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Nucleic acid drug vectors for diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:39. [PMID: 36650130 PMCID: PMC9844208 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid drugs have the advantages of rich target selection, simple in design, good and enduring effect. They have been demonstrated to have irreplaceable superiority in brain disease treatment, while vectors are a decisive factor in therapeutic efficacy. Strict physiological barriers, such as degradation and clearance in circulation, blood-brain barrier, cellular uptake, endosome/lysosome barriers, release, obstruct the delivery of nucleic acid drugs to the brain by the vectors. Nucleic acid drugs against a single target are inefficient in treating brain diseases of complex pathogenesis. Differences between individual patients lead to severe uncertainties in brain disease treatment with nucleic acid drugs. In this Review, we briefly summarize the classification of nucleic acid drugs. Next, we discuss physiological barriers during drug delivery and universal coping strategies and introduce the application methods of these universal strategies to nucleic acid drug vectors. Subsequently, we explore nucleic acid drug-based multidrug regimens for the combination treatment of brain diseases and the construction of the corresponding vectors. In the following, we address the feasibility of patient stratification and personalized therapy through diagnostic information from medical imaging and the manner of introducing contrast agents into vectors. Finally, we take a perspective on the future feasibility and remaining challenges of vector-based integrated diagnosis and gene therapy for brain diseases.
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Zhang Y, Lei L, Zhou H, Lu X, Cai F, Li T. Roles of Micro Ribonucleic Acids in Astrocytes After Cerebral Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:890762. [PMID: 35755778 PMCID: PMC9218061 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.890762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral stroke is one of the highest-ranking causes of death and the leading cause of disability globally, particularly with an increasing incidence and prevalence in developing countries. Steadily more evidence has indicated that micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) have important regulatory functions in gene transcription and translation in the course of cerebral stroke. It is beyond arduous to understand the pathophysiology of cerebral stroke, due in part to the perplexity of influencing the network of the inflammatory response, brain edema, autophagy and neuronal apoptosis. The recent research shows miRNA plays a key role in regulating aquaporin 4 (AQP4), and many essential pathological processes after cerebral stroke. This article reviews the recent knowledge on how miRNA influences the inflammatory response, brain edema, infarction size, and neuronal injury after cerebral stroke. In addition, some miRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers in stroke diagnosis and therapy since the expression of some miRNAs in the blood is stable after cerebral stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Li Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lu
- Translational Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Feifei Cai
- Department of Radiology, Shaoxing People's Hospital (Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine), Shaoxing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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Gallego I, Villate-Beitia I, Saenz-Del-Burgo L, Puras G, Pedraz JL. Therapeutic Opportunities and Delivery Strategies for Brain Revascularization in Stroke, Neurodegeneration, and Aging. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:439-461. [PMID: 35302047 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases, especially acute ischemic events and neurodegenerative disorders, constitute a public health problem with no effective treatments to allow a persistent solution. Failed therapies targeting neuronal recovery have revealed the multifactorial and intricate pathophysiology underlying such CNS disorders as ischemic stroke, Alzheimeŕs disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, vascular Parkisonism, vascular dementia, and aging, in which cerebral microvasculature impairment seems to play a key role. In fact, a reduction in vessel density and cerebral blood flow occurs in these scenarios, contributing to neuronal dysfunction and leading to loss of cognitive function. In this review, we provide an overview of healthy brain microvasculature structure and function in health and the effect of the aforementioned cerebral CNS diseases. We discuss the emerging new therapeutic opportunities, and their delivery approaches, aimed at recovering brain vascularization in this context. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The lack of effective treatments, mainly focused on neuron recovery, has prompted the search of other therapies to treat cerebral central nervous system diseases. The disruption and degeneration of cerebral microvasculature has been evidenced in neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and aging, constituting a potential target for restoring vascularization, neuronal functioning, and cognitive capacities by the development of therapeutic pro-angiogenic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Gallego
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P); Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P.); and Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P.)
| | - Ilia Villate-Beitia
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P); Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P.); and Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P.)
| | - Laura Saenz-Del-Burgo
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P); Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P.); and Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P.)
| | - Gustavo Puras
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P); Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P.); and Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P.)
| | - José Luis Pedraz
- NanoBioCel Research Group, Laboratory of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P); Networking Research Centre of Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P.); and Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain (I.G., I.V.-B., L.S.-B., G.P., J.L.P.)
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4
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The Role of PKC and HIF-1 and the Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicinal Compounds on Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:1835898. [PMID: 35265143 PMCID: PMC8898791 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1835898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal death occurs during cerebral ischemia. However, when hemoperfusion and oxygen supply are resumed to the ischemic focus of the brain tissue, the brain tissue damage is further aggravated, resulting in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI) to the patients. Protein kinase C (PKC) plays an important role in CIRI. Through the IP3/DAG/Ca2+ signaling pathway, it promotes the influx of calcium ions in neurons and causes calcium overload, which aggravates the damage. At the same time, when brain cells are hypoxic, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is expressed, which regulates the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and reduces nerve cell injury. It also fights hypoxic-ischemic injury by increasing the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to promote blood vessel formation. The PKC and HIF-1 signaling pathways are also linked to CIRI. HIF-1 activates the PKC and ERK pathways via the upregulation of VEGF, leading to increased Cx43 phosphorylation and dysfunction and aggravating CIRI. Existing studies have shown that certain traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds regulate the PKC and HIF-1 signaling pathways and alleviate CIRI. These compounds downregulate the PKC and the activity of the PKC-related signaling pathways to alleviate CIRI. They can also promote the expression of HIF-1, increase the content of VEGF in ischemic tissues to promote the generation of blood vessels, and improve microcirculation. TCM compounds can inhibit the cascade of reactions underlying disease occurrence and development by targeting multiple components using different herbal formulations to improve the structural and material changes in the brain cells, which alleviate CIRI and protect the brain tissue. This study briefly describes the role of PKC and HIF-1, their relationship in CIRI, and the effect of TCM on them.
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Skukan L, Brezak M, Ister R, Klimaschewski L, Vojta A, Zoldoš V, Gajović S. Lentivirus- or AAV-mediated gene therapy interventions in ischemic stroke: A systematic review of preclinical in vivo studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2022; 42:219-236. [PMID: 34427147 PMCID: PMC8795232 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211039997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to the limited therapeutic options after ischemic stroke, gene therapy has emerged as a promising choice, especially with recent advances in viral vector delivery systems. Therefore, we aimed to provide the current state of the art of lentivirus (LV) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) mediated gene interventions in preclinical ischemic stroke models. A systematic analysis including qualitative and quantitative syntheses of studies published until December 2020 was performed. Most of the 87 selected publications used adult male rodents and the preferred stroke model was transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. LV and AAV vectors were equally used for transgene delivery, however loads of AAVs were higher than LVs. Serotypes having broad cell tropism, the use of constitutive promoters, and virus delivery before the stroke induction via stereotaxic injection in the cortex and striatum were preferred in the analyzed studies. The meta-analysis based on infarct volume as the primary outcome confirmed the efficacy of the preclinical interventions. The quality assessment exposed publication bias and setbacks in regard to risks of bias and study relevance. The translational potential could increase by using specific cell targeting, post-stroke interventions, non-invasive systematic delivery, and use of large animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Skukan
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matea Brezak
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rok Ister
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aleksandar Vojta
- Department for Molecular Biology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Science, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vlatka Zoldoš
- Department for Molecular Biology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Science, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Srećko Gajović
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Sun L. F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (FBXW7) mediates the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway to affect hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats. Bioengineered 2021; 13:560-572. [PMID: 34951343 PMCID: PMC8805906 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2011635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether F-box and WD repeat domain-containing 7 (FBXW7) can mediate the hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)/vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathway to affect neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) in neonatal rats. HIBD rats were treated with LV-shFBXW7. Cerebral infarct size was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, while microvessel density (MVD) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Learning and memory were tested using the Morris water maze (MWM) test. FBXW7 and HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway proteins were measured by Western blotting. Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were isolated to establish an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model to evaluate treatment with FBXW7 siRNA. Cell viability was detected using a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, while cell migration was evaluated using a wound healing assay. The tube formation of BMECs was also assessed. The results demonstrated that HIBD rats exhibited increased protein expression of FBXW7, HIF-1α, and VEGF. HIBD rats also displayed increased cerebral infarct size, prolonged escape latency and a decreased number of platform crossings. However, HIBD rats treated with LV-shFBXW7 exhibited reversal of these changes. In vitro experiments showed that BMECs in the OGD group had significantly decreased cell viability, shorter vascular lumen length, and shorter migration distance than cells in the control group. Moreover, silencing FBXW7 promoted proliferation, tube formation and migration of BMECs. Taken together, silencing FBXW7 upregulates the HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway to promote the angiogenesis of neonatal HIBD rats after brain injury, reducing infarct volume and improving recovery of nerve function in HIBD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Sun
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
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7
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Barman NC, Khan NM, Islam M, Nain Z, Roy RK, Haque A, Barman SK. CRISPR-Cas9: A Promising Genome Editing Therapeutic Tool for Alzheimer's Disease-A Narrative Review. Neurol Ther 2020; 9:419-434. [PMID: 33089409 PMCID: PMC7606404 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-020-00218-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cognitive deficiency and development of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, comprising hyperphosphorylated tau. The number of patients with AD is alarmingly increasing worldwide; currently, at least 50 million people are thought to be living with AD. The mutations or alterations in amyloid-β precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), or presenilin-2 (PSEN2) genes are known to be associated with the pathophysiology of AD. Effective medication for AD is still elusive and many gene-targeted clinical trials have failed to meet the expected efficiency standards. The genome editing tool clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 has been emerging as a powerful technology to correct anomalous genetic functions and is now widely applied to the study of AD. This simple yet powerful tool for editing genes showed the huge potential to correct the unwanted mutations in AD-associated genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2. So, it has opened a new door for the development of empirical AD models, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic lines in studying the complexity of the nervous system ranging from different cell types (in vitro) to animals (in vivo). This review was undertaken to study the related mechanisms and likely applications of CRISPR-Cas9 as an effective therapeutic tool in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Chandra Barman
- Department Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh.
| | - Niuz Morshed Khan
- Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Maidul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
| | - Zulkar Nain
- Department Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Kanti Roy
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408, Bangladesh
| | - Anwarul Haque
- Department Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Islamic University, Kushtia, 7003, Bangladesh
| | - Shital Kumar Barman
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
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Iqubal A, Iqubal MK, Khan A, Ali J, Baboota S, Haque SE. Gene Therapy, A Novel Therapeutic Tool for Neurological Disorders: Current Progress, Challenges and Future Prospective. Curr Gene Ther 2020; 20:184-194. [DOI: 10.2174/1566523220999200716111502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
:
Neurological disorders are one of the major threat for health care system as they put enormous
socioeconomic burden. All aged populations are susceptible to one or other neurological problems
with symptoms of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction. At present,
available pharmacotherapeutics are insufficient to treat these diseased conditions and in most cases,
they provide only palliative effect. It was also found that the molecular etiology of neurological disorders
is directly linked with the alteration in genetic makeup, which can be inherited or triggered by the
injury, environmental toxins and by some existing disease. Therefore, to take care of this situation,
gene therapy has emerged as an advanced modality that claims to permanently cure the disease by deletion,
silencing or edition of faulty genes and by insertion of healthier genes. In this modality, vectors
(viral and non-viral) are used to deliver targeted gene into a specific region of the brain via various
routes. At present, gene therapy has shown positive outcomes in complex neurological disorders, such
as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington disease, Multiple sclerosis, Amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis and in lysosomal storage disease. However, there are some limitations such as immunogenic
reactions non-specificity of viral vectors and a lack of effective biomarkers to understand the efficacy
of therapy. Considerable progress has been made to improve vector design, gene selection and
targeted delivery. This review article deals with the current status of gene therapy in neurological disorders
along with its clinical relevance, challenges and future prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Aamir Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Sanjula Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi- 110062, India
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Jin ML, Zou ZH, Tao T, Li J, Xu J, Luo KJ, Liu Z. Effect of the Recombinant Adenovirus-Mediated HIF-1 Alpha on the Expression of VEGF in the Hypoxic Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells of Rats. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020; 16:397-406. [PMID: 32103959 PMCID: PMC7012637 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s238616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of recombinant adenovirus-mediated HIF-1 alpha (HIF-1α) on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) and HIF-1α in hypoxic brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) in rats. METHODS Primary cultured rat BMEC in vitro were treated without or with either recombinant adenovirus-mediated hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (AdHIF-1α) or recombinant adenovirus empty vector (Ad) in the presence of CoCl2 (simulating hypoxia conditions), or were grown under normoxia conditions. The expression of VEGFA and HIF-1α was analyzed at 12h, 24h, 48h and 72h incubation time, respectively. We also accessed a GEO dataset of stroke to analyze in vivo the alteration of HIF-1α and VEGFA expression, and the correlations between HIF-1α, VEGFA and CD31 mRNA levels in vascular vessels after stroke. RESULTS VEGFA and HIF-1α expression were significantly higher in at each time point in the AdHIF-1α than other groups (p<0.05), whereas the Ad group and hypoxia group, showed no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). Moreover, VEGFA and HIF-1α levels were significantly higher in BMEC under hypoxia conditions than normoxia conditions (p <0.05). Both HIF-1α and VEGFA expression significantly increased after stroke in vivo with 1.30 and 1.57 fold-change in log2, respectively. There were significantly positive associations between HIF-1α, VEGFA and CD31 mRNA levels in vivo after stroke. CONCLUSION Hypoxia-induced HIF-1α and VEGFA expression in vascular vessels, and recombinant AdHIF-1α could up-regulate VEGFA, and enhance HIF-1ααlevels in BMEC in vitro, which may play an important role in the recovery of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lu Jin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Qijiang Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 404100, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Hua Zou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, People's Republic of China.,Department of General Practice, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Tao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Wuhan Fourth Hospital, Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai-Jian Luo
- Guizhou Cancer Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou 550000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, People's Republic of China
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10
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Heydari E, Alishahi M, Ghaedrahmati F, Winlow W, Khoshnam SE, Anbiyaiee A. The role of non-coding RNAs in neuroprotection and angiogenesis following ischemic stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:31-43. [PMID: 31446548 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death and physical disability worldwide. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are endogenous molecules that play key roles in the pathophysiology and retrieval processes following ischemic stroke. The potential of ncRNAs, especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in neuroprotection and angiogenesis highlights their potential as targets for therapeutic intervention. In this review, we document the miRNAs and lncRNAs that have been reported to exert regulatory actions in neuroprotective and angiogenic processes through different mechanisms involving their interaction with target coding genes. We believe that exploration of the expression profiles and the possible functions of ncRNAs during the recovery processes will help comprehension of the molecular mechanisms responsible for neuroprotection and angiogenesis, and may also contribute to find biomarkers and targets for future stroke intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Heydari
- Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Alishahi
- Department of Biology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- Immunology Department, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - William Winlow
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II, Via Cintia 26, 80126, Napoli, Italy
- Honorary Research Fellow, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, The APEX building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, 6135715794, Iran.
| | - Amir Anbiyaiee
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, 61357-15794, Iran.
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Pena SA, Iyengar R, Eshraghi RS, Bencie N, Mittal J, Aljohani A, Mittal R, Eshraghi AA. Gene therapy for neurological disorders: challenges and recent advancements. J Drug Target 2019; 28:111-128. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1630415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A. Pena
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rahul Iyengar
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nicole Bencie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeenu Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Abdulrahman Aljohani
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rahul Mittal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Adrien A. Eshraghi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hearing Research Laboratory, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Chen J, He J, Ni R, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Luo L. Cerebrovascular Injuries Induce Lymphatic Invasion into Brain Parenchyma to Guide Vascular Regeneration in Zebrafish. Dev Cell 2019; 49:697-710.e5. [PMID: 31006646 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Damage to regional cerebrovascular networks and neuronal tissues occurs during acute cerebrovascular diseases, such as ischemic stroke. The promotion of vascular regeneration is the most promising therapeutic approach. To understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying brain vascular regeneration, we developed two zebrafish cerebrovascular injury models using genetic ablation and photochemical thrombosis. Although brain parenchyma is physiologically devoid of lymphatic vasculature, we found that cerebrovascular injuries induce rapid ingrowth of meningeal lymphatics into the injured parenchyma. The ingrown lymphatics on one hand become lumenized to drain interstitial fluid to resolve brain edema and on the other hand act as "growing tracks" for nascent blood vessels. The ingrown lymphatic vessels undergo apoptosis and clearance after cerebrovascular regeneration. This study reveals a pathological function of meningeal lymphatics, through previously unexpected ingrowth into brain parenchyma and a newly identified lymphatic function as vascular "growing tracks."
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jianbo He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui Ni
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qifen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yaoguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Deverman BE, Ravina BM, Bankiewicz KS, Paul SM, Sah DWY. Gene therapy for neurological disorders: progress and prospects. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:641-659. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Lu X, Gu R, Hu W, Sun Z, Wang G, Wang L, Xu Y. Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 protected against brain damage induced by transient cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:4629-4636. [PMID: 29805479 PMCID: PMC5958683 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify the effect of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 gene on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into four groups: Sham group, vehicle group, empty adenovirus vector (Ad) group and recombinant HO-1 adenovirus (Ad-HO-1) transfection group. Rats in the vehicle, Ad and Ad-HO-1 groups were respectively injected with saline, Ad or Ad-HO-1 for 3 days prior to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Subsequently, the middle cerebral artery occlusion method was used to establish the model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Following the assessment of neurological function, rats were sacrificed, and the infarction volume and apoptotic index in rat brains were measured. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of HO-1 in brain tissues were detected using western blot analysis. Results indicated that the neurological score of the Ad-HO-1 group was significantly increased compared with the Ad or vehicle groups, respectively (P<0.001). The volume of cerebral infarction and the index score of neuronal apoptosis in the vehicle and Ad groups was significantly increased compared with the Ad-HO-1 group (P<0.01). The death of neuronal cells following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury reduced remarkably induced by over-expression of HO-1. These findings suggest a neuroprotective role of HO-1 against brain injury induced by transient cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Renjun Gu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Zhitang Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Gaiqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Ge L, Yu D, Su R, Cao Y. [Effects of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α on hypoxic tolerance of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells]. ZHONGGUO XIU FU CHONG JIAN WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGGUO XIUFU CHONGJIAN WAIKE ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF REPARATIVE AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY 2018; 32:264-269. [PMID: 29806273 DOI: 10.7507/1002-1892.201710104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Under hypoxic conditions, the survival and apoptosis of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs) were observed by transient transfection of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) gene, to investigate the effect of HIF-1α on hypoxic tolerance of hAMSCs. Methods The hAMSCs were isolated and cultured from amniotic membrane tissue from voluntary donors who were treated with cesarean section. And the morphological observation by inverted phase contrast microscope and immunofluorescence detection of the expressions of stem cell markers OCT-4 and NANOG were performed to identify the cultured cells. The third generation hAMSCs were treated with 200 μmol/L CoCl 2, and transient transfection of plasmids were added according to the following grouping: group A was hAMSCs blank group; group B was pcDNA3.1 negative control group; group C was short hairpin RNA (shRNA) negative control group; group D was shRNA-HIF-1α interference group; group E was pcDNA3.1-HIF-1α over expression group. Cell survival rate of each group was measured by cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) at 12, 24, 48 hours after hypoxia treatment. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis rate of each group at 24 hours after hypoxia treatment. The expression levels of HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bax, and cleaved Caspase-3 (C-Caspase-3) proteins were detected by Western blot at 24 hours after hypoxia treatment. Results CCK-8 assay showed that the cell survival rate of group D was significantly lower than those of groups A and C at all time points after hypoxia treatment; while the cell survival rate in group E was significantly increased than those in groups A and B, and the diffrences at 24 hours were significant ( P<0.05). In group E, the cell survival rate at 24 hours was significantly higher than those at 12 and 48 hours ( P<0.05). The results of flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate in group D was significantly higher than those in groups A and C ( P<0.05), and the apoptosis rate in group E was significantly lower than those in groups A and B ( P<0.05). Western blot showed that the expressions of HIF-1α, VEGF, and Bcl-2 proteins in group D were significantly decreased when compared with those in groups A and C, and the expressions of Bax and C-Caspase-3 proteins were significantly increased ( P<0.05). On the contrary, the expressions of HIF-1α, VEGF, and Bcl-2 proteins in group E were significantly higher than those in groups A and B, and the expressions of Bax and C-Caspase-3 proteins were significantly decreased ( P<0.05). Conclusion Overexpression of HIF-1α gene can significantly improve hAMSCs tolerance to hypoxia, the mechanism may be related to up-regulation of VEGF and Bcl-2 expressions, and down-regulation of Bax and C-Caspase-3 expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Ge
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou Liaoning, 121001, P.R.China
| | - Deshui Yu
- Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou Liaoning, 121001,
| | - Ruichao Su
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou Liaoning, 121001, P.R.China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou Liaoning, 121001, P.R.China
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Abstract
While stroke research represents the primary interface between circulation and brain research, the hemostasis system also carries a pivotal role in the mechanism of vascular brain injury. The complex interrelated events triggered by the energy crisis have a specific spatial and temporal pattern arching from the initial damage to the final events of brain repair. The complexity of the pathophysiology make it difficult to model this disease, therefore it is challenging to find appropriate therapeutic targets. The ever-persistent antagonism between the positive results of drug candidates in the experimental stroke models and the failures of the clinical trials prompts changes in the research strategy, especially in the field of potential neuroprotective therapies. System biology approach could initiate new directions in the future for both preclinical and clinical research. Incentive methods aimed at anti-apoptosis mechanisms and the augmentation of post-ischemic brain repair could benefit the facts, that these processes can be targeted much longer following the cell-necrosis in the hyper-acute phase. Sequential monitoring of candidate genes and proteins responsible for stroke progression and post-stroke repair seems to be useful both in therapeutic target-identification, and in clinical testing. Understanding the mechanism behind the effect of selegiline and other drugs capable of activating the anti-apoptotic gene expression could help to find new approaches to enhance the regenerative potential in the remodeling of neuronal and microvascular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Nagy
- Department Section of Vascular Neurology, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Városmajor Street 68, 1122, Hungary; National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Amerikai Street 57, 1145, Hungary.
| | - S Nardai
- Department Section of Vascular Neurology, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Városmajor Street 68, 1122, Hungary; National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Amerikai Street 57, 1145, Hungary
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Khoshnam SE, Winlow W, Farbood Y, Moghaddam HF, Farzaneh M. Emerging Roles of microRNAs in Ischemic Stroke: As Possible Therapeutic Agents. J Stroke 2017; 19:166-187. [PMID: 28480877 PMCID: PMC5466283 DOI: 10.5853/jos.2016.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and physical disability worldwide. The consequences of stroke injuries are profound and persistent, causing in considerable burden to both the individual patient and society. Current treatments for ischemic stroke injuries have proved inadequate, partly owing to an incomplete understanding of the cellular and molecular changes that occur following ischemic stroke. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenously expressed RNA molecules that function to inhibit mRNA translation and have key roles in the pathophysiological processes contributing to ischemic stroke injuries. Potential therapeutic areas to compensate these pathogenic processes include promoting angiogenesis, neurogenesis and neuroprotection. Several miRNAs, and their target genes, are recognized to be involved in these recoveries and repair mechanisms. The capacity of miRNAs to simultaneously regulate several target genes underlies their unique importance in ischemic stroke therapeutics. In this Review, we focus on the role of miRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as promising therapeutic agents in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - William Winlow
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Napoli, Italia.,Institute of Ageing and Chronic Diseases, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Yaghoob Farbood
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hadi Fathi Moghaddam
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Destination Brain: the Past, Present, and Future of Therapeutic Gene Delivery. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:51-83. [PMID: 28160121 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neurological diseases and disorders (NDDs) present a significant societal burden and currently available drug- and biological-based therapeutic strategies have proven inadequate to alleviate it. Gene therapy is a suitable alternative to treat NDDs compared to conventional systems since it can be tailored to specifically alter select gene expression, reverse disease phenotype and restore normal function. The scope of gene therapy has broadened over the years with the advent of RNA interference and genome editing technologies. Consequently, encouraging results from central nervous system (CNS)-targeted gene delivery studies have led to their transition from preclinical to clinical trials. As we shift to an exciting gene therapy era, a retrospective of available literature on CNS-associated gene delivery is in order. This review is timely in this regard, since it analyzes key challenges and major findings from the last two decades and evaluates future prospects of brain gene delivery. We emphasize major areas consisting of physiological and pharmacological challenges in gene therapy, function-based selection of a ideal cellular target(s), available therapy modalities, and diversity of viral vectors and nanoparticles as vehicle systems. Further, we present plausible answers to key questions such as strategies to circumvent low blood-brain barrier permeability and most suitable CNS cell types for targeting. We compare and contrast pros and cons of the tested viral vectors in the context of delivery systems used in past and current clinical trials. Gene vector design challenges are also evaluated in the context of cell-specific promoters. Key challenges and findings reported for recent gene therapy clinical trials, assessing viral vectors and nanoparticles are discussed from the perspective of bench to bedside gene therapy translation. We conclude this review by tying together gene delivery challenges, available vehicle systems and comprehensive analyses of neuropathogenesis to outline future prospects of CNS-targeted gene therapies.
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20
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Ke X, Liu C, Wang Y, Ma J, Mao X, Li Q. Netrin-1 promotes mesenchymal stem cell revascularization of limb ischaemia. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2016; 13:145-56. [PMID: 26818229 DOI: 10.1177/1479164115611594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the effect and mechanism of action of Netrin-1 on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in angiogenesis. Tube formation and migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were observed in cell culture. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells or Netrin-1-bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were injected into the ischaemic area of the rat hind limb on the first day after surgery. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was performed to analyse the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in plasma and muscles, and immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were used to analyse angiogenesis. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in medium containing Netrin-1 markedly increased the number of tubes formed and the migration of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells compared with the untreated control group. The function of Netrin-1 in tube formation and migration is similar to vascular endothelial growth factor, and combined with vascular endothelial growth factor, Netrin-1 has more enhanced effect than in the other three groups. The Netrin-1-bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell group had better augmented blood-perfusion scores and vessel densities, as well as improved function of the ischaemic limb than that of the group injected with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (treated with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells individually) or the control group (treated with medium). These results suggest that Netrin-1 has the ability to augment the angiogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and improve the function of the ischaemic hind limb by increasing the level of vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjin Ke
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chenxiao Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Abstract
Gene therapy represents a promising approach for the treatment of monogenic and multifactorial neurological disorders. It can be used to replace a missing gene and mutated gene or downregulate a causal gene. Despite the versatility of gene therapy, one of the main limitations lies in the irreversibility of the process: once delivered to target cells, the gene of interest is constitutively expressed and cannot be removed. Therefore, efficient, safe and long-term gene modification requires a system allowing fine control of transgene expression.Different systems have been developed over the past decades to regulate transgene expression after in vivo delivery, either at transcriptional or post-translational levels. The purpose of this chapter is to give an overview on current regulatory system used in the context of gene therapy for neurological disorders. Systems using external regulation of transgenes using antibiotics are commonly used to control either gene expression using tetracycline-controlled transcription or protein levels using destabilizing domain technology. Alternatively, specific promoters of genes that are regulated by disease mechanisms, increasing expression as the disease progresses or decreasing expression as disease regresses, are also examined. Overall, this chapter discusses advantages and drawbacks of current molecular methods for regulated gene therapy in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine Breger
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, CNS Gene Therapy Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erika Elgstrand Wettergren
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, CNS Gene Therapy Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Luis Quintino
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, CNS Gene Therapy Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lundberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, CNS Gene Therapy Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, BMC A11, 221 84, Lund, Sweden.
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23
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Tang Y, Wang L, Wang J, Lin X, Wang Y, Jin K, Yang GY. Ischemia-induced Angiogenesis is Attenuated in Aged Rats. Aging Dis 2015; 7:326-35. [PMID: 27493831 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.1125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To study whether focal angiogenesis is induced in aged rodents after permanent distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), young adult (3-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) Fisher 344 rats underwent MCAO and sacrificed up to two months after MCAO. Immunohistochemistry and synchrotron radiation microangiography were performed to examine the number of newly formed blood vessels in both young adult and aged rats post-ischemia. We found that the number of capillaries and small arteries in aged brain was the same as young adult brain. In addition, we found that after MCAO, the number of blood vessels in the peri-infarct region of ipsilateral hemisphere in aged ischemic rats was significantly increased compared to the aged sham rats (p<0.05). We also confirmed that ischemia-induced focal angiogenesis occurred in young adult rat brain while the blood vessel density in young adult ischemic brain was significantly higher than that in the aged ischemic brain (p<0.05). Our data suggests that focal angiogenesis in aged rat brain can be induced in response to ischemic brain injury, and that aging impedes brain repairing and remodeling after ischemic stroke, possible due to the limited response of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaohui Tang
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; 2Department of Orthopaedic surgery, School of medicine, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liuqing Wang
- 3Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Jixian Wang
- 5Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaojie Lin
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Kunlin Jin
- 3Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, 325000, China; 4Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, TX 76203, USA
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- 1Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; 5Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200030, China
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Addington CP, Roussas A, Dutta D, Stabenfeldt SE. Endogenous repair signaling after brain injury and complementary bioengineering approaches to enhance neural regeneration. Biomark Insights 2015; 10:43-60. [PMID: 25983552 PMCID: PMC4429653 DOI: 10.4137/bmi.s20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects 5.3 million Americans annually. Despite the many long-term deficits associated with TBI, there currently are no clinically available therapies that directly address the underlying pathologies contributing to these deficits. Preclinical studies have investigated various therapeutic approaches for TBI: two such approaches are stem cell transplantation and delivery of bioactive factors to mitigate the biochemical insult affiliated with TBI. However, success with either of these approaches has been limited largely due to the complexity of the injury microenvironment. As such, this review outlines the many factors of the injury microenvironment that mediate endogenous neural regeneration after TBI and the corresponding bioengineering approaches that harness these inherent signaling mechanisms to further amplify regenerative efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline P Addington
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Adam Roussas
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Dipankar Dutta
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Sarah E Stabenfeldt
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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25
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Gao HJ, Liu PF, Li PW, Huang ZY, Yu FB, Lei T, Chen Y, Cheng Y, Mu QC, Huang HY. Ligustrazine monomer against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:832-40. [PMID: 26109963 PMCID: PMC4468780 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.156991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligustrazine (2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine) is a major active ingredient of the Szechwan lovage rhizome and is extensively used in treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The mechanism of action of ligustrazine use against ischemic cerebrovascular diseases remains unclear at present. This study summarizes its protective effect, the optimum time window of administration, and the most effective mode of administration for clinical treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. We examine the effects of ligustrazine on suppressing excitatory amino acid release, promoting migration, differentiation and proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells. We also looked at its effects on angiogenesis and how it inhibits thrombosis, the inflammatory response, and apoptosis after cerebral ischemia. We consider that ligustrazine gives noticeable protection from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The time window of ligustrazine administration is limited. The protective effect and time window of a series of derivative monomers of ligustrazine such as 2-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)oxidoimino]methyl]-3,5,6-trimethylpyrazine, CXC137 and CXC195 after cerebral ischemia were better than ligustrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China ; Department of Neurosurgery, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Peng-Fei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Pei-Wen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Zhuo-Yan Huang
- Clinical Medical College of Beihua University, Jilin, Jilin Province, China
| | - Feng-Bo Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Qing-Chun Mu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hai-Yan Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
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Zhang J, Li X, Chai S, Wang X. Neuroprotective effect of lentivirus mediated VEGF on rat model with cerebral ischemic injury. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:4094-4100. [PMID: 26064315 PMCID: PMC4443149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effect and its mechanism of lentivirus mediated VEGF on rat model with cerebral ischemic injury. 45 rats with cerebral ischemic injury constructed by the suture method were randomly divided into sham group, model group, vector group and VEGF group. The packaged vector lentivirus and lentivirus carrying VEGF gene were injected into the lateral ventricular of rats in vector group and VEGF group respectively. The equal volume of PBS buffer was injected in sham group and model group respectively. The expression of VEGF and protein in brain tissue were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot. The change of brain tissue vascular density was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The brain infarction area and the degree of nervous functional defect of the rats were analyzed. VEGF mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in brain tissue of rats in VEGF group than those in model group and vector group (P < 0.05). The brain tissue vascular density increased significantly in VEGF group (P < 0.05). Compared with sham group, the infarction area of brain tissue and the degree of nervous functional defect increased significantly in model group, vector group and VEGF group, but the VEGF group was significantly lower than those in model group and vector group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the overexpression of VEGF in cerebral ischemia injury contributed to the angiogenesis in brain tissues, reduced the brain injury caused by cerebral ischemia and protected brain neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhe Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang 453003, China
| | - Shujie Chai
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xiaoyin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xinxiang Medical UniversityXinxiang 453003, China
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Cheng L, Ma L, Ren H, Zhao H, Pang Y, Wang Y, Wei M. Alterations in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in the rat brain following gamma knife surgery. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2263-70. [PMID: 25176344 PMCID: PMC4214336 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma knife surgery (GKS) is used for the treatment of various brain diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying brain injury following irradiation remain to be elucidated. Given that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is closely associated with pathological angiogenesis and the permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB), the present study was designed to analyze temporal alterations in VEGF expression in the cerebral cortex and the effect of VEGF on cerebral edema in rats following GKS. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to GKS at maximum doses of 60 Gy. Animals were sacrificed between 4 and 24 weeks after GKS. Immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were employed for detecting VEGF expression. The vessel density was measured by CD31+ cell count and vascular structures were examined using electron microscopy. Brain water content and BBB permeability were measured in the present study. VEGF expression in the irradiated cortex progressively increased until 16 weeks after GKS when the maximal expression was reached, and then gradually decreased to the control level 24 weeks after GKS. These findings were confirmed by RT-PCR. A mild decrease in vessel density was observed 4 weeks after GKS, followed by an increase in vessel density between 8 and 20 weeks later. Furthermore, previous studies also demonstrated vascular damage, opening of the BBB and an increase in brain water content occurring simultaneously. To the best of our knowledge, these data demonstrated for the first time dynamic changes in VEGF expression following GKS and also suggest the importance of VEGF expression in pathological angiogenesis and edema formation following GKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Hecheng Ren
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jixian People's Hospital, Tianjin 301900, P.R. China
| | - Yiqiang Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fourth Hospital of Baotou, Baotou, Inner Mongolia 014030, P.R. China
| | - Yongheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, Hebei 066000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
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He X, Li Y, Lu H, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Yang GY. Netrin-1 overexpression promotes white matter repairing and remodeling after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1921-7. [PMID: 23963365 PMCID: PMC3851901 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Damage of oligodendrocytes after ischemia has negative impact on white matter integrity and neuronal function. In this work, we explore whether Netrin-1 (NT-1) overexpression facilitates white matter repairing and remodeling. Adult CD-1 mice received stereotactic injection of adeno-associated virus carrying NT-1 gene (AAV-NT-1). One week after gene transfer, mice underwent 60 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The effect of NT-1 on neural function was evaluated by neurobehavioral tests. Proliferated oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), newly matured oligodendrocytes, and remyelination were semi-quantified by immunohistochemistry. The role of NT-1 in oligodendrogenesis was further explored by examining specific NT-1 receptors and their function. Netrin-1 overexpression was detected in neurons and astrocytes 2 weeks after AAV-NT-1 gene transfer and significantly improved the neurobehavioral outcomes compared with the control (P<0.05). In comparison with the control, proliferated OPCs, newly matured oligodendrocytes, and remyelination were greatly increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere of AAV-NT-1-transduced mice. Furthermore, both NT-1 receptors deleted in colorectal carcinoma and UNC5H2 were expressed on OPCs whereas only UNC5H2 was expressed in myelinated axons. Our study indicated that NT-1 promoted OPC proliferation, differentiation, and increased remyelination, suggesting that NT-1 is a promising factor for white matter repairing and remodeling after ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong He
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Liu J, Wang Y, Akamatsu Y, Lee CC, Stetler RA, Lawton MT, Yang GY. Vascular remodeling after ischemic stroke: mechanisms and therapeutic potentials. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:138-56. [PMID: 24291532 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The brain vasculature has been increasingly recognized as a key player that directs brain development, regulates homeostasis, and contributes to pathological processes. Following ischemic stroke, the reduction of blood flow elicits a cascade of changes and leads to vascular remodeling. However, the temporal profile of vascular changes after stroke is not well understood. Growing evidence suggests that the early phase of cerebral blood volume (CBV) increase is likely due to the improvement in collateral flow, also known as arteriogenesis, whereas the late phase of CBV increase is attributed to the surge of angiogenesis. Arteriogenesis is triggered by shear fluid stress followed by activation of endothelium and inflammatory processes, while angiogenesis induces a number of pro-angiogenic factors and circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). The status of collaterals in acute stroke has been shown to have several prognostic implications, while the causal relationship between angiogenesis and improved functional recovery has yet to be established in patients. A number of interventions aimed at enhancing cerebral blood flow including increasing collateral recruitment are under clinical investigation. Transplantation of EPCs to improve angiogenesis is also underway. Knowledge in the underlying physiological mechanisms for improved arteriogenesis and angiogenesis shall lead to more effective therapies for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | - Yongting Wang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai 200030, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yosuke Akamatsu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Chih Cheng Lee
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA; SFVAMC, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Michael T Lawton
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Research Center, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai 200030, China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China; Department of Neurology, Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Sun L, Hao Y, Nie X, Xu J, Li Z, Zhang W, Liu Y, Zhang X. Recombinant AAV-PR39-mediated hypoxia-inducible factor 1α gene expression attenuates myocardial infarction. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:171-7. [PMID: 24253102 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PR39 is an angiogenic masterswitch protein, belonging to the second generation of angiogenic growth factors. However, the role of recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying the PR39 fusion gene (AAV-PR39) in acute myocardial infarction remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the role of AAV-PR39 in an experimental animal model of acute myocardial infarction. The PR39 gene was fused with the transmembrane peptide, TAT, 6xHis‑tag and NT4 signal sequences. AAV-PR39 was then obtained by calcium phosphate co-precipitation. A total of 18 healthy Chinese mini pigs were randomly divided into an experimental groups (the AAV-PR39-treated group) and a control group [phosphated-buffered saline (PBS)-treated group]. Following the induction of myocardial infarction, enhanced 3.0T MR imaging was performed to observe the changes in myocardial signal intensity at 0 h, 1, 2 and 3 weeks. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor‑1α (HIF-1α) in the myocardial tissues was determined by SABC immunohistochemistry. In addition, in vitro experiments using CRL-1730 endothelial cells transfected with AAV vector containing NT4-TAT-His-PR39 revealed that the AAV-PR39-treated group had a significantly higher expression of HIF-1α compared with the control group. Moreover, PR39 regulated the HIF-1α-induced expression of angiogenic growth factors. Under hypoxic conditions, the anti-apoptotic effects in the AAV-PR39 group were more pronounced than those observed in the control (PBS-treated) group. In vivo, the enforced expression of recombinant PR39 elevated the level of HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions and decreased the size of the infarcted areas by upregulating the expression of HIF-1α in the areas surrounding the infarct area. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the recombinant AAV-PR39-mediated HIF-1α expression attenuates myocardial infarction, indicating that AAV-PR39 may serve as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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Miao J, Shen LH, Tang YH, Wang YT, Tao MX, Jin KL, Zhao YJ, Yang GY. Overexpression of adiponectin improves neurobehavioral outcomes after focal cerebral ischemia in aged mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 19:969-77. [PMID: 24164711 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS To study whether adiponectin (APN) could improve neurological outcomes in aged mice after ischemic stroke. METHODS Adeno-associated virus carrying APN gene was injected into aged and young adult mice 7 days before transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Atrophic volumes and neurobehavioral deficiencies were determined up to 28 days after tMCAO. Focal angiogenesis was determined based on blood vessel number in the ischemic regions. RESULTS Increased atrophic volume and more sever neurobehavioral deficits were found in the aged mice compared with young adult mice (P < 0.05). AAV-APN gene transfer attenuated atrophic volume and improved neurobehavioral outcomes, along with increased focal angiogenesis in both aged and young adult mice, compared with control animals (P < 0.05). In addition, the attenuation of atrophic volume and the improvement in neurobehavioral outcomes were much more significant in aged mice than in young adult mice after AAV-APN administration (P < 0.05). The number of microvessels in aged AAV-APN mouse ischemic brain was higher than in young adult AAV-APN treated mouse brain (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that APN overexpression reduces ischemic brain injury and improves neurobehavioral function recovery in aged mice than in young mice, suggesting APN is more beneficial in aged animals after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Miao
- Department of Geriatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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32
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MicroRNA-210 overexpression induces angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the normal adult mouse brain. Gene Ther 2013; 21:37-43. [PMID: 24152581 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and neurogenesis are crucial processes for brain tissue repair and remodeling after brain injury. Current study shows that microRNA-210 (miR-210) promotes vascular endothelial cell migration and tube formation under hypoxia in vitro. Whether miR-210 overexpression promotes focal angiogenesis and neurogenesis in the normal adult brain is unknown. Adult male C57BL/6 mice (n=54) underwent stereotactic injection of a lentiviral vector carrying miR-210 (LV-miR-210). Following 28 days of miR-210 gene transfer, endothelial cell and neural precursor cell proliferation, microvessel density and downstream angiogenic factor were genotyped. miR-210 was highly expressed in neurons, astrocytes and endothelial cells of the LV-miR-210-injected brain hemisphere. The endothelial cell proliferation and the number of newly formed microvessels were greatly increased in the LV-miR-210-treated mice compared with the controls (P<0.05). Neural progenitor cells in the subventricular zone were greatly increased compared with the controls (P<0.05). The data indicate that miR-210 is a key factor at the microRNA level in promoting angiogenesis and neurogenesis, which was associated with local increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, suggesting that miR-210 may be a potential target for ischemic stroke therapy.
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Zhao Y, Li Z, Wang R, Wei J, Li G, Zhao H. Angiopoietin 1 counteracts vascular endothelial growth factor-induced blood–brain barrier permeability and alleviates ischemic injury in the early stages of transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Neurol Res 2013; 32:748-55. [DOI: 10.1179/016164109x12445616596562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Zhu K, Guo C, Xia Y, Lai H, Yang W, Wang Y, Song D, Wang C. Transplantation of novel vascular endothelial growth factor gene delivery system manipulated skeletal myoblasts promote myocardial repair. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:2622-31. [PMID: 23578891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal myoblast (SkM) transplantation combined with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene delivery has been proposed as a promising therapy for cardiac repair. Nevertheless, the defective gene vectors and unregulable VEGF expression in vivo hinder its application. Therefore, the search for an economical, effective, controllable gene delivery system is quite necessary. METHODS In our study, hyperbranched polyamidoamine (h-PAMAM) dendrimer was synthesized as a novel gene delivery vector using a modified method. And hypoxia-regulated human VEGF-165 plasmids (pHRE-hVEGF165) were constructed for controllable VEGF gene expression. The efficiency and feasibility of h-PAMAM-HRE-hVEGF165 gene delivery system manipulated SkM transplantation for cardiac repair were investigated in myocardial infarction models. RESULTS The h-PAMAM encapsulated pHRE-hVEGF165 could resist nuclease digestion for over 120 min. In primary SkMs, h-PAMAM-pHRE-hVEGF165 gene delivery system showed high transfection efficiency (43.47 ± 2.22%) and minor cytotoxicity (cell viability = 91.38 ± 0.48%). And the transfected SkMs could express hVEGF165 for 18 days under hypoxia in vitro. For myocardial infarction models, intramyocardial transplantation of the transfected SkMs could result in reduction of apoptotic myocardiocytes, improvement of grafted cell survival, decrease of infarct size and interstitial fibrosis, and increase of blood vessel density, which inhibited left ventricle remodeling and improved heart function at the late phase following infarction. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that h-PAMAM based pHRE-hVEGF165 gene delivery into SkMs is feasible and effective, and may serve as a novel and promising gene therapy strategy in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University & Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai 200032, PR China
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Hellström M, Pollett MA, Harvey AR. Post-injury delivery of rAAV2-CNTF combined with short-term pharmacotherapy is neuroprotective and promotes extensive axonal regeneration after optic nerve trauma. J Neurotrauma 2012; 28:2475-83. [PMID: 21861632 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors expressing neurotrophic genes reduce neuronal death and promote axonal regeneration in central nervous system (CNS) injury models. Currently, however, use of rAAV to treat clinical neurotrauma is problematic because there is a delay in the onset of transgene expression. Using the adult rat retina and optic nerve (ON), we have tested whether rAAV gene therapy administered at the time of injury combined with short-term pharmacotherapy has synergistic effects that enhance neuronal survival and regeneration. The ON was transected and a 1.5 cm segment of autologous peripheral nerve (PN) was grafted onto the cut end. At this time, bicistronic rAAV2 encoding ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) and green fluorescent protein (rAAV2-CNTF-GFP) was injected into the injured eye. To provide interim support for axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) during vector integration and therapeutic transgene expression, rCNTF protein and a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) analogue (CPT-cAMP) were injected intravitreally 3 and 10 days postoperatively. For comparison, another rAAV2-CNTF-GFP group received two intravitreal saline injections 3 and 10 days after the PN-ON surgery. A further PN graft group received only postoperative intravitreal injections of rCNTF plus CPT-cAMP. After 4 weeks, regenerating RGCs were retrogradely labelled by applying fluorogold to the distal end of each PN graft. Compared to saline-injected animals, both RGC survival and axonal regrowth were significantly higher in the rCNTF and CPT-cAMP injected rAAV2-CNTF-GFP group; approximately one third of the RGC population survived axotomy, and 27% of these regrew an axon. These values were also higher than those obtained in rats that received only rCNTF plus CPT-cAMP injections. Therefore, we show for the first time that rAAV-mediated gene delivery at the time of, or just after, neurotrauma is most successful when combined with temporary post-injury trophic support, and is potentially a viable treatment strategy for patients after acute CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Hellström
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Sun L, Hao Y, Nie X, Zhang X, Yang G, Wang Q. Construction of PR39 recombinant AAV under control of the HRE promoter and the effect of recombinant AAV on gene therapy of ischemic heart disease. Exp Ther Med 2012; 4:811-814. [PMID: 23226731 PMCID: PMC3493712 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the PR39 recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) controlled by the hypoxia-responsive element (HRE) on gene therapy of ischemic heart disease. The minimal HRE was artificially synthesized and the AAV vector controlled by HRE was introduced with NT4-TAT-His-PR39 to investigate the expression of AAV-PR39 in hypoxic vascular endothelial cells (VEC) of human umbilical vein (CRL-1730 cell line) and the angiogenesis-promoting effect in pigs with acute myocardial infraction (AMI). The minimal HRE/CMV was designed and artificially synthesized using the PCR method and cloned with the T vector cloning method. The pSS-HRE-CMV-NT4-6His-PR39-PolyA-AAV plasmid was constructed. Using the calcium phosphate precipitation method, HEK-293 cells were co-transfected with three plasmids to produce the recombinant virus. An equal volume of pSS-HRE-CMV-NT4-6His-PR39-PolyAAAV and enterovirus (EV, blank virus) was transfected into CRL-1730 cell lines, respectively. The immunohistochemical method was used to assay the expression of 6xHis in CRL-1730 cell lines and the expression of PR39 under hypoxia. Eighteen AMI miniature pigs were randomized into the experimental group (HRE-AAV-PR39 group), control group 1 (physical saline group) and control group 2 (EV group). The area of ischemia was assessed with conventional MRI and myocardium perfusion MRI. Pigs were sacrificed at preset time-points to obtain samples of ischemic myocardium. Morphological and pathological data were collected. According to data in the literature and databases, the minimal HRE was designed and synthesized with the PCR method. A large number of HREs were connected to modified pSSHGAAV (pSSV9int-/XbaI) vector followed by insertion of the NT4-6His-PR39 gene segment and, thus, the recombinant plasmid pSS-HRE-CMV-NT4-6His-PR39-PolyA-AAV was successfully constructed. The expression of 6xHis in CRL-1730 cells under the regulation of HRE was assayed using the immunohistochemical method and results showed that the expression was positive in the experimental group. Myocardium perfusion MRI displayed that the infracted area significantly decreased under the action of pSS-HRE-CMV-NT4-PR39-PolyA-AAV. The artificial minimal HRE in CRL-1730 cells effectively and rapidly regulates the expression of the downstream gene NT4-TAT-His-PR39 of the CMV promoter. Recombinant pSS-HRE-CMV-NT4-PR39-Poly-AAAV promotes neoangiogenesis in the ischemic area, reduces the area of infarction and improves heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- Department of Radiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032
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Zhang J, Shi Q, Yang P, Xu X, Chen X, Qi C, Zhang J, Lu H, Zhao B, Zheng P, Zhang P, Liu Y. Neuroprotection of neurotrophin-3 against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury is regulated by hypoxia-responsive element in rats. Neuroscience 2012; 222:1-9. [PMID: 22820262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous delivery of the neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) gene may provide a potential therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. To investigate the neuroprotective effects of NT-3 expression controlled by 5HRE after focal cerebral ischemia, we constructed a recombinant retrovirus vector (RV) with five copies of hypoxia-responsive elements (5HRE or 5H) and NT-3 and delivered it to the rat brain. Three groups of rats received RV-5H-NT3, RV-5H-EGFP or saline injection. Three days after gene transfer, the rats underwent 90min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO), followed by 1-28days of reperfusion. Three days after tMCAO, brain NT-3 expression was significantly increased in the RV-5H-NT3-transduced animals compared with the RV-5H-EGFP or saline group, and brain infarct volume was smaller in the RV-5H-NT3-transduced group than the RV-5H-EGFP or saline group. The percentage of TUNEL-positive cells was reduced in RV-5H-NT3-transduced brains compared with the RV-5H-EGFP or saline group 3 and 7days after tMCAO. Furthermore, the neurological status of RV-5H-NT3-transduced rats was better than that of RV-5H-EGFP- or saline-transduced animals from 1day to 4weeks after tMCAO. Our results demonstrated that 5HRE could modulate NT-3 expression in the ischemic brain environment and that the up-regulated NT-3 could effectively improve neurological status following tMCAO due to decreased initial damage. To avoid unexpected side effects, 5HRE-controlled gene expression might be a useful tool for gene therapy of ischemic disorders in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Environment and Genes Related to Diseases Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, PR China
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Shen L, Miao J, Yuan F, Zhao Y, Tang Y, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Yang GY. Overexpression of adiponectin promotes focal angiogenesis in the mouse brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion. Gene Ther 2012; 20:93-101. [PMID: 22357512 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that overexpression of adiponectin (APN) could attenuate ischemic brain injury. However, the mechanism of APN effect remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the cellular mechanisms of APN action during cerebral ischemia. Adult mice (n=120) received an intracerebral injection of adeno-associated viral vector carrying the APN gene (AAV-APN). The mice were subjected to a transient ispilateral middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) after 7-day AAV-APN gene transfer. Cortical atrophy volume, neurological function, microvessels counts, phospho-AMPK and downstream angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were examined. Overexpression of APN was observed in the mouse brain following AAV-APN gene transfer. Cortical atrophy volume was attenuated in the AAV-APN-transduced mice compared with the AAV-GFP and saline-treated mice (7.9 ± 0.6%, 19.8 ± 0.3% and 20.3 ± 1.1%, respectively, P<0.05), with significant improvement in neurological function and an increased number of microvessels (199 ± 5 vs 151 ± 4 and 148 ± 4 mm(-2), P<0.01). Furthermore, the expression of phospho-AMPK and VEGF were increased in the AAV-APN-transduced compared with the control mice (P<0.01), whereas inhibiting phospho-AMPK, reducing VEGF expression and attenuating the effect of APN on brain atrophy and angiogenesis (P<0.01). APN overexpression attenuates ischemia-induced brain atrophy and has improvement in neurological function. The consequence is related to promotion of focal angiogenesis. The AMPK signaling pathway has an important role in upregulating angiogenic factor VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Gene regulation systems for gene therapy applications in the central nervous system. Neurol Res Int 2012; 2012:595410. [PMID: 22272373 PMCID: PMC3261487 DOI: 10.1155/2012/595410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in the development of novel gene therapy strategies for central nervous system (CNS) disorders in recent years. However, unregulated transgene expression is a significant issue limiting human applications due to the potential side effects from excessive levels of transgenic protein that indiscriminately affect both diseased and nondiseased cells. Gene regulation systems are a tool by which tight tissue-specific and temporal regulation of transgene expression may be achieved. This review covers the features of ideal regulatory systems and summarises the mechanics of current exogenous and endogenous gene regulation systems and their utility in the CNS.
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Myoblast-mediated gene therapy via encephalomyosynangiosis – A novel strategy for local delivery of gene products to the brain surface. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 201:61-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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First implantable device for hypoxia-mediated angiogenic induction. J Control Release 2011; 153:217-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Katsumata A, Sugiu K, Tokunaga K, Kusaka N, Watanabe K, Nishida A, Namba K, Hamada H, Nakashima H, Date I. Optimal dose of plasmid vascular endothelial growth factor for enhancement of angiogenesis in the rat brain ischemia model. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2011; 50:449-55. [PMID: 20587967 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.50.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) administration has recently been assessed as a therapeutic strategy for ischemic diseases including brain ischemia because of its angiogenic effect. However, VEGF also causes detrimental adverse effects by increasing vascular permeability. This study examined whether plasmid human VEGF (phVEGF) administration induced angiogenic effects in the rat brain ischemia model caused by permanent ligation of both common carotid arteries, and investigated the occurrence of adverse effects. Administration of various doses (0-200 microg) of phVEGF in the temporal muscle was followed by encephalo-myo-synangiosis. Thirty days after treatment, the numbers and areas of capillaries per field in the extracted brains were analyzed with the National Institutes of Health Image software program. The maximal angiogenic effect occurred with a 100 microg dose of phVEGF in the numbers and areas of capillaries in the VEGF-treated brains. Histological examination showed no apparent adverse effects in the brain parenchyma even at the highest administration dose (200 microg) of phVEGF. The maximal angiogenic effect at the optimal dose of phVEGF can be considered under the threshold to cause serious adverse effects in the rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Katsumata
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
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Sun H, Le T, Chang TTJ, Habib A, Wu S, Shen F, Young WL, Su H, Liu J. AAV-mediated netrin-1 overexpression increases peri-infarct blood vessel density and improves motor function recovery after experimental stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 44:73-83. [PMID: 21726647 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from its role in axon guidance, netrin-1 is also known to be pro-angiogenic. The aim of this study is to determine whether adeno-associated viral (AAV) mediated overexpression of netrin-1 improves post-stroke neurovascular structure and recovery of function. AAV-Netrin-1 or AAV-LacZ of 1×10(10) genome copies each was injected medial and posterior to ischemic lesion at one hour following reperfusion using the distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) method. Quantitative RT-PCR revealed that the expression of netrin-1 transgene began as early as one day and increased dramatically about 3 weeks following vector injection. Western blot analysis and confocal microscopy suggested that both the endogenous and transduced netrin-1 were expressed in the neurons of the peri-infarct cortex after MCAO. AAV-mediated netrin-1 overexpression significantly increased vascular density in the peri-infarct cortex and promoted the migration of immature neurons into the peri-infarct white matter, but it did not significantly reduce infarct size. Netrin-1 overexpression also enhanced post-stroke locomotor activity, improved exploratory behavior, and reduced ischemia-induced motor asymmetry in forelimb usage. However, it had little effect on post-stroke spatial learning and memory. Our results suggest that AAV mediated netrin-1 overexpression improves peri-infarct vascular density and post stroke motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Neurological Surgery, San Francisco, CA, USA
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44
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Wei Q, Liu Z, Fei Y, Peng D, Zuo H, Huang X, Liu Z, Zhang X. Adeno-associated viral vector mediated and cardiac-specific delivery of CD151 gene in ischemic rat hearts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 31:46-51. [PMID: 21336722 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-011-0148-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that CD151 gene promoted neovascularization in ischemic heart model. To improve the delivery efficacy and target specificity of CD151 gene to ischemic heart, we generated an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector in which CD151 expression was controlled by the myosin light chain (MLC-2v) promoter to achieve the cardiac-specific expression of CD151 gene in ischemic myocardium and to limit unwanted CD151 expression in extracardiac organs. The function of this vector was examined in rat ischemic myocardium model. The protein expression of CD151 in the ischemic myocardium areas, liver and kidney was confirmed by using Western blot, while the microvessels within ischemic myocardium areas were detected by using immunohistochemistry. The results showed that MLC-2v significantly enhanced the expression of CD151 in ischemic myocardium, but attenuated its expression in other organs. The forced CD151 expression could increase the number of microvessels in the ischemic myocardium. This study demonstrates the AAV-mediated and MLC-2v regulated CD151 gene is highly expressed in the ischemic myocardium and cardiac-specific delivery that is more efficiently targets CD151 to the ischemia myocardium after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhaoyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yujie Fei
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Houjuan Zuo
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Zhengxiang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Cancer Centers, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, 38163, USA
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Wei X, Mao Z, Hou Y, Lin L, Xue T, Chen L, Wang H, Yu C. Local administration of TGFβ-1/VEGF165 gene-transduced bone mesenchymal stem cells for Achilles allograft replacement of the anterior cruciate ligament in rabbits. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 406:204-10. [PMID: 21303664 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Graft remodeling following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction requires a long period of recovery before it is capable of withstanding physiological loads. Graft revascularization is extremely important in the remodeling process. In ACL reconstruction, the local administration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) significantly increased revascularization of the graft, but did not significantly affect the mechanical properties of the graft after implantation (Ju et al., 2006; Yoshikawa, et al., 2006). Our previous studies showed that transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) could promote improvements in mechanical strength in Achilles tendon regeneration, by regulating collagen type I and type III synthesis, cross-link formation, and matrix-remodeling (Hou et al., 2009). The current study aims to investigate whether the co-expression of TGFβ1/VEGF(165) could beneficially affect the remodeling of ACL grafts. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), transfected with an adenoviral vector encoding TGFβ1, VEGF(165) or TGFβ1/VEGF(165), were surgically implanted into experimental ACL grafts, with non-transfected cells as a control. HE and toluidine blue staining, vascular number, and biomechanical features were analyzed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 weeks after surgery. The results suggest that TGFβ1 expression, in the TGFβ1/VEGF(165)-transfected BMSCs, could accelerate the remodeling of the reconstructed ligament. The cross-talk between TGFβ1 and VEGF(165) has positive consequences, as TGFβ1/VEGF(165)-transfected BMSCs significantly promoted angiogenesis of the reconstructed ligament at 3, 6, 12 weeks, with the best mechanical properties being achieved at 24 weeks. Furthermore, co-expression of these genes is more powerful and efficient than single gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, 406 South Jiefang Road, Tianjin, China
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Adeno associated viral vector-delivered and hypoxia response element-regulated CD151 expression in ischemic rat heart. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:201-8. [PMID: 21240296 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2010.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to improve the delivery efficacy and target specificity of the pro-angiogenic gene CD151 to the ischemic heart. METHODS To achieve the inducible expression of adeno-associated viral (AAV)-delivered CD151 gene in only the ischemic myocardium, we generated an AAV construct in which CD151 expression can be controlled by the hypoxia response element (HRE) sequence from the human Enolase gene. The function of this vector was examined in rat H9C2 cardiac myoblasts and in ischemic rat myocardium. The expression of CD151 in the areas of ischemic myocardium was confirmed at the mRNA level by real-time PCR and on the protein level by Western blot, whereas the CD151 expression in the microvessels within the areas of ischemic myocardium was detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS HRE significantly enhances the expression of CD151 under hypoxic conditions or in the ischemic myocardium, and forced CD151 expression increases the number of microvessels in the ischemic myocardium. CONCLUSION The AAV-mediated, HRE regulated delivery of the CD151 gene shows higher expression in the ischemic myocardium and more efficiently targets CD151 to the hypoxic regions after myocardial infarction.
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Bhang SH, Kim JH, Yang HS, La WG, Lee TJ, Kim GH, Kim HA, Lee M, Kim BS. Combined gene therapy with hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and heme oxygenase-1 for therapeutic angiogenesis. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 17:915-26. [PMID: 20979535 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfection with either hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) or heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene can induce neovascularization in ischemic tissues. Although expression of transfected HIF-1α gene occurs rapidly, the expressed HIF-1α protein degrades quickly, limiting its therapeutic efficacy. Meanwhile, expressed HO-1 protein does not rapidly undergo degradation, but gene expression occurs a couple of days after transfection, resulting in apoptosis and a delay in angiogenesis in ischemic tissues at the incipient period of HO-1 gene transfection. We hypothesize that combined delivery of HIF-1α and HO-1 gene will enhance antiapoptosis and neovascularization in ischemic tissue compared with HIF-1α or HO-1 single-gene therapy. To test this hypothesis, ischemic mouse hindlimbs were treated with HIF-1α and/or HO-1 gene therapy. The combined gene therapy proved superior to both single-gene therapies, resulting in rapid expression of HIF-1α gene and long-term maintenance of expressed HO-1 protein. The apoptosis in the ischemic region was significantly less, and angiogenic growth factor secretion and angiogenesis were greater in the combined gene therapy than in either of the single-gene therapies. Our results suggest that a combined gene therapy of HIF-1α and HO-1 enhances the transfection of both genes and improves angiogenesis compared with either single-gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Emerich DF, Silva E, Ali O, Mooney D, Bell W, Yu SJ, Kaneko Y, Borlongan C. Injectable VEGF hydrogels produce near complete neurological and anatomical protection following cerebral ischemia in rats. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:1063-71. [PMID: 20412616 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x498278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent proangiogenic peptide and its administration has been considered as a potential neuroprotective strategy following cerebral stroke. Because VEGF has a short half-life and limited access to the brain parenchyma following systemic administration, approaches are being developed to deliver it directly to the site of infarction. In the present study, VEGF was incorporated into a sustained release hydrogel delivery system to examine its potential benefits in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. The hydrogel loaded with VEGF (1 μg) was stereotaxically injected into the striatum of adult rats 15 min prior to a 1-h occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Two days after surgery, animals were tested for motor function using the elevated bias swing test (EBST) and Bederson neurological battery. Control animals received either stroke alone, stroke plus injections of a blank gel, or a single bolus injection of VEGF (1 μg). Behavioral testing confirmed that the MCA occlusion resulted in significant deficits in the the EBST and Bederson tests. In contrast, the performance of animals receiving VEGF gels was significantly improved relative to controls, with only modest impairments observed. Cerebral infarction analyzed using 2,3,5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride staining confirmed that the VEGF gels significantly and potently reduced the lesion volume. No neurological or histological benefits were conferred by either blank gel or bolus VEGF injections. These data demonstrate that VEGF, delivered from a hydrogel directly to the brain, can induce significant functional and structural protection from ischemic damage in a rat model of stroke.
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49
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Hu HW, Li XK, Zheng RY, Xiao J, Zeng JQ, Hou ST. bFGF expression mediated by a hypoxia-regulated adenoviral vector protects PC12 cell death induced by serum deprivation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:115-20. [PMID: 19782044 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a known neuroprotectant against a number of brain injury conditions such as cerebral ischemia. However, bFGF also regulates a plethora of brain developmental processes and functions as a strong mitogen. Therefore, unregulated long-term expression of bFGF in brain may potentially be tumorigenic, limiting its utility in brain therapy. Here, we report the successful construction of an adenoviral vector (Ad-5HRE-bFGF) expressing bFGF under the regulation of five hypoxia-responsive elements (5HRE) and a minimal cytomegalovirus promoter (CMVmp). Following hypoxia treatment in a hypoxic chamber with less than 1% of oxygen, Ad-5HRE-bFGF induced a significant and time-dependent expression of bFGF protein and the fluorescent tag, humanized GFP (hrGFP) protein, in infected PC12 cells. In contrast, normoxia treatment evoked extremely low level of bFGF and hrGFP expression, demonstrating that the 5HRE-CMVmp cassette was effective in regulating the expression of bFGF gene in response to hypoxia. More importantly, bFGF expressed by the Ad-5HRE-bFGF viral vector under the regulation of hypoxia was significantly neuroprotective against PC12 cell death evoked by serum deprivation. Taken together, these studies demonstrated the feasibility to express bFGF in a hypoxia-regulated fashion to provide neuroprotection. The Ad-5HRE-bFGF can be further developed as an effective tool to provide neuroprotection against hypoxia-induced brain diseases, such as cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Wen Hu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province, PR China
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50
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Gao P, Shen F, Gabriel RA, Law D, Yang EY, Yang E, Yang GY, Young WL, Su H. Attenuation of brain response to vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated angiogenesis and neurogenesis in aged mice. Stroke 2009; 40:3596-600. [PMID: 19745179 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.109.561050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Alterations of neuroangiogenic response play important roles in the development of aging-related neurodisorders and affect gene-based therapies. We tested brain response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in aged mice. METHODS Adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)-VEGF, an adeno-associated viral vector expressing VEGF, was injected into the brain of 3-, 12-, and 24-month-old mice. AAV-LacZ-injected mice were used as controls (n=6). Before euthanasia at 6 weeks after vector injection, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with 5-bromodeoxyuridine for 3 consecutive days. The vascular density and the number of neuroprogenitors were analyzed. RESULTS Injection of AAV-VEGF increased the vascular density in the brain of 3-, 12-, and 24-month-old mice by 22%+/-7% (AAV-VEGF: 320+/-15 per 10x field versus AAV-LacZ: 263+/-8, P<0.05), 20%+/-8 (AAV-VEGF: 300+/-9 versus AAV-LacZ: 250+/-11, P<0.05), and 7%+/-16% (AAV-VEGF: 257+/-27 versus AAV-LacZ: 236+/-13, P=0.283), respectively. There were more VEGF receptor-positive neuroprogenitors in the subventricular zone of AAV-VEGF-injected 3- (22+/-2) and 12-month-old mice (21+/-5) than that of 24-month-old mice (7+/-1). More 5-bromodeoxyuridine-positive endothelial cells and neuroprogenitors were detected around the injection site and subventricular zone of 3- (13+/-4) and 12-month-old mice (14+/-5) than that of 24-month-old mice (1+/-1). VEGF receptor 2 was upregulated in AAV-VEGF-injected brains of 3- and 12-month-old mice, but not in 24-month-old mice. CONCLUSIONS The angiogenic and neurogenic response to VEGF stimulation is attenuated in the aged mouse brain, which may be due to reduced VEGF receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, Center for Cerebrovascular Research, San Francisco, Calif 94110, USA
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