1
|
Wang S, Kahale F, Naderi A, Surico PL, Yin J, Dohlman T, Chen Y, Dana R. Therapeutic Effects of Stimulating the Melanocortin Pathway in Regulating Ocular Inflammation and Cell Death. Biomolecules 2024; 14:169. [PMID: 38397406 PMCID: PMC10886905 DOI: 10.3390/biom14020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and its binding receptors (the melanocortin receptors) play important roles in maintaining ocular tissue integrity and immune homeostasis. Particularly extensive studies have demonstrated the biological functions of α-MSH in both immunoregulation and cyto-protection. This review summarizes the current knowledge of both the physiological and pathological roles of α-MSH and its receptors in the eye. We focus on recent developments in the biology of α-MSH and the relevant clinical implications in treating ocular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Wang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Francesca Kahale
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| | - Amirreza Naderi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| | - Pier Luigi Surico
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| | - Jia Yin
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| | - Thomas Dohlman
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| | - Yihe Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| | - Reza Dana
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.W.); (F.K.); (A.N.); (P.L.S.); (J.Y.); (T.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Laval K, Enquist LW. The Potential Role of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Neuroinflammation in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:658695. [PMID: 33889129 PMCID: PMC8055853 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.658695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting ~50 million people worldwide. To date, there is no cure and current therapies have not been effective in delaying disease progression. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better understanding of the pathogenesis of AD and to rethink possible therapies. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) has recently received growing attention for its potential role in sporadic AD. The virus is a ubiquitous human pathogen that infects mucosal epithelia and invades the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of its host to establish a reactivable, latent infection. Upon reactivation, HSV1 spreads back to the epithelium and initiates a new infection, causing epithelial lesions. Occasionally, the virus spreads from the PNS to the brain after reactivation. In this review, we discuss current work on the pathogenesis of AD and summarize research results that support a potential role for HSV1 in the infectious hypothesis of AD. We also highlight recent findings on the neuroinflammatory response, which has been proposed to be the main driving force of AD, starting early in the course of the disease. Relevant rodent models to study neuroinflammation in AD and novel therapeutic approaches are also discussed. Throughout this review, we focus on several aspects of HSV1 pathogenesis, including its primary role as an invader of the PNS, that should be considered in the etiology of AD. We also point out some of the contradictory data and remaining knowledge gaps that require further research to finally fully understand the cause of AD in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn Laval
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moscowitz AE, Asif H, Lindenmaier LB, Calzadilla A, Zhang C, Mirsaeidi M. The Importance of Melanocortin Receptors and Their Agonists in Pulmonary Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:145. [PMID: 31316990 PMCID: PMC6610340 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocortin agonists are ancient neuropeptides that have steroidogenesis and anti-inflammatory properties. They activate melanocortin receptors (MCR), a family of five seven-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors. MC1R and MC3R are mainly involved in immunomodulatory effects. Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and alpha-Melanocortin stimulating hormone (α-MSH) reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines in several pulmonary inflammatory disorders including asthma, sarcoidosis, and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. They have also been shown to reduce fibrogenesis in animal models with pulmonary fibrosis. By understanding the functions of MCR in macrophages, T-helper cell type 1, and T-helper cell type 17, we may uncover the mechanism of action of melanocortin agonists in sarcoidosis. Further translational and clinical research is needed to define the role of ACTH and α-MSH in pulmonary diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Huda Asif
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | - Andrew Calzadilla
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Chongxu Zhang
- Section of Pulmonary, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States.,Section of Pulmonary, Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Webering S, Lunding LP, Vock C, Schröder A, Gaede KI, Herzmann C, Fehrenbach H, Wegmann M. The alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone acts as a local immune homeostasis factor in experimental allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2019; 49:1026-1039. [PMID: 30980429 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Originally, the neuropeptide α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) has been described as a mediator of skin pigmentation. However, recent studies have shown that α-MSH is able to modulate inflammation in various tissues including the lung. So far, it is still not clear whether α-MSH also plays a role in allergic bronchial asthma. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating the role and regulatory mechanisms of α-MSH in asthma pathogenesis. METHODS α-MSH levels were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals as well as of healthy mice and mice with experimental asthma. Wild-type mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) and exposed to an OVA aerosol in order to induce experimental allergic asthma. α-MSH was administrated intratracheally, the α-MSH antibody intraperitoneally prior each OVA challenge. Airway inflammation, cytokine production, mucus production, airway hyperresponsiveness and receptor expression were assessed. RESULTS α-MSH levels in BAL of asthmatic individuals and mice were significantly higher compared to healthy controls. In a mouse model of experimental asthma, α-MSH neutralization increased airway inflammation and mucus production, whereas local administration of α-MSH significantly reduced inflammation of the airways. The beneficial effects were further associated with decreased levels of eosinophilic chemoattractant factors that are released by MC5R-positive T helper 2 and airway epithelial cells. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE α-MSH acts as a regulatory factor to maintain local immune homeostasis in allergic bronchial asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sina Webering
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Lars Peter Lunding
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christina Vock
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schröder
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Karoline I Gaede
- BioMaterialBank Nord, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Christian Herzmann
- Center for Clinical Studies, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Heinz Fehrenbach
- Division of Experimental Pneumology, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Michael Wegmann
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel- Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mehta D, Granstein RD. Immunoregulatory Effects of Neuropeptides on Endothelial Cells: Relevance to Dermatological Disorders. Dermatology 2019; 235:175-186. [PMID: 30808842 DOI: 10.1159/000496538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many skin diseases, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, have a neurogenic component. In this regard, bidirectional interactions between components of the nervous system and multiple target cells in the skin and elsewhere have been receiving increasing attention. Neuropeptides released by sensory nerves that innervate the skin can directly modulate functions of keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, dermal dendritic cells, mast cells, dermal microvascular endothelial cells and infiltrating immune cells. As a result, neuropeptides and neuropeptide receptors participate in a complex, interdependent network of mediators that modulate the skin immune system, skin inflammation, and wound healing. In this review, we will focus on recent studies demonstrating the roles of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide, substance P, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide, and nerve growth factor in modulating inflammation and immunity in the skin through their effects on dermal microvascular endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Devina Mehta
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Melanocortin receptor subtypes are expressed on cells in the oligodendroglial lineage and signal ACTH protection. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:427-435. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
7
|
Distribution of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) in different stages of gestation sows: HP-PRRSV distribution in gestation sows. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:88-94. [PMID: 26143005 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) emerged in China in 2006 and caused severe reproductive losses, particularly in late-term sows. To determine whether these reproductive failures were related to the susceptibility of late-term sows to HP-PRRV, 60- and 90-days of gestation sows were infected with HP-PRRSV isolate TA-12 (GenBank accession HQ417620). A monoclonal antibody specific to the C-terminal of the nucleocapsid protein was used to evaluate viral distribution by IHC. This showed that HP-PRRSV had a similar distribution in both sets of sows. However, HP-PRRSV infection led to dramatically decreased serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and 17-β-estradiol (E2) in late-term sows, while only E2 was decreased in the 60-day sows. These results indicate that HP-PRRSV-induced reproductive failure is more likely due to reproductive hormone level imbalances rather than tissue tropism differences.
Collapse
|
8
|
Fang J, Han D, Hong J, Zhang H, Ying Y, Tian Y, Zhang L, Lin J. SVα-MSH, a novel α-melanocyte stimulating hormone analog, ameliorates autoimmune encephalomyelitis through inhibiting autoreactive CD4(+) T cells activation. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 269:9-19. [PMID: 24518673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) plays a crucial role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory reactions. Here we report that SVα-MSH, a novel α-MSH analog, could ameliorate the clinical severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in a preventive and therapeutic manner. SVα-MSH treatment induced the production of regulatory T (Treg) cells and reduced the Th17 cells in the CNS of EAE mice. SVα-MSH-treated PLP peptide 139-151-specific T cells showed a down-regulation of T cell activation markers CD69 and CD134. SVα-MSH did not induce apoptosis but blocked the G1/S phase transition, reduced the expression of cyclin E, Cdk2 and the activity of NFAT and AP-1 transcription factors. Thus, SVα-MSH acts as a novel immunotherapeutic approach in the treatment of autoimmune attack on the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- Department of Dermatology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Deping Han
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China.
| | - Jinsheng Hong
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Hengshan Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Ying Ying
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yeping Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lurong Zhang
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| | - Jianhua Lin
- Department of Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Carniglia L, Durand D, Caruso C, Lasaga M. Effect of NDP-α-MSH on PPAR-γ and -β expression and anti-inflammatory cytokine release in rat astrocytes and microglia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57313. [PMID: 23468969 PMCID: PMC3582497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain inflammation plays a central role in numerous brain pathologies. Microglia and astrocytes are the main effector cells that become activated when an inflammatory process takes place within the central nervous system. α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is a neuropeptide with proven anti-inflammatory properties. It binds with highest affinity to the melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R), which is present in astrocytes and upon activation triggers anti-inflammatory pathways. The aim of this research was to identify anti-inflammatory mediators that may participate in the immunomodulatory effects of melanocortins in glial cells. Since peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have recently been implicated in the modulation of inflammation, we investigated the effect of an α-MSH analog, [Nle(4), D-Phe(7)]-α-MSH (NDP-α-MSH), on PPAR-β and PPAR-γ gene and protein expression in rat primary astrocytes and microglia. We initially demonstrated that rat primary microglia express MC4R and showed that treatment with NDP-α-MSH increases PPAR-γ protein levels and strongly decreases PPAR-β levels in both astrocytes and microglia. We also showed that extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2)-mediated signaling is partially involved in these effects in a cell-specific fashion. Finally, we showed that NDP-α-MSH stimulates the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β from microglia and astrocytes, respectively. The presented data suggest a role for IL-10 and TGF-β in the protective action of melanocortins and a connection between MC4R pathway and that of the nuclear receptor PPAR-γ. This is the first report providing evidence that MC4R is expressed in rat primary microglia and that melanocortins modulate PPAR levels in glial cells. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the activation of glial MC4R and open perspectives for new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of inflammation-mediated brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lila Carniglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Durand
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Caruso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lasaga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires – CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fang J, Han D, Hong J, Tan Q, Tian Y. The chemokine, macrophage inflammatory protein-2γ, reduces the expression of glutamate transporter-1 on astrocytes and increases neuronal sensitivity to glutamate excitotoxicity. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:267. [PMID: 23234294 PMCID: PMC3545864 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission via decreased glutamate transporter (GLT) activity or expression contributes to multiple neurological disorders. Chemokines and their receptors are involved in neurological diseases but the role of chemokines in the expression of glutamate transporters is unclear. METHODS Primary astrocytes were prepared from neonatal (<24 hours old) SJL/J mouse brains and incubated with 5 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or 50 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) for 24 hours. Soluble macrophage inflammatory protein-2γ (MIP-2γ) in culture supernatants was determined using a sandwich ELISA. The MIP-2γ effect on the expression of GLT-1 was measured by quantitative RT-PCR, flow cytometric analysis or western blot assay. Detergent-resistant membranes from astrocytes were isolated on the basis of their ability to float in density gradients. Raft-containing fractions were tracked by the enrichment of caveolin-1 and the dendritic lipid raft marker, flotillin-1. Cell viability was determined by measuring either the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase or the reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide by viable cells and confirmed by visual inspection. RESULTS The production of the chemokine MIP-2γ by mouse cortical astrocytes increased significantly after stimulation with LPS or TNF-α in vitro. Astrocytes over-expressing MIP-2γ down-regulated the expression of GLT-1 at the mRNA and protein level and caused redistribution of GLT-1 out of the lipid rafts that mediate glutamate uptake. We used pharmacological inhibitors to identify the downstream signaling pathways underlying MIP-2γ activity. We also found complementary results by knocking down MIP-2γ activity in astrocytes with MIP-2γ small interfering RNA (siRNA). MIP-2γ overexpression in astrocytes enhanced the neuronal toxicity of glutamate by decreasing GLT-1 activity, but MIP-2γ itself was not toxic to neurons. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MIP-2γ mediates the pathogenesis of central nervous system disorders associated with neutrophil infiltration in the brain and decreased GLT-1 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fang
- First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
α-MSH-Stimulated Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells Induce Functional Regulatory T Cells and Ameliorate Ongoing Skin Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1814-24. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
12
|
Zierath D, Tanzi P, Cain K, Shibata D, Becker K. Plasma α-melanocyte stimulating hormone predicts outcome in ischemic stroke. Stroke 2011; 42:3415-20. [PMID: 21960572 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.627331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is an endogenously produced neuropeptide derived from the same precursor as adrenocorticotropic hormone. α-MSH has profound immunomodulatory properties and may also be neuroprotective. Nothing is known about α-MSH and changes in its plasma concentrations in patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS In this prospective observational study, plasma concentrations of α-MSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and interleukin 6 were assessed longitudinally over the course of 1 year after stroke onset in 111 patients. Logistic regression was used to the effect of initial plasma α-MSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and interleukin 6 on long-term outcome. RESULTS There was an early decrease in plasma α-MSH in patients with severe stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale≥17) that normalized over the course of the year; these same patients evidenced elevations in plasma cortisol and interleukin 6. Higher initial plasma α-MSH, but not adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, or interleukin 6, was independently predictive of good long-term outcome. CONCLUSIONS This research is the first to study endogenous changes in plasma α-MSH after stroke. The independent effect of early plasma α-MSH on stroke outcome, as well as a growing body of experimental data demonstrating improved stroke outcome with exogenous α-MSH administration, suggests a potential therapeutic role for α-MSH in the treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle Zierath
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 359775, Harborview Medical Center, 325 9th Ave, Seattle, WA 98104-2499, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Savos AV, Gee JM, Zierath D, Becker KJ. α-MSH: a potential neuroprotective and immunomodulatory agent for the treatment of stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:606-13. [PMID: 20700130 PMCID: PMC3049515 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is a neuropeptide with profound immunomodulatory properties; we evaluated the effects of α-MSH on stroke outcome and its ability to modulate the postischemic immune response. In Lewis rats subjected to 3 hours of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), plasma concentrations of α-MSH rapidly decreased and returned to baseline over the course of days. Exogenous administration of α-MSH (100 or 500 μg/kg) improved 24 hour outcome in animals subjected to 2 hours MCAO; α-MSH 500 μg/kg also decreased infarct volume at this time point. Both doses of α-MSH were ineffective in improving outcome or decreasing infarct volume in animals subjected to 3 hours MCAO. The splenocyte response to phytohemagglutin in animals treated with α-MSH was attenuated at 24 hours after MCAO. At 1 month after MCAO, treatment with α-MSH 500 μg/kg at the time of stoke was associated with a decrease in TH1 response to myelin basic protein (MBP) in animals subjected to 2 hours MCAO, although treatment was not associated with improved outcome at this time point. Given the early benefits of α-MSH treatment and its effect on immunologic outcome, further studies to evaluate the utility of α-MSH for the treatment of cerebral ischemia are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Savos
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Min Y, Han D, Fu Z, Wang H, Liu L, Tian Y. α-MSH inhibits TNF-α-induced maturation of human dendritic cells in vitro through the up-regulation of ANXA1. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011; 43:61-8. [PMID: 21131366 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), an anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory neuropeptide, has been shown to be effective in the experimental treatment of autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. However, its regulatory mechanism is still unclear. Mature dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal initiators of immune response and inflammation. We hypothesized that the regulatory role of α-MSH in DC maturation would contribute to the effects of α-MSH in immune-response-mediated disease models. It was found that α-MSH inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-induced maturation of human peripheral-monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs), both phenotypically and functionally. This occurred through the down-regulation of the expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD83 and CD86, the production of IL-12, the promotion of IL-10 secretion, and the MoDC phagocytic activity, suggesting that the inhibition of DC maturation by α-MSH could contribute to the anti-inflammatory effect of this neuropeptide. Furthermore, increased expression of annexin A1 (ANXA1) was found to be responsible for the α-MSH inhibiting effect on TNF-α-induced MoDC maturation, which could be abolished by the treatment of MoDCs with specific, small interfering RNAs targeting ANXA1 (ANXA1-siRNA), suggesting that α-MSH-induced ANXA1 mediates the inhibition. Therefore, α-MSH inhibits TNF-α-induced maturation of human DCs through α-MSH-up-regulated ANXA1, suggesting that inhibition of the maturation of DCs by α-MSH could mediate the anti-inflammatory effect of the neuropeptide. Furthermore, ANXA1 could be identified as a new therapeutic drug target based on the role of DCs in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Min
- Institute of Immunology and National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gonzalez-Rey E, Ganea D, Delgado M. Neuropeptides: keeping the balance between pathogen immunity and immune tolerance. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2010; 10:473-81. [PMID: 20399708 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various neuropeptides have emerged recently as potent immunomodulatory factors with potential for their therapeutic use in immune disorders. Here we highlight the most recent data relevant in the field and we offer our opinion on how neuropeptide therapy might impact clinical immune diseases, and the challenges in this field that must be overcome before achieving medical progress. We also review recent reports describing the antimicrobial effects showed by some neuropeptides and the therapeutic, physiological, and evolutionary consequences of this new finding. Finally, we discuss how a physiologically functional neuropeptide system contributes to general health and how neuropeptides educate our immune system to be tolerant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gonzalez-Rey
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine, CSIC, Avd. Conocimiento, Granada, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ayala C, Celis ME. Experimental autoimmune oophoritis and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2010; 5:539-547. [PMID: 30780797 DOI: 10.1586/eem.10.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on primary ovarian insufficiency and the experimental models used in recent years to explain the probable mechanisms of autoimmune oophoritis and idiopathic primary ovarian insufficiency. The relationship between the immune system and the neuroendocrine system is also an important focus of this article. Activation of the immune system is necessary for maintaining homeostasis and this requires multiple interactions and regulation between the immune system and the neuroendocrine system. Neuropeptides, neuroendocrine mediators, are expressed and released primarily, but not exclusively, by the nervous system and have profound effects on the immune system. As an example of one of these peptides we describe the α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and its anti-inflammatory properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ayala
- a Laboratorio de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Cátedra de Bacteriología y Virología Médicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, Ciudad de Córdoba, CP: 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Ester Celis
- a Laboratorio de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Cátedra de Bacteriología y Virología Médicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Santa Rosa 1085, Ciudad de Córdoba, CP: 5000, Córdoba, Argentina
- b
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Reduction of beta cell function and a beta cell mass is observed in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, restoration of this deficiency might be a therapeutic option for treatment of diabetes. Islet transplantation has benefits, such as reduced incidence of hypoglycemia and achievement of insulin independence. However, the major drawback is an insufficient supply of islet donors. Transplantation of cells differentiated in vitro or in vivo regeneration of insulin-producing cells are possible approaches for beta cell/islet regenerative therapy. Embryonic and adult stem cells, pancreatic ductal progenitor cells, acinar cells, and other endocrine cells have been shown to differentiate into pancreatic beta cells. Formation of fully functional beta cells and the safety of these cells are critical issues for successful clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Sook Jun
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Loser K, Brzoska T, Oji V, Auriemma M, Voskort M, Kupas V, Klenner L, Mensing C, Hauschild A, Beissert S, Luger TA. The neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone is critically involved in the development of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells in mice and humans. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8958. [PMID: 20126537 PMCID: PMC2813861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone is well known as a mediator of skin pigmentation. More recently, it has been shown that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone also plays pivotal roles in energy homeostasis, sexual function, and inflammation or immunomodulation. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone exerts its antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory effects by binding to the melanocortin-1 receptor, and since T cells are important effectors during immune responses, we investigated the effects of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone on T cell function. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS T cells were treated with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and subsequently, their phenotype and function was analyzed in a contact allergy as well as a melanoma model. Furthermore, the relevance of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-mediated signaling for the induction of cytotoxicity was assessed in CD8(+) T cells from melanoma patients with functional and nonfunctional melanocortin-1 receptors. Here we demonstrate that the melanocortin-1 receptor is expressed by murine as well as human CD8(+) T cells, and we furthermore show that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone/melanocortin-1 receptor-mediated signaling is critical for the induction of cytotoxicity in human and murine CD8(+) T cells. Upon adoptive transfer, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-treated murine CD8(+) T cells significantly reduced contact allergy responses in recipient mice. Additionally, the presented data indicate that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone via signaling through a functional melanocortin-1 receptor augmented antitumoral immunity by up-regulating the expression of cytotoxic genes and enhancing the cytolytic activity in tumor-specific CD8(+) T cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Together, these results point to an important role of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in MHC class I-restricted cytotoxicity. Therefore, treatment of contact allergies or skin cancer with alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone or other more stable agonists of melanocortin-1 receptor might ameliorate disease or improve antitumoral immune responses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/immunology
- Dermatitis, Contact/therapy
- Flow Cytometry
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Hormones/metabolism
- Hormones/pharmacology
- Humans
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- alpha-MSH/metabolism
- alpha-MSH/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Loser
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lee DJ, Biros DJ, Taylor AW. Injection of an alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone expression plasmid is effective in suppressing experimental autoimmune uveitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:1079-86. [PMID: 19426838 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The neuropeptide, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), is an endogenous antagonist of inflammation. Injections of alpha-MSH peptide into inflamed tissues have been found to be very effective in suppressing autoimmune and endotoxin mediated diseases. We evaluated the potential to suppress ocular autoimmune disease (uveitis) by augmenting the expression of alpha-MSH through subconjunctival injections of naked adrenocorticotropic hormone amino acids 1-17 (ACTH1-17) plasmid. METHODS We clinically scored the uveitis over time in B10.RIII, C57BL/6, and melanocortin 5 receptor knock-out (MC5r((-/-))) mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) that were conjunctively injected with a naked DNA plasmid encoding ACTH1-17 at the time of EAU onset and three days later. The post-EAU retina histology of plasmid injected eyes was examined, and post-EAU concentrations of alpha-MSH in aqueous humor was assayed by ELISA. RESULTS The subconjunctival injection of ACTH1-17 plasmid augmented the concentration of alpha-MSH in the aqueous humor of all post-EAU mice. The injection of ACTH1-17 suppressed the severity of EAU in the B10.RIII and C57BL/6 mice but the MC5r((-/-)) mice. In all the models of EAU, the ACTH1-17 injection helped to preserve the structural integrity of the retina; however, post-EAU aqueous humor was not immunosuppressive. CONCLUSIONS The subconjunctival injection of the alpha-MSH expression vector ACTH1-17 plasmid is effective in suppressing EAU. The suppressive activity is dependent on MC5r expression, and possibly works though alpha-MSH antagonism of inflammation than on alpha-MSH directly modulating immune cells. The results suggest that an effective therapy for uveitis could include a gene therapy approach based on delivering alpha-MSH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Lee
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lasaga M, Debeljuk L, Durand D, Scimonelli TN, Caruso C. Role of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone and melanocortin 4 receptor in brain inflammation. Peptides 2008; 29:1825-35. [PMID: 18625277 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes contribute widely to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. The expression of many inflammatory mediators was found to be increased in central nervous system (CNS) disorders suggesting that these molecules are major contributors to neuronal damage. Melanocortins are neuropeptides that have been implicated in a wide range of physiological processes. The melanocortin alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) has pleiotropic functions and exerts potent anti-inflammatory actions by antagonizing the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines and by decreasing important inflammatory mediators. Five subtypes of melanocortin receptors (MC1R-MC5R) have been identified. Of these, the MC4 receptor is expressed predominantly throughout the CNS. Evidence of effectiveness of selective MC4R agonists in modulating inflammatory processes and their low toxicity suggest that these molecules may be useful in the treatment of CNS disorders with an inflammatory component. This review describes the involvement of the MC4R in central anti-inflammatory effects of melanocortins and discusses the potential value of MC4R agonists for the treatment of inflammatory-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Lasaga
- Research Institute for Reproduction, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires 1121ABG, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Brzoska T, Luger TA, Maaser C, Abels C, Böhm M. Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Endocr Rev 2008; 29:581-602. [PMID: 18612139 DOI: 10.1210/er.2007-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-MSH is a tridecapeptide derived from proopiomelanocortin. Many studies over the last few years have provided evidence that alpha-MSH has potent protective and antiinflammatory effects. These effects can be elicited via centrally expressed melanocortin receptors that orchestrate descending neurogenic antiinflammatory pathways. alpha-MSH can also exert antiinflammatory and protective effects on cells of the immune system and on peripheral nonimmune cell types expressing melanocortin receptors. At the molecular level, alpha-MSH affects various pathways implicated in regulation of inflammation and protection, i.e., nuclear factor-kappaB activation, expression of adhesion molecules and chemokine receptors, production of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators, IL-10 synthesis, T cell proliferation and activity, inflammatory cell migration, expression of antioxidative enzymes, and apoptosis. The antiinflammatory effects of alpha-MSH have been validated in animal models of experimentally induced fever; irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, vasculitis, and fibrosis; ocular, gastrointestinal, brain, and allergic airway inflammation; and arthritis, but also in models of organ injury. One obstacle limiting the use of alpha-MSH in inflammatory disorders is its pigmentary effect. Due to its preserved antiinflammatory effect but lack of pigmentary action, the C-terminal tripeptide of alpha-MSH, KPV, has been delineated as an alternative for antiinflammatory therapy. KdPT, a derivative of KPV corresponding to amino acids 193-195 of IL-1beta, is also emerging as a tripeptide with antiinflammatory effects. The physiochemical properties and expected low costs of production render both agents suitable for the future treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory skin and bowel disease, fibrosis, allergic and inflammatory lung disease, ocular inflammation, and arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Brzoska
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Von Esmarch-Strasse 58, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Taylor AW, Kitaichi N. The diminishment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) therapy. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:639-46. [PMID: 18171609 PMCID: PMC3337335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) plays an important role in immune privilege by its suppression of inflammation, and its induction of regulatory T cells. This finding led us to test the possibility that we can use alpha-MSH to suppress autoimmune diseases, and promote re-establishment of immune tolerance to autoantigens. To test this possibility, SJL mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were injected with alpha-MSH at the first signs of paralysis. The alpha-MSH-treated mice in comparison with untreated EAE mice had a profound diminishment in the severity and tempo of EAE. The spleen cells in alpha-MSH-treated EAE produced TGF-beta in response to PLP-antigen stimulation in contrast to untreated mice spleen cells that produced IFN-gamma. When the alpha-MSH-treated EAE mice were reimmunized there was a delay of a week before the second episode of EAE. Although this delay maybe because of the induction of TGF-beta-producing spleen cells by the alpha-MSH-treatment, it was not adequate to suppress IFN-gamma-production by PLP-antigen stimulated spleen cells from untreated mice, nor able to suppress the eventual second episode of EAE. Therefore, the injection of alpha-MSH at the onset of paralysis is extremely effective in diminishing the severity and tempo of EAE, and the subsequent induction of potential PLP-specific Treg cells suggests that an alpha-MSH therapy could be attempted as part of a therapeutic regiment to impose immunoregulation and immunosuppression on an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system.
Collapse
|
23
|
Gonzalez-Rey E, Delgado M. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and regulatory T-cell induction: a new mechanism and therapeutic potential for immune homeostasis. Trends Mol Med 2007; 13:241-51. [PMID: 17467339 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The identification of regulatory T (Treg) cells as important regulators of self-tolerance has opened up new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of several human diseases associated with Treg dysfunction, including autoimmune diseases and transplantation. Recent evidence indicates that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), an anti-inflammatory neuropeptide with therapeutic potential in various immune disorders, participates in maintaining immune tolerance by a novel mechanism of inducing the generation of Treg cells. We propose a Treg-cell-based immunotherapy approach for resetting the balance of immune homeostasis, which takes advantage of novel functions of VIP in immunoregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gonzalez-Rey
- Departamento de Bioquimica Medica y Biologia Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41009, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|