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Hays A, Wissel M, Colletti K, Soon R, Azadeh M, Smith J, Doddareddy R, Chalfant M, Adamowicz W, Ramaswamy SS, Dholakiya SL, Guelman S, Gullick B, Durham J, Rennier K, Nagilla P, Muruganandham A, Diaz M, Tierney C, John K, Valentine J, Lockman T, Liu HY, Moritz B, Ouedraogo JP, Piche MS, Smet M, Murphy J, Koenig K, Zybura A, Vyhlidal C, Mercier J, Jani N, Kubista M, Birch D, Morse K, Johansson O. Recommendations for Method Development and Validation of qPCR and dPCR Assays in Support of Cell and Gene Therapy Drug Development. AAPS J 2024; 26:24. [PMID: 38316745 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The emerging use of qPCR and dPCR in regulated bioanalysis and absence of regulatory guidance on assay validations for these platforms has resulted in discussions on lack of harmonization on assay design and appropriate acceptance criteria for these assays. Both qPCR and dPCR are extensively used to answer bioanalytical questions for novel modalities such as cell and gene therapies. Following cross-industry conversations on the lack of information and guidelines for these assays, an American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists working group was formed to address these gaps by bringing together 37 industry experts from 24 organizations to discuss best practices to gain a better understanding in the industry and facilitate filings to health authorities. Herein, this team provides considerations on assay design, development, and validation testing for PCR assays that are used in cell and gene therapies including (1) biodistribution; (2) transgene expression; (3) viral shedding; (4) and persistence or cellular kinetics of cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Hays
- BioAgilytix Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Mark Wissel
- Eurofins Viracor BioPharma Services, Inc., Lenexa, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Russell Soon
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California, USA
| | - Mitra Azadeh
- Ultragenyx Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, Calfornia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Wendy Adamowicz
- PPD Clinical Research, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Bryan Gullick
- BioAgilytix Laboratories, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Pruthvi Nagilla
- Asher Biotherapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Manisha Diaz
- Eurofins Viracor BioPharma Services, Inc., Lenexa, Kansas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Timothy Lockman
- PPD Clinical Research, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Hsing-Yin Liu
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacqueline Murphy
- Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kaylyn Koenig
- Altasciences Preclinical Seattle LLC, Everett, Washington, USA
| | - Agnes Zybura
- Labcorp Drug Development, Greenfield, Indiana, USA
| | - Carrie Vyhlidal
- KCAS Bioanalytical and Biomarker Services, Shawnee, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Niketa Jani
- BioAgilytix Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mikael Kubista
- Institute of Biotechnology Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Donald Birch
- Altasciences Preclinical Seattle LLC, Everett, Washington, USA
| | - Karlin Morse
- Altasciences Preclinical Seattle LLC, Everett, Washington, USA
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Khalaf AT, Wan J, Wei H, Fubing S, Zainol J, Kadir SYA, Liang M. Vector-Mediated Cancer Gene Therapy Reduces Toxicity and Inhibition of Lung Carcinoma Growth in Nude Mice. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 196:261-274. [PMID: 37119504 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04463-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus (TOA2) gene therapy is a recently introduced anti-tumor treatment regimen with superior results. The biodistribution studies of virus vector-based medicine seem more cautious and have been given much attention recently in terms of its quality and safety in preclinical trials. The current study determined the biodistribution and safety of a replication-competent adenovirus in different organs to predict its toxicity threshold. The present study has used TOA2, while biodistribution analysis was performed in human lung carcinoma A549-induced tumor-bearing nude mice model. Intratumoral injection was applied onto tumor-bearing mice with the adenovirus (3×1010 VP per mouse). Mice were sacrificed at the end of the experiment and the organs were dissected. Biodistribution analysis was done with complete hexon gene detection in each organ using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The biodistribution and concentration profiles showed that the TOA2 is well distributed in the entire tumor tissue. After dose 3 at day 11, the concentration of the virus has increased in the tumor tissue from 2240.54 (± 01.69) copies/100 ng genome to 13,120.28 (± 88.21) copies/100 ng genome on the 18th day, which eventually approached 336.45 (± 23.41) copies/100ng genome on the day 36. On the contrary, the concentration of the same decreased in the order of the liver, kidney, spleen, lung, and heart over time but no distributional traces in gonads. But the concentration found decreased dramatically in blood and other organs, while at the end of the experiment no detectable distribution was seen besides tumor tissue. The study confirms that adenovirus-based tumor therapy using conditionally replicating competent oncolytic TOA2 exhibited great efficiency with no toxicity at all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Taha Khalaf
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Affiliated Hospital & Clinical Medical College of Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610081, China
- Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Information Processing, Institutions of Higher Education of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University, Sichuan, 610106, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Wei
- Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei province, China
| | - Shen Fubing
- Basic Medical College, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, Sichuan Province, China
| | | | | | - Min Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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3
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Characteristics of Extracellular Vesicles and Preclinical Testing Considerations Prior to Clinical Applications. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040869. [PMID: 35453619 PMCID: PMC9030546 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy products have significant limitations, such as storage instability, difficulties with transportation, and toxicity issues such as tumorigenicity and immunogenicity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from cells show potential for therapeutic agent development. EVs have not been widely examined as investigational drugs, and non-clinical studies for the clinical approval of EV therapeutic agents are challenging. EVs contain various materials, such as DNA, cellular RNA, cytokines, chemokines, and microRNAs, but do not proliferate or divide like cells, thus avoiding safety concerns related to tumorigenicity. However, the constituents of EVs may induce the proliferation of normal cells; therefore, the suitability of vesicles should be verified through non-clinical safety evaluations. In this review, the findings of non-clinical studies on EVs are summarized. We describe non-clinical toxicity studies of EVs, which should be useful for researchers who aim to develop these vesicles into therapeutic agents. A new method for evaluating the immunotoxicity and tumorigenicity of EVs should also be developed.
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Palanki R, Peranteau WH, Mitchell MJ. Delivery technologies for in utero gene therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 169:51-62. [PMID: 33181188 PMCID: PMC7855052 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Advances in prenatal imaging, molecular diagnostic tools, and genetic screening have unlocked the possibility to treat congenital diseases in utero prior to the onset of clinical symptoms. While fetal surgery and in utero stem cell transplantation can be harnessed to treat specific structural birth defects and congenital hematological disorders, respectively, in utero gene therapy allows for phenotype correction of a wide range of genetic disorders within the womb. However, key challenges to realizing the broad potential of in utero gene therapy are biocompatibility and efficiency of intracellular delivery of transgenes. In this review, we outline the unique considerations to delivery of in utero gene therapy components and highlight advances in viral and non-viral delivery platforms that meet these challenges. We also discuss specialized delivery technologies for in utero gene editing and provide future directions to engineer novel delivery modalities for clinical translation of this promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Palanki
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - William H Peranteau
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; The Center for Fetal Research, Division of General, Thoracic and Fetal Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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5
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Irvine DJ, Aung A, Silva M. Controlling timing and location in vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 158:91-115. [PMID: 32598970 PMCID: PMC7318960 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most powerful technologies supporting public health. The adaptive immune response induced by immunization arises following appropriate activation and differentiation of T and B cells in lymph nodes. Among many parameters impacting the resulting immune response, the presence of antigen and inflammatory cues for an appropriate temporal duration within the lymph nodes, and further within appropriate subcompartments of the lymph nodes– the right timing and location– play a critical role in shaping cellular and humoral immunity. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of how vaccine kinetics and biodistribution impact adaptive immunity, and the underlying immunological mechanisms that govern these responses. We discuss emerging approaches to engineer these properties for future vaccines, with a focus on subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Aereas Aung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Asher DR, Thapa K, Dharia SD, Khan N, Potter RA, Rodino-Klapac LR, Mendell JR. Clinical development on the frontier: gene therapy for duchenne muscular dystrophy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:263-274. [PMID: 32031420 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1725469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The development of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors as safe vehicles for in vivo delivery of therapeutic genes has been a major milestone in the advancement of gene therapy, enabling a promising strategy for ameliorating a wide range of diseases, including Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).Areas covered: Based on experience with the development of a gene transfer therapy agent for DMD, we discuss ways in which gene therapy for rare disease challenges traditional clinical development paradigms, and recommend a step-wise approach for design and evaluation to support broader applicability of gene therapy.Expert opinion: The gene therapy development approach should intentionally design the therapeutic construct and the clinical study to systematically evaluate agent delivery, safety, and efficacy. Rigorous preclinical work is essential for establishing an effective gene delivery platform and determining the efficacious dose. Clinical studies should thoroughly evaluate transduction, on-target transgene expression at the tissue and cellular level, and functional efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon R Asher
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Sachi D Dharia
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Navid Khan
- Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Jerry R Mendell
- Center for Gene Therapy, The Abigail Wexner, Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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7
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Farraha M, Barry MA, Lu J, Pouliopoulos J, Le TYL, Igoor S, Rao R, Kok C, Chong J, Kizana E. Analysis of recombinant adeno-associated viral vector shedding in sheep following intracoronary delivery. Gene Ther 2019; 26:399-406. [PMID: 31467408 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-019-0097-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Differences between mouse and human hearts pose a significant limitation to the value of small animal models when predicting vector behavior following recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector-mediated cardiac gene therapy. Hence, sheep have been adopted as a preclinical animal, as they better model the anatomy and cardiac physiological processes of humans. There is, however, no comprehensive data on the shedding profile of rAAV in sheep following intracoronary delivery, so as to understand biosafety risks in future preclinical and clinical applications. In this study, sheep received intracoronary delivery of rAAV serotypes 2/6 (2 × 1012 vg), 2/8, and 2/9 (1 × 1013 vg) at doses previously administered in preclinical and clinical trials. This was followed by assessment over 96 h to examine vector shedding in urine, feces, nasal mucus, and saliva samples. Vector genomes were detected via real-time quantitative PCR in urine and feces up to 48 and 72 h post vector delivery, respectively. Of these results, functional vector particles were only detected via a highly sensitive infectious replication assay in feces samples up to 48 h following vector delivery. We conclude that rAAV-mediated gene transfer into sheep hearts results in low-grade shedding of non-functional vector particles for all excreta samples, except in the case of feces, where functional vector particles are present up to 48 h following vector delivery. These results may be used to inform containment and decontamination guidelines for large animal dealings, and to understand the biosafety risks associated with future preclinical and clinical uses of rAAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melad Farraha
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Heart Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael A Barry
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Juntang Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jim Pouliopoulos
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thi Y L Le
- Center for Heart Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sindhu Igoor
- Center for Heart Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Renuka Rao
- Center for Heart Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cindy Kok
- Center for Heart Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Chong
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Center for Heart Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eddy Kizana
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Center for Heart Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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8
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Furuta-Hanawa B, Yamaguchi T, Uchida E. Two-Dimensional Droplet Digital PCR as a Tool for Titration and Integrity Evaluation of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2019; 30:127-136. [PMID: 31140327 PMCID: PMC6707039 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2019.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors have recently been widely utilized for in in vivo gene therapy. The clinical dose definition of AAV vector requires the exact quantification as starting doses and for dose-escalation studies. Vector genome (vg) copies measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR) are commonly used for rAAV vector titration, and rAAV vector plasmids DNA is often used for qPCR standards, although the rAAV reference standard materials (RSMs) for serotypes 2 and 8 (rAAV2RSM and rAAV8RSM) are available from American Type Culture Collection. However, qPCR-based determination of the AAV vg is affected by the selection of the qPCR standard and the amplification target sites. In this study, we have developed a new PCR method, two-dimensional droplet digital PCR (2D ddPCR), for the absolute quantitation of target DNA and for evaluating the stability of the rAAV vector. The number of vg copies of rAAV2RSM determined by qPCR dramatically changed when standard plasmid DNAs with different conformations were treated with restriction enzymes, suggesting that qPCR amplification is significantly affected by the secondary structure of the standard. In contrast, the number of vg copies determined by ddPCR was unaffected by using primer probes for different positions of target sites or by the secondary structure conformation of the vg. Furthermore, the integrity of the AAV vg can be monitored using 2D ddPCR with fluorescein- and hexachloro-6-carboxy-fluorescine–labeled probes targeting different positions in the same rAAV genome. The titer of intact rAAV was highly correlated with rAAV activity in an accelerated (37°C) stability study. 2D ddPCR is a useful tool for rAAV vector quantitation and quality evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birei Furuta-Hanawa
- 1Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Teruhide Yamaguchi
- 2Nihon Pharmaceutical University, Saitama, Japan.,3Institute of Advanced Medical and Engineering Technology for Aging, Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Eriko Uchida
- 1Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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9
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Garaulet G, Lazcano JJ, Alarcón H, de Frutos S, Martínez-Torrecuadrada JL, Rodríguez A. Display of the Albumin-Binding Domain in the Envelope Improves Lentiviral Vector Bioavailability. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2018; 28:340-351. [PMID: 29160106 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2017.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein (VSVg) is extensively used for retroviral and lentiviral vector (LV) pseudotyping. However, VSVg pseudotyped vectors are serum inactivated, blocking the in vivo gene delivery. Several strategies have been employed to prevent complement inactivation, including chemical and genetic envelope modifications. This study employed the streptococcal albumin-binding domain (ABD) to generate a construct to express ABD as a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein. LV particles bearing ABD are able to bind bovine and human serum albumin in vitro. Neither the lentiviral vector production titer nor the in vitro transduction was affected by the ABD display. The study demonstrated that ABD-bearing LVs are protected from human complement inactivation. More importantly, intravenous administration demonstrated that the presence of ABD significantly reduces lentivector sequestration in liver and bone-marrow cells. Therefore, the use of ABD represents an improvement for in vivo gene therapy applications. The results strongly point to ABD display as a universal strategy to increase the in vivo efficacy of different viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Garaulet
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid, E-28049 Spain
| | - Juan José Lazcano
- 2 Signaling and Inflammation Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC) , Madrid, E-28029 Spain
| | - Hernán Alarcón
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid, E-28049 Spain
| | - Sergio de Frutos
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid, E-28049 Spain
| | | | - Antonio Rodríguez
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid, E-28049 Spain
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10
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Wooley DP, Vasanth S. Duplex Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detection of Adenoviral and Lentiviral Vectors. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1535676017714221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Reyes B, Coca MI, Codinach M, López-Lucas MD, Del Mazo-Barbara A, Caminal M, Oliver-Vila I, Cabañas V, Lope-Piedrafita S, García-López J, Moraleda JM, Fontecha CG, Vives J. Assessment of biodistribution using mesenchymal stromal cells: Algorithm for study design and challenges in detection methodologies. Cytotherapy 2017; 19:1060-1069. [PMID: 28734679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Biodistribution of candidate cell-based therapeutics is a critical safety concern that must be addressed in the preclinical development program. We aimed to design a decision tree based on a series of studies included in actual dossiers approved by competent regulatory authorities, noting that the design, execution and interpretation of pharmacokinetics studies using this type of therapy is not straightforward and presents a challenge for both developers and regulators. METHODS Eight studies were evaluated for the definition of a decision tree, in which mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were administered to mouse, rat and sheep models using diverse routes (local or systemic), cell labeling (chemical or genetic) and detection methodologies (polymerase chain reaction [PCR], immunohistochemistry [IHC], fluorescence bioimaging, and magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]). Moreover, labeling and detection methodologies were compared in terms of cost, throughput, speed, sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS A decision tree was defined based on the model chosen: (i) small immunodeficient animals receiving heterologous MSC products for assessing biodistribution and other safety aspects and (ii) large animals receiving homologous labeled products; this contributed to gathering data not only on biodistribution but also on pharmacodynamics. PCR emerged as the most convenient technique despite the loss of spatial information on cell distribution that can be further assessed by IHC. DISCUSSION This work contributes to the standardization in the design of biodistribution studies by improving methods for accurate assessment of safety. The evaluation of different animal models and screening of target organs through a combination of techniques is a cost-effective and timely strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Reyes
- Servei de Teràpia Cellular, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Coca
- Servei de Teràpia Cellular, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - María Dolores López-Lucas
- Unidad de Terapia Celular y Trasplante Hematopoyético, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Marta Caminal
- Servei de Teràpia Cellular, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Oliver-Vila
- Servei de Teràpia Cellular, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valentín Cabañas
- Unidad de Terapia Celular y Trasplante Hematopoyético, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Lope-Piedrafita
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Joan García-López
- Servei de Teràpia Cellular, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain; Chair of Transfusion Medicine and Cellular and Tissue Therapies, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - José M Moraleda
- Unidad de Terapia Celular y Trasplante Hematopoyético, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
| | - Cesar G Fontecha
- Reconstructive Surgery of the Locomotor System, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Vives
- Servei de Teràpia Cellular, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Tissue Engineering Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Asad AS, Moreno Ayala MA, Gottardo MF, Zuccato C, Nicola Candia AJ, Zanetti FA, Seilicovich A, Candolfi M. Viral gene therapy for breast cancer: progress and challenges. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 17:945-959. [DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2017.1338684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonela S. Asad
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela A. Moreno Ayala
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M. Florencia Gottardo
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Camila Zuccato
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Javier Nicola Candia
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia A. Zanetti
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología César Milstein (ICT Milstein), Unidad Ejecutora del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Fundación Pablo Cassará, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adriana Seilicovich
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED-CONICET/UBA), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Salmon F, Grosios K, Petry H. Safety profile of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors: focus on alipogene tiparvovec (Glybera®). Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2013; 7:53-65. [PMID: 24308784 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2014.852065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There has been great interest over the past two decades in developing gene therapies (GTs) to treat a variety of diseases; however, translating research findings into clinical treatments have proved to be a challenge. A major milestone in the development of GT has been achieved with the approval of alipogene tiparvovec (Glybera(®)) in Europe for the treatment of familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency. At this important stage with the evolution of GT into the clinic, this review will examine the safety aspects GT with adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. The topics that will be covered include acute reactions, immunological reactions to the AAV capsid and expressed transgene, viral biodistribution and shedding, DNA integration and carcinogenicity. These safety aspects of GT will be discussed with a focus on alipogene tiparvovec, in addition to other AAV vector GT products currently in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Salmon
- uniQure, Meibergdreef 61, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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PCR-based detection of gene transfer vectors: application to gene doping surveillance. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9641-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Puntel M, A K M GM, Farrokhi C, Vanderveen N, Paran C, Appelhans A, Kroeger KM, Salem A, Lacayo L, Pechnick RN, Kelson KR, Kaur S, Kennedy S, Palmer D, Ng P, Liu C, Krasinkiewicz J, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Safety profile, efficacy, and biodistribution of a bicistronic high-capacity adenovirus vector encoding a combined immunostimulation and cytotoxic gene therapy as a prelude to a phase I clinical trial for glioblastoma. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 268:318-30. [PMID: 23403069 PMCID: PMC3641940 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors (Ads) are promising gene delivery vehicles due to their high transduction efficiency; however, their clinical usefulness has been hampered by their immunogenicity and the presence of anti-Ad immunity in humans. We reported the efficacy of a gene therapy approach for glioma consisting of intratumoral injection of Ads encoding conditionally cytotoxic herpes simplex type 1 thymidine kinase (Ad-TK) and the immunostimulatory cytokine fms-like tyrosine kinase ligand 3 (Ad-Flt3L). Herein, we report the biodistribution, efficacy, and neurological and systemic effects of a bicistronic high-capacity Ad, i.e., HC-Ad-TK/TetOn-Flt3L. HC-Ads elicit sustained transgene expression, even in the presence of anti-Ad immunity, and can encode large therapeutic cassettes, including regulatory elements to enable turning gene expression "on" or "off" according to clinical need. The inclusion of two therapeutic transgenes within a single vector enables a reduction of the total vector load without adversely impacting efficacy. Because clinically the vectors will be delivered into the surgical cavity, normal regions of the brain parenchyma are likely to be transduced. Thus, we assessed any potential toxicities elicited by escalating doses of HC-Ad-TK/TetOn-Flt3L (1×10(8), 1×10(9), or 1×10(10) viral particles [vp]) delivered into the rat brain parenchyma. We assessed neuropathology, biodistribution, transgene expression, systemic toxicity, and behavioral impact at acute and chronic time points. The results indicate that doses up to 1×10(9) vp of HC-Ad-TK/TetOn-Flt3L can be safely delivered into the normal rat brain and underpin further developments for its implementation in a phase I clinical trial for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Puntel
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Michigan School of Medicine, MSRB II, RM 4570C, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5689, USA
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16
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Tuppurainen L, Sallinen H, Kokki E, Koponen J, Anttila M, Pulkkinen K, Heikura T, Toivanen P, Hämäläinen K, Kosma VM, Heinonen S, Alitalo K, Ylä-Herttuala S. Preclinical safety, toxicology, and biodistribution study of adenoviral gene therapy with sVEGFR-2 and sVEGFR-3 combined with chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2013; 24:29-37. [PMID: 23692381 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2013.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Antiangiogenic and antilymphangiogenic gene therapy with soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and soluble VEGFR-3 in combination with chemotherapy is a potential new treatment for ovarian carcinoma. We evaluated the safety, toxicology, and biodistribution of intravenous AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3 combined with chemotherapy in healthy rats (n=90) before entering a clinical setting. The study groups were: AdLacZ and AdLacZ with chemotherapy as control groups, low dose AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3, high dose AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3, combination of low dose AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3 with chemotherapy, combination of high dose AdsVEGFR-2 and AdVEGFR-3 with chemotherapy, and chemotherapy only. The follow-up time was 4 weeks. Safety and toxicology were assessed by monitoring the clinical status of the animals and by histological, hematological, and clinical chemistry parameters. For the biodistribution studies, quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used. Low dose (2×10(10) vp) AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3 gene therapy was well tolerated, even when gene therapy was combined with chemotherapy. Notably, only transient elevation of liver enzymes and mild regenerative changes were seen in liver after the gene transfer in the groups that received high doses (2×10(11) vp) of AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3 with or without chemotherapy. No life-threatening adverse effects were noticed in any of the treatment groups. The highest protein concentration of soluble VEGFR-2 (sVEGFR-2) in circulation was seen 1 week after the gene transfer. The combination of chemotherapy to gene therapy seemed to prolong the time of detectable transgene protein at least 1 week in the circulation. The expression of AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3 transgenes was mainly seen in the liver and spleen as detected by qRT-PCR. According to these results, AdsVEGFR-2 and AdsVEGFR-3 gene therapy combined with chemotherapy is safe and can be brought to clinical testing in ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tuppurainen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, FIN-70211, Finland
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17
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Sun K, Li X, Jiang J, Cheng A, Wang M, Zhu D, Jia R, Chen S, Zhou Y, Chen X, Wang X. Distribution characteristics of DNA vaccine encoded with glycoprotein C from Anatid herpesvirus 1 with chitosan and liposome as deliver carrier in ducks. Virol J 2013; 10:89. [PMID: 23497107 PMCID: PMC3616852 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A eukaryotic expression plasmid encoding glycoprotein C (gC) of Anatid herpesvirus 1 (AnHV-1) (pcDNA3.1-gC) was constructed and validated. The tissue distribution of chitosan/DNA complexes, liposome/DNA complexes and pcDNA3.1-gC alone were evaluated using a quantitative real-time PCR based TaqMan™ probe following intramuscular administration in ducklings. Results Compared with pcDNA3.1-gC alone, liposomes universally increased the plasmid DNA copy number at the injection sites, liver, spleen, heart, brain, bursa of Fabricius, and especially in the enteron (esophagus, duodenum, rectum, and cecum). Chitosan also universally increased the plasmid DNA copy number at the injection sites, liver, spleen, heart, brain and esophagus. Compared with lipoplex-gC, higher chitosan-gC plasmid DNA copy numbers were detected at the injection sites, liver, spleen, heart, brain and esophagus. In contrast, compared with lipoplex-gC, lower copy numbers of chitosan-gC plasmid DNA were detected in the duodenum, rectum and cecum. Conclusions The results of this study demonstrated that chitosan and liposomes mediated rapid and extensive plasmid distribution in duck tissues, with low levels maintained from 1 d after DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunfeng Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan, 611130, China
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18
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MacLachlan TK, McIntyre M, Mitrophanous K, Miskin J, Jolly DJ, Cavagnaro JA. Not Reinventing the Wheel: Applying the 3Rs Concepts to Viral Vector Gene Therapy Biodistribution Studies. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2013; 24:1-4. [DOI: 10.1089/humc.2013.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy K. MacLachlan
- Department of Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | | | - James Miskin
- Department of Virology, Oxford Biomedica, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
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19
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Ni W, Le Guiner C, Moullier P, Snyder RO. Development and utility of an internal threshold control (ITC) real-time PCR assay for exogenous DNA detection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36461. [PMID: 22570718 PMCID: PMC3343023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive and specific tests for detecting exogenous DNA molecules are useful for infectious disease diagnosis, gene therapy clinical trial safety, and gene doping surveillance. Taqman real-time PCR using specific sequence probes provides an effective approach to accurately and quantitatively detect exogenous DNA. However, one of the major challenges in these analyses is to eliminate false positive signals caused by either non-targeted exogenous or endogenous DNA sequences, or false negative signals caused by impurities that inhibit PCR. Although multiplex Taqman PCR assays have been applied to address these problems by adding extra primer-probe sets targeted to endogenous DNA sequences, the differences between targets can lead to different detection efficiencies. To avoid these complications, a Taqman PCR-based approach that incorporates an internal threshold control (ITC) has been developed. In this single reaction format, the target sequence and ITC template are co-amplified by the same primers, but are detected by different probes each with a unique fluorescent dye. Sample DNA, a prescribed number of ITC template molecules set near the limit of sensitivity, a single pair of primers, target probe and ITC probe are added to one reaction. Fluorescence emission signals are obtained simultaneously to determine the cycle thresholds (Ct) for amplification of the target and ITC sequences. The comparison of the target Ct with the ITC Ct indicates if a sample is a true positive for the target (i.e. Ct less than or equal to the ITC Ct) or negative (i.e. Ct greater than the ITC Ct). The utility of this approach was demonstrated in a nonhuman primate model of rAAV vector mediated gene doping in vivo and in human genomic DNA spiked with plasmid DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Ni
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Philippe Moullier
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Laboratoire de Thérapie Génique, INSERM UMR1089, IRT UN, Nantes, France
| | - Richard O. Snyder
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Laboratoire de Thérapie Génique, INSERM UMR1089, IRT UN, Nantes, France
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Health Biotechnology, University of Florida, Alachua, Florida, United States of America
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20
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Jang JH, Schaffer DV, Shea LD. Engineering biomaterial systems to enhance viral vector gene delivery. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1407-15. [PMID: 21629221 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating viral gene delivery with engineered biomaterials is a promising strategy to overcome a number of challenges associated with virus-mediated gene delivery, including inefficient delivery to specific cell types, limited tropism, spread of vectors to distant sites, and immune responses. Viral vectors can be combined with biomaterials either through encapsulation within the material or immobilization onto a material surface. Subsequent biomaterial-based delivery can increase the vector's residence time within the target site, thereby potentially providing localized delivery, enhancing transduction, and extending the duration of gene expression. Alternatively, physical or chemical modification of viral vectors with biomaterials can be employed to modulate the tropism of viruses or reduce inflammatory and immune responses, both of which may benefit transduction. This review describes strategies to promote viral gene delivery technologies using biomaterials, potentially providing opportunities for numerous applications of gene therapy to inherited or acquired disorders, infectious disease, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyung Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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21
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Longevity of rAAV vector and plasmid DNA in blood after intramuscular injection in nonhuman primates: implications for gene doping. Gene Ther 2011; 18:709-18. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Luke CJ, Subbarao K. The Role of Animal Models In Influenza Vaccine Research. INFLUENZA VACCINES FOR THE FUTURE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7123018 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0346-0279-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge for research on influenza vaccines is the selection of an appropriate animal model that accurately reflects the disease and the protective immune response to influenza infection in humans. Vaccines for seasonal influenza have been available for decades and there is a wealth of data available on the immune response to these vaccines in humans, with well-established correlates of protection for inactivated influenza virus vaccines. Many of the seminal studies on vaccines for epidemic influenza have been conducted in human subjects. Studies in humans are performed less frequently now than they were in the past. Therefore, as the quest for improved influenza vaccines continues, it is important to consider the use of animal models for the evaluation of influenza vaccines, and a major challenge is the selection of an appropriate animal model that accurately reflects the disease and the protective immune response to influenza infection in humans. The emergence of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza (AI) viruses and the threat of a pandemic caused by AI viruses of this or another subtype has resulted in a resurgence of interest in influenza vaccine research. The development of vaccines for pandemic influenza presents a unique set of obstacles, not the least of which is that the demonstration of efficacy in humans is not possible. As the correlates of protection from pandemic influenza are not known, we rely on extrapolation of the lessons from seasonal influenza vaccines and on data from the evaluation of pandemic influenza vaccines in animal models to guide our decisions on vaccines for use in humans. The features and contributions of commonly used animal models for influenza vaccine research are discussed. The recent emergence of the pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus underscores the unpredictable nature of influenza viruses and the importance of pandemic preparedness.
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23
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Abstract
Determining the AAV vector biodistribution and shedding is central for the safety assessment of proposed early-phase clinical trials. It is especially crucial in the case of AAV vectors since they are injected directly in situ with no possibility of an intermediate ex vivo step, such as in retroviral-mediated approaches. This sole administration mode, the high capsid diversity (natural and chimeric), the various routes of delivery (e.g., intramuscular, intravenous, intra-arterial, and intracranial) make biodistribution and shedding studies a major investigational field for several years ahead. Indeed, the ideal scenario whereby they become generic is less likely to occur as long as the engineered capsid, the therapeutic strategies (expression of cDNA versus oligonucleotides for exon skipping), and the mode of delivery continue to evolve quickly to clinical translational strategies. An important aspect of biodistribution and shedding studies is that they practically should not be performed on a "research" mode but rather within the frame of the regulatory animal pharmacology and toxicology studies in order to directly implement the Investigational New Drug (IND) application. Yet, if biodistribution and shedding in animal models are explored at an early research stage, i.e., to investigate whether a given AAV serotype administered in a given way transduces certain immunocompetent cells (how does the vector distribute itself in the immune system and with what kinetic?), it is advisable to use an AAV vector manufactured and quality controlled similarly to what will be done ultimately at the clinical stage. This chapter provides protocols and recommendations to study how an AAV vector distributes and sheds after administration. We discuss (1) the requirements for a rigorous methodology; (2) avoiding nucleic acid cross contamination; (3) systematically assessing the assay sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility because milieus can be drastically different, i.e., feces versus urine; and (4) choosing the appropriate animal model(s) when anticipating the regulatory pharmacological/toxicological studies.
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24
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Beiter T, Zimmermann M, Fragasso A, Hudemann J, Niess AM, Bitzer M, Lauer UM, Simon P. Direct and long-term detection of gene doping in conventional blood samples. Gene Ther 2010; 18:225-31. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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25
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Kawahira H, Matsushita K, Shiratori T, Shimizu T, Nabeya Y, Hayashi H, Ochiai T, Matsubara H, Shimada H. Viral shedding after p53 adenoviral gene therapy in 10 cases of esophageal cancer. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:289-91. [PMID: 20175784 PMCID: PMC11159950 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected adenoviral DNA fragments in excretions of 10 esophageal cancer patients by DNA-PCR after tumor injection of Ad-CMV-vector. A total of 220 samples consisting of feces, gargling saliva, urine, and blood plasma were assessed. A total of 29.7% of feces samples and 13.2% of gargling saliva samples were positive for adenoviral DNA fragments, but 89.7% of the positive feces samples and all of the positive gargling saliva samples turned negative on day 12 after tumor injection. Although adenoviral DNA fragments may be pathogen-free, patients' feces and gargling saliva contain adenoviral DNA fragments for 12 days after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawahira
- Department of Frontier Surgery, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuoh-ku, Chiba, Japan
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26
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Pañeda A, Vanrell L, Mauleon I, Crettaz JS, Berraondo P, Timmermans EJ, Beattie SG, Twisk J, van Deventer S, Prieto J, Fontanellas A, Rodriguez-Pena MS, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G. Effect of Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype and Genomic Structure on Liver Transduction and Biodistribution in Mice of Both Genders. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:908-17. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Pañeda
- Division Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucia Vanrell
- Division Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itsaso Mauleon
- Division Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julien S. Crettaz
- Division Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pedro Berraondo
- Division Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jaap Twisk
- AMT BV, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jesus Prieto
- Division Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Liver Unit, University Clinic, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Fontanellas
- Division Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza
- Division Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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27
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Expression of B-cell activating factor enhances protective immunity of a vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3044-55. [PMID: 19364838 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00927-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF), a member of the TNF family, is a potent cytokine with stimulatory effects on B and T cells. To evaluate the potential of transient overexpression of BAFF to enhance vaccine immunogenicity, a replication-deficient adenovirus expressing full-length murine BAFF (AdBAFF) was tested in a mouse vaccine model against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When coadministered with heat-killed P. aeruginosa, AdBAFF mediated a significant increase in anti-P. aeruginosa-specific serum and lung mucosal antibodies and resulted in improved protection against a lethal respiratory challenge with P. aeruginosa. This effect was independent of the site of administration of AdBAFF and was observed both when AdBAFF was given simultaneously with heat-killed P. aeruginosa as well as when AdBAFF was administered 4 weeks after immunization with heat-killed P. aeruginosa. These data demonstrate that a temporal increase in systemic BAFF levels is able to augment a P. aeruginosa-specific immune response upon immunization with heat-killed P. aeruginosa, suggesting that the immune-stimulatory effects of BAFF may be exploited as a molecular adjuvant for genetic vaccines.
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Abstract
Developments in gene therapy, cell therapy, and DNA vaccination require a pharmaceutical gene vector that, on one hand, fulfils the properties to express the encoded information--preferably at the right place, time, and level and, on the other hand, is safe and productive under good manufacturing practices (GMP). Here we summarize the features of producing and modifying these nonviral gene vectors and ensuring the required quality to treat cells and humans or animals.
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29
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Lamb DJ. Would gene therapy for the treatment of male infertility be safe? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:594-5. [PMID: 18852705 DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dolores J Lamb
- Scott Department of Urology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston TX 77030, USA.
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30
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Targeting of the CNS in MPS-IH using a nonviral transferrin-alpha-L-iduronidase fusion gene product. Mol Ther 2008; 16:1459-1466. [PMID: 18523448 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (Hurler syndrome) is caused by a deficiency of the enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA), and is characterized by widespread lysosomal glycosaminoglycan (GAG) accumulation. Successful treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases is limited by the presence of the blood-brain barrier, which prevents penetration of the therapeutic enzyme. Given that the brain capillary endothelial cells that form this barrier express high levels of the transferrin receptor (TfR), we hypothesized that the coupling of IDUA to transferrin (Tf) would facilitate IDUA delivery to the CNS. A plasmid bearing a fusion gene consisting of Tf and IDUA was constructed which, when delivered in vivo, resulted in the production of high levels of an enzymatically active protein that was transported into the CNS by TfR-mediated endocytosis. Short-term treatment resulted in a decrease in GAGs in the cerebellum of mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) mice. This approach, therefore, represents a potential strategy for the delivery of therapeutic enzyme to the CNS.
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31
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Biodistribution and safety profile of recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 6 vectors following intravenous delivery. J Virol 2008; 82:7711-5. [PMID: 18480442 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00542-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors based on serotype 6 (rAAV6) efficiently transduce skeletal muscle after intravenous administration and have shown efficacy in the mdx model of muscular dystrophy. As a prelude to future clinical studies, we investigated the biodistribution and safety profile of rAAV6 in mice. Although it was present in all organs tested, rAAV6 was sequestered mainly in the liver and spleen. rAAV6 had a minimal effect on circulating blood cells and caused no apparent hepatotoxicity or coagulation activation. rAAV6 caused some neutrophil infiltration into the liver, with a transient elevation in cytokine and chemokine transcription/secretion. In summary, rAAV6 induces transient toxicity that subsides almost completely within 72 h and causes no significant side effects.
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32
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Kinetics of recombinant adenovirus type 5, vaccinia virus, modified vaccinia ankara virus, and DNA antigen expression in vivo and the induction of memory T-lymphocyte responses. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:691-6. [PMID: 18272665 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00418-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While a new generation of vaccine vectors has been developed for eliciting cellular immune responses, little is known about the optimal routes for their administration or about the ramifications of the kinetics of in vivo vaccine antigen expression for immunogenicity. We evaluated the kinetics of vaccine antigen expression by real-time in vivo photon imaging and showed dramatic differences in these kinetics using different vectors and different routes of administration. Further, using a gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay to measure T-lymphocyte immune responses, we observed an association between the kinetics of vaccine antigen expression in vivo and the magnitude of vaccine-elicited memory T-lymphocyte responses. These results highlight the utility of the real-time in vivo photon-imaging technology in evaluating novel immunization strategies and suggest an association between the kinetics of vaccine antigen clearance and the magnitude of vaccine-elicited T-lymphocyte memory immune responses.
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Luxembourg A, Evans CF, Hannaman D. Electroporation-based DNA immunisation: translation to the clinic. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2007; 7:1647-64. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.7.11.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Johnson M, Huyn S, Burton J, Sato M, Wu L. Differential biodistribution of adenoviral vector in vivo as monitored by bioluminescence imaging and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 17:1262-9. [PMID: 17117891 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.1262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the in vivo biodistribution of adenoviral vectors would enable the researcher to anticipate potential side effects due to off-targeted site of transduction, and aid in the strategic design of gene therapy. We combined real-time polymerase chain reaction with in vivo optical imaging to examine viral transduction in liver, lung, spleen, kidney, prostate, and lymph nodes. A replication-deficient serotype 5 adenoviral vector expressing the firefly luciferase gene under the control of a constitutive cytomegalovirus promoter was administered in vivo via different routes. Intravenous and intraperitoneal injections resulted in greatest gene expression and viral DNA in the liver, whereas intraperitoneal injections led to a greater extent of gene delivery to the prostate. Although prostate-directed injection resulted in dominant gene expression in the targeted site, leakage of the vector to other organs was also observed. Vector injection into the lymphatic-rich paw tissue or the subcutaneous tissue of shoulder or chest followed the expected lymphatic drainage pattern, resulting in the accumulation of viral vector in ipsilateral brachial and axillary lymph nodes. Collectively, this study demonstrates that each tissue retains various amounts of adenoviral vector, depending on the route of administration. This knowledge is useful in the strategic design and implementation of adenovirus-mediated gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Johnson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Messina M, Robinson BG. Technology insight: gene therapy and its potential role in the treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:290-301. [PMID: 17315037 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) responds poorly to conventional treatments with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Gene therapy--the transfer of genetic material for therapeutic purposes--might have therapeutic potential for patients with progressive metastatic MTC that is incurable by conventional treatments. To date, a number of gene-therapy strategies have been explored, primarily those that use replication-deficient adenovirus vectors to transfer therapeutic genes to tumor cells. Tissue-specific expression of the promoter for calcitonin and calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha has allowed therapeutic genes to be specifically expressed in calcitonin-secreting cells and in the MTC tumors derived from them; such tissue-specific expression contributes to improved safety of gene therapies and has the potential to increase their therapeutic index. In addition, the identification of an MTC-specific peptide ligand raises the possibility of developing an MTC-selective vector. In this article, we have described the exciting area of gene therapy in the management of MTC with a focus on preclinical in vitro and in vivo MTC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Messina
- Cancer Genetics Unit of Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, New South Wales, Australia.
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Voutetakis A, Zheng C, Mineshiba F, Cotrim AP, Goldsmith CM, Schmidt M, Afione S, Roescher N, Metzger M, Eckhaus MA, Chiorini JA, Dunbar CE, Donahue RE, Baum BJ. Adeno-associated virus serotype 2-mediated gene transfer to the parotid glands of nonhuman primates. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 18:142-50. [PMID: 17328682 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands (SGs) are promising gene transfer targets with potential clinical applicability. Previous experiments in rodents using recombinant serotype 2 adeno-associated viral (rAAV2) vectors have demonstrated relatively stable transgene-encoded protein levels after SG gene transfer. In the present study, we examine direct SG administration of rAAV2 vectors encoding rhesus macaque erythropoietin (RhEPO) to the parotid glands of nonhuman primates using two different doses (n = 3 per group; 1 x 10(10) or 3 x 10(11) particles/gland, respectively). Gene transfer had no negative effects on general macaque physiology (e.g., weight, complete blood count, and serum chemistry). Macaques were euthanized 6 months after vector administration and complete necropsy and pathology assessments were performed, revealing no vector-related pathological lesions in any of the examined organs. In the high-dose group, RhEPO expression increased quickly (i.e., by week 1) and levels remained relatively stable both in serum and saliva until the end of the study. Serum-to-saliva ratios of RhEPO revealed secretion of the transgene product into the bloodstream, but not to the extent previously observed in mice. Furthermore, the kinetic results were not predicted by those observed in murine SGs. With respect to viral biodistribution, at necropsy vector was found overwhelmingly in the targeted parotid gland ( approximately 100 times more than levels in other tissues, most of which were similar to tissue levels in nontreated animals). We conclude that administration of modest doses of rAAV2 vectors to SGs for therapeutic purposes can be accomplished without significant or permanent injury to the targeted gland or to distant organs of nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Voutetakis
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Department of Human Health Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Le HT, Boquet MP, Clark EA, Callahan SM, Croyle MA. Renal pathophysiology after systemic administration of recombinant adenovirus: changes in renal cytochromes P450 based on vector dose. Hum Gene Ther 2007; 17:1095-111. [PMID: 17069534 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus (Ad) significantly alters hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP). Because changes in renal function can alter hepatic CYP, the effect of Ad on renal CYPs 4A1, 4A2, 4F1, and 2E1 was evaluated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given one of six intravenous doses (5.7x10(6)-5.7x10(12) viral particles/kg [VP/kg]) of Ad expressing beta-galactosidase or saline. CYP protein, activity, gene expression, and serum creatinine (SCr) were evaluated 0.25, 1, 4, and 14 days later. Doses of 5.7x10(11) and 5.7x10(12) VP/kg increased CYP4A protein within 24 hr by 35 and 48%, respectively (p<0.05). A similar trend was observed on day 4. CYP4A1 mRNA doubled 6 hr after doses of 5.7x10(10)-10(12) VP/kg (p<0.01). Similar effects were observed 1 day after each dose tested. CYP4A2 gene expression was 20% above control 1 day after treatment with 5.7x10(10)-10(12) VP/kg and remained high through day 14. CYP4F1 expression was unaffected by all doses (p=0.08). CYP2E1 activity and gene expression were significantly suppressed 24 hr after administration of all doses and began to normalize by day 14 (p<0.01). SCr was significantly reduced (approximately 50%) throughout the study for doses at and below 5.7x10(11) VP/kg. SCr was increased by a factor of 3 by 5.7x10(12) VP/kg and glomerular filtration was significantly reduced (p<0.01). This suggests that changes in renal CYP and corresponding arachidonic acid metabolites may play a role in the documented toxicity associated with the systemic administration of recombinant Ad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong T Le
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Zheng C, Goldsmith CM, Mineshiba F, Chiorini JA, Kerr A, Wenk ML, Vallant M, Irwin RD, Baum BJ. Toxicity and Biodistribution of a First-Generation Recombinant Adenoviral Vector, Encoding Aquaporin-1, After Retroductal Delivery to a Single Rat Submandibular Gland. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:1122-33. [PMID: 17069536 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Before conducting a phase 1/2 clinical trial of a serotype 5 adenovirus encoding human aquaporin-1 (AdhAQP1) for the treatment of radiation-damaged salivary glands, we have conducted a detailed toxicity and biodistribution study in adult rats. AdhAQP1 (2x108-2x1011 particles) was delivered to a single submandibular gland by retroductal cannulation. Administration of this vector resulted in no animal mortality or morbidities, and no adverse signs of clinical toxicity. In addition, over the 92-day time course of the study, with both male and female rats, there were no consistent treatment-related changes in serum indicators of hepatic, renal, and cardiac functions. Importantly, we also observed no vector-associated effects on either water consumption by, or hematocrit levels in, study animals. However, three suggestive mild gender-related response differences were seen. Female, but not male, rats exhibited small reductions in food consumption (10-15%) and body weight gain (5-10%), and evidence of persistent inflammation, after vector treatment. These were vector, but not dose, related. Three days after delivery of 2x1011 particles of AdhAQP1, vector was detected primarily in the targeted gland; 9 of 10 samples from the targeted gland were positive, whereas only 5 of 90 nonoral samples were positive. There was no evidence of the generation of replication-competent adenovirus in saliva or blood samples. In aggregate, these findings show that localized delivery of AdhAQP1 to salivary glands appears to occur without significant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Zheng
- Gene Therapy and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Le HT, Boquet MP, Clark EA, Callahan SM, Croyle MA. Renal Pathophysiology After Systemic Administration of Recombinant Adenovirus: Changes in Renal Cytochromes P450 Based on Vector Dose. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Plog MS, Guyre CA, Roberts BL, Goldberg M, St George JA, Perricone MA. Preclinical safety and biodistribution of adenovirus-based cancer vaccines after intradermal delivery. Hum Gene Ther 2006; 17:705-16. [PMID: 16839270 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recombinant adenoviral (Ad) vector is being considered as a cancer vaccine platform because it efficiently induces immune responses to tumor antigens by intradermal immunization. The aims of this study were to evaluate the potential toxicities and biodistribution after a single dose or six weekly intradermal doses of Ad2/gp100v2 and Ad2/MART-1v2, which encode tumor-associated antigens gp100 and MelanA/MART-1, respectively. The only dose-related toxicities associated with intradermal administration of these Ad vectors were inflammatory cell infiltrates in the draining lymph nodes and injection sites that persisted 83 days after administration. The biodistribution of Ad DNA as detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction was largely confined to the injection sites and draining lymph nodes of mice treated with either a single dose or multiple doses of Ad vector and in the spleens of mice treated with multiple doses of Ad vector. Adenoviral DNA was transiently detected in the bone marrow, lung, or blood of only one animal for each site and was below the limit of assay quantification (<10 copies/microg DNA). The vector persisted in the skin and lymph nodes as long as 92 days after the last dose. We conclude that Ad vectors delivered by intradermal administration provide a safe, genetic vaccine delivery platform that induces desirable immune responses at the immunization sites and the lymph nodes that, ultimately, result in immune responses specific to the tumor antigens.
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Plog MS, Guyre CA, Roberts BL, Goldberg M, George JAS, Perricone MA. Preclinical Safety and Biodistribution of Adenovirus-Based Cancer Vaccines After Intradermal Delivery. Hum Gene Ther 2006. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2006.17.ft-221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Delenda C, Gaillard C. Real-time quantitative PCR for the design of lentiviral vector analytical assays. Gene Ther 2006; 12 Suppl 1:S36-50. [PMID: 16231054 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
From the recent and emerging concerns for approving lentiviral vector-mediated gene transfer in human clinical applications, several analytical methods have been applied in preclinical models to address the lentiviral vector load in batches, cells or tissues. This review points out the oldest generation methods (blots, RT activity, standard PCR) as well as a full description of the newest real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) applications. Combinations of primer and probe sequences, which have worked in the lentiviral amplification context, have been included in the effort to dress an exhaustive list. Also, great variations have been observed from interlaboratory results, we have tempted to compare between them the different analytical methods that have been used to consider (i) the titration of lentiviral vector batches, (ii) the absence of the susceptible emerging replicative lentiviruses or (iii) the lentiviral vector biodistribution in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Delenda
- Genethon, CNRS UMR 8115, 1bis rue de l'Internationale, Evry Cedex, France
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Holst J, Rasko JEJ. The Use of Retroviral Vectors for Gene Transfer into Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Methods Enzymol 2006; 420:82-100. [PMID: 17161695 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(06)20006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Holst
- Gene and Stem Cell Therapy Program, Centenary Institute of Cancer Medicine, and Cell Biology, Newtown, Australia
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Melman A, Bar-Chama N, McCullough A, Davies K, Christ G. The first human trial for gene transfer therapy for the treatment of erectile dysfunction: preliminary results. Eur Urol 2005; 48:314-8. [PMID: 15964135 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the safety of a single intracavernous injection of a plasmid vector (hMaxi-K) that expresses the hSlo gene, that encodes the alpha-subunit of the Maxi-K channel, for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS Six men, thus far have fulfilled the entry criteria of the protocol and had gene transfer with hMaxi-K. Three received a dose of 500 microg and three received a dose 1000 microg of the gene product, injected intracavernously as naked DNA. Dosing at 5000 microg and higher is planned. RESULTS The primary end point of the phase I trial is safety. No drug-related adverse events or significant laboratory changes have occurred after the gene transfer. Moreover, there is no evidence of the gene in semen at the one copy per mug total DNA in any of the participants. CONCLUSION Preliminary results indicate that, in a single dose escalation study, ion channel gene transfer with hMaxi-K can be administered safely to men with ED without adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Melman
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein college of Medicine, Room 744, Forchheimer, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. amelman@montefiore@org
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45
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Wedemeyer J, Malek NP, Manns MP, Bahr MJ. Molekulare Therapie in der Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie. Internist (Berl) 2005; 46:861-2, 864-8, 870-2. [PMID: 15997383 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-005-1462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
During recent years, molecular techniques have significantly impacted our understanding and therapeutic concepts in gastrointestinal and liver disease. In a number of diseases, diagnostic work-up includes molecular data that supplements the phenotypical evaluation. This includes monogenic diseases as well as the identification of genetic risk factors (e. g. NOD2/CARD15 mutation in Crohn's disease) and viral disease. Attempts to replace liver transplantation in hereditary liver disease by targeted molecular interventions (e. g. via viral vectors) are still experimental, but the associated techniques have improved considerably. The molecular identification of therapeutic targets was followed by the development of specifically tailored therapeutics. These agents are mainly used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease and gastrointestinal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wedemeyer
- Abteilung Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Endokrinologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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