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Janko K, Mikulíček P, Hobza R, Schlupp I. Sperm-dependent asexual species and their role in ecology and evolution. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10522. [PMID: 37780083 PMCID: PMC10534198 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexual reproduction is the primary mode of reproduction in eukaryotes, but some organisms have evolved deviations from classical sex and switched to asexuality. These asexual lineages have sometimes been viewed as evolutionary dead ends, but recent research has revealed their importance in many areas of general biology. Our review explores the understudied, yet important mechanisms by which sperm-dependent asexuals that produce non-recombined gametes but rely on their fertilization, can have a significant impact on the evolution of coexisting sexual species and ecosystems. These impacts are concentrated around three major fields. Firstly, sperm-dependent asexuals can potentially impact the gene pool of coexisting sexual species by either restricting their population sizes or by providing bridges for interspecific gene flow whose type and consequences substantially differ from gene flow mechanisms expected under sexual reproduction. Secondly, they may impact on sexuals' diversification rates either directly, by serving as stepping-stones in speciation, or indirectly, by promoting the formation of pre- and postzygotic reproduction barriers among nascent species. Thirdly, they can potentially impact on spatial distribution of species, via direct or indirect (apparent) types of competition and Allee effects. For each such mechanism, we provide empirical examples of how natural sperm-dependent asexuals impact the evolution of their sexual counterparts. In particular, we highlight that these broad effects may last beyond the tenure of the individual asexual lineages causing them, which challenges the traditional perception that asexual lineages are short-lived evolutionary dead ends and minor sideshows. Our review also proposes new research directions to incorporate the aforementioned impacts of sperm-dependent asexuals. These research directions will ultimately enhance our understanding of the evolution of genomes and biological interactions in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Janko
- Laboratory of Non‐Mendelian Evolution, Institute of Animal Physiology and GeneticsAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicLiběchovCzech Republic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of OstravaOstravaCzech Republic
| | - Peter Mikulíček
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural SciencesComenius University in BratislavaBratislavaSlovakia
| | - Roman Hobza
- Department of Plant Developmental Genetics, Institute of BiophysicsAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ingo Schlupp
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OklahomaOklahomaNormanUSA
- Department of BiologyInternational Stock Center for Livebearing FishesOklahomaNormanUSA
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2
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Wientjes YCJ, Bijma P, van den Heuvel J, Zwaan BJ, Vitezica ZG, Calus MPL. The long-term effects of genomic selection: 2. Changes in allele frequencies of causal loci and new mutations. Genetics 2023; 225:iyad141. [PMID: 37506255 PMCID: PMC10471209 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic selection has been applied for many generations in animal, plant, and experimental populations. Selection changes the allelic architecture of traits to create genetic gain. It remains unknown whether the changes in allelic architecture are different for the recently introduced technique of genomic selection compared to traditional selection methods and whether they depend on the genetic architectures of traits. Here, we investigate the allele frequency changes of old and new causal loci under 50 generations of phenotypic, pedigree, and genomic selection, for a trait controlled by either additive, additive and dominance, or additive, dominance, and epistatic effects. Genomic selection resulted in slightly larger and faster changes in allele frequencies of causal loci than pedigree selection. For each locus, allele frequency change per generation was not only influenced by its statistical additive effect but also to a large extent by the linkage phase with other loci and its allele frequency. Selection fixed a large number of loci, and 5 times more unfavorable alleles became fixed with genomic and pedigree selection than with phenotypic selection. For pedigree selection, this was mainly a result of increased genetic drift, while genetic hitchhiking had a larger effect on genomic selection. When epistasis was present, the average allele frequency change was smaller (∼15% lower), and a lower number of loci became fixed for all selection methods. We conclude that for long-term genetic improvement using genomic selection, it is important to consider hitchhiking and to limit the loss of favorable alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne C J Wientjes
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Piter Bijma
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost van den Heuvel
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas J Zwaan
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mario P L Calus
- Animal Breeding and Genomics, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Clo J. Polyploidization: Consequences of genome doubling on the evolutionary potential of populations. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1213-1220. [PMID: 35862788 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Whole-genome duplication is common in plants and is considered to have a broad range of effects on individuals' phenotypes and genomes and to be an important driver of plant adaptation and speciation. Despite their increased capacity to cope with challenging environments, polyploid lineages are generally as prone to extinction, and sometimes more prone, than their diploid progenitors. Although several explanations have been proposed to explain the short- and long-term disadvantages of polyploidy on the survival probability of populations, the consequences of whole-genome doubling on the heritable variance remain poorly studied. Whole-genome doubling can have major effects not only on the genetics, but also on the ecology and life history of the populations. Modifications of other properties of populations can reverse the effects of polyploidization per se on heritable variance. In this synthesis, I summarize the empirical and theoretical knowledge about the multifarious consequences of genome doubling on the heritable variance of quantitative traits and on the evolutionary potential of polyploid populations compared to their diploid progenitors. I propose several ways to decipher the consequences of whole-genome doubling on survival probability and to study the further consequences of shifting the ecological niche and life-history traits of a population. I also highlight some practical considerations for comparing the heritable variance of a trait among different cytotypes. Such investigations appear to be timely and necessary to understand more about the paradoxical aspects of polyploidization and to understand the evolutionary potential of polyploid lineages in a global warming context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josselin Clo
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01, Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Greimann ES, Ward SF, Woodell JD, Hennessey S, Kline MR, Moreno JA, Peters M, Cruise JL, Montooth KL, Neiman M, Sharbrough J. Phenotypic Variation in Mitochondria-Related Performance Traits Across New Zealand Snail Populations. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 60:275-287. [PMID: 32589742 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is critical for energy homeostasis and should shape how genetic variation in metabolism is transmitted through levels of biological organization to generate stability in organismal performance. Mitochondrial function is encoded by genes in two distinct and separately inherited genomes-the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear genome-and selection is expected to maintain functional mito-nuclear interactions. The documented high levels of polymorphism in genes involved in these mito-nuclear interactions and wide variation for mitochondrial function demands an explanation for how and why variability in such a fundamental trait is maintained. Potamopyrgus antipodarum is a New Zealand freshwater snail with coexisting sexual and asexual individuals and, accordingly, contrasting systems of separate vs. co-inheritance of nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. As such, this snail provides a powerful means to dissect the evolutionary and functional consequences of mito-nuclear variation. The lakes inhabited by P. antipodarum span wide environmental gradients, with substantial across-lake genetic structure and mito-nuclear discordance. This situation allows us to use comparisons across reproductive modes and lakes to partition variation in cellular respiration across genetic and environmental axes. Here, we integrated cellular, physiological, and behavioral approaches to quantify variation in mitochondrial function across a diverse set of wild P. antipodarum lineages. We found extensive across-lake variation in organismal oxygen consumption and behavioral response to heat stress and differences across sexes in mitochondrial membrane potential but few global effects of reproductive mode. Taken together, our data set the stage for applying this important model system for sexual reproduction and polyploidy to dissecting the complex relationships between mito-nuclear variation, performance, plasticity, and fitness in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Greimann
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Samuel F Ward
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - James D Woodell
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | - Michael R Kline
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jorge A Moreno
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Madeline Peters
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Cruise
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Kristi L Montooth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joel Sharbrough
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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5
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Baškiera S, Gvoždík L. Repeatability and heritability of resting metabolic rate in a long-lived amphibian. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2020; 253:110858. [PMID: 33276133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.110858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resting metabolic rate (RMR), i.e. spent energy necessary to maintain basic life functions, is a basic component of energy budget in ectotherms. The evolution of RMR through natural selection rests on the premise of its non-zero repeatability and heritability, i.e. consistent variation within individual lifetimes and resemblance between parents and their offspring, respectively. Joint estimates of RMR repeatability and heritability are missing in ectotherms, however, which precludes estimations of the evolutionary potential of this trait. We examined RMR repeatability and heritability in a long-lived ectotherm, the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris). Individual RMR was repeatable over both six-month (0.28 ± 0.09 [SE]) and five-year (0.16 ± 0.07) periods. While there was no resemblance between parent and offspring RMR (0.21 ± 0.34), the trait showed similarity among offspring within families (broad-sense heritability; 0.25 ± 0.09). Similar repeatability and broad-sense heritability values in parental and offspring generations, respectively, and non-conclusive narrow-sense heritability suggest the contribution of non-additive genetic factors to total phenotypic variance in this trait. We conclude that RMR evolutionary trajectories are shaped by other processes than natural selection in this long-lived ectotherm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senka Baškiera
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lumír Gvoždík
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Brno, Czech Republic.
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6
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Makhrov AA, Artamonova VS. Instability Stabilized: Mechanisms of Evolutionary Stasis and Genetic Diversity Accumulation in Fishes and Lampreys from Environments with Unstable Abiotic Factors. CONTEMP PROBL ECOL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1995425520040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Donne C, Neiman M, Woodell JD, Haase M, Verhaegen G. A layover in Europe: Reconstructing the invasion route of asexual lineages of a New Zealand snail to North America. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:3446-3465. [PMID: 32741004 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Non-native invasive species are threatening ecosystems and biodiversity worldwide. High genetic variation is thought to be a critical factor for invasion success. Accordingly, the global invasion of a few clonal lineages of the gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum is thus both puzzling and has the potential to help illuminate why some invasions succeed while others fail. Here, we used SNP markers and a geographically broad sampling scheme (N = 1617) including native New Zealand populations and invasive North American and European populations to provide the first widescale population genetic assessment of the relationships between and among native and invasive P. antipodarum. We used a combination of traditional and Bayesian molecular analyses to demonstrate that New Zealand populations harbour very high diversity relative to the invasive populations and are the source of the two main European genetic lineages. One of these two European lineages was in turn the source of at least one of the two main North American genetic clusters of invasive P. antipodarum, located in Lake Ontario. The other widespread North American group had a more complex origin that included the other European lineage and two New Zealand clusters. Altogether, our analyses suggest that just a small handful of clonal lineages of P. antipodarum were responsible for invasion across continents. Our findings provide critical information for prevention of additional invasions and control of existing invasive populations and are of broader relevance towards understanding the establishment and evolution of asexual populations and the forces driving biological invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Donne
- Department of Biology, Department of Gender, Women's, and Sexuality Studies, The University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology, Department of Gender, Women's, and Sexuality Studies, The University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - James D Woodell
- Department of Biology, Department of Gender, Women's, and Sexuality Studies, The University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
| | - Martin Haase
- AG Vogelwarte, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerlien Verhaegen
- AG Vogelwarte, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Advanced Science-Technology Research (ASTER) Program, Institute for Extra-cutting-edge Science and Technology Avant-garde Research (X-star), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
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8
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van Boheemen LA, Hodgins KA. Rapid repeatable phenotypic and genomic adaptation following multiple introductions. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4102-4117. [PMID: 32246535 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Uncovering the genomic basis of repeated adaption can provide important insights into the constraints and biases that limit the diversity of genetic responses. Demographic processes such as admixture or bottlenecks affect genetic variation underlying traits experiencing selection. The impact of these processes on the genetic basis of adaptation remains, however, largely unexamined empirically. We here test repeatability in phenotypes and genotypes along parallel climatic clines within the native North American and introduced European and Australian Ambrosia artemisiifolia ranges. To do this, we combined multiple lines of evidence from phenotype-environment associations, FST -like outlier tests, genotype-environment associations and genotype-phenotype associations. We used 853 individuals grown in common garden from 84 sampling locations, targeting 19 phenotypes, >83 k SNPs and 22 environmental variables. We found that 17%-26% of loci with adaptive signatures were repeated among ranges, despite alternative demographic histories shaping genetic variation and genetic associations. Our results suggest major adaptive changes can occur on short timescales, with seemingly minimum impacts due to demographic changes linked to introduction. These patterns reveal some predictability of evolutionary change during range expansion, key in a world facing ongoing climate change, and rapid invasive spread.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathryn A Hodgins
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic., Australia
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9
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Yıldırım Y, Tinnert J, Forsman A. Contrasting patterns of neutral and functional genetic diversity in stable and disturbed environments. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12073-12089. [PMID: 30598801 PMCID: PMC6303714 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic structure among and diversity within natural populations is influenced by a combination of ecological and evolutionary processes. These processes can differently influence neutral and functional genetic diversity and also vary according to environmental settings. To investigate the roles of interacting processes as drivers of population-level genetic diversity in the wild, we compared neutral and functional structure and diversity between 20 Tetrix undulata pygmy grasshopper populations in disturbed and stable habitats. Genetic differentiation was evident among the different populations, but there was no genetic separation between stable and disturbed environments. The incidence of long-winged phenotypes was higher in disturbed habitats, indicating that these populations were recently established by flight-capable colonizers. Color morph diversity and dispersion of outlier genetic diversity, estimated using AFLP markers, were higher in disturbed than in stable environments, likely reflecting that color polymorphism and variation in other functionally important traits increase establishment success. Neutral genetic diversity estimated using AFLP markers was lower in disturbed habitats, indicating stronger eroding effects on neutral diversity of genetic drift associated with founding events in disturbed compared to stable habitats. Functional diversity and neutral diversity were negatively correlated across populations, highlighting the utility of outlier loci in genetics studies and reinforcing that estimates of genetic diversity based on neutral markers do not infer evolutionary potential and the ability of populations and species to cope with environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeşerin Yıldırım
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model SystemsEEMISDepartment of Biology and Environmental ScienceLinnaeus UniversityKalmarSweden
| | - Jon Tinnert
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model SystemsEEMISDepartment of Biology and Environmental ScienceLinnaeus UniversityKalmarSweden
| | - Anders Forsman
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model SystemsEEMISDepartment of Biology and Environmental ScienceLinnaeus UniversityKalmarSweden
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10
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Forsman A. On the role of sex differences for evolution in heterogeneous and changing fitness landscapes: insights from pygmy grasshoppers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:20170429. [PMID: 30150227 PMCID: PMC6125723 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Much research has been devoted to study evolution of local adaptations by natural selection, and to explore the roles of neutral processes and developmental plasticity for patterns of diversity among individuals, populations and species. Some aspects, such as evolution of adaptive variation in phenotypic traits in stable environments, and the role of plasticity in predictable changing environments, are well understood. Other aspects, such as the role of sex differences for evolution in spatially heterogeneous and temporally changing environments and dynamic fitness landscapes, remain elusive. An increased understanding of evolution requires that sex differences in development, physiology, morphology, life-history and behaviours are more broadly considered. Studies of selection should take into consideration that the relationships linking phenotypes to fitness may vary not only according to environmental conditions but also differ between males and females. Such opposing selection, sex-by-environment interaction effects of selection and sex-specific developmental plasticity can have consequences for population differentiation, local adaptations and for the dynamics of polymorphisms. Integrating sex differences in analytical frameworks and population comparisons can therefore illuminate neglected evolutionary drivers and reconcile unexpected patterns. Here, I illustrate these issues using empirical examples from over 20 years of research on colour polymorphic Tetrix subulata and Tetrix undulata pygmy grasshoppers, and summarize findings from observational field studies, manipulation experiments, common garden breeding experiments and population genetics studies.This article is part of the theme issue 'Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Forsman
- Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems, EEMiS, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, 391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
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11
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Sharbrough J, Cruise JL, Beetch M, Enright NM, Neiman M. Genetic Variation for Mitochondrial Function in the New Zealand Freshwater Snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum. J Hered 2018; 108:759-768. [PMID: 28460111 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins responsible for mitochondrial function are encoded by 2 different genomes with distinct inheritance regimes, rendering rigorous inference of genotype-phenotype connections intractable for all but a few model systems. Asexual organisms provide a powerful means to address these challenges because offspring produced without recombination inherit both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes from a single parent. As such, these offspring inherit mitonuclear genotypes that are identical to the mitonuclear genotypes of their parents and siblings but different from those of other asexual lineages. Here, we compared mitochondrial function across distinct asexual lineages of Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand freshwater snail model for understanding the evolutionary consequences of asexuality. Our analyses revealed substantial phenotypic variation across asexual lineages at 3 levels of biological organization: mitogenomic, organellar, and organismal. These data demonstrate that different asexual lineages have different mitochondrial function phenotypes, likely reflecting heritable variation (i.e., the raw material for evolution) for mitochondrial function in P. antipodarum. The discovery of this variation combined with the methods developed here sets the stage to use P. antipodarum to study central evolutionary questions involving mitochondrial function, including whether mitochondrial mutation accumulation influences the maintenance of sexual reproduction in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Sharbrough
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | | | - Megan Beetch
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA.,Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, MN
| | | | - Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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12
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Sharbrough J, Luse M, Boore JL, Logsdon JM, Neiman M. Radical amino acid mutations persist longer in the absence of sex. Evolution 2018. [PMID: 29520921 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Harmful mutations are ubiquitous and inevitable, and the rate at which these mutations are removed from populations is a critical determinant of evolutionary fate. Closely related sexual and asexual taxa provide a particularly powerful setting to study deleterious mutation elimination because sexual reproduction should facilitate mutational clearance by reducing selective interference between sites and by allowing the production of offspring with different mutational complements than their parents. Here, we compared the rate of removal of conservative (i.e., similar biochemical properties) and radical (i.e., distinct biochemical properties) nonsynonymous mutations from mitochondrial genomes of sexual versus asexual Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand freshwater snail characterized by coexisting and ecologically similar sexual and asexual lineages. Our analyses revealed that radical nonsynonymous mutations are cleared at higher rates than conservative changes and that sexual lineages eliminate radical changes more rapidly than asexual counterparts. These results are consistent with reduced efficacy of purifying selection in asexual lineages allowing harmful mutations to remain polymorphic longer than in sexual lineages. Together, these data illuminate some of the population-level processes contributing to mitochondrial mutation accumulation and suggest that mutation accumulation could influence the outcome of competition between sexual and asexual lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Sharbrough
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242.,Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Meagan Luse
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Jeffrey L Boore
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720.,Providence St. Joseph Health and Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - John M Logsdon
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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13
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Rapid evolution of resistance to parasitism in biological control. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3792-3794. [PMID: 28341708 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702753114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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14
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Estoup A, Ravigné V, Hufbauer R, Vitalis R, Gautier M, Facon B. Is There a Genetic Paradox of Biological Invasion? ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Estoup
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34988 Montferrier sur Lez, France;
| | - Virginie Ravigné
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Ruth Hufbauer
- Department of Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523
| | - Renaud Vitalis
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34988 Montferrier sur Lez, France;
| | - Mathieu Gautier
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34988 Montferrier sur Lez, France;
| | - Benoit Facon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34988 Montferrier sur Lez, France;
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, 97410 Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
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15
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Larkin K, Tucci C, Neiman M. Effects of polyploidy and reproductive mode on life history trait expression. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:765-78. [PMID: 26865964 PMCID: PMC4739562 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ploidy elevation is increasingly recognized as a common and important source of genomic variation. Even so, the consequences and biological significance of polyploidy remain unclear, especially in animals. Here, our goal was to identify potential life history costs and benefits of polyploidy by conducting a large multiyear common garden experiment in Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a New Zealand freshwater snail that is a model system for the study of ploidy variation, sexual reproduction, host-parasite coevolution, and invasion ecology. Sexual diploid and asexual triploid and tetraploid P. antipodarum frequently coexist, allowing for powerful direct comparisons across ploidy levels and reproductive modes. Asexual reproduction and polyploidy are very often associated in animals, allowing us to also use these comparisons to address the maintenance of sex, itself one of the most important unresolved questions in evolutionary biology. Our study revealed that sexual diploid P. antipodarum grow and mature substantially more slowly than their asexual polyploid counterparts. We detected a strong negative correlation between the rate of growth and age at reproductive maturity, suggesting that the relatively early maturation of asexual polyploid P. antipodarum is driven by relatively rapid growth. The absence of evidence for life history differences between triploid and tetraploid asexuals indicates that ploidy elevation is unlikely to underlie the differences in trait values that we detected between sexual and asexual snails. Finally, we found that sexual P. antipodarum did not experience discernable phenotypic variance-related benefits of sex and were more likely to die before achieving reproductive maturity than the asexuals. Taken together, these results suggest that under benign conditions, polyploidy does not impose obvious life history costs in P. antipodarum and that sexual P. antipodarum persist despite substantial life history disadvantages relative to their asexual counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Larkin
- Department of BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowa52242
| | - Claire Tucci
- Department of BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowa52242
| | - Maurine Neiman
- Department of BiologyUniversity of IowaIowa CityIowa52242
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Dobigny G, Britton-Davidian J, Robinson TJ. Chromosomal polymorphism in mammals: an evolutionary perspective. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:1-21. [PMID: 26234165 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although chromosome rearrangements (CRs) are central to studies of genome evolution, our understanding of the evolutionary consequences of the early stages of karyotypic differentiation (i.e. polymorphism), especially the non-meiotic impacts, is surprisingly limited. We review the available data on chromosomal polymorphisms in mammals so as to identify taxa that hold promise for developing a more comprehensive understanding of chromosomal change. In doing so, we address several key questions: (i) to what extent are mammalian karyotypes polymorphic, and what types of rearrangements are principally involved? (ii) Are some mammalian lineages more prone to chromosomal polymorphism than others? More specifically, do (karyotypically) polymorphic mammalian species belong to lineages that are also characterized by past, extensive karyotype repatterning? (iii) How long can chromosomal polymorphisms persist in mammals? We discuss the evolutionary implications of these questions and propose several research avenues that may shed light on the role of chromosome change in the diversification of mammalian populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauthier Dobigny
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (UMR IRD-INRA-Cirad-Montpellier SupAgro), Campus International de Baillarguet, CS30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - Janice Britton-Davidian
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Cc065, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Terence J Robinson
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7062, South Africa
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Shirk RY, Hamrick JL. Multivariate adaptation but no increase in competitive ability in invasive Geranium carolinianum L. (Geraniaceae). Evolution 2014; 68:2945-59. [PMID: 24931621 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Adaptive evolution can affect the successful establishment of invasive species, but changes in selective pressures, loss of genetic variation in relevant traits, and/or altered trait correlations can make adaptation difficult to predict. We used a common-garden experiment to assess trait correlations and patterns of adaptation in the invasive plant, Geranium carolinianum, sampled across 20 populations in its native (United States) and invasive (China) ranges. We used multivariate QST - FST tests to determine if phenotypic differences between countries are attributable to adaptation. We also compared population-level variation within each country to assess whether local adaptation resulted in similar multivariate phenotypes in the United States and China. Between countries, most phenotypic differences are indistinguishable from genetic drift, although we detected a signature of adaptation to the colder, drier winters in China. There was no evidence for increases in invasive traits in China. Within countries, strong multivariate adaptation appears to be driven by latitudinal climatic variation in the United States, but not in China. Additionally, adaptive trait combinations as well as their underlying correlations differ between the two countries, indicating that adaptation in invasive populations does not parallel patterns in native populations due to differences in selection pressures, genetic constraints, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Y Shirk
- Department of Plant Biology, 2502 Miller Plant Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602.
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18
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van der Kooi CJ, Schwander T. Evolution of asexuality via different mechanisms in grass thrips (thysanoptera: Aptinothrips). Evolution 2014; 68:1883-93. [PMID: 24627993 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Asexual lineages can derive from sexual ancestors via different mechanisms and at variable rates, which affects the diversity of the asexual population and thereby its ecological success. We investigated the variation and evolution of reproductive systems in Aptinothrips, a genus of grass thrips comprising four species. Extensive population surveys and breeding experiments indicated sexual reproduction in A. elegans, asexuality in A. stylifer and A. karnyi, and both sexual and asexual lineages in A. rufus. Asexuality in A. stylifer and A. rufus coincides with a worldwide distribution, with sexual A. rufus lineages confined to a limited area. Inference of molecular phylogenies and antibiotic treatment revealed different causes of asexuality in different species. Asexuality in A. stylifer and A. karnyi has most likely genetic causes, while it is induced by endosymbionts in A. rufus. Endosymbiont-community characterization revealed presence of Wolbachia, and lack of other bacteria known to manipulate host reproduction. However, only 69% asexual A. rufus females are Wolbachia-infected, indicating that either an undescribed endosymbiont causes asexuality in this species or that Wolbachia was lost in several lineages that remained asexual. These results open new perspectives for studies on the maintenance of mixed sexual and asexual reproduction in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper J van der Kooi
- Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, NL-9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Neiman M, Sharbel TF, Schwander T. Genetic causes of transitions from sexual reproduction to asexuality in plants and animals. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1346-59. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Neiman
- Department of Biology; University of Iowa; Iowa City IA USA
| | - T. F. Sharbel
- Apomixis Research Group; Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK); Gatersleben Germany
| | - T. Schwander
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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20
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Mikulíček P, Kautman M, Demovič B, Janko K. When a clonal genome finds its way back to a sexual species: evidence from ongoing but rare introgression in the hybridogenetic water frog complex. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:628-42. [PMID: 26227900 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Besides several exceptions, asexual metazoans are usually viewed as ephemeral sinks for genomes, which become 'frozen' in clonal lineages after their emergence from ancestral sexual species. Here, we investigated whether and at what rate the asexuals are able to introgress their genomes back into the parental sexual population, thus more or less importantly affecting the gene pools of sexual species. We focused on hybridogenetic hybrids of western Palaearctic water frogs (Pelophylax esculentus), which originate through hybridization between P. ridibundus and P. lessonae, but transmit only clonal ridibundus genome into their gametes. Although usually mating with P. lessonae, P. esculentus may upon mating with P. ridibundus or another hybrid produce sexually reproducing P. ridibundus offspring with the introgressed ex-clonal genome. We compared the rate of nuclear amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and mitochondrial introgression in two types of populations, that is, those where P. ridibundus occurs in isolation and those where it lives with the hybridogens. Although significant differentiation (Φpt) between sexual and clonal ridibundus genomes suggested limited gene flow between sexuals and hybridogens, a non-negligible (~5%) proportion of P. ridibundus bore introgressed mtDNA and AFLP markers. Whereas transfer of mtDNA was exclusively unidirectional, introgression of nuclear markers was bidirectional. The proportion of introgressed P. ridibundus was highest in syntopic populations with P. esculentus, proving an ongoing and site-specific interspecific genetic transfer mediated by hybridogenetic hybrids. It turns out that asexual hybrids are not just a sink for genes of sexual species, but may significantly influence the genetic architecture of their sexual counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mikulíček
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - M Kautman
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - B Demovič
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic, Administration of the Protected Landscape Area White Carpathians, Nemšová, Slovak Republic
| | - K Janko
- Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Liběchov, Czech Republic.,Life Science Research Centre, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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21
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Linksvayer TA, Busch JW, Smith CR. Social supergenes of superorganisms: Do supergenes play important roles in social evolution? Bioessays 2013; 35:683-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremiah W. Busch
- School of Biological Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman WA, USA
| | - Chris R. Smith
- Department of Biology; Earlham College; Richmond IN, USA
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22
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Forbes AA, Rice LA, Stewart NB, Yee WL, Neiman M. Niche differentiation and colonization of a novel environment by an asexual parasitic wasp. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1330-40. [PMID: 23517017 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
How do asexual taxa become adapted to a diversity of environments, and how do they persist despite changing environmental conditions? These questions are linked by their mutual focus on the relationship between genetic variation, which is often limited in asexuals, and the ability to respond to environmental variation. Asexual taxa originating from a single ancestor present a unique opportunity to assess rates of phenotypic and genetic change when access to new genetic variation is limited to mutation. Diachasma muliebre is an asexual Hymenopteran wasp that is geographically and genetically isolated from all sexual relatives. D. muliebre attack larvae of the western cherry fruit fly (Rhagoletis indifferens), which in turn feed inside bitter cherry fruit (Prunus emarginata) in August and September. R. indifferens has recently colonized a new host plant with an earlier fruiting phenology (June/July), domesticated sweet cherries (P. avium), and D. muliebre has followed its host into this temporally earlier niche. We tested three hypotheses: 1) that all D. muliebre lineages originate from a single asexual ancestor; 2) that different D. muliebre lineages (as defined by unique mtDNA haplotypes) have differentiated on their ancestral host in an important life-history trait, eclosion timing; and 3) that early-eclosing lineages have preferentially colonized the new sweet cherry niche. We find that mitochondrial COI and microsatellite data provide strong support for a single ancestral origin for all lineages. Furthermore, COI sequencing revealed five mitochondrial haplotypes among D. muliebre, and individual wasps possessing one distinctive mitochondrial haplotype (haplotype II) eclosed as reproductive adults significantly earlier than wasps with all other haplotypes. In addition, this early-eclosing lineage of D. muliebre is one of two lineages that have colonized the P. avium habitat, consistent with the preferential colonization hypothesis. These data suggest that D. muliebre has evolved adaptive phenotypic variation despite limited genetic variation, and that this variation has subsequently allowed an expansion of some wasps into a novel habitat. The D. muliebre system may allow for in-depth study of adaptation and long-term persistence of asexual taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Forbes
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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23
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Guiller A, Martin MC, Hiraux C, Madec L. Tracing the invasion of the mediterranean land snail Cornu aspersum aspersum becoming an agricultural and garden pest in areas recently introduced. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49674. [PMID: 23227148 PMCID: PMC3515588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is the first on the genetics of invasive populations of one of the most widely spread land mollusc species known in the world, the "Brown Snail" Cornu aspersum aspersum. Deliberately or accidentally imported, the species has become recently a notorious pest outside its native Mediterranean range. We compared the spatial structure and genetic variability of invasive (America, Oceania, South Africa) versus native populations using five microsatellite loci and mitochondrial (Cyt b and 16S rRNA) genes as a first step towards (i) the detection of potential source populations, and (ii) a better understanding of mechanisms governing evolutionary changes involved in the invasion process. Results based on multivariate analysis (Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components), Bayesian statistical inference (Clustering, Approximate Bayesian Computation) and demographic tests allowed a construction of the introduction pathways of the species over recent centuries. While emigrants originated from only one of the two native lineages, the West one, the most likely scenario involved several introduction events and "source switching" comprising (i) an early stage (around 1660) of simultaneous introductions from Europe (France, Spain) towards Oceania (New Zealand) and California, (ii) from the early 18(th) century, a second colonization wave from bridgehead populations successfully established in California, (iii) genetic admixture in invasive areas where highly divergent populations came into contact as in New Zealand. Although these man-made pathways are consistent with historical data, introduction time estimates suggest that the two putative waves of invasion would have occurred long before the first field observations recorded, both in America and in Oceania. A prolonged lag period as the use of an incorrect generation time could explain such 100-150 years discrepancy. Lastly, the contrasting patterns of neutral genetic signal left in invasive populations are discussed in light of possible ways of facing novel environments (standing genetic variation versus new mutation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Guiller
- Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 6553, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.
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24
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Roderick GK, Croucher PJP, Vandergast AG, Gillespie RG. Species Differentiation on a Dynamic Landscape: Shifts in Metapopulation Genetic Structure Using the Chronology of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Evol Biol 2012; 39:192-206. [PMID: 22707805 PMCID: PMC3364410 DOI: 10.1007/s11692-012-9184-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Species formation during adaptive radiation often occurs in the context of a changing environment. The establishment and arrangement of populations, in space and time, sets up ecological and genetic processes that dictate the rate and pattern of differentiation. Here, we focus on how a dynamic habitat can affect genetic structure, and ultimately, differentiation among populations. We make use of the chronology and geographical history provided by the Hawaiian archipelago to examine the initial stages of population establishment and genetic divergence. We use data from a set of 6 spider lineages that differ in habitat affinities, some preferring low elevation habitats with a longer history of connection, others being more specialized for high elevation and/or wet forest, some with more general habitat affinities. We show that habitat preferences associated with lineages are important in ecological and genetic structuring. Lineages that have more restricted habitat preferences are subject to repeated episodes of isolation and fragmentation as a result of lava flows and vegetation succession. The initial dynamic set up by the landscape translates over time into discrete lineages. Further work is needed to understand how genetic changes interact with a changing set of ecological interactions amongst a shifting mosaic of landscapes to achieve species formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K. Roderick
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114 USA
| | - Peter J. P. Croucher
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114 USA
| | - Amy G. Vandergast
- U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, San Diego Field Station, 4165 Spruance Road, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92101 USA
| | - Rosemary G. Gillespie
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, 130 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114 USA
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25
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Carlon DB, Budd AF, Lippé C, Andrew RL. The quantitative genetics of incipient speciation: heritability and genetic correlations of skeletal traits in populations of diverging Favia fragum ecomorphs. Evolution 2011; 65:3428-47. [PMID: 22133216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent speciation events provide potential opportunities to understand the microevolution of reproductive isolation. We used a marker-based approach and a common garden to estimate the additive genetic variation in skeletal traits in a system of two ecomorphs within the coral species Favia fragum: a Tall ecomorph that is a seagrass specialist, and a Short ecomorph that is most abundant on coral reefs. Considering both ecomorphs, we found significant narrow-sense heritability (h(2) ) in a suite of measurements that define corallite architecture, and could partition additive and nonadditive variation for some traits. We found positive genetic correlations for homologous height and length measurements among different types of vertical plates (costosepta) within corallites, but negative correlations between height and length within, as well as between costosepta. Within ecomorphs, h(2) estimates were generally lower, compared to the combined ecomorph analysis. Marker-based estimates of h(2) were comparable to broad-sense heritability (H) obtained from parent-offspring regressions in a common garden for most traits, and similar genetic co-variance matrices for common garden and wild populations may indicate relatively small G × E interactions. The patterns of additive genetic variation in this system invite hypotheses of divergent selection or genetic drift as potential evolutionary drivers of reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Carlon
- Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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Rey O, Loiseau A, Facon B, Foucaud J, Orivel J, Cornuet JM, Robert S, Dobigny G, Delabie JHC, Mariano CDSF, Estoup A. Meiotic recombination dramatically decreased in thelytokous queens of the little fire ant and their sexually produced workers. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28:2591-601. [PMID: 21459760 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, displays a peculiar breeding system polymorphism. Classical haplo-diploid sexual reproduction between reproductive individuals occurs in some populations, whereas, in others, queens and males reproduce clonally. Workers are produced sexually and are sterile in both clonal and sexual populations. The evolutionary fate of the clonal lineages depends strongly on the underlying mechanisms allowing reproductive individuals to transmit their genomes to subsequent generations. We used several queen-offspring data sets to estimate the rate of transition from heterozygosity to homozygosity associated with recombination events at 33 microsatellite loci in thelytokous parthenogenetic queen lineages and compared these rates with theoretical expectations under various parthenogenesis mechanisms. We then used sexually produced worker families to define linkage groups for these 33 loci and to compare meiotic recombination rates in sexual and parthenogenetic queens. Our results demonstrate that queens from clonal populations reproduce by automictic parthenogenesis with central fusion. These same parthenogenetic queens produce normally segregating meiotic oocytes for workers, which display much lower rates of recombination (by a factor of 45) than workers produced by sexual queens. These low recombination rates also concern the parthenogenetic production of queen offspring, as indicated by the very low rates of transition from heterozygosity to homozygosity observed (from 0% to 2.8%). We suggest that the combination of automixis with central fusion and a major decrease in recombination rates allows clonal queens to benefit from thelytoky while avoiding the potential inbreeding depression resulting from the loss of heterozygosity during automixis. In sterile workers, the strong decrease of recombination rates may also facilitate the conservation over time of some coadapted allelic interactions within chromosomes that might confer an adaptive advantage in habitats disturbed by human activity, where clonal populations of W. auropunctata are mostly found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Rey
- INRA, UMR Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations (INRA/IRD/CIRAD/Montpellier SupAgro), Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France.
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27
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Monro K, Poore AGB. The potential for evolutionary responses to cell-lineage selection on growth form and its plasticity in a red seaweed. Am Nat 2010; 173:151-63. [PMID: 19115857 DOI: 10.1086/595758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite much theoretical discussion on the evolutionary significance of intraclonal genetic variation, particularly for modular organisms whose lack of germ-soma segregation allows for variants arising in clonal growth to contribute to evolutionary change, the potential of this variation to fuel adaptation remains surprisingly untested. Given intraclonal variation, mitotic cell lineages, rather than sexual offspring, may frequently act as units of selection. Here, we applied artificial selection to such lineages in the branching red seaweed Asparagopsis armata, targeting aspects of clonal growth form and growth-form plasticity that enhance light acquisition on patchy subtidal reefs and predicting that a genetic basis to intraclonal variation may promote significant responses that cannot accompany phenotypic variation alone. Cell-lineage selection increased variation in branch proliferation among A. armata genets and successfully altered its plasticity to light. Correlated responses in the plasticity of branch elongation, moreover, showed that cell-lineage selection may be transmitted among the plasticities of growth-form traits in A. armata via pleiotropy. By demonstrating significant responses to cell-lineage selection on growth-form plasticity in this seaweed, our study lends support to the notion that intraclonal genetic variation may potentially help clonal organisms to evolve adaptively in the absence of sex and thereby prove surprisingly resilient to environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyne Monro
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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28
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DICKEY AM, MEDINA RF. Testing host-associated differentiation in a quasi-endophage and a parthenogen on native trees. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:945-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.01962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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29
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Foucaud J, Orivel J, Fournier D, Delabie JHC, Loiseau A, Le Breton J, Cerdan P, Estoup A. Reproductive system, social organization, human disturbance and ecological dominance in native populations of the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata. Mol Ecol 2009; 18:5059-73. [PMID: 19943889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2009.04440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The invasive ant species Wasmannia auropunctata displays both ecologically dominant and non-dominant populations within its native range. Three factors could theoretically explain the ecological dominance of some native populations of W. auropunctata: (i) its clonal reproductive system, through demographic and/or adaptive advantages; (ii) its unicolonial social organization, through lower intraspecific and efficient interspecific competition; (iii) the human disturbance of its native range, through the modification of biotic and abiotic environmental conditions. We used microsatellite markers and behavioural tests to uncover the reproductive modes and social organization of dominant and non-dominant native populations in natural and human-modified habitats. Microsatellite and mtDNA data indicated that dominant and non-dominant native populations (supercolonies as determined by aggression tests) of W. auropunctata did not belong to different evolutionary units. We found that the reproductive system and the social organization are neither necessary nor sufficient to explain W. auropunctata ecological dominance. Dominance rather seems to be set off by unknown ecological factors altered by human activities, as all dominant populations were recorded in human-modified habitats. The clonal reproductive system found in some populations of W. auropunctata may however indirectly contribute to its ecological dominance by allowing the species to expand its environmental niche, through the fixation over time of specific combinations of divergent male and female genotypes. Unicoloniality may rather promote the range expansion of already dominant populations than actually trigger ecological dominance. The W. auropunctata model illustrates the strong impact of human disturbance on species' ecological features and the adaptive potential of clonal reproductive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Foucaud
- INRA, UMR CBGP, INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France.
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30
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Geographic patterns of inversion polymorphisms in a wild African rodent, Mastomys erythroleucus. Heredity (Edinb) 2009; 104:378-86. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2009.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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32
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Schlichting CD. Hidden Reaction Norms, Cryptic Genetic Variation, and Evolvability. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1133:187-203. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1438.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Dlugosch KM, Parker IM. Invading populations of an ornamental shrub show rapid life history evolution despite genetic bottlenecks. Ecol Lett 2008; 11:701-9. [PMID: 18410377 DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human-mediated species introductions offer opportunities to investigate when and how non-native species to adapt to novel environments, and whether evolution has the potential to contribute to colonization success. Many long-established introductions harbour high genetic diversity, raising the possibility that multiple introductions of genetic material catalyze adaptation and/or the evolution of invasiveness. Studies of nascent invasions are rare but crucial for understanding whether genetic diversity facilitates population expansion. We explore variation and evolution in founder populations of the invasive shrub Hypericum canariense. We find that these introductions have experienced large reductions in genetic diversity, but that increased growth and a latitudinal cline in flowering phenology have nevertheless evolved. These life history changes are consistent with predictions for invasive plants. Our results highlight the potential for even genetically depauperate founding populations to adapt and evolve invasive patters of spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina M Dlugosch
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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34
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35
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Dlugosch KM, Parker IM. Founding events in species invasions: genetic variation, adaptive evolution, and the role of multiple introductions. Mol Ecol 2008; 17:431-49. [PMID: 17908213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03538.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1023] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Invasive species are predicted to suffer from reductions in genetic diversity during founding events, reducing adaptive potential. Integrating evidence from two literature reviews and two case studies, we address the following questions: How much genetic diversity is lost in invasions? Do multiple introductions ameliorate this loss? Is there evidence for loss of diversity in quantitative traits? Do invaders that have experienced strong bottlenecks show adaptive evolution? How do multiple introductions influence adaptation on a landscape scale? We reviewed studies of 80 species of animals, plants, and fungi that quantified nuclear molecular diversity within introduced and source populations. Overall, there were significant losses of both allelic richness and heterozygosity in introduced populations, and large gains in diversity were rare. Evidence for multiple introductions was associated with increased diversity, and allelic variation appeared to increase over long timescales (~100 years), suggesting a role for gene flow in augmenting diversity over the long-term. We then reviewed the literature on quantitative trait diversity and found that broad-sense variation rarely declines in introductions, but direct comparisons of additive variance were lacking. Our studies of Hypericum canariense invasions illustrate how populations with diminished diversity may still evolve rapidly. Given the prevalence of genetic bottlenecks in successful invading populations and the potential for adaptive evolution in quantitative traits, we suggest that the disadvantages associated with founding events may have been overstated. However, our work on the successful invader Verbascum thapsus illustrates how multiple introductions may take time to commingle, instead persisting as a 'mosaic of maladaptation' where traits are not distributed in a pattern consistent with adaptation. We conclude that management limiting gene flow among introduced populations may reduce adaptive potential but is unlikely to prevent expansion or the evolution of novel invasive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Dlugosch
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.
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Ehrenreich IM, Stafford PA, Purugganan MD. The genetic architecture of shoot branching in Arabidopsis thaliana: a comparative assessment of candidate gene associations vs. quantitative trait locus mapping. Genetics 2007; 176:1223-36. [PMID: 17435248 PMCID: PMC1894586 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.071928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Association mapping focused on 36 genes involved in branch development was used to identify candidate genes for variation in shoot branching in Arabidopsis thaliana. The associations between four branching traits and moderate-frequency haplogroups at the studied genes were tested in a panel of 96 accessions from a restricted geographic range in Central Europe. Using a mixed-model association-mapping method, we identified three loci--MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 2 (MAX2), MORE AXILLARY GROWTH 3 (MAX3), and SUPERSHOOT 1 (SPS1)--that were significantly associated with branching variation. On the basis of a more extensive examination of the MAX2 and MAX3 genomic regions, we find that linkage disequilibrium in these regions decays within approximately 10 kb and trait associations localize to the candidate genes in these regions. When the significant associations are compared to relevant quantitative trait loci (QTL) from previous Ler x Col and Cvi x Ler recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping studies, no additive QTL overlapping these candidate genes are observed, although epistatic QTL for branching, including one that spans the SPS1, are found. These results suggest that epistasis is prevalent in determining branching variation in A. thaliana and may need to be considered in linkage disequilibrium mapping studies of genetically diverse accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Ehrenreich
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 and Department of Biology and Center for Comparative Functional Genomics, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Phillip A. Stafford
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 and Department of Biology and Center for Comparative Functional Genomics, New York University, New York, New York 10003
| | - Michael D. Purugganan
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 and Department of Biology and Center for Comparative Functional Genomics, New York University, New York, New York 10003
- Corresponding author: Department of Biology and Center for Comparative Functional Genomics, New York University, 1009 Silver Center, 100 Washington Square E., New York, NY 10003-6688. E-mail:
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