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Morphometric Analyses of Leaf Shapes in Four Sympatric Mediterranean Oaks and Hybrids in the Algerian Kabylie Forest. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13040508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: local morphological variation can provide useful information to clarify the role of hybridization in Mediterranean oaks. Accordingly, we have characterized putative hybrids and oak species coexisting in a highly diversified oak forest in Algeria with four native oak species (Quercus suber L., Q. ilex L., Q. canariensis Willd., and Q. afares Pomel). (2) Methods: sixteen plots, including 89 trees from the four native species and their putative hybrids were sampled. Leaves were scanned and their geometric morphometry analyzed by using 11 landmarks on the right side on their abaxial surface. Variation within and among species, and the relationship among oak species and their hybrids were analyzed, utilizing an ANOVA and a canonical analysis using morphoJ software. (3) Results: using the geometric morphometry analysis, we observed that Q. afares shape is intermediate between Q. suber and Q. canariensis, being Q. ilex very different from the others, and that there is no overlap among them. Putative hybrids are morphologically close to Q. afares and, to a lesser extent, to Q. suber and, finally, to Q. ilex and Q. canariensis. (4) Conclusions: the study opens the field for future molecular characterization of hybrids, and for determining their role in terms of adaptation to actual and predicted future climatic conditions. The morphological proximity of hybrids to Q. afares demonstrate this species advantage in the area of study and its importance for the future evolution of the species in the Mediterranean.
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Abstract
Quercus species (oaks) have been an integral part of the landscape in the northern hemisphere for millions of years. Their ability to adapt and spread across different environments and their contributions to many ecosystem services is well documented. Human activity has placed many oak species in peril by eliminating or adversely modifying habitats through exploitative land usage and by practices that have exacerbated climate change. The goal of this review is to compile a list of oak species of conservation concern, evaluate the genetic data that is available for these species, and to highlight the gaps that exist. We compiled a list of 124 Oaks of Concern based on the Red List of Oaks 2020 and the Conservation Gap Analysis for Native U.S. Oaks and their evaluations of each species. Of these, 57% have been the subject of some genetic analysis, but for most threatened species (72%), the only genetic analysis was done as part of a phylogenetic study. While nearly half (49%) of published genetic studies involved population genetic analysis, only 16 species of concern (13%) have been the subject of these studies. This is a critical gap considering that analysis of intraspecific genetic variability and genetic structure are essential for designing conservation management strategies. We review the published population genetic studies to highlight their application to conservation. Finally, we discuss future directions in Quercus conservation genetics and genomics.
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Amimi N, Dussert S, Vaissayre V, Ghouil H, Doulbeau S, Costantini C, Ammari Y, Joët T. Variation in seed traits among Mediterranean oaks in Tunisia and their ecological significance. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:891-904. [PMID: 31904087 PMCID: PMC7218815 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Oaks are the foundation and dominant tree species of most Mediterranean forests. As climate models predict dramatic changes in the Mediterranean basin, a better understanding of the ecophysiology of seed persistence and germination in oaks could help define their regeneration niches. Tunisian oaks occupy distinct geographical areas, which differ in their rainfall and temperature regimes, and are thus a valuable model to investigate relationships between seed traits and species ecological requirements. METHODS Seed morphological traits, desiccation sensitivity level, lethal freezing temperature, embryonic axis and cotyledon sugar and lipid composition, and seed and acorn germination rates at various constant temperatures were measured in Quercus canariensis, Q. coccifera, Q. ilex and Q. suber, using seeds sampled in 22 Tunisian woodlands. KEY RESULTS Only faint differences were observed for desiccation sensitivity in the oak species studied. By contrast, the species differed significantly in sensitivity to freezing, germination rates at low temperature and base temperature. Quercus ilex and Q. canariensis, which occur at high elevations where frost events are frequent, showed the lowest freezing sensitivity. A significant correlation was found between hexose contents in the embryonic axis and freezing tolerance. Significant interspecific differences in the time for seeds to germinate and the time for the radicle to pierce the pericarp were observed. The ratio of pericarp mass to acorn mass differed significantly among the species and was negatively correlated with the acorn germination rate. Quercus coccifera, which is frequent in warm and arid environments, showed the highest acorn germination rate and synchrony. CONCLUSIONS Seed lethal temperature, seed germination time at low temperatures, the ratio of pericarp mass to acorn mass and the embryonic axis hexose content appeared to be key functional traits that may influence the geographical ranges and ecological requirements of Mediterranean oaks in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil Amimi
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Forestière, INRGREF Tunis, Rue Hédi EL Karray El Menzah IV, BP 10, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Stéphane Dussert
- IRD, Université Montpellier, UMR DIADE, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Vaissayre
- IRD, Université Montpellier, UMR DIADE, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Hana Ghouil
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Sylvie Doulbeau
- IRD, Université Montpellier, UMR DIADE, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | | | - Youssef Ammari
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Forestière, INRGREF Tunis, Rue Hédi EL Karray El Menzah IV, BP 10, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Thierry Joët
- IRD, Université Montpellier, UMR DIADE, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
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Simeone MC, Cardoni S, Piredda R, Imperatori F, Avishai M, Grimm GW, Denk T. Comparative systematics and phylogeography of Quercus Section Cerris in western Eurasia: inferences from plastid and nuclear DNA variation. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5793. [PMID: 30356975 PMCID: PMC6195796 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Oaks (Quercus) comprise more than 400 species worldwide and centres of diversity for most sections lie in the Americas and East/Southeast Asia. The only exception is the Eurasian sect. Cerris that comprises about 15 species, most of which are confined to western Eurasia. This section has not been comprehensively studied using molecular tools. Here, we assess species diversity and provide a first comprehensive taxonomic and phylogeographic scheme of western Eurasian members of sect. Cerris using plastid (trnH-psbA) and nuclear (5S-IGS) DNA variation with a dense intra-specific and geographic sampling. Chloroplast haplotypes primarily reflected phylogeographic patterns originating from interspecific cytoplasmic gene flow within sect. Cerris and its sister section Ilex. We identified two widespread and ancestral haplotypes, and locally restricted derived variants. Signatures shared with Mediterranean species of sect. Ilex, but not with the East Asian Cerris oaks, suggest that the western Eurasian lineage came into contact with Ilex only after the first (early Oligocene) members of sect. Cerris in Northeast Asia had begun to radiate and move westwards. Nuclear 5S-IGS diversification patterns were more useful for establishing a molecular-taxonomic framework and to reveal hybridization and reticulation. Four main evolutionary lineages were identified. The first lineage is comprised of Q. libani, Q. trojana and Q. afares and appears to be closest to the root of sect. Cerris. These taxa are morphologically most similar to the East Asian species of Cerris, and to both Oligocene and Miocene fossils of East Asia and Miocene fossils of western Eurasia. The second lineage is mainly composed of the widespread Q. cerris and the narrow endemic species Q. castaneifolia, Q. look, and Q. euboica. The third lineage comprises three Near East species (Q. brantii, Q. ithaburensis and Q. macrolepis), well adapted to continental climates with cold winters. The forth lineage appears to be the most derived and comprises Q. suber and Q. crenata. Q. cerris and Q. trojana displayed high levels of variation; Q. macrolepis and Q. euboica, previously treated as subspecies of Q. ithaburensis and Q. trojana, likely deserve independent species status. A trend towards inter-specific crosses was detected in several taxa; however, we found no clear evidence of a hybrid origin of Q. afares and Q. crenata, as currently assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cosimo Simeone
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Science (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Simone Cardoni
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Science (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Imperatori
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Science (DAFNE), Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Michael Avishai
- Jerusalem Botanical Gardens, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Thomas Denk
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
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McVay JD, Hipp AL, Manos PS. A genetic legacy of introgression confounds phylogeny and biogeography in oaks. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0300. [PMID: 28515204 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oaks (Quercus L.) have long been suspected to hybridize in nature, and widespread genetic exchange between morphologically defined species is well documented in two- to six-species systems, but the phylogenetic consequences of hybridization in oaks have never been demonstrated in a phylogenetically diverse sample. Here, we present phylogenomic analyses of a ca 30 Myr clade that strongly support morphologically defined species and the resolution of novel clades of white oaks; however, historical hybridization across clade boundaries is detectable and, undiagnosed, would obscure the imprint of biogeographic history in the phylogeny. Phylogenetic estimation from restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing data for 156 individuals representing 81 species supports two successive intercontinental disjunctions of white oaks: an early vicariance between the Eurasian and American white oaks, and a second, independent radiation represented by two relictual species. A suite of subsampled and partitioned analyses, however, supports a more recent divergence of the Eurasian white oaks from within the American white oaks and suggests that historic introgression between the Eurasian white oaks and a now-relictual lineage biases concatenated phylogenetic estimates. We demonstrate how divergence and reticulation both influence our understanding of the timing and nature of diversification and global colonization in these ecologically and economically important taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D McVay
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Andrew L Hipp
- The Morton Arboretum, 4100 IL-53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA
| | - Paul S Manos
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Sakka H, Baraket G, Abdessemad A, Tounsi K, Ksontini M, Salhi-Hannachi A. Molecular phylogeny and genetic diversity of Tunisian Quercus species using chloroplast DNA CAPS markers. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hubert F, Grimm GW, Jousselin E, Berry V, Franc A, Kremer A. Multiple nuclear genes stabilize the phylogenetic backbone of the genusQuercus. SYST BIODIVERS 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2014.941037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Leong Pock Tsy JM, Lumaret R, Flaven-Noguier E, Sauve M, Dubois MP, Danthu P. Nuclear microsatellite variation in Malagasy baobabs (Adansonia, Bombacoideae, Malvaceae) reveals past hybridization and introgression. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 112:1759-73. [PMID: 24187031 PMCID: PMC3838555 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Adansonia comprises nine species, six of which are endemic to Madagascar. Genetic relationships between the Malagasy species remain unresolved due to conflicting results between nuclear and plastid DNA variation. Morphologically intermediate individuals between distinct species have been identified, indicative of interspecific hybridization. In this paper, microsatellite data are used to identify potential cases of hybridization and to provide insights into the evolutionary history of the genus on Madagascar. METHODS Eleven microsatellites amplified with new primers developed for Adansonia rubrostipa were used to analyse 672 individuals collected at 27 sites for the six Malagasy species and morphologically intermediate individuals. Rates of individual admixture were examined using three Bayesian clustering programs, STRUCTURE, BAPS and NewHybrids, with no a priori species assignment. KEY RESULTS Population differentiation was coherent, with recognized species boundaries. In the four Malagasy species of section Longitubae, 8·0, 9·0 and 9·5 % of individuals with mixed genotypes were identified by BAPS, NewHybrids and STRUCTURE, respectively. At sites with sympatric populations of A. rubrostipa and A. za, NewHybrids indicated these individuals to be F2 and, predominantly, backcrosses with both parental species. In northern Madagascar, two populations of trees combining A. za and A. perrieri morphology and microsatellite alleles were identified in the current absence of the parental species. CONCLUSIONS The clear genetic differentiation observed between the six species may reflect their adaptation to different assortments of climate regimes and habitats during the colonization of the island. Microsatellite variation reveals that hybridization probably occurred in secondary contact between species of section Longitubae. This type of hybridization may also have been involved in the differentiation of a local new stabilized entity showing specific microsatellite alleles and morphological characters, suggesting a potential role of hybridization in the recent history of diversification on Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Leong Pock Tsy
- DP Forêts et Biodiversité Madagascar (CIRAD, Université d'Antananarivo, FOFIFA), BP 853, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- For correspondence: E-mail:
| | - Roselyne Lumaret
- CNRS-UMR 5175, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Elodie Flaven-Noguier
- CNRS-UMR 5175, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Mathieu Sauve
- CNRS-UMR 5175, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubois
- CNRS-UMR 5175, Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Pascal Danthu
- DP Forêts et Biodiversité Madagascar (CIRAD, Université d'Antananarivo, FOFIFA), BP 853, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- CIRAD, UPR 105, Biens et Services des Ecosystèmes Forestiers Tropicaux, Campus de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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9
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Geographical variation in growth form traits in Quercus suber and its relation to population evolutionary history. Evol Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-013-9660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Welter S, Bracho-Nuñez A, Mir C, Zimmer I, Kesselmeier J, Lumaret R, Schnitzler JP, Staudt M. The diversification of terpene emissions in Mediterranean oaks: lessons from a study of Quercus suber, Quercus canariensis and its hybrid Quercus afares. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 32:1082-1091. [PMID: 22848089 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tps069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Interspecific gene flow is common in oaks. In the Mediterranean, this process produced geographical differentiations and new species, which may have contributed to the diversification of the production of volatile terpenes in the oak species of this region. The endemic North African deciduous oak Quercus afares (Pomel) is considered to be a stabilized hybrid between the evergreen Quercus suber (L.) and the deciduous Quercus canariensis (Willd.), presumably being monoterpene and isoprene emitters, respectively. In a common garden experiment, we examined the terpene emission capacities, terpene synthase (TPS) activities and nuclear genetic markers in 52 trees of these three oak species. All but one of the Q. suber and Q. canariensis trees were found to be genetically pure, whereas most Q. afares trees possessed a mixed genotype with a predominance of Q. suber alleles. Analysis of the foliar terpene emissions and TPS activities revealed that all the Q. canariensis trees strongly produced isoprene while all the Q. suber trees were strong monoterpene producers. Quercus afares trees produced monoterpenes as well but at more variable and significantly lower rates, and with a monoterpene pattern different than that observed in Q. suber. Among 17 individuals tested, one Q. afares tree emitted only an insignificant amount of terpenes. No mixed isoprene/monoterpene emitter was detected. Our results suggest that the capacity and pattern of volatile terpene production in Algerian Q. afares populations have strongly diverged from those of its parental species and became quantitatively and qualitatively reduced, including the complete suppression of isoprene production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Welter
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, 54293 Montpellier, France
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Frajman B, Eggens F, Oxelman B. Hybrid Origins and Homoploid Reticulate Evolution within Heliosperma (Sileneae, Caryophyllaceae)—A Multigene Phylogenetic Approach with Relative Dating. Syst Biol 2009; 58:328-45. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syp030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Božo Frajman
- Department of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
- Biology Department, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Frida Eggens
- Department of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Oxelman
- Department of Systematic Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Göteborg University, Box 461, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden; E-mail:
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Mir C, Jarne P, Sarda V, Bonin A, Lumaret R. Contrasting nuclear and cytoplasmic exchanges between phylogenetically distant oak species (Quercus suber L. and Q. ilex L.) in Southern France: inferring crosses and dynamics. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2009; 11:213-26. [PMID: 19228328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Gene flow is particularly frequent in the genus Quercus (oaks), especially between closely related species. We focus here on Quercus ilex and the cork-producing Quercus suber, which occasionally hybridize although they are phylogenetically markedly separated. Morphological observations were combined with both allozymic and chloroplastic diagnostic markers to characterize hybridization and introgression and to infer their dynamics in two French regions (French Catalonia and Provence), which are separated by several hundred kilometres. Some hybrids were found in both regions, indicating recent hybridization events. As expected from previous studies, most hybrids resulted from female symbol Q. ilex x male symbol Q. suber crosses, but our data showed that the reciprocal cross is also possible. Partial independence between nuclear and chloroplastic introgression was observed in the two species. Nuclear introgression was limited in both species and both regions, with no preferred direction. In Provence, chloroplastic introgression was very rare in both species. Conversely, all Q. suber individuals from French Catalonia were introgressed by Q. ilex chlorotypes. This might be explained by introgression in the Iberian Peninsula antedating the first occurrence of the two species in French Catalonia. We also observed a new chlorotype that was created locally, and was exchanged between the two species. However, the two species still remain genetically differentiated. The dynamics and complexity of exchanges and the factors determining them (including human management of Q. suber) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mir
- UMR 5175 Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France.
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Hampe A, Petit RJ. Ever deeper phylogeographies: trees retain the genetic imprint of Tertiary plate tectonics. Mol Ecol 2008; 16:5113-4. [PMID: 18092990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Changes in species distributions after the last glacial maximum (c. 18 000 years bp) are beginning to be understood, but information diminishes quickly as one moves further back in time. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Magri et al. (2007) present the fascinating case of a Mediterranean tree species whose populations preserve the genetic imprints of plate tectonic events that took place between 25 million years and 15 million years ago. The study provides a unique insight into the pace of evolution of trees, which, despite interspecific gene flow, can retain a cohesive species identity over timescales long enough to allow the diversification of entire plant and animal genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arndt Hampe
- INRA, UMR 1202 Biodiversity, Genes & Ecosystems, 69, Route d'Arcachon, F-33612 Cestas cedex, France.
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Abstract
Homoploid hybrid speciation has been recognized for its potential rapid completion, an idea that has received support from experimental and modeling studies. Following initial hybridization, the genomes of parental species recombine and junctions between chromosomal blocks of different parental origin leave a record of recombination and the time period before homogenization of the derived genome. We use detailed genetic maps of three hybrid species of sunflowers and models to estimate the time required for the stabilization of the new hybrid genome. In contrast to previous estimates of 60 or fewer generations, we find that the genomes of three hybrid sunflower species were not stabilized for hundreds of generations. These results are reconciled with previous research by recognizing that the stabilization of a hybrid species' genome is not synonymous with hybrid speciation. Segregating factors that contribute to initial ecological or intrinsic genetic isolation may become stabilized quickly. The remainder of the genome likely becomes stabilized over a longer time interval, with recombination and drift dictating the contributions of the parental genomes. Our modeling of genome stabilization provides an upper bound for the time interval for reproductive isolation to be established and confirms the rapid nature of homoploid hybrid speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Alex Buerkle
- Department of Botany, 1000 E. University Ave., University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA.
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