed the function of FGF13 in neural development. Knockdown of FGF13 with antisense morpholino-oligonucleotides (MOs) results in the reduced head structure and inhibition of neural differentiation. FGF13 MOs inhibit the SoxD-induced expression of Xngnr1 and the Xngnr1-induced expression of NeuroD, suggesting that FGF13 is necessary both upstream and downstream of Xngnr1 in neural differentiation. In addition, FGF13 MOs inhibit the activation of the MEK5-ERK5 pathway by dominant-negative bone morphogenetic protein receptor, a mimicker of neural inducers, indicating that FGF13 is involved in the activation of the MEK5-ERK5 pathway. Together, these results identify a role of FGF13 in Xenopus neural differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Nishimoto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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32
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Nagel S, Burek C, Venturini L, Scherr M, Quentmeier H, Meyer C, Rosenwald A, Drexler HG, MacLeod RAF. Comprehensive analysis of homeobox genes in Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines identifies dysregulated expression of HOXB9 mediated via ERK5 signaling and BMI1. Blood 2007; 109:3015-23. [PMID: 17148583 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-08-044347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many members of the nearly 200-strong homeobox gene family have been implicated in cancer, mostly following ectopic expression. In this study we analyzed homeobox gene expression in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cell lines. Both reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using degenerate primers and microarray profiling identified consistently up-regulated HOXB9 expression. Analysis of HOXB9 regulation in HL cells revealed E2F3A and BMI1 as activator and repressor, respectively. Furthermore, a constitutively active ERK5 pathway was identified in all HL cell lines analyzed as well as primary HL cells. Our data show that ERK5 probably mediates HOXB9 expression by repressing BMI1. In addition, expression analysis of the neighboring microRNA gene mir-196a1 revealed coregulation with HOXB9. Functional analysis of HOXB9 by knockdown and overexpression assays indicated their influence on both proliferation and apoptosis in HL cells. In summary, we identified up-regulation of HOXB9 in HL mediated by constitutively active ERK5 signaling which may represent novel therapeutic targets in HL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nagel
- Human and Animal Cell Cultures, Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ), Braunschweig, Germany.
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33
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Araki T, Kusakabe M, Nishida E. Expression of estrogen induced gene 121-like (EIG121L) during early Xenopus development. Gene Expr Patterns 2007; 7:666-71. [PMID: 17475571 DOI: 10.1016/j.modgep.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen induced gene 121 (EIG121) and EIG121-like (EIG121L) are evolutionarily conserved genes. But, their function is still unknown. Here, we report the expression pattern of Xenopus EIG121-like (xEIG121L) during early development. Its expression was first detected at stage 9 after mid-blastula transition, attained its maximal level at the gastrula stage, and remained constant until the tadpole stage. Whole-mount in situ hybridization revealed that xEIG121L was expressed strongly in the ventral ectoderm at the gastrula stage, and in the anterior ectoderm surrounding the neural plate at the neurula stage. xEIG121L expression was especially high in the presumptive hatching gland and cement gland regions in the neurula. At the tailbud stage, xEIG121L expression was limited to the hatching gland; an inverted Y type staining, characteristic of the hatching gland, was observed. However, at the tadpole stage, xEIG121L was expressed broadly in the head, heart and fin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Araki
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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34
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Nishimoto S, Nishida E. MAPK signalling: ERK5 versus ERK1/2. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:782-6. [PMID: 16880823 PMCID: PMC1525153 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Accepted: 06/19/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family and, similar to ERK1/2, has the Thr-Glu-Tyr (TEY) activation motif. Both ERK5 and ERK1/2 are activated by growth factors and have an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Moreover, both the ERK5 and the ERK1/2 pathways are sensitive to PD98059 and U0126, which are two well-known inhibitors of the ERK pathway. Despite these similarities, recent studies have revealed distinctive features of the ERK5 pathway: ERK5 has a key role in cardiovascular development and neural differentiation; ERK5 nuclear translocation is controlled by its own nuclear localizing and nuclear export activities; and the carboxy-terminal half of ERK5, which follows its kinase catalytic domain, has a unique function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Nishimoto
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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35
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Krens SFG, Spaink HP, Snaar-Jagalska BE. Functions of the MAPK family in vertebrate-development. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4984-90. [PMID: 16949582 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, consisting of the extracellular signal regulated protein kinase, c-Jun amino terminal MAPK and p38 subfamilies, is conserved in evolution throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. These proteins have been implicated in diverse cellular processes including cell growth, migration, proliferation, differentiation, survival and development. Gene-targeting approaches in mice, chickens, frogs and zebrafish revealed crucial roles of MAPK in vertebrate development. Gene-disruption or -silencing often lead to lethal effects, therefore the zebrafish ex utero development provides an excellent in vivo model to study the function of MAPK in early embryogenesis. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the MAPK family function in vertebrate-development and place this into the perspective of possibilities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Gabby Krens
- Institute of Biology, Clusius Laboratory, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands.
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