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Li X, Ma Y, Li G, Jin G, Xu L, Li Y, Wei P, Zhang L. Leprosy: treatment, prevention, immune response and gene function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1298749. [PMID: 38440733 PMCID: PMC10909994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1298749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the leprosy cases have fallen dramatically, the incidence of leprosy has remained stable over the past years, indicating that multidrug therapy seems unable to eradicate leprosy. More seriously, the emergence of rifampicin-resistant strains also affects the effectiveness of treatment. Immunoprophylaxis was mainly carried out through vaccination with the BCG but also included vaccines such as LepVax and MiP. Meanwhile, it is well known that the infection and pathogenesis largely depend on the host's genetic background and immunity, with the onset of the disease being genetically regulated. The immune process heavily influences the clinical course of the disease. However, the impact of immune processes and genetic regulation of leprosy on pathogenesis and immunological levels is largely unknown. Therefore, we summarize the latest research progress in leprosy treatment, prevention, immunity and gene function. The comprehensive research in these areas will help elucidate the pathogenesis of leprosy and provide a basis for developing leprosy elimination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Ma
- Chronic Infectious Disease Control Section, Nantong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nantong, China
| | - Guoli Li
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangjie Jin
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunhui Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingmin Wei
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lianhua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Chronic Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
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2
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Gilchrist JJ, Auckland K, Parks T, Mentzer AJ, Goldblatt L, Naranbhai V, Band G, Rockett KA, Toure OB, Konate S, Sissoko S, Djimdé AA, Thera MA, Doumbo OK, Sow S, Floyd S, Pönnighaus JM, Warndorff DK, Crampin AC, Fine PEM, Fairfax BP, Hill AVS. Genome-wide association study of leprosy in Malawi and Mali. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010312. [PMID: 36121873 PMCID: PMC9624411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infection of the skin and peripheral nerves caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Despite recent improvements in disease control, leprosy remains an important cause of infectious disability globally. Large-scale genetic association studies in Chinese, Vietnamese and Indian populations have identified over 30 susceptibility loci for leprosy. There is a significant burden of leprosy in Africa, however it is uncertain whether the findings of published genetic association studies are generalizable to African populations. To address this, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of leprosy in Malawian (327 cases, 436 controls) and Malian (247 cases, 368 controls) individuals. In that analysis, we replicated four risk loci previously reported in China, Vietnam and India; MHC Class I and II, LACC1 and SLC29A3. We further identified a novel leprosy susceptibility locus at 10q24 (rs2015583; combined p = 8.81 × 10-9; OR = 0.51 [95% CI 0.40 - 0.64]). Using publicly-available data we characterise regulatory activity at this locus, identifying ACTR1A as a candidate mediator of leprosy risk. This locus shows evidence of recent positive selection and demonstrates pleiotropy with established risk loci for inflammatory bowel disease and childhood-onset asthma. A shared genetic architecture for leprosy and inflammatory bowel disease has been previously described. We expand on this, strengthening the hypothesis that selection pressure driven by leprosy has shaped the evolution of autoimmune and atopic disease in modern populations. More broadly, our data highlights the importance of defining the genetic architecture of disease across genetically diverse populations, and that disease insights derived from GWAS in one population may not translate to all affected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Gilchrist
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- MRC–Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JJG); (AVSH)
| | - Kathryn Auckland
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Parks
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Mentzer
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vivek Naranbhai
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Band
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kirk A. Rockett
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ousmane B. Toure
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Salimata Konate
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sibiri Sissoko
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Abdoulaye A. Djimdé
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Mahamadou A. Thera
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Ogobara K. Doumbo
- Malaria Research and Training Centre, University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | - Samba Sow
- Center for Vaccine Development, Bamako, Mali
| | - Sian Floyd
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jörg M. Pönnighaus
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit (formerly Karonga Prevention Study), Chilumba, Malawi
| | - David K. Warndorff
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit (formerly Karonga Prevention Study), Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Amelia C. Crampin
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit (formerly Karonga Prevention Study), Chilumba, Malawi
| | - Paul E. M. Fine
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin P. Fairfax
- MRC–Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian V. S. Hill
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JJG); (AVSH)
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Li Z, Wang Y, Fan W, Zhang C, Liu H, Zhang R, Cao L, Zhen Q, Chen W, Yu Y, Li B, Mao Y, Bai Y, Wang D, Luo S, Li Y, Qin Q, Ge H, Yong L, Hu X, Yu Y, Sun L. Human Leukocyte Antigen Fine-Mapping and Correlation Analysis of Han and Minority Leprosy Patients in Southern China. Front Genet 2022; 13:888361. [PMID: 35769990 PMCID: PMC9234480 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.888361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Backround: Leprosy is very prevalent in many populations around the world, which is well known that both alleles for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) as well as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HLA region are common in leprosy patients. Previous studies have identified leprosy-associated susceptibility genes that explain only part of disease risk and heritability. In view of the complicated characteristics of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, this study aimed to explore the development and variation of HLA in leprosy and its possible mechanism.Methods: Previous genome-wide association data were extracted from Han and minority populations in southern China for HLA fine-mapping studies. Insertion and deletion (INDEL), SNP, and copy number variation (CNV) imputation were determined by using the Thousand People Database (1KGP Phase 3 Dataset) as a reference panel. The HAN-MHC database was used to input the HLA classical alleles and amino acids in the MHC region, and further step-regression analysis was performed to analyze independent variation signals associated with leprosy.Results: The most significant locus rs75324027 (the same locus as rs602875 in the HLA-DR region) [p = 7.49E-09, OR= 0.62, 95%,CI: 0.52–0.73] in the intergene region between HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DRB1 was related with leprosy in M-S(Han leprosy patients in south China)disease. In M-SM (Leprosy patients of ethnic minorities in south China)disease, one of the most significant loci of the HLA-DQB1 gene was 6-32626438-A-T (p = 4.49E-08, OR = 0.36, 95%,CI: 0.25–0.52). Therefore, rs75324027 is a locus in M-S disease, and 6-32626438-a-T may be a new locus in M-SM disease. The interaction between 6 and 32626438-A-T and RS75324027 was analyzed, and A significant interaction relationship was found. In the optimal model, the accuracy of prediction was 0.5974, cross-validation Consistency:10, p = 0.0107.Conclusion: In conclusion, this study is the first to assess the association between HLA and leprosy susceptibility in Han and other minority populations in southern China using the Thousand Population database and the Han MHC database. In addition, our analysis validated the previously reported locus rs602875 in the HLA-DR region and for the first time identified an unreported independent locus in leprosy among ethnic minorities in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Li
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yirui Wang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Wencheng Fan
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Ruixue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Zhen
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yafen Yu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Bao Li
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yiwen Mao
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanming Bai
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Daiyue Wang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Sihan Luo
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Qin Qin
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Huiyao Ge
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Yong
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yanxia Yu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Liangdan Sun,
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Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) System: Genetics and Association with Bacterial and Viral Infections. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:9710376. [PMID: 35664353 PMCID: PMC9162874 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9710376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system is one of the most crucial host factors influencing disease progression in bacterial and viral infections. This review provides the basic concepts of the structure and function of HLA molecules in humans. Here, we highlight the main findings on the associations between HLA class I and class II alleles and susceptibility to important infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, leprosy, melioidosis, Staphylococcus aureus infection, human immunodeficiency virus infection, coronavirus disease 2019, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C in populations worldwide. Finally, we discuss challenges in HLA typing to predict disease outcomes in clinical implementation. Evaluation of the impact of HLA variants on the outcome of bacterial and viral infections would improve the understanding of pathogenesis and identify those at risk from infectious diseases in distinct populations and may improve the individual treatment.
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Zhang R, Cao L, Chen W, Ge H, Hu X, Li Z, Wang Y, Fan W, Yong L, Yu Y, Mao Y, Zhen Q, Liu H, Zhang F, Sun L. Fine-Mapping of the Major Histocompatibility Complex Region Linked to Leprosy in Northern China. Front Genet 2022; 12:768259. [PMID: 34976012 PMCID: PMC8716717 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.768259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Leprosy is a chronic infectious skin and neurological disease, and genetic background is considered to be one of the major factors of risk. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region not only affects susceptibility to leprosy but also its development and outcome. Given the complex traits of the MHC region, variants and the potential mechanism by which HLA influences leprosy development need to be further explored. Methods: We extracted previous genome-wide association study data from the Northern Han Chinese population to perform HLA fine-mapping. Using the 1,000 Genome Project Phase 3 dataset as the reference panel, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), insertion and deletion (INDEL) and copy number variant (CNV) imputation were carried out. HLA classical alleles and amino acids in the MHC region were imputed using the HAN-MHC database. Further stepwise regression analysis was conducted to analyze independent signals of variants related to leprosy. Results: We identified four independent variants: esv3608598, rs7754498, rs3130781 and rs144388449. Among them, esv3608598 is a CNV and the first HLA CNV associated with leprosy risk. SNP annotation using RegulomeDB, HaploReg, and rVarBase showed that three SNPs are likely to affect the pathogenesis of leprosy. Conclusion: In summary, this is the first study to assess the association between HLA CNV and leprosy susceptibility in a Northern Han Chinese population. By fine mapping of the MHC region in this population, our findings provide evidence for the contribution of HLA to leprosy susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Huiyao Ge
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Xia Hu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yirui Wang
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Wencheng Fan
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Liang Yong
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yafen Yu
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Yiwen Mao
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Qi Zhen
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases and Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases and Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education, Hefei, China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
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HLA-DPB1 and HLA-C alleles are associated with leprosy in a Brazilian population. Hum Immunol 2020; 82:11-18. [PMID: 33189423 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite intense efforts, the number of new cases of leprosy has remained significantly high over the past 20 years. Host genetic background is strongly linked to the pathogenesis of this disease, which is caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), and there is a consensus that the most significant genetic association with leprosy is attributed to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Here, we investigated the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and II genes with leprosy in a Brazilian population encompassing 826 individuals from a hyperendemic area of Brazil; HLA typing of class I (-A, -B, -C) and class II (-DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1, -DPA1, and -DPB1) loci was conducted. Initially, the associations were tested using the chi-square test, with p-values adjusted using the false discovery rate (FDR) method. Next, statistically significant signals of the associations were submitted to logistic regression analyses to adjust for sex and molecular ancestry data. The results showed that HLA-C*08, -DPB1*04, and -DPB1*18 were associated with protective effects, while HLA-C*12 and -DPB1*105 were associated with susceptibility to leprosy. Thus, our findings reveal new associations between leprosy and the HLA-DPB1 locus and confirm previous associations between the HLA-C locus and leprosy.
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7
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The complex pattern of genetic associations of leprosy with HLA class I and class II alleles can be reduced to four amino acid positions. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008818. [PMID: 32776973 PMCID: PMC7440659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Worldwide, more than 200,000 new patients are affected by leprosy annually, making it the second most common mycobacterial disease after tuberculosis. The MHC/HLA region has been consistently identified as carrying major leprosy susceptibility variants in different populations at times with inconsistent results. To establish the unambiguous molecular identity of classical HLA class I and class II leprosy susceptibility factors, we applied next-generation sequencing to genotype with high-resolution 11 HLA class I and class II genes in 1,155 individuals from a Vietnamese leprosy case-control sample. HLA alleles belonging to an extended haplotype from HLA-A to HLA-DPB1 were associated with risk to leprosy. This susceptibility signal could be reduced to the HLA-DRB1*10:01~ HLA-DQA1*01:05 alleles which were in complete linkage disequilibrium (LD). In addition, haplotypes containing HLA-DRB3~ HLA-DRB1*12:02 and HLA-C*07:06~ HLA-B*44:03~ HLA-DRB1*07:01 alleles were found as two independent protective factors for leprosy. Moreover, we replicated the previously associated HLA-DRB1*15:01 as leprosy risk factor and HLA-DRB1*04:05~HLA-DQA1*03:03 as protective alleles. When we narrowed the analysis to the single amino acid level, we found that the associations of the HLA alleles were largely captured by four independent amino acids at HLA-DRβ1 positions 57 (D) and 13 (F), HLA-B position 63 (E) and HLA-A position 19 (K). Hence, analyses at the amino acid level circumvented the ambiguity caused by strong LD of leprosy susceptibility HLA alleles and identified four distinct leprosy susceptibility factors. Despite global efforts to eliminate leprosy over the past 25 years, more than 200,000 new cases are reported annually, and leprosy still represents a major public health problem in endemic regions. Leprosy presents a strong link with the host genetic background. The most significant susceptibility factors are located in the MHC region and likely involve classical HLA genes. However, the molecular identity of the HLA class I/II-leprosy risk factor(s) has been a matter of longstanding scientific dispute. By conducting a comprehensive sequenced-based analysis of HLA class I and class II genes, we are able to provide a unifying view of the complex relationship of leprosy susceptibility and HLA alleles. In addition, we show that four amino acid polymorphisms in HLA-DRβ1, HLA-B and HLA-A are sufficient to explain the majority of leprosy-HLA associations which opens the way for select protein-HLA peptide binding studies.
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8
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Teles SF, Silva EA, Souza RMD, Tomimori J, Florian MC, Souza RO, Marcos EVC, Souza-Santana FCD, Gamba MA. Association between NDO-LID and PGL-1 for leprosy and class I and II human leukocyte antigen alleles in an indigenous community in Southwest Amazon. Braz J Infect Dis 2020; 24:296-303. [PMID: 32589879 PMCID: PMC9392080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The frequencies of the Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles in the Puyanawa indigenous reserve population and their association with the NDO-LID and ELISA PGL-1 rapid serological test was assessed. This was a cross-sectional study with an epidemiological clinical design conducted in two indigenous communities in the state of Acre, Brazil. Blood was collected in a tube with EDTA to identify HLA alleles and perform serological tests. DNA was obtained using the salting out procedure. The LabType™ technique (One-Lambda-USA) was used for HLA class I (loci A*, B* and C*) and II (loci DRB1*, DQA1* and DQB1*) typing. Allele frequency was obtained by direct count, and the chi-square test was used to assess the association with the NDO-LID and PGL-1 tests. The most frequent alleles in the two communities were: HLA-A*02:01, HLA-B*40:02, HLA-DRB1*16:02, HLA-DQA1*05:05 and HLA-DQB1*03:01. The allele HLA-C*04:01 was the most common in the Barão community, and the allele HLA-C*07:01 in Ipiranga. Among individuals who presented seropositivity to the NDO-LID test, the association with alleles HLA-A*02 (43.18% vs 24.8%, p = 0.03, OR = 2.35) and HLA-B*53 (6.83% vs 0.0%, p = 0.03, OR = 8.95) was observed in the Barão community. HLA-B*15 was associated with non-seroconversion to the NDO-LID test in Ipiranga. In both communities, HLA-B*40 and HLA-C*03 were associated with positive serological response to ELISA PGL-1. The HLA class I and II alleles most frequently found in this study have already been described among Terena indigenous groups, and HLA class I contributes to seroconversion to NDO-LID and PGL-1 tests in inhabitants of the Barão and Ipiranga communities.
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9
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Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease of the skin and peripheral nerves that presents a strong link with the host genetic background. Different approaches in genetic studies have been applied to leprosy and today leprosy is among the infectious diseases with the greatest number of genetic risk variants identified. Several leprosy genes have been implicated in host immune response to pathogens and point to specific pathways that are relevant for host defense to infection. In addition, host genetic factors are also involved in the heterogeneity of leprosy clinical manifestations and in excessive inflammatory responses that occur in some leprosy patients. Finally, genetic studies in leprosy have provided strong evidence of pleiotropic effects between leprosy and other complex diseases, such as immune-mediated or neurodegenerative diseases. These findings not only impact on the field of leprosy and infectious diseases but also make leprosy a good model for the study of complex immune-mediated diseases. Here, we summarize recent genetic findings in leprosy susceptibility and discuss the overlap of the genetic control in leprosy with Parkinson's disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Moreover, some limitations, challenges, and potential new avenues for future genetics studies of leprosy are also discussed in this review.
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10
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Brandt DYC, César J, Goudet J, Meyer D. The Effect of Balancing Selection on Population Differentiation: A Study with HLA Genes. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2018; 8:2805-2815. [PMID: 29950428 PMCID: PMC6071603 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Balancing selection is defined as a class of selective regimes that maintain polymorphism above what is expected under neutrality. Theory predicts that balancing selection reduces population differentiation, as measured by FST. However, balancing selection regimes in which different sets of alleles are maintained in different populations could increase population differentiation. To tackle the connection between balancing selection and population differentiation, we investigated population differentiation at the HLA genes, which constitute the most striking example of balancing selection in humans. We found that population differentiation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the HLA genes is on average lower than that of SNPs in other genomic regions. We show that these results require using a computation that accounts for the dependence of FST on allele frequencies. However, in pairs of closely related populations, where genome-wide differentiation is low, differentiation at HLA is higher than in other genomic regions. Such increased population differentiation at HLA genes for recently diverged population pairs was reproduced in simulations of overdominant selection, as long as the fitness of the homozygotes differs between the diverging populations. The results give insight into a possible "divergent overdominance" mechanism for the nature of balancing selection on HLA genes across human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Y C Brandt
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jônatas César
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jérôme Goudet
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diogo Meyer
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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11
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Dapsone-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions are strongly linked with HLA-B*13: 01 allele in the Thai population. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2018; 27:429-437. [PMID: 28885988 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0000000000000306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A previous publication in Chinese leprosy patients showed that the HLA-B*13:01 allele is a strong genetic marker for dapsone-induced drug hypersensitivity reactions, however there are no data describing whether HLA-B*13:01 is a valid marker for prediction of dapsone-induced drug hypersensitivity reactions in other ethnicities or nonleprosy patients. The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is an association between HLA genotypes and dapsone-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) in Thai nonleprosy patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS HLA-B genotypes of 15 patients with dapsone-induced SCARs (11 drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms, 4 Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis), 29 control patients, and 986 subjects from the general Thai population were determined by the reverse PCR sequence-specific oligonucleotides probe. RESULTS The HLA-B*13:01 allele was significantly associated with dapsone-induced SCARs compared with dapsone-tolerant controls (odds ratio: 54.00, 95% confidence interval: 7.96-366.16, P=0.0001) and the general population (odds ratio: 26.11, 95% confidence interval: 7.27-93.75, P=0.0001). In addition, HLA-B*13:01 associated with dapsone-induced SJS-TEN (OR: 40.50, 95% confidence interval: 2.78-591.01, P=0.0070) and DRESS (OR: 60.75, 95% confidence interval: 7.44-496.18, P=0.0001). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated an association between HLA-B*13:01 and dapsone-induced SCARs including Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms in nonleprosy patients. Moreover, these results suggest that the HLA-B*13:01 allele may be a useful genetic marker for prediction of dapsone-induced SCARs in Thai and Han-Chinese populations.
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12
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Wang Z, Sun Y, Fu X, Yu G, Wang C, Bao F, Yue Z, Li J, Sun L, Irwanto A, Yu Y, Chen M, Mi Z, Wang H, Huai P, Li Y, Du T, Yu W, Xia Y, Xiao H, You J, Li J, Yang Q, Wang N, Shang P, Niu G, Chi X, Wang X, Cao J, Cheng X, Liu H, Liu J, Zhang F. A large-scale genome-wide association and meta-analysis identified four novel susceptibility loci for leprosy. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13760. [PMID: 27976721 PMCID: PMC5172377 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy, a chronic infectious disease, results from the uncultivable pathogen Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), and usually progresses to peripheral neuropathy and permanent progressive deformity if not treated. Previously published genetic studies have identified 18 gene/loci significantly associated with leprosy at the genome-wide significant level. However as a complex disease, only a small proportion of leprosy risk could be explained by those gene/loci. To further identify more susceptibility gene/loci, we hereby performed a three-stage GWAS comprising 8,156 leprosy patients and 15,610 controls of Chinese ancestry. Four novel loci were identified including rs6807915 on 3p25.2 (P=1.94 × 10−8, OR=0.89), rs4720118 on 7p14.3 (P=3.85 × 10−10, OR=1.16), rs55894533 on 8p23.1 (P=5.07 × 10−11, OR=1.15) and rs10100465 on 8q24.11 (P=2.85 × 10−11, OR=0.85). Altogether, these findings have provided new insight and significantly expanded our understanding of the genetic basis of leprosy.
Previous studies have shown genetic associations between leprosy and 18 different genes/loci. Here, Wang and colleagues perform genome-wide association study in Han Chinese leprosy patients and describe four novel loci to be associated to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Yonghu Sun
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Xi'an Fu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Gongqi Yu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine and Life Science, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Fangfang Bao
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Zhenhua Yue
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Jianke Li
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Lele Sun
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Astrid Irwanto
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Yongxiang Yu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Mingfei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Zihao Mi
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Pengcheng Huai
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Yi Li
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Tiantian Du
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Wenjun Yu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Hailu Xiao
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Jiabao You
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Jinghui Li
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Na Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Panpan Shang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Guiye Niu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Xiaojun Chi
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Xiuhuan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Xiujun Cheng
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,School of Medicine and Life Science, University of Jinan-Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China.,Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China.,National Clinical Key Project of Dermatology and Venereology, Jinan, Shandong 250000, China
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13
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The GATA3 gene is involved in leprosy susceptibility in Brazilian patients. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:194-200. [PMID: 26807920 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy outcome is a complex trait and the host-pathogen-environment interaction defines the emergence of the disease. Host genetic risk factors have been successfully associated to leprosy. The 10p13 chromosomal region was linked to leprosy in familial studies and GATA3 gene is a strong candidate to be part of this association. Here, we tested tag single nucleotide polymorphisms at GATA3 in two case-control samples from Brazil comprising a total of 1633 individuals using stepwise strategy. The A allele of rs10905284 marker was associated with leprosy resistance. Then, a functional analysis was conducted and showed that individuals carrying AA genotype express higher levels of GATA-3 protein in lymphocytes. So, we confirmed that the rs10905284 is a locus associated to leprosy and influences the levels of this transcription factor in the Brazilian population.
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14
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Zhang DF, Wang D, Li YY, Yao YG. Integrative analyses of leprosy susceptibility genes indicate a common autoimmune profile. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 82:18-27. [PMID: 26805555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leprosy is an ancient chronic infection in the skin and peripheral nerves caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The development of leprosy depends on genetic background and the immune status of the host. However, there is no systematic view focusing on the biological pathways, interaction networks and overall expression pattern of leprosy-related immune and genetic factors. OBJECTIVES To identify the hub genes in the center of leprosy genetic network and to provide an insight into immune and genetic factors contributing to leprosy. METHODS We retrieved all reported leprosy-related genes and performed integrative analyses covering gene expression profiling, pathway analysis, protein-protein interaction network, and evolutionary analyses. RESULTS A list of 123 differentially expressed leprosy related genes, which were enriched in activation and regulation of immune response, was obtained in our analyses. Cross-disorder analysis showed that the list of leprosy susceptibility genes was largely shared by typical autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus and arthritis, suggesting that similar pathways might be affected in leprosy and autoimmune diseases. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) and positive selection analyses revealed a co-evolution network of leprosy risk genes. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses showed that leprosy associated genes constituted a co-evolution network and might undergo positive selection driven by M. leprae. We suggested that leprosy may be a kind of autoimmune disease and the development of leprosy is a matter of defect or over-activation of body immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yu-Ye Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.
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15
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Sauer MED, Salomão H, Ramos GB, D'Espindula HRS, Rodrigues RSA, Macedo WC, Sindeaux RHM, Mira MT. Genetics of leprosy: Expected-and unexpected-developments and perspectives. Clin Dermatol 2015; 34:96-104. [PMID: 26773629 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A solid body of evidence produced over decades of intense research supports the hypothesis that leprosy phenotypes are largely dependent on the genetic characteristics of the host. The early evidence of a major gene effect controlling susceptibility to leprosy came from studies of familial aggregation, twins, and complex segregation analysis. Later, linkage and association analysis, first applied to the investigation of candidate genes and chromosomal regions and more recently, to genome-wide scans, have revealed several HLA and non-HLA gene variants as risk factors for leprosy phenotypes such as disease per se, its clinical forms, and leprosy reactions. In addition, powerful, hypothesis-free strategies such as genome-wide association studies have led to an exciting, unexpected development: Leprosy susceptibility genes seem to be shared with Crohn's and Parkinson's disease. Today, a major challenge is to find the exact variants causing the biological effect underlying the genetic associations. New technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing-that allows, for the first time, the cost- and time-effective sequencing of a complete human genome-hold the promise to reveal such variants; thus, strategies can be developed to study the functional impact of these variants in the context of infection, hopefully leading to the development of new targets for leprosy treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E D Sauer
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Salomão
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Geovana B Ramos
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helena R S D'Espindula
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael S A Rodrigues
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilian C Macedo
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata H M Sindeaux
- School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Mira
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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16
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Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β gene polymorphisms and risk of brain abscess in North Indian population. Cytokine 2015; 75:159-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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17
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Sauer MED, Salomão H, Ramos GB, D'Espindula HRS, Rodrigues RSA, Macedo WC, Sindeaux RHM, Mira MT. Genetics of leprosy: expected and unexpected developments and perspectives. Clin Dermatol 2015; 33:99-107. [PMID: 25432815 DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A solid body of evidence produced over decades of intense research supports the hypothesis that leprosy phenotypes are largely dependent on the genetic characteristics of the host. The early evidence of a major gene effect controlling susceptibility to leprosy came from studies of familial aggregation, twins, and Complex Segregation Analysis. Later, linkage and association analysis, first applied to the investigation of candidate genes and chromosomal regions and more recently, to genome-wide scans, have revealed several leukocyte antigen complex and nonleukocyte antigen complex gene variants as risk factors for leprosy phenotypes such as disease per se, its clinical forms and leprosy reactions. In addition, powerful, hypothesis-free strategies such as Genome-Wide Association Studies have led to an exciting, unexpected development: Leprosy susceptibility genes seem to be shared with Crohn's and Parkinson's diseases. Today, a major challenge is to find the exact variants causing the biological effect underlying the genetic associations. New technologies, such as Next Generation Sequencing that allows, for the first time, the cost and time-effective sequencing of a complete human genome, hold the promise to reveal such variants. Strategies can be developed to study the functional effect of these variants in the context of infection, hopefully leading to the development of new targets for leprosy treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E D Sauer
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Salomão
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Geovana B Ramos
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Helena R S D'Espindula
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Rafael S A Rodrigues
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Wilian C Macedo
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata H M Sindeaux
- School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Mira
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; School of Health and Biological Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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18
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Discovery of six new susceptibility loci and analysis of pleiotropic effects in leprosy. Nat Genet 2015; 47:267-71. [PMID: 25642632 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have led to the discovery of several susceptibility loci for leprosy with robust evidence, providing biological insight into the role of host genetic factors in mycobacterial infection. However, the identified loci only partially explain disease heritability, and additional genetic risk factors remain to be discovered. We performed a 3-stage GWAS of leprosy in the Chinese population using 8,313 cases and 16,017 controls. Besides confirming all previously published loci, we discovered six new susceptibility loci, and further gene prioritization analysis of these loci implicated BATF3, CCDC88B and CIITA-SOCS1 as new susceptibility genes for leprosy. A systematic evaluation of pleiotropic effects demonstrated a high tendency for leprosy susceptibility loci to show association with autoimmunity and inflammatory diseases. Further analysis suggests that molecular sensing of infection might have a similar pathogenic role across these diseases, whereas immune responses have discordant roles in infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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de Souza-Santana FC, Marcos EVC, Nogueira MES, Ura S, Tomimori J. Human leukocyte antigen class I and class II alleles are associated with susceptibility and resistance in borderline leprosy patients from Southeast Brazil. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:22. [PMID: 25605482 PMCID: PMC4307149 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles influence the host immune response against Mycobacterium leprae. However, the association between HLA alleles and borderline (B) leprosy has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine whether HLA class I and II molecules are associated with susceptibility or resistance to B leprosy including borderline-tuberculoid (BT), borderline-borderline (BB), and borderline-lepromatous (BL). METHODS DNA was obtained by the salting-out technique from the blood samples of 202 patients with B leprosy and 478 control subjects. HLA class I (A*, B*, and C* loci) and class II (DRB1* and DQB1* loci) genotypes were determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification and reverse hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes and sequence-specific primers. RESULTS The case-controlled analysis results showed a significant association between B leprosy and HLA-C*05 (5.94% vs. 14.02%; p = 0.002, OR = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.20-0.73, pc = 0.032) and HLA-DRB1*07 (16.34% vs. 26.77%; p = 0.003, OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.3-0.8, pc = 0.039). A protective association was observed between BL leprosy and HLA-DQB1*02 (18.18% vs. 39.53%; p = 0.005, OR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.15-0.75, pc = 0.025). In reactional patients, a significant association was observed between HLA-B*15 (28.72% vs. 12.76%; p = 0.011, OR = 2.75, 95% CI = 1.30-5.85, pc = 0.352) and predisposition to reversal reaction. Haplotype analysis showed that A*02-B*07-C*07-DRB1*15-DQB1*06 (2.97% vs. 1.04%; p = 0.015) and A*02-B*40-C*03-DRB1*13-DQB1*06 (1.73% vs. 0.10%; p = 0.0011) were associated with susceptibility to the B form. The presence of the HLA-DRB1*02 or HLA-DRB1*03/HLA-DQB1*01 haplotypes in B patients (22.05% vs. 33.0%; p = 0.005) suggested the involvement of these haplotypes in this clinical form of the disease. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate the involvement of HLA class I and class II molecules in B leprosy and reversal reactions; it also suggest a role for HLA in polarization of the disease in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Covolo de Souza-Santana
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Rod. Cte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 225/26, Bauru, SP, CEP: 17039-800, Brazil.
| | - Elaine Valim Camarinha Marcos
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Rod. Cte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 225/26, Bauru, SP, CEP: 17039-800, Brazil.
| | - Maria Esther Salles Nogueira
- Immunology Laboratory, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Rod. Cte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 225/26, Bauru, SP, CEP: 17039-800, Brazil.
| | - Somei Ura
- Department of Education and Research, Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Rod. Cte João Ribeiro de Barros, km 225/26, Bauru, SP, CEP: 17039-800, Brazil.
| | - Jane Tomimori
- Department of Dermatology, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Av. Borges Lagoa, 598, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 04038-000, Brazil.
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Cezar-de-Mello PFT, Toledo-Pinto TG, Marques CS, Arnez LEA, Cardoso CC, Guerreiro LTA, Antunes SLG, Jardim MM, Covas CDJF, Illaramendi X, Dias-Baptista IM, Rosa PS, Durães SMB, Pacheco AG, Ribeiro-Alves M, Sarno EN, Moraes MO. Pre-miR-146a (rs2910164 G>C) single nucleotide polymorphism is genetically and functionally associated with leprosy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3099. [PMID: 25187983 PMCID: PMC4154665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae infects macrophages and Schwann cells inducing a gene expression program to facilitate its replication and progression to disease. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression and could be involved during the infection. To address the genetic influence of miRNAs in leprosy, we enrolled 1,098 individuals and conducted a case-control analysis in order to study four miRNAs genes containing single nucleotide polymorphism (miRSNP). We tested miRSNP-125a (rs12975333 G>T), miRSNP-223 (rs34952329 *>T), miRSNP-196a-2 (rs11614913 C>T) and miRSNP-146a (rs2910164 G>C). Amongst them, miRSNP-146a was the unique gene associated with risk to leprosy per se (GC OR = 1.44, p = 0.04; CC OR = 2.18, p = 0.0091). We replicated this finding showing that the C-allele was over-transmitted (p = 0.003) using a transmission-disequilibrium test. A functional analysis revealed that live M. leprae (MOI 100∶1) was able to induce miR-146a expression in THP-1 (p<0.05). Furthermore, pure neural leprosy biopsies expressed augmented levels of that miRNA as compared to biopsy samples from neuropathies not related with leprosy (p = 0.001). Interestingly, carriers of the risk variant (C-allele) produce higher levels of mature miR-146a in nerves (p = 0.04). From skin biopsies, although we observed augmented levels of miR-146a, we were not able to correlate it with a particular clinical form or neither host genotype. MiR-146a is known to modulate TNF levels, thus we assessed TNF expression (nerve biopsies) and released by peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with BCG Moreau. In both cases lower TNF levels correlates with subjects carrying the risk C-allele, (p = 0.0453 and p = 0.0352; respectively), which is consistent with an immunomodulatory role of this miRNA in leprosy. In spite of the successful drug therapy, leprosy is still affecting people worldwide. It is well known that host genetic background influences leprosy development and that genetic variants have been associated with the disease. Therefore we conducted a study to evaluate the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) polymorphisms in leprosy. We observed that a polymorphism in miR-146a is associated with the risk to develop leprosy in Brazilians. Based on the analysis of clinical specimens, we found that the genetic variant was correlated with elevated levels of miR-146a and it is also a negative regulator of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), an important inflammatory mediator in the leprosy context. These findings provide tenable evidences that miR-146a is important in the control of gene expression during M. leprae infection and also may contribute with leprosy development by controlling TNF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula F. T. Cezar-de-Mello
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Thiago G. Toledo-Pinto
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Carolinne S. Marques
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Lucia E. A. Arnez
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Cynthia C. Cardoso
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Luana T. A. Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Sérgio L. G. Antunes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Márcia M. Jardim
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Claudia de J. F. Covas
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ximena Illaramendi
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | - Sandra M. B. Durães
- Centro de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Antonio G. Pacheco
- Programa de Computação Científica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Ribeiro-Alves
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Euzenir N. Sarno
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Milton O. Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Escamilla-Tilch M, Torres-Carrillo NM, Payan RR, Aguilar-Medina M, Salazar MI, Fafutis-Morris M, Arenas-Guzman R, Estrada-Parra S, Estrada-Garcia I, Granados J. Association of genetic polymorphism of HLA-DRB1 antigens with the susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy. Biomed Rep 2013; 1:945-949. [PMID: 24649058 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the introduction of multidrug therapy and the overall reduction of leprosy prevalence in Mexico, the disease remains endemic in certain regions of the country. A genetic basis for the immune susceptibility to Mycobacterium leprae has already been established in different populations worldwide. In this study, we investigated the possible association of the HLA-DRB1 alleles with leprosy in a Mexican Mestizo population. The results demonstrated that the HLA-DRB1*01 allele is associated with lepromatous and dimorphic leprosy [P<0.001, odds ratio (OR)=4.6, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.8-11.4; and P=0.03, OR=6.2, 95% CI: 1.1-31.6, respectively] and the frequency of the HLA-DRB1*08 allele was found to be significantly lower among leprosy patients compared to controls (P=0.046, OR=2.4, 95% CI: 1-5.8). In conclusion, although the association of the HLA-DR locus with leprosy has been established in different populations and several studies have demonstrated significant differences in the DR alleles, this study demonstrated an association of the HLA-DRB1*01 allele with susceptibility to lepromatous and dimorphic leprosy, as well as an association of the HLA-DRB1*08 allele with protection against leprosy in a Mexican Mestizo population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Escamilla-Tilch
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | | | - Rosalio Ramos Payan
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa 80040, Mexico
| | - Maribel Aguilar-Medina
- School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan, Sinaloa 80040, Mexico
| | - Ma Isabel Salazar
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Mary Fafutis-Morris
- Center for Research in Immunology and Dermatology, Dermatological Institute of Jalisco, Guadalajara, Jalisco 45190, Mexico ; Department of Physiology, University Center of Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44100, Mexico
| | - Roberto Arenas-Guzman
- Mycology Section, General Hospital Dr Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Mexico City 14000, Mexico
| | - Sergio Estrada-Parra
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Iris Estrada-Garcia
- Department of Immunology, National School of Biological Sciences, National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Julio Granados
- Department of Transplantation, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City 14000, Mexico
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McCarlie VW, Hartsfield JK, Blum JS, González-Cabezas C, Chin JR, Eckert GJ, Morford LA, Pescovitz MD, Rodriguez H, Fontana M, Gregory RL. Total IgA and IgA reactivity to antigen I/II epitopes in HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects. OPEN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 3:82-92. [PMID: 24386612 PMCID: PMC3875298 DOI: 10.4236/oji.2013.33012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial adherence to the acquired dental pellicle, important in dental caries (caries), is mediated by receptor-adhesins such as salivary agglutinin binding to Streptococcus mutans antigen I/II (I/II). Ten selected I/II epitopes were chosen to determine their reactivity to human salivary IgA. Previous studies suggested that a specific HLA biomarker group (HLA-DRB1*04) may have differential influence of immune responses to I/II. However, it was not known whether secretory IgA (SIgA) responses to the selected epitopes from HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects were different compared to controls, or across other caries-related factors such as total IgA (TIgA). Thirty-two total subjects were matched according to HLA type, gender, ethnicity and age. HLA genotyping, oral bacterial, immunoglobulin and antibody analyses were performed. A large observed difference emerged with regard to the natural immune reservoir of TIgA in HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects, specifically, a 27.6% reduction compared to controls. In contrast to all other epitopes studied, HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects also exhibited reduced reactivity to I/II epitope 834-853. HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects exhibited lower specific SIgA activity/TIgA to 834-853 and also a lower specific reactivity to 834-853/whole cell S. mutans UA159. Furthermore, HLA-DRB1*04 positive subjects exhibited lower responses to I/II in its entirety. The large observed difference in TIgA and the 834-853 reactivity pattern across multiple measures suggest potentially important connections pertaining to the link between HLA-DRB1*04 and caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Wallace McCarlie
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, USA
| | - James K. Hartsfield
- Center for Oral Health Research, Division of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, Colleges of Dentistry and Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Janice S. Blum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Carlos González-Cabezas
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Judith R. Chin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - George J. Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Lorri A. Morford
- Center for Oral Health Research, Division of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Health Science, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA
| | - Mark D. Pescovitz
- Departments of Surgery and Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Henry Rodriguez
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, USA
| | - Margherita Fontana
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Richard L. Gregory
- Departments of Oral Biology and Preventive and Community Dentistry, and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
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23
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Jarduli LR, Sell AM, Reis PG, Sippert EÂ, Ayo CM, Mazini PS, Alves HV, Teixeira JJV, Visentainer JEL. Role of HLA, KIR, MICA, and cytokines genes in leprosy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:989837. [PMID: 23936864 PMCID: PMC3722889 DOI: 10.1155/2013/989837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Many genes including HLA, KIR, and MICA genes, as well as polymorphisms in cytokines have been investigated for their role in infectious disease. HLA alleles may influence not only susceptibility or resistance to leprosy, but also the course of the disease. Some combinations of HLA and KIR may result in negative as well as positive interactions between NK cells and infected host cells with M. leprae, resulting in activation or inhibition of NK cells and, consequently, in death of bacillus. In addition, studies have demonstrated the influence of MICA genes in the pathogenesis of leprosy. Specifically, they may play a role in the interaction between NK cells and infected cells. Finally, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines have been influencing the clinical course of leprosy. Data from a wide variety of sources support the existence of genetic factors influencing the leprosy pathogenesis. These sources include twin studies, segregation analyses, family-based linkage and association studies, candidate gene association studies, and, most recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The purpose of this brief review was to highlight the importance of some immune response genes and their correlation with the clinical forms of leprosy, as well as their implications for disease resistance and susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Ribeiro Jarduli
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Sell
- Basic Health Sciences Department, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Pâmela Guimarães Reis
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Emília Ângela Sippert
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Christiane Maria Ayo
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Priscila Saamara Mazini
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Hugo Vicentin Alves
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Jorge Juarez Vieira Teixeira
- Program of Biosciences Applied to Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Maringa State University, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Kinship and Leprosy in the Contacts of Leprosy Patients: Cohort at the Souza Araújo Outpatient Clinic, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 1987-2010. J Trop Med 2013; 2013:596316. [PMID: 23690793 PMCID: PMC3649227 DOI: 10.1155/2013/596316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad variety of factors have been associated with leprosy among contacts, including socioeconomic, epidemiological, and genetic characteristics. Data from 7,174 contacts of leprosy patients from a leprosy outpatient clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1987–2010, were analyzed to investigate the effects of kinship, individual, and contextual factors on leprosy. Multivariate analyses were performed using a robust estimation method. In the prevalence analysis, close kinship (sibling OR = 2.75, offspring OR = 2.00, and other relatives OR = 1.70), socioeconomic factors, and the duration of exposure to the bacillus were associated to leprosy. In the incidence analysis, significant risks were found for all categories of kinship (parents RR = 10.93, spouse, boyfriend/girlfriend, and bride/groom RR = 7.53, sibling RR = 7.03, offspring RR = 5.34, and other relatives RR = 3.71). Once the treatment of the index case was initiated, other factors lost their significance, and the index case bacteriological index and BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine) protection had a greater impact. Our findings suggested that both genetic susceptibility and physical exposure play an important role in the epidemiology of leprosy, but it was not possible establishing the role of genetic factor. Analyses of other factors related to the genotype of individuals, such as genetic polymorphisms, are needed.
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Corrêa RDGCF, Aquino DMCD, Caldas ADJM, Serra HDO, Silva FF, Ferreira MDJC, Santos EJF, Mesquita ERRBPL. Association analysis of human leukocyte antigen class II (DRB1) alleles with leprosy in individuals from São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107 Suppl 1:150-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000900022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Franceschi DSA, Tsuneto LT, Mazini PS, Sacramento WSD, Reis PG, Rudnick CCC, Clementino SL, Sell AM, Visentainer JEL. Class-I human leukocyte alleles in leprosy patients from Southern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2012; 44:616-20. [PMID: 22031078 DOI: 10.1590/s0037-86822011000500018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The present study was designed to investigate a possible role of HLA (histocompatibility leucocyte antigen) class-I alleles (HLA-A, -B, and -C) in leprosy patients from Southern Brazil. METHODS Two hundred and twenty-five patients with leprosy and 450 individuals for the control group were involved in this research. HLA genotyping was performed through PCR-SSO protocols (One Lambda, USA); the frequency of these alleles was calculated in each group by direct counting, and the frequencies were then compared. RESULTS There was an association between HLA-A*11 (6.9% vs 4.1%, p=0.0345, OR=1.72, 95% CI=1.05-2.81), HLA-B*38 (2.7% vs. 1.1%, p=0.0402, OR=2.44, 95% CI=1.05-5.69), HLA-C*12 (9.4% vs. 5.4%, p=0.01, OR=1.82, 95% CI=1.17-2.82), and HLA-C*16 (3.1% vs. 6.5%, p=0.0124, OR=0.47, 95% CI=0.26-0.85) and leprosy per se. In addition, HLA-B*35, HLA-C*04, and HLA-C*07 frequencies were different between lepromatous (LL) and tuberculoid (TT) patients. However, after adjusting for the number of alleles compared, Pc values became nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS Although our results do not support the previous findings that HLA class-I alleles play a role in leprosy pathogenesis, we suggest new studies because of the importance of the association between the HLA and KIR in the innate immune response to leprosy.
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Leprosy and the natural selection for psoriasis. Med Hypotheses 2012; 78:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Cardoso CC, Pereira AC, Brito-de-Souza VN, Duraes SMB, Ribeiro-Alves M, Nery JAC, Francio ÂS, Vanderborght PR, Parelli FPC, Alter A, Salgado JL, Sampaio EP, Santos AR, Oliveira MLWR, Sarno EN, Schurr E, Mira MT, Pacheco AG, Moraes MO. TNF -308G>A single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with leprosy among Brazilians: a genetic epidemiology assessment, meta-analysis, and functional study. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1256-63. [PMID: 21917899 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays a key role in the host response. Some association studies have implicated the single nucleotide polymorphism TNF -308G>A in leprosy susceptibility, but these results are still controversial. We first conducted 4 association studies (2639 individuals) that showed a protective effect of the -308A allele (odds ratio [OR] = 0.77; P = .005). Next, results of a meta-analysis reinforced this association after inclusion of our new data (OR = 0.74; P = .04). Furthermore, a subgroup analysis including only Brazilian studies suggested that the association is specific to this population (OR = 0.63; P = .005). Finally, functional analyses using whole blood cultures showed that patients carrying the -308A allele produced higher TNF levels after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (6 hours) and M. leprae (3 hours) stimulation. These results reinforce the association between TNF and leprosy and suggest the -308A allele as a marker of disease resistance, especially among Brazilians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia C Cardoso
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Massone C, Talhari C, Ribeiro-Rodrigues R, Sindeaux RHM, Mira MT, Talhari S, Naafs B. Leprosy and HIV coinfection: a critical approach. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2011; 9:701-10. [PMID: 21692674 DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An increase in leprosy among HIV patients, similar to that observed in patients with TB, was expected approximately 20 years ago. Studies conducted in the 1990s together with those reported recently seemed to indicate that a coinfection with HIV did not alter the incidence and the clinical spectrum of leprosy and that each disease progressed as a single infection. By contrast, in countries with a high seroprevalence of HIV, TB was noted to increase. Explanations may be provided by the differences in the incubation time, the biology and toxicity of Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. After the introduction of HAART the leprosy-HIV coinfection manifested itself as an immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), typically as paucibacillary leprosy with type 1 leprosy reaction. The incidence of leprosy in HIV-infected patients has never been properly investigated. IRIS-leprosy is probably underestimated and recent data showed that the incidence of leprosy in HIV patients under HAART was higher than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Massone
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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do Sacramento WS, Mazini PS, Franceschi DAS, de Melo FC, Braga MA, Sell AM, Tsuneto LT, Visentainer JEL. Frequencies of MICA alleles in patients from southern Brazil with multibacillary and paucibacillary leprosy. Int J Immunogenet 2011; 39:210-5. [PMID: 22168250 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, which mainly affects the skin and nervous system. The disease has several clinical forms. This study investigated the MICA and HLA-B genes in 223 samples from leprosy patients and 201 samples from healthy individuals matched for age, gender and ethnical background. Of the patients, 153 had multibacillary, 45 paucibacillary and 25 indeterminate leprosy. The aim of this case-control study was to assess whether the MICA alleles influence susceptibility for leprosy or affect the subtype of the disease in a population of southern Brazil. There were significant differences in frequencies of the MICA*027 allele (4.7% vs 1.8%, P-value = 0.01, OR = 0.37; 95% CI = 0.16-0.85) between leprosy patients and controls, and of the MICA*010 (4.5% vs 1.6%, P-value = 0.05, OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.13-0.97) and MICA*027 alleles (4.7% vs 1.3%, P-value = 0.01; OR = 0.27; 95% CI = 0.09-0.79) between multibacillary leprosy patients and the control group. There were no significant differences in the frequency of MICA alleles between paucibacillary leprosy patients and controls. Thus, the MICA*027 allele is associated with a protective effect for leprosy per se, while the MICA*010 and MICA*027 alleles are associated with protection against multibacillary leprosy, the most severe clinical subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Sergio do Sacramento
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Cardoso CC, Pereira AC, de Sales Marques C, Moraes MO. Leprosy susceptibility: genetic variations regulate innate and adaptive immunity, and disease outcome. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:533-49. [PMID: 21585261 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The past few years have been very productive concerning the identification of genes associated with leprosy. Candidate gene strategies using both case-control and family-based designs, as well as large-scale approaches such as linkage and gene-expression genomic scans and, more recently, genome-wide association studies, have refined and enriched the list of genes highlighting the most important innate and adaptive immune pathways associated with leprosy susceptibility or resistance. During the early events of host-pathogen interaction identified genes are involved in pattern recognition receptors, and mycobacterial uptake (TLRs, NOD2 and MRC1), which modulate autophagy. Another gene, LTA4H, which regulates the levels of lipoxin A4 and possibly interacts with lipid droplet-related events, also plays a role in the early immune responses to Mycobacterium leprae. Together, the activation of these pathways regulates cellular metabolism upon infection, activating cytokine production through NF-κB and vitamin D-vitamin D receptor pathways, while PARK2 and LRRK2 participate in the regulation of host-cell apoptosis. Concomitantly, genes triggered to form and maintain granulomas (TNF, LTA and IFNG) and genes involved in activating and differentiating T-helper cells (HLA, IL10, as well as the TNF/LTA axis and the IFNG/IL12 axis) bridge immunological regulation towards adaptive immunity. Subtle variations in these genes, mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms, alter the risk of developing the disease or the severity of leprosy. Knowing these genes and their role will ultimately lead to better strategies for leprosy prevention, treatment and early diagnosis. Finally, the same genes associated with leprosy were also associated with autoimmune (Crohn's disease, rheumathoid arthritis, psoriasis) or neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's and Alzheimer's). Thus, information retrieved using leprosy as a model could be valuable to understanding the pathogenesis of other complex diseases.
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Simon M, Scherlock J, Duthie MS, Ribeiro de Jesus A. Clinical, immunological, and genetic aspects in leprosy. Drug Dev Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Mannose-binding lectin serum levels in patients with leprosy are influenced by age and MBL2 genotypes. Int J Infect Dis 2011; 15:e551-7. [PMID: 21640628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) activates the complement system promoting opsonophagocytosis, which could represent an advantage for Mycobacterium leprae, an intracellular pathogen. Therefore, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the MBL2 gene associated with low levels of MBL could confer protection against the development of leprosy disease. METHODS In this study, we investigated SNPs of the MBL2 gene and MBL levels in 228 Brazilian leprosy patients and 232 controls. RESULTS There were no differences in the frequencies of variant genotypes and haplotypes of MBL2 between patients and controls, or between the different clinical forms of leprosy. In the group of patients with a genotype for high expression of MBL2, those aged>40 years had decreased MBL levels compared to patients aged ≤ 40 years (p = 0.037). CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that age could influence the phenotype of MBL2, but no evidence was found for an association of MBL2 polymorphism with susceptibility to leprosy or its clinical forms.
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Alter A, Huong NT, Singh M, Orlova M, Van Thuc N, Katoch K, Gao X, Thai VH, Ba NN, Carrington M, Abel L, Mehra N, Alcaïs A, Schurr E. Human leukocyte antigen class I region single-nucleotide polymorphisms are associated with leprosy susceptibility in Vietnam and India. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:1274-81. [PMID: 21459816 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggested the existence of unidentified leprosy susceptibility loci in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex. To identify such genetic risk factors, a high-density association scan of a 1.9-mega-base (Mb) region in the HLA complex was performed. Among 682 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 59 were associated with leprosy (P <.01) in 198 Vietnamese single-case leprosy families. Genotyping of these SNPs in an independent sample of 292 Vietnamese single-case leprosy families replicated the association of 12 SNPs (P <.01). Multivariate analysis of these 12 SNPs showed that the association information could be captured by 2 intergenic HLA class I region SNPs (P = 9.4 × 10⁻⁹)-rs2394885 and rs2922997 (marginal multivariate P = 2.1 × 10⁻⁷ and P = .0016, respectively). SNP rs2394885 tagged the HLA-C*15:05 allele in the Vietnamese population. The identical associations were validated in a third sample of 364 patients with leprosy and 371 control subjects from North India. These results implicated class I alleles in leprosy pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alter
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Departments of Medicine and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Lavado-Valenzuela R, José Bravo M, Junqueira-Kipnis AP, Ramos de Souza M, Moreno C, Alonso A, Liberman-Kipnis T, da Silva WD, Caballero A. Distribution of the HLA class II frequency alleles in patients with leprosy from the mid-west of Brazil. Int J Immunogenet 2011; 38:255-8. [PMID: 21599852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2010.00993.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to clarify the issue of genetic predisposition to leprosy, we examined the distribution of class II human leucocyte antigen variants (DR and DQ) in 70 patients from around the city of Goiânia, Brazil. Only two of the patients presented the tuberculoid form of the disease, whereas 17 fell into the lepromatous category; 51 were intermediate. The allele frequencies found were compared with those in a group of 77 healthy controls. We found an increased frequency of the HLA-DRB1*11 allele in patients with lepromatous leprosy compared with healthy controls (P=0.0132; RR=4.130, 95% Cl: 1.338 to 12.747). These results suggest that the DRB1*11 allele could be related with susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lavado-Valenzuela
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Regional Universitario Carlos Haya, Avda Carlos Haya 82, Málaga, Spain
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Cardoso CC, Pereira AC, Brito-de-Souza VN, Dias-Baptista IM, Maniero VC, Venturini J, Vilani-Moreno FR, de Souza FC, Ribeiro-Alves M, Sarno EN, Pacheco AG, Moraes MO. IFNG +874 T>A single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with leprosy among Brazilians. Hum Genet 2010; 128:481-90. [PMID: 20714752 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-010-0872-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, a low virulence mycobacterium, and the outcome of disease is dependent on the host genetics for either susceptibility per se or severity. The IFNG gene codes for interferon-γ (IFN-γ), a cytokine that plays a key role in host defense against intracellular pathogens. Indeed, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IFNG have been evaluated in several genetic epidemiological studies, and the SNP +874T>A, the +874T allele, more specifically, has been associated with protection against infectious diseases, especially tuberculosis. Here, we evaluated the association of the IFNG locus with leprosy enrolling 2,125 Brazilian subjects. First, we conducted a case-control study with subjects recruited from the state of São Paulo, using the +874 T>A (rs2430561), +2109 A>G (rs1861494) and rs2069727 SNPs. Then, a second study including 1,370 individuals from Rio de Janeiro was conducted. Results of the case-control studies have shown a protective effect for +874T carriers (OR(adjusted) = 0.75; p = 0.005 for both studies combined), which was corroborated when these studies were compared with literature data. No association was found between the SNP +874T>A and the quantitative Mitsuda response. Nevertheless, the spontaneous IFN-γ release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells was higher among +874T carriers. The results shown here along with a previously reported meta-analysis of tuberculosis studies indicate that the SNP +874T>A plays a role in resistance to mycobacterial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Cardoso
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro CEP 21040-360, Brazil
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Association of HLA-DRB1*0405 with resistance to multibacillary leprosy in Taiwanese. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:712-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2010.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Handunnetthi L, Ramagopalan SV, Ebers GC, Knight JC. Regulation of major histocompatibility complex class II gene expression, genetic variation and disease. Genes Immun 2010; 11:99-112. [PMID: 19890353 PMCID: PMC2987717 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2009.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules are central to adaptive immune responses and maintenance of self-tolerance. Since the early 1970s, the MHC class II region at chromosome 6p21 has been shown to be associated with a remarkable number of autoimmune, inflammatory and infectious diseases. Given that a full explanation for most MHC class II disease associations has not been reached through analysis of structural variation alone, in this review we examine the role of genetic variation in modulating gene expression. We describe the intricate architecture of the MHC class II regulatory system, indicating how its unique characteristics may relate to observed associations with disease. There is evidence that haplotype-specific variation involving proximal promoter sequences can alter the level of gene expression, potentially modifying the emergence and expression of key phenotypic traits. Although much emphasis has been placed on cis-regulatory elements, we also examine the role of more distant enhancer elements together with the evidence of dynamic inter- and intra-chromosomal interactions and epigenetic processes. The role of genetic variation in such mechanisms may hold profound implications for susceptibility to common disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lahiru Handunnetthi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sreeram V. Ramagopalan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - George C. Ebers
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Julian C. Knight
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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Zhang F, Liu H, Chen S, Wang C, Zhu C, Zhang L, Chu T, Liu D, Yan X, Liu J. Evidence for an association of HLA-DRB1*15 and DRB1*09 with leprosy and the impact of DRB1*09 on disease onset in a Chinese Han population. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2009; 10:133. [PMID: 20003324 PMCID: PMC2797507 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-10-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) have been proposed to modulate the immune response to Mycobacterium leprae. The association of HLA-DRB1 with leprosy has been reported in several populations, but not in a Chinese population. Methods The polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe with Luminex100 (PCR-SSOP-Luminex) method was used to genotype HLA-DRB1 alleles in 305 leprosy patients and 527 healthy control individuals. Results The HLA-DRB1*15 allele was significantly more prevalent among leprosy patients than healthy controls, whereas the frequency of the HLA-DRB1*09 allele was lower among leprosy patients, especially those with early-onset disease. Conclusion HLA-DRB1 alleles are associated with leprosy susceptibility in a Chinese population. The HLA-DRB1*09 allele was found to be protective exclusively in a subset of early-onset leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Sheen YS, Chu CY, Wang SH, Tsai TF. Dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome in non-leprosy patients: A retrospective study of its incidence in a tertiary referral center in Taiwan. J DERMATOL TREAT 2009; 20:340-3. [DOI: 10.3109/09546630802691317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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da Silva SA, Mazini PS, Reis PG, Sell AM, Tsuneto LT, Peixoto PR, Visentainer JEL. HLA-DR and HLA-DQ alleles in patients from the south of Brazil: markers for leprosy susceptibility and resistance. BMC Infect Dis 2009; 9:134. [PMID: 19698125 PMCID: PMC2746224 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-9-134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many epidemiological studies have shown that the genetic factors of the host play a role in the variability of clinical response to infection caused by M. leprae. With the purpose of identifying genes of susceptibility, the present study investigated the possible role of HLA-DRB1 and DQA1/DQB1 alleles in susceptibility to leprosy, and whether they account for the heterogeneity in immune responses observed following infection in a Southern Brazilian population. Methods One hundred and sixty-nine leprosy patients and 217 healthy controls were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and reverse hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes and sequence-specific primers(One Lambda®, CA, USA). Results There was a positive association of HLA-DRB1*16 (*1601 and *1602) with leprosy per se (7.3% vs. 3.2%, P = 0.01, OR = 2.52, CI = 1.26–5.01), in accord with previous serological studies, which showed DR2 as a marker of leprosy. Although, HLA-DQA1*05 frequency (29.8% vs. 20.9%, P = 0.0424, OR = 1.61, CI = 1.09–2.39) was higher in patients, and HLA-DQA1*02 (3.0% vs. 7.5%, P = 0.0392, OR = 0.39, CI = 0.16 – 0.95) and HLA-DQA1*04 (4.0% vs. 9.1%, P = 0.0314, OR = 0.42, CI = 0.19 – 0.93) frequencies lower, P-values were not significant after the Bonferroni's correction. Furthermore, HLA-DRB1*1601 (9.0% vs. 1.8%; P = 0.0016; OR = 5.81; CI = 2.05–16.46) was associated with susceptibility to borderline leprosy compared to control group, and while HLA-DRB1*08 (11.2% vs. 1.2%; P = 0.0037; OR = 12.00; CI = 1.51 – 95.12) was associated with susceptibility to lepromatous leprosy, when compared to tuberculoid leprosy, DRB1*04 was associated to protection. Conclusion These data confirm the positive association of HLA-DR2 (DRB1*16) with leprosy per se, and the protector effect of DRB1*04 against lepromatous leprosy in Brazilian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira A da Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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Teixeira SLM, Bastos FI, Hacker MA, Morgado MG. Distribution of CCR5 genotypes and HLA Class I B alleles in HIV-1 infected and uninfected injecting drug users from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:638-42. [PMID: 19460331 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Host genetic factors play an important role in the HIV epidemic dynamics, and have been considered in studies assessing susceptibility/resistance to HIV-1 infection as well as clinical evolution. Class I and Class II HLA alleles have been associated with the heterogeneity of HIV-1 infection susceptibility, as protective or risk factors for HIV-1 transmission. Moreover, a 32-base pair deletion in the HIV-1 CCR5 gene-coding region confers resistance to HIV-1 infection in homozygous individuals for the deleted allele. In this study, DNA samples from HIV-1 infected and uninfected injecting drug users (IDUs) from Rio de Janeiro were PCR amplified to determine CCR5 genotypes based on the presence of the CCR5Delta32 mutation and typed for the HLA-B locus, in an attempt to assess possible associations between these genetic factors and susceptibility/resistance to HIV-1 infection. The distribution of CCR5 genotypes between the two IDU groups did not differ. The homozygous mutant genotype Delta32/Delta32 was not found in this study. Except for HLA-B*45 (4.0% vs. 3.0%; p=0.04) and for B*51 (12.1% vs. 4.4%; p=0.002), no statistically significant differences were made evident when analyzing the frequencies of each HLA-B allele between Caucasian and non-Caucasian IDUs. The most frequent HLA-B alleles were B*15; B*35; B*44 and B*51. Although some differences in the allele frequencies could be observed between the two IDU groups, none of these was statistically significant. Therefore, no putative association between these genetic markers and susceptibility/resistance to HIV-1 infection could be made evident in the present study. So far, the assessment of genetic markers among the IDU population has been restricted to North American, European, and Asian studies and this report represents a pioneer descriptive study of the distribution of CCR5 genotypes and HLA-B alleles in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Lopes Maia Teixeira
- Laboratory of AIDS and Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Pereira AC, Brito-de-Souza VN, Cardoso CC, Dias-Baptista IMF, Parelli FPC, Venturini J, Villani-Moreno FR, Pacheco AG, Moraes MO. Genetic, epidemiological and biological analysis of interleukin-10 promoter single-nucleotide polymorphisms suggests a definitive role for −819C/T in leprosy susceptibility. Genes Immun 2008; 10:174-80. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Franceschi DSA, Mazini PS, Rudnick CCC, Sell AM, Tsuneto LT, Ribas ML, Peixoto PR, Visentainer JEL. Influence of TNF and IL10 gene polymorphisms in the immunopathogenesis of leprosy in the south of Brazil. Int J Infect Dis 2008; 13:493-8. [PMID: 19058987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether cytokine polymorphisms are associated with leprosy and/or their subtypes in a Brazilian population. METHODS Genotyping using polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) was performed for: TNF(-308/-238), IL2(-330/+166), IL6(-174), IFNG(+874), TGFB1(+869/+915), and IL10(-592/-819/-1082) in 240 healthy controls and 167 patients with leprosy. RESULTS For TNF(-308), a higher frequency of GG genotype (85.5% vs. 74.1% in healthy controls, p = 0.009), along with a decreased frequency of GA/AA genotypes was observed among leprosy patients as compared to the control group (14.5% vs. 25.9%, p = 0.009). The GG genotype was particularly higher in patients with tuberculoid (TT) and borderline (BB) leprosy (90.5% and 89.8%, respectively). Analysis of IL10 genotypes revealed a lower frequency of GCC/GCC haplotype in lepromatous leprosy (LL) patients (6.2%) in comparison to controls (15.4%). CONCLUSION It is suggested that the G-->A substitution at position -308 in the TNF promoter region plays an important role in leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Santana Alessio Franceschi
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR, CEP 87020-900, Brazil
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Goulart LR, Goulart IMB. Leprosy pathogenetic background: a review and lessons from other mycobacterial diseases. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 301:123-37. [PMID: 19043725 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-008-0917-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that initially affects the peripheral nervous system with patients exhibiting contrasting clinical, immunological, and pathological manifestations despite minimal genetic variation among bacilli isolates. Its clinical manifestations are related to M. leprae survival, innate and acquired immune responses, and interactions between host and bacterial proteins, preventing their invasion and infection, or promoting their development and pathogenesis. The complex molecular interactions in affected individuals influenced by the pathogenetic background will be explored in this review. However, the great genetic diversity imposes difficulty for understanding disease development, and it is likely that many factors and metabolic pathways regulating the immense and contrasting symptomatology will yet be revealed. Four pathways may play a central role in leprosy, including the TLR/LIR-7, VDR, TNF-alpha, and TGF-beta1 for which a large amount of gene polymorphisms have been described that could potentially affect the clinical outcome. Cross-talk pathways may significantly change the course of the disease, depending on the specific disequilibrium of genic homeostasis, which is highly dependent on the environment, antigens that are presented to the host cell, and specific polymorphisms that interact with other genes, external factors, and pathogen survival, culminating in leprosy occurrence. Currently, the microarray-based genomic survey of gene polymorphisms, multiple gene expression analyses, and proteomic technologies, such as mass spectrometry and phage display applied in the discovery of antigens, represent a great potential for evaluating individual responses of leprosy patients and contacts to predict the outcome and progression of the disease. At present, none of the genes is good prognostic marker; however, in the near future we may use multiple targets to predict infection and leprosy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- National Reference Center of Sanitary Dermatology and Leprosy, Clínic's Hospital, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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Taneja V, Behrens M, Basal E, Sparks J, Griffiths MM, Luthra H, David CS. Delineating the role of the HLA-DR4 "shared epitope" in susceptibility versus resistance to develop arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:2869-77. [PMID: 18684978 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In humans, HLA-DR alleles sharing amino acids at the third hypervariable region with DRB1*0401(shared epitope) are associated with a predisposition to rheumatoid arthritis, whereas DRB1*0402 is not associated with such a predisposition. Both DRB1*0402 and DRB1*0401 occur in linkage with DQ8 (DQB1*0302). We have previously shown that transgenic (Tg) mice expressing HLA-DRB1*0401 develop collagen-induced arthritis. To delineate the role of "shared epitope" and gene complementation between DR and DQ in arthritis, we generated DRB1*0402, DRB1*0401.DQ8, and DRB1*0402.DQ8 Tg mice lacking endogenous class II molecules, AE(o). DRB1*0402 mice are resistant to develop arthritis. In double-Tg mice, the DRB1*0401 gene contributes to the development of collagen-induced arthritis, whereas DRB1*0402 prevents the disease. Humoral response to type II collagen is not defective in resistant mice, although cellular response to type II collagen is lower in *0402 mice compared with *0401 mice. *0402 mice have lower numbers of T cells in thymus compared with *0401 mice, suggesting that the protective effect could be due to deletion of autoreactive T cells. Additionally, DRB1*0402 mice have a higher number of regulatory T cells and show increased activation-induced cell death, which might contribute toward protection. In DRB1*0401.DQ8 mice, activated CD4(+) T cells express class II genes and can present DR4- and DQ8-restricted peptides in vitro, suggesting a role of class II(+) CD4 T cells locally in the joints. The data suggest that polymorphism in DRB1 genes determines predisposition to develop arthritis by shaping the T cell repertoire in thymus and activating autoreactive or regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Taneja
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Pacheco AG, Cardoso CC, Moraes MO. IFNG +874T/A, IL10 -1082G/A and TNF -308G/A polymorphisms in association with tuberculosis susceptibility: a meta-analysis study. Hum Genet 2008; 123:477-84. [PMID: 18414898 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0497-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to infectious diseases is influenced by genetic background and efficient cellular immune activation is responsible for protection. In tuberculosis (TB), interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) is crucial to control intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis while interleukin-10 (IL-10) has an antagonistic role. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central mediator of granuloma formation and control of bacilli spread synergizing with IFNgamma to hamper M. tuberculosis infection. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located at these genes could influence cytokine levels and regulate resistance and susceptibility to TB. The aim of this study was to determine the association of the interferon-gamma gene (IFNG) +874T/A, interleukin-10 gene (IL10) -1082G/A and tumor necrosis factor gene (TNF) -308G/A SNPs with TB in several populations using meta-analysis. We searched for association studies correlating these polymorphisms and TB using pre-established keywords in Medline. Meta-analysis was conducted with random effects models to account for heterogeneity between studies. Eleven studies were included in the IFNG +874T/A meta-analysis, while eight were used for the IL10 -1082G/A, and 10 were employed for TNF -308G/A. Data were analyzed in respect to associations between alleles, genotypes and minor allele carriers. Statistically significant results were found only for IFNG. The +874T allele of IFNG showed a protective significant association (OR = 0.75; 95% CI, 0.634-0.887; P = 0.0008). Though not significant, IL10 presented a trend towards protection when only studies with pulmonary TB patients were considered. This data reinforces the critical importance of IFNG +874T/A as a genetic marker for TB resistance and this information can be used for better design of a TB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Guilherme Pacheco
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos em Saúde (DEMQS), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública (ENSP)/PROCC-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Alter A, Alcaïs A, Abel L, Schurr E. Leprosy as a genetic model for susceptibility to common infectious diseases. Hum Genet 2008; 123:227-35. [PMID: 18247059 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-008-0474-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) is a human infectious disease that can be effectively treated with long-term administration of multi-drug therapy. In 2006, over 250,000 new cases were reported to the World Health Organization. In the nineteenth century, disagreement among leprologists regarding the hereditary or infectious nature of leprosy was resolved with the identification of the etiological agent, Mycobacterium leprae. However, epidemiological studies maintain the importance of host genetics in leprosy susceptibility. A model free genome-wide linkage scan in multi-case families from Vietnam led to the positional cloning of global genetic risk factors in the PARK2/PACRG and LTA genes. The process of identifying the susceptibility variants provided invaluable insight into the replication of genetic effects, particularly the importance of considering population-specific linkage-disequilibrium structure. As such, these studies serve to improve our understanding of leprosy pathogenesis by implicating novel biological pathways while simultaneously providing a genetic model for common infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Alter
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, H3G 1A4, QC, Canada
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Cardoso CC, Martinez AN, Guimarães PEM, Mendes CT, Pacheco AG, de Oliveira RB, Teles RMB, Illarramendi X, Sampaio EP, Sarno EN, Dias-Neto E, Moraes MO. Ninjurin 1 asp110ala single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with protection in leprosy nerve damage. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 190:131-8. [PMID: 17825431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Leprosy is the major cause of non-traumatic neuropathy. Herein, we investigated the role of ninjurin 1, an adhesion molecule involved in nerve regeneration in leprosy. Our results demonstrated that M. leprae stimulates in vitro up-regulation of ninjurin mRNA in cultured Schwann and blood cells as well as in vivo mRNA and protein expression in leprosy nerve biopsies. A polymorphism (asp110ala) was investigated in a case-control study (1123 individuals) and no association was found with leprosy per se or with disseminated forms. Nevertheless, ala110 was associated with functional nerve impairment (OR=2.42; p=0.02 for ala/ala) and with lower mRNA levels. Our data suggests that asp110ala could be a valuable genetic marker of nerve damage in leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Chester Cardoso
- Leprosy Laboratory, Mycobacterioses Department, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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