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Jansen JE, Aschenbrenner D, Uhlig HH, Coles MC, Gaffney EA. A method for the inference of cytokine interaction networks. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010112. [PMID: 35731827 PMCID: PMC9216621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is mediated by many soluble mediators, including over 40 cytokines. Cytokines, e.g. TNF, IL1β, IL5, IL6, IL12 and IL23, represent important therapeutic targets in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), psoriasis, asthma, rheumatoid and juvenile arthritis. The identification of cytokines that are causative drivers of, and not just associated with, inflammation is fundamental for selecting therapeutic targets that should be studied in clinical trials. As in vitro models of cytokine interactions provide a simplified framework to study complex in vivo interactions, and can easily be perturbed experimentally, they are key for identifying such targets. We present a method to extract a minimal, weighted cytokine interaction network, given in vitro data on the effects of the blockage of single cytokine receptors on the secretion rate of other cytokines. Existing biological network inference methods typically consider the correlation structure of the underlying dataset, but this can make them poorly suited for highly connected, non-linear cytokine interaction data. Our method uses ordinary differential equation systems to represent cytokine interactions, and efficiently computes the configuration with the lowest Akaike information criterion value for all possible network configurations. It enables us to study indirect cytokine interactions and quantify inhibition effects. The extracted network can also be used to predict the combined effects of inhibiting various cytokines simultaneously. The model equations can easily be adjusted to incorporate more complicated dynamics and accommodate temporal data. We validate our method using synthetic datasets and apply our method to an experimental dataset on the regulation of IL23, a cytokine with therapeutic relevance in psoriasis and IBD. We validate several model predictions against experimental data that were not used for model fitting. In summary, we present a novel method specifically designed to efficiently infer cytokine interaction networks from cytokine perturbation data in the context of IMIDs. Cytokines are the messenger molecules of the immune system, allowing intercellular communication and mediating effective immune responses. They are an important therapeutic target in immune mediated inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis. Cytokines interact in a tightly regulated network and depending on the context a particular cytokine can be involved in anti-inflammatory or inflammatory activities. In order to determine which cytokines to target in specific disease types and patient subsets, it is critical to study the effects of the inhibition of one or more cytokines on the larger cytokine interaction network. We present a novel method to extract a minimal, weighted network from cytokine interaction data. Existing biological network inference methods typically consider the correlation structure of the underlying dataset and/or make further assumptions of the dataset such as the existence of a small core of regulators. This can make them poorly suited for highly connected, non-linear cytokine interaction data. We validated our method using synthetic data and applied our method to a dataset on the regulation of IL23, a cytokine implicated in IBD pathogenesis. Predictions of the extracted IL23 network were validated using additional experimental data and were used to support the view of the cytokines IL1 and IL23 as promising targets for those patients that fail to respond to TNFα inhibition, the current golden standard in IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanneke E. Jansen
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Aschenbrenner
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Holm H. Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C. Coles
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eamonn A. Gaffney
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Freitas RAD, Lima VV, Bomfim GF, Giachini FRC. Interleukin-10 in the Vasculature: Pathophysiological Implications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2021; 20:230-243. [PMID: 34961448 DOI: 10.2174/1570161120666211227143459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an important immunomodulatory cytokine, initially characterized as an anti-inflammatory agent released by immune cells during infectious and inflammatory processes. IL-10 exhibits biological functions that extend to the regulation of different intracellular signaling pathways directly associated with vascular function. This cytokine plays a vital role in vascular tone regulation through the change of important proteins involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Numerous investigations covered here have shown that therapeutic strategies inducing IL-10 result in anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertrophic, antihyperplastic, anti-apoptotic and antihypertensive effects. This non-systematic review summarizes the modulating effects mediated by IL-10 in vascular tissue, particularly on vascular tone, and the intracellular pathway induced by this cytokine. We also highlight the advances in IL-10 manipulation as a therapeutic target in different cardiovascular pathophysiologies, including the physiological implications in animals and humans. Finally, the review illustrates current and potential future perspectives of the potential use of IL-10 in clinical trials, based on the clinical evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor Vitorino Lima
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças - Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda Regina Casagrande Giachini
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia - Brazil.
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças - Brazil
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3
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Roche PJR, Gytz H, Hussain F, Cameron CJF, Paquette D, Blanchette M, Dostie J, Nagar B, Akavia UD. Double-Stranded Biotinylated Donor Enhances Homology-Directed Repair in Combination with Cas9 Monoavidin in Mammalian Cells. CRISPR J 2018; 1:414-430. [PMID: 31021244 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2018.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Homology-directed repair (HDR) induced by site specific DNA double-strand breaks with CRISPR-Cas9 is a precision gene editing approach that occurs at low frequency in comparison to indel forming non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In order to obtain high HDR percentages in mammalian cells, we engineered a Cas9 protein fused to a monoavidin domain to bind biotinylated donor DNA. In addition, we used the cationic polymer, polyethylenimine, to deliver Cas9-donor DNA complexes into cells. Improved HDR percentages of up to 90% in three loci tested (CXCR4, EMX1, and TLR) in standard HEK293T cells were observed. Our results suggest that donor DNA biotinylation and Cas9-donor conjugation in addition to delivery influence HDR efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J R Roche
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Heidi Gytz
- 2 Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University , Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Faiz Hussain
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christopher J F Cameron
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,3 Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University , Montreal, Canada.,4 School of Computer Science and Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
| | - Denis Paquette
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mathieu Blanchette
- 4 School of Computer Science and Centre for Bioinformatics, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
| | - Josée Dostie
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,3 Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
| | - Bhushan Nagar
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,5 Groupe de Recherche Axé sur la Structure des Protéines, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
| | - Uri David Akavia
- 1 Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,3 Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University , Montreal, Canada
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4
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Trollet C, Scherman D, Bigey P. Delivery of DNA into muscle for treating systemic diseases: advantages and challenges. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 423:199-214. [PMID: 18370200 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-194-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and safe method to deliver DNA in vivo is a requirement for several purposes, such as the study of gene function and gene therapy applications. Among the different nonviral delivery methods currently under investigation, in vivo DNA electrotransfer has proven to be one of the most efficient and simple methods. This technique is a physical method of gene delivery consisting of a local application of electric pulses after injection of DNA. This technique can be applied to almost any tissue of a living animal, including tumors, skin, liver, kidney, artery, retina, cornea, or even brain, but the focus of this review will be on electrotransfer of plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle and its possible therapeutic uses for systemic diseases. Skeletal muscle is a good target for electrotransfer of DNA because of the following features: a large volume of easily accessible tissue, an endocrine organ capable of expressing several local and systemic factors, and muscle fibers as postmitotic cells have a long lifespan, which allows long-term gene expression. In this review, we will describe the main characteristics of DNA electrotransfer, including toxicity and safety issues related to this technique. We will focus on the important possible therapeutic applications of electrotransfer for systemic diseases demonstrated in animal models in the recent years, in the fields of monogenic diseases, tissue-specific diseases, metabolic disorders, immune-system-related diseases, and cancer. Finally, we will discuss the advantages and challenges of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Capucine Trollet
- Unité de Pharmacologie Chimique et Génétique, Faculté de Pharmacie, René Descartes Paris 5 University, Paris, France
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5
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Jazayeri JA, De Weerd N, Raye W, Velkov T, Santos L, Taylor D, Carroll GJ. Generation of mutant leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF)–IgG heavy chain fusion proteins as bivalent antagonists of LIF. J Immunol Methods 2007; 323:1-10. [PMID: 17408687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) mutants, designated MH35-BD and LIF05, have been shown to have a capacity to inhibit the biological activities of not only human LIF (hLIF) but also other interleukin-6 (IL-6) subfamily cytokines such as human oncostatin M (hOSM). These cytokines share the same receptor complex in which the glycoprotein 130 (gp130) subunit is a common constituent. However, at low concentrations and in their monomeric forms, such molecules have a relatively short plasma half-life due to rapid clearance from the kidneys. Here, to prolong their serum half-lives, we have used a multi-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to fuse each of the LIF05 and MH35-BD cDNA fragments to a sequence encoding the Fc portion, and the hinge region, of the human immunoglobulin G (hIgG) heavy chain. The linking was achieved through an oligomer encoding a thrombin-sensitive peptide linker thus generating MH35-BD:Fc and LIF05:Fc, respectively. Both Fc fusion constructs were expressed in insect cell Sf21 and the proteins were purified by two successive affinity chromatography steps using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni-NTA) agarose and protein A beads. The Ba/F3 cell-based proliferation assay was used to confirm that the proteins were biologically active. In addition, preliminary pharmacokinetics indicates that the Fc fusion constructs have a longer serum half-life compared to their non-fusion counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal A Jazayeri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Victorian College of Pharmacy, Monash University, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Abstract
Although viral myocarditis has been mostly attributed to enterovirus and adenovirus infection, the importance of hepatitis C virus has recently been noted. Clinical trials of antiviral agents, such as interferons, are in progress, while new therapies such as viral vaccines, recombinant virus and virus receptors, are in preclinical development. Whereas immunosuppression with corticosteroids or cyclosporin is ineffective, immunosuppressors that do not promote viral replication, such as FTY720, and immunomodulation by interleukin-10, are promising new approaches. Inhibition of nuclear factor-κB, angiotensin II and endothelin effectively suppresses inflammation in experimental viral myocarditis. Embryonic stem cell therapy has been demonstrated to be beneficial; however, this requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsumori
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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Mir LM, Moller PH, André F, Gehl J. Electric pulse-mediated gene delivery to various animal tissues. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2005; 54:83-114. [PMID: 16096009 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(05)54005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation designates the use of electric pulses to transiently permeabilize the cell membrane. It has been shown that DNA can be transferred to cells through a combined effect of electric pulses causing (1) permeabilization of the cell membrane and (2) an electrophoretic effect on DNA, leading the polyanionic molecule to move toward or across the destabilized membrane. This process is now referred to as DNA electrotransfer or electro gene transfer (EGT). Several studies have shown that EGT can be highly efficient, with low variability both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the area transfected is restricted by the placement of the electrodes, and is thus highly controllable. This has led to an increasing use of the technology to transfer reporter or therapeutic genes to various tissues, as evidenced from the large amount of data accumulated on this new approach for non-viral gene therapy, termed electrogenetherapy (EGT as well). By transfecting cells with a long lifetime, such as muscle fibers, a very long-term expression of genes can be obtained. A great variety of tissues have been transfected successfully, from muscle as the most extensively used, to both soft (e.g., spleen) and hard tissue (e.g., cartilage). It has been shown that therapeutic levels of systemically circulating proteins can be obtained, opening possibilities for using EGT therapeutically. This chapter describes the various aspects of in vivo gene delivery by means of electric pulses, from important issues in methodology to updated results concerning the electrotransfer of reporter and therapeutic genes to different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluis M Mir
- Laboratory of Vectorology and Gene Transfer, UMR 8121 CNRS Institut Gustave-Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif Cédex, France
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André F, Mir LM. DNA electrotransfer: its principles and an updated review of its therapeutic applications. Gene Ther 2004; 11 Suppl 1:S33-42. [PMID: 15454955 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The use of electric pulses to transfect all types of cells is well known and regularly used in vitro for bacteria and eukaryotic cells transformation. Electric pulses can also be delivered in vivo either transcutaneously or with electrodes in direct contact with the tissues. After injection of naked DNA in a tissue, appropriate local electric pulses can result in a very high expression of the transferred genes. This manuscript describes the evolution in the concepts and the various optimization steps that have led to the use of combinations of pulses that fit with the known roles of the electric pulses in DNA electrotransfer, namely cell electropermeabilization and DNA electrophoresis. A summary of the main applications published until now is also reported, restricted to the in vivo preclinical trials using therapeutic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F André
- Laboratory of Vectorology and Gene Transfer, UMR 8121 CNRS - Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif Cedex, France
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9
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Otani M, Yoshida M, Iwashita H, Kawano Y, Miyamae K, Inadome A, Nishi T, Ueda S. THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED Electroporation-mediated muscarinic M3 receptor gene transfer into rat urinary bladder. Int J Urol 2004; 11:1001-8. [PMID: 15509205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2004.00924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscarinic M3 (M3) receptor has been recognized as a major muscarinic receptor for smooth muscle contractions of the urinary bladder. Under the hypothesis that overexpression of M3 receptor in the urinary bladder would enhance urinary bladder contractions, we have transferred the M3 receptor gene into rat bladders using electroporation (EP) and evaluated the functional expression of the transferred gene. METHODS Plasmids expressing luciferase, a green fluorescence protein and M3 receptor were injected into the rat bladder and square-wave electric pulses were immediately applied. Two days after gene transfer, we analyzed gene expression. Immunohistochemical staining was performed and the contractile responses from isolated bladder strips, which were induced KCl, carbachol and electrical field stimulation (EFS), were evaluated. RESULTS The optimal conditions of electroporation were 8 pulses, 45 voltages, 50 milliseconds/pulses and 1 Hz. Under these conditions, luciferase gene expression was enhanced approximately 300-fold, compared to an injection of DNA only. Regarding immunohistochemistry with an anti-M3 receptor, an increase in immunoactivity was observed in the M3 receptor gene transferred rat bladder, compared to the bladder of the control rat. In rats with the transferred M3 receptor gene, carbachol- and EFS-induced maximum contractile responses of bladder smooth muscle strips significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that an in vivo EP procedure is an useful method for gene transfer into the bladder and that an overexpression of M3 receptor in the rat bladder enhances bladder contractility. This technique may become a new treatment modality for detrusor underactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Otani
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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Komamura K, Tatsumi R, Miyazaki JI, Matsumoto K, Yamato E, Nakamura T, Shimizu Y, Nakatani T, Kitamura S, Tomoike H, Kitakaze M, Kangawa K, Miyatake K. Treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy with electroporation of hepatocyte growth factor gene into skeletal muscle. Hypertension 2004; 44:365-71. [PMID: 15289469 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000139916.96375.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent angiogenic and antifibrotic factor. Cardioprotective effects of HGF for idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were examined in hamsters with electroporation of plasmid DNA into skeletal muscle. We used hamster skeletal muscle as a protein producer of HGF gene. A plasmid vector encoding HGF (HGF group, n=12) or empty plasmid (placebo group, n=12) was transferred with in vivo electroporation into tibialis anterior muscles of hamsters with inherited dilated cardiomyopathy (TO-2 strain). The HGF group had greater serum HGF levels (21.6+/-2.2 versus 0.11+/-0.07 ng/mL, P<0.05), higher left ventricular ejection fraction (47.9+/-9.4% versus 28.8+/-11.2%, P<0.05), and greater wall thickening (31.6+/-6.3% versus 19.7+/-6.1%, P<0.05) when compared with the placebo group. The HGF group had smaller areas of ventricular fibrosis (11.8+/-3.4% versus 17.1+/-3.5%, P<0.05) and lower hydroxyproline content (3.7+/-0.7 versus 5.1+/-0.9 micromol/g, P<0.05) than did the placebo group. The HGF group also had higher capillary density (1885+/-232 versus 1447+/-182 vessel/mm(2), P<0.05) and higher matrix metalloprotease-1 activity (13.1+/-3.5 versus 8.1+/-3.6 microg/collagen degraded per hour per gram tissue, P<0.05) than did the placebo group. Exogenous HGF might improve the deleterious changes in myocardial function and structure in the hamster with dilated cardiomyopathy. Systemic delivery of gene products with in vivo electroporation into skeletal muscle seemed to be an alternative means of direct gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Komamura
- Research Institute, National Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Abstract
Recently, inflammation has been shown to be an important aspect of cardiovascular diseases, and markers of inflammation predict risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Accumulating evidence shows that heart failure is an inflammatory disease, and anti-inflammatory therapy by various agents would be a promising future treatment for heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Matsumori
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawahara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan.
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Kameda S, Maruyama H, Higuchi N, Iino N, Nakamura G, Miyazaki J, Gejyo F. Kidney-targeted naked DNA transfer by retrograde injection into the renal vein in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 314:390-5. [PMID: 14733917 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently developed a novel kidney-targeted gene transfer technique in rats, using the retrograde renal vein injection of naked plasmid DNA. Many animal disease models are created in mice by transgenic or knockout technologies. However, it is much harder to perform renal vein injection in mice than in rats because they have a thin and short vein. Here we transferred the mouse interleukin (IL)-10 gene into mice by retrograde renal vein injection, using an IL-10 and immunoglobulin fusion protein (IL-10/Fc) (96-kDa) expression plasmid, pCAGGS-IL10/Fc. We observed a dose-response relationship between serum IL-10 levels and the amount of injected DNA. The serum IL-10 levels peaked at day 1 and then were sustained for at least 2 weeks. These results demonstrate that the kidney-targeted naked plasmid DNA transfer of mice by retrograde renal vein injection can be achieved, and the kidney serves as a depot organ for the production of large proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kameda
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi-dori, 951-8120 Niigata, Japan
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Abstract
Gastric cancer is common in China, and its early diagnosis and treatment are difficult. In recent years great progress has been achieved in gene therapy, and a wide array of gene therapy systems for gastric cancer has been investigated. The present article deals with the general principles of gene therapy and then focuses on how these principles may be applied to gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotan Yan, Chongqing 400038, China.
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15
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Nagaoka M, Akaike T. Single amino acid substitution in the mouse IgG1 Fc region induces drastic enhancement of the affinity to protein A. Protein Eng Des Sel 2003; 16:243-5. [PMID: 12736366 DOI: 10.1093/proeng/gzg037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purification of monoclonal antibody sometimes requires a lot of time and involves complicated steps because of the poorer ability of mouse IgG to interact with protein A, or also with protein G, than IgGs from other species such as those of human and rabbit. To resolve this problem, we exchanged one or two amino acid residues of mouse IgG Fc region with that of human IgG. Three mutants (T252M, T254S and T252M-T254S) showed significant improvement in the affinity to protein A. The exchange of the threonine 252 residue to methionine (T252M) was most efficient. This result suggests that a direct and simple modification allows the efficient purification of monoclonal antibody and of fusion protein containing mouse IgG Fc region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Nagaoka
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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Deleuze V, Scherman D, Bureau MF. Interleukin-10 expression after intramuscular DNA electrotransfer: kinetic studies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 299:29-34. [PMID: 12435385 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Transfected muscle can be used as a secreting tissue for therapeutic proteins. Skeletal muscle transfection is increased by suitable electric pulse application (electrotransfer). We and others had shown that electrotransfer of interleukin-10 encoding plasmid is an effective strategy in animal models of chronic diseases such as myocarditis, atherosclerosis, or rheumatoid arthritis. In the present work, we have studied murine interleukin-10 production and secretion after i.m. electrotransfer. In immunocompetent mice, serum and muscle mIL-10 levels were enhanced by electrotransfer. Serum mIL-10 concentration reached rapidly a peak level 2 days after electrotransfer. It then decreased to background at day 14. Muscle mIL-10 mRNA and protein remained more stable, being detectable up to 84 days after electrotransfer. A boost reinjection led to similar high level of circulating mIL-10. The fast decrease of serum mIL-10 was not observed in SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Deleuze
- UMR 7001 CNRS/ENSCP/Gencell S.A., Centre de Recherche de Vitry-Alforville, 13 quai Jules Guesde, BP 14, 94403, Vitry-sur-Seine Cedex, France
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Abstract
In vivo electrotransfer is a physical technique for gene delivery in various mammalian tissues, which involves the injection of plasmid DNA into a target tissue and administration of an electric field. Its ease of performance, as well as recent understanding of its mechanism and applications to different mammalian tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver, brain and tumors, makes it a powerful technique. It could be used in gene therapy and as a laboratory tool to study gene functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bigey
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique et de Biotechnologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7001 ENSCP/CNRS/Aventis, CRVA-Aventis, Batiment Monod, Laboratory 3C05, 13 quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine cedex, France
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18
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Abstract
The use of electric pulses to transfect cells has recently been extended to show the utility of this procedure in vivo. Electrotransfer has been performed in vivo on several tissue types including skin, blood vessels, liver, tumor, muscle, cornea, brain and spleen. The most widely targeted tissue has been skeletal muscle. In addition to its potential use in gene therapy, in vivo DNA electrotransfer is also, because of its simplicity, a powerful laboratory tool to study in vivo gene expression and function in a given tissue. Many published studies have now shown that plasmid electrotransfer can lead to a long-lasting therapeutic effect in various pathologies, such as cancer, blood disease, or muscle ischemia. The future potential for this gene therapy approach will include delivery for both local action or distal effect by secretion of the transgenic proteins in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scherman
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bioorganique, UMR 7001 ENSCP/CNRS/Gencell SA, CRVA-Aventis, Batiment Monod. 13 quai Jules Guesde, 94403 Vitry-sur-Seine cedex, France.
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