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Bertolini M, Gherardini J, Chéret J, Alam M, Sulk M, Botchkareva NV, Biro T, Funk W, Grieshaber F, Paus R. Mechanical epilation exerts complex biological effects on human hair follicles and perifollicular skin: An ex vivo study approach. Int J Cosmet Sci 2024; 46:175-198. [PMID: 37923568 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Electrical epilation of unwanted hair is a widely used hair removal method, but it is largely unknown how this affects the biology of human hair follicles (HF) and perifollicular skin. Here, we have begun to explore how mechanical epilation changes selected key biological read-out parameters ex vivo within and around the pilosebaceous unit. METHODS Human full-thickness scalp skin samples were epilated ex vivo using an electro-mechanical device, organ-cultured for up to 6 days in serum-free, supplemented medium, and assessed at different time points by quantitative (immuno-)histomorphometry for selected relevant read-out parameters in epilated and sham-epilated control samples. RESULTS Epilation removed most of the hair shafts, often together with fragments of the outer and inner root sheath and hair matrix. This was associated with persistent focal thinning of the HF basal membrane, decreased melanin content of the residual HF epithelium, and increased HF keratinocyte apoptosis, including in the bulge, yet without affecting the number of cytokeratin 15+ HF epithelial stem cells. Sebocyte apoptosis in the peripheral zone was increased, albeit without visibly altering sebum production. Epilation transiently perturbed HF immune privilege, and increased the expression of ICAM-1 in the bulge and bulb mesenchyme, and the number of perifollicular MHC class II+ cells as well as mast cells around the distal epithelium and promoted mast cell degranulation around the suprabulbar and bulbar area. Moreover, compared to controls, several key players of neurogenic skin inflammation, itch, and/or thermosensation (TRPV1, TRPA1, NGF, and NKR1) were differentially expressed in post-epilation skin. CONCLUSION These data generated in denervated, organ-cultured human scalp skin demonstrate that epilation-induced mechanical HF trauma elicits surprisingly complex biological responses. These may contribute to the delayed re-growth of thinner and lighter hair shafts post-epilation and temporary post-epilation discomfort. Our findings also provide pointers regarding the development of topically applicable agents that minimize undesirable sequelae of epilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bertolini
- Monasterium Laboratory Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Jennifer Gherardini
- Monasterium Laboratory Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Monasterium Laboratory Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Majid Alam
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Qatar Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mathias Sulk
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Natalia V Botchkareva
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tamas Biro
- Monasterium Laboratory Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Funk
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Dr. Dr. med. Funk, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Paus
- Monasterium Laboratory Skin and Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, Germany
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
- CUTANEON - Skin & Hair Innovations, Hamburg, Germany
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Criado M, Reyes LE, Marín JFG, Gutiérrez-Expósito D, Zapico D, Espinosa J, Pérez V. Adjuvants influence the immune cell populations present at the injection site granuloma induced by whole-cell inactivated paratuberculosis vaccines in sheep. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1284902. [PMID: 38352038 PMCID: PMC10861745 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1284902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective tool for paratuberculosis control. Currently, available vaccines prevent the progression of clinical disease in most animals but do not fully protect them against infection and induce the formation of an injection site granuloma. The precise mechanisms that operate in response to vaccination and granuloma development, as well as the effect that adjuvants could trigger, have not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the injection site granulomas induced by two inactivated paratuberculosis vaccines, which differ in the adjuvant employed. Two groups of 45-day-old lambs were immunized with two commercially available vaccines-one (n = 4) with Gudair® and the other (n = 4) with Silirum®. A third group (n = 4) was not vaccinated and served as control. The peripheral humoral response was assessed throughout the study by a commercial anti-Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) antibody indirect ELISA, and the cellular immune response was assessed similarly by the IFN-γ release and comparative intradermal tests. The injection site granulomas were measured during the experiment and sampled at 75 days post-vaccination (dpv) when the animals were euthanized. The tissue damage, antigen and adjuvant distribution, and the presence and amount of immune cells were then determined and assessed by immunohistochemical methods. Antibodies against Map antigens; a general macrophage marker (Iba1), M1 (iNOS), and M2 (CD204) macrophages; T (CD3), B (CD20), and γδ T lymphocytes, proteins MHC-II and NRAMP1, and cytokines IL-4, IL-10, TNF, and IFN-γ were employed. Silirum® elicited a stronger peripheral cellular immune response than Gudair®, while the latter induced larger granulomas and more tissue damage at the site of injection. Additionally, adjuvant and Map antigen distribution throughout the granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate, as well as the NRAMP1 cell expression, which is linked to antigen phagocytosis, were highly irregular. In Silirum® induced granulomas, a higher number of MHC-II and TNF-expressing cells and a lower number of M2 macrophages suggested an improved antigen presentation, which could be due to the better antigen distribution and reduced tissue damage induced by this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Criado
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas-Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Luis E. Reyes
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Juan F. García Marín
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas-Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Expósito
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas-Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - David Zapico
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas-Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - José Espinosa
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas-Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Valentín Pérez
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-ULE), Finca Marzanas-Grulleros, León, Spain
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Tissue-resident macrophages can be generated de novo in adult human skin from resident progenitor cells during substance P-mediated neurogenic inflammation ex vivo. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227817. [PMID: 31971954 PMCID: PMC6977738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides monocyte (MO)-derived macrophages (MACs), self-renewing tissue-resident macrophages (trMACs) maintain the intracutaneous MAC pool in murine skin. Here, we have asked whether the same phenomenon occurs in human skin using organ-cultured, full-thickness skin detached from blood circulation and bone marrow. Skin stimulation ex vivo with the neuropeptide substance P (SP), mimicking neurogenic skin inflammation, significantly increased the number of CD68+MACs in the papillary dermis without altering intracutaneous MAC proliferation or apoptosis. Since intraluminal CD14+MOs were undetectable in the non-perfused dermal vasculature, new MACs must have differentiated from resident intracutaneous progenitor cells in human skin. Interestingly, CD68+MACs were often seen in direct cell-cell-contact with cells expressing both, the hematopoietic stem cell marker CD34 and SP receptor (neurokinin-1 receptor [NK1R]). These cell-cell contacts and CD34+cell proliferation were up-regulated in SP-treated skin samples. Collectively, our study provides the first evidence that resident MAC progenitors, from which mature MACs can rapidly differentiate within the tissue, do exist in normal adult human skin. That these NK1R+trMAC-progenitor cells quickly respond to a key stress-associated neuroinflammatory stimulus suggests that this may satisfy increased local MAC demand under conditions of wounding/stress.
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4
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Kim JY, Kang BM, Lee JS, Park HJ, Wi HJ, Yoon JS, Ahn C, Shin S, Kim KH, Jung KC, Kwon O. UVB-induced depletion of donor-derived dendritic cells prevents allograft rejection of immune-privileged hair follicles in humanized mice. Am J Transplant 2019; 19:1344-1355. [PMID: 30500995 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.15207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key targets for immunity and tolerance induction; they present donor antigens to recipient T cells by donor- and recipient-derived pathways. Donor-derived DCs, which are critical during the acute posttransplant period, can be depleted in graft tissue by forced migration via ultraviolet B light (UVB) irradiation. Here, we investigated the tolerogenic potential of donor-derived DC depletion through in vivo and ex vivo UVB preirradiation (UV) combined with the injection of anti-CD154 antibody (Ab) into recipients in an MHC-mismatched hair follicle (HF) allograft model in humanized mice. Surprisingly, human HF allografts achieved long-term survival with newly growing pigmented hair shafts in both Ab-treated groups (Ab-only and UV plus Ab) and in the UV-only group, whereas the control mice rejected all HF allografts with no hair regrowth. Perifollicular human CD3+ T cell and MHC class II+ cell infiltration was significantly diminished in the presence of UV and/or Ab treatment. HF allografts in the UV-only group showed stable maintenance of the immune privilege in the HF epithelium without evidence of antigen-specific T cell tolerance, which is likely promoted by normal HFs in vivo. This immunomodulatory strategy targeting the donor tissue exhibited novel biological relevance for clinical allogeneic transplantation without generalized immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yong Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Mi Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Su Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hi-Jung Park
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology and Graduate Course of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae Joo Wi
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology and Graduate Course of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Yoon
- Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Curie Ahn
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine; Transplantation Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sue Shin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boramae Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Seoul Metropolitan Government Public Cord Blood Bank, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Han Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeong Cheon Jung
- Transplantation Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Pathology and Graduate Course of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ohsang Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Human-Environment Interface Biology, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Laboratory of Cutaneous Aging and Hair Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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5
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Focardi M, Puliti E, Grifoni R, Palandri M, Bugelli V, Pinchi V, Norelli G, Bacci S. Immunohistochemical localization of Langerhans cells as a tool for vitality in hanging mark wounds: a pilot study. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2019.1567811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Focardi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - E. Puliti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - R. Grifoni
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M. Palandri
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - V. Bugelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - V. Pinchi
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - G.A. Norelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S. Bacci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Solano-Gálvez SG, Tovar-Torres SM, Tron-Gómez MS, Weiser-Smeke AE, Álvarez-Hernández DA, Franyuti-Kelly GA, Tapia-Moreno M, Ibarra A, Gutiérrez-Kobeh L, Vázquez-López R. Human Dendritic Cells: Ontogeny and Their Subsets in Health and Disease. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6040088. [PMID: 30297662 PMCID: PMC6313400 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6040088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of cells derived from bone marrow that represent 1% or less of the total hematopoietic cells of any lymphoid organ or of the total cell count of the blood or epithelia. Dendritic cells comprise a heterogeneous population of cells localized in different tissues where they act as sentinels continuously capturing antigens to present them to T cells. Dendritic cells are uniquely capable of attracting and activating naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to initiate and modulate primary immune responses. They have the ability to coordinate tolerance or immunity depending on their activation status, which is why they are also considered as the orchestrating cells of the immune response. The purpose of this review is to provide a general overview of the current knowledge on ontogeny and subsets of human dendritic cells as well as their function and different biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Georgina Solano-Gálvez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Sonia Margarita Tovar-Torres
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Estado de México 52786, Mexico.
| | - María Sofía Tron-Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Estado de México 52786, Mexico.
| | - Ariane Estrella Weiser-Smeke
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Estado de México 52786, Mexico.
| | - Diego Abelardo Álvarez-Hernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Estado de México 52786, Mexico.
| | | | | | - Antonio Ibarra
- Coordinación del Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Estado de México 52786, Mexico.
| | - Laila Gutiérrez-Kobeh
- Unidad de Investigación UNAM-INC, División Investigación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México-Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Rosalino Vázquez-López
- Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud (CICSA), Universidad Anáhuac México Campus Norte, Estado de México 52786, Mexico.
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Development of Blood and Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Embryonic and Fetal Human Skin. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2563-74. [PMID: 26188132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Blood and lymphatic vessels provide nutrients for the skin and fulfill important homeostatic functions, such as the regulation of immunologic processes. In this study, we investigated the development of blood and lymphatic endothelial cells in prenatal human skin in situ using multicolor immunofluorescence and analyzed angiogenic molecules by protein arrays of lysates and cell culture supernatants. We found that at 8 to 10 weeks of estimated gestational age, CD144(+) vessels predominantly express the venous endothelial cell marker PAL-E, whereas CD144(+)PAL-E(-) vessels compatible with arteries only appear at the end of the first trimester. Lymphatic progenitor cells at 8 weeks of estimated gestational age express CD31, CD144, Prox1, and temporary PAL-E. At that developmental stage not all lymphatic progenitor cells express podoplanin or Lyve-1, which are acquired with advancing gestational age in a stepwise fashion. Already in second-trimester human skin, the phenotype of blood and lymphatic vessels roughly resembles the one in adult skin. The expression pattern of angiogenic molecules in lysates and cell culture supernatants of prenatal skin did not reveal the expected bent to proangiogenic molecules, indicating a complex regulation of angiogenesis during ontogeny. In summary, this study provides enticing new insights into the development and phenotypic characteristics of the vascular system in human prenatal skin.
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Yao Y, Liu R, Shin MS, Trentalange M, Allore H, Nassar A, Kang I, Pober JS, Montgomery RR. CyTOF supports efficient detection of immune cell subsets from small samples. J Immunol Methods 2014; 415:1-5. [PMID: 25450003 PMCID: PMC4269324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of immune cell states is paramount to our understanding of the pathogenesis of a broad range of human diseases. Immunologists rely on fluorescence cytometry for cellular analysis, and while detection of 8 markers is now well established, the overlap of fluorescent signals limits efficiency. Mass cytometry or CyTOF (Cytometry by Time-Of-Flight) is a new technology for multiparameter single cell analysis that overcomes many limitations of fluorescence-based flow cytometry and can routinely detect as many as 40 markers per sample. This technology provides tremendous detail for cellular analysis of multiple cell populations simultaneously and is a powerful technique for translational investigations. Here we present reproducible detection of immune cell subsets starting with as few as 10,000 cells. Our study provides methods to employ CyTOF for small samples, which is especially relevant for investigation of limited patient biopsies in translational and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rebecca Liu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Min Sun Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mark Trentalange
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Heather Allore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ala Nassar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Insoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jordan S Pober
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Ruth R Montgomery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Human and Translational Immunology Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.
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Bacci S, Defraia B, Cinci L, Calosi L, Guasti D, Pieri L, Lotti V, Bonelli A, Romagnoli P. Immunohistochemical analysis of dendritic cells in skin lesions: Correlations with survival time. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:179-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Collin M, McGovern N, Haniffa M. Human dendritic cell subsets. Immunology 2013; 140:22-30. [PMID: 23621371 PMCID: PMC3809702 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells are highly adapted to their role of presenting antigen and directing immune responses. Developmental studies indicate that DCs originate independently from monocytes and tissue macrophages. Emerging evidence also suggests that distinct subsets of DCs have intrinsic differences that lead to functional specialisation in the generation of immunity. Comparative studies are now allowing many of these properties to be more fully understood in the context of human immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Collin
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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12
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Novel immune-modulator identified by a rapid, functional screen of the parapoxvirus ovis (Orf virus) genome. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:4. [PMID: 22243932 PMCID: PMC3283511 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The success of new sequencing technologies and informatic methods for identifying genes has made establishing gene product function a critical rate limiting step in progressing the molecular sciences. We present a method to functionally mine genomes for useful activities in vivo, using an unusual property of a member of the poxvirus family to demonstrate this screening approach. Results The genome of Parapoxvirus ovis (Orf virus) was sequenced, annotated, and then used to PCR-amplify its open-reading-frames. Employing a cloning-independent protocol, a viral expression-library was rapidly built and arrayed into sub-library pools. These were directly delivered into mice as expressible cassettes and assayed for an immune-modulating activity associated with parapoxvirus infection. The product of the B2L gene, a homolog of vaccinia F13L, was identified as the factor eliciting immune cell accumulation at sites of skin inoculation. Administration of purified B2 protein also elicited immune cell accumulation activity, and additionally was found to serve as an adjuvant for antigen-specific responses. Co-delivery of the B2L gene with an influenza gene-vaccine significantly improved protection in mice. Furthermore, delivery of the B2L expression construct, without antigen, non-specifically reduced tumor growth in murine models of cancer. Conclusion A streamlined, functional approach to genome-wide screening of a biological activity in vivo is presented. Its application to screening in mice for an immune activity elicited by the pathogen genome of Parapoxvirus ovis yielded a novel immunomodulator. In this inverted discovery method, it was possible to identify the adjuvant responsible for a function of interest prior to a mechanistic study of the adjuvant. The non-specific immune activity of this modulator, B2, is similar to that associated with administration of inactivated particles to a host or to a live viral infection. Administration of B2 may provide the opportunity to significantly impact host immunity while being itself only weakly recognized. The functional genomics method used to pinpoint B2 within an ORFeome may be more broadly applicable to screening for other biological activities in an animal.
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Koutsonanos DG, del Pilar Martin M, Zarnitsyn VG, Jacob J, Prausnitz MR, Compans RW, Skountzou I. Serological memory and long-term protection to novel H1N1 influenza virus after skin vaccination. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:582-91. [PMID: 21685355 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A major goal in influenza vaccine development is induction of serological memory and cellular responses to confer long-term protection and limit virus spread after infection. Here, we investigate induction of long-lived immunity against the 2009 H1N1 virus after skin vaccination. METHODS BALB/c mice received a single dose of 5 μg inactivated A/California/04/09 virus via coated metal microneedles (MN) applied to skin or via subcutaneous injection. RESULTS MN or subcutaneous vaccination elicited similar serum IgG and hemagglutination inhibition titers and 100% protection against lethal viral challenge 6 weeks after vaccination. Six months after vaccination, the subcutaneous group exhibited a 60% decrease in functional antibody titers and extensive lung inflammation after challenge with 10 × LD(50) of homologous virus. In contrast, the MN group maintained high functional antibody titers and IFN-γ levels, inhibition of viral replication, and no signs of lung inflammation after challenge. MN vaccination conferred complete protection against lethal challenge, whereas subcutaneous vaccination induced only partial protection. These findings were further supported by high numbers of bone marrow plasma cells and spleen antibody-secreting cells detected in the MN group. CONCLUSIONS A single skin vaccination with MN induced potent long-lived immunity and improved protection against the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus, compared with subcutaneous injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios G Koutsonanos
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Teunissen MBM, Haniffa M, Collin MP. Insight into the immunobiology of human skin and functional specialization of skin dendritic cell subsets to innovate intradermal vaccination design. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 351:25-76. [PMID: 21833835 DOI: 10.1007/82_2011_169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are the key initiators and regulators of any immune response which determine the outcome of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. Multiple distinct DC subsets can be distinguished by location, phenotype, and function in the homeostatic and inflamed human skin. The function of steady-state cutaneous DCs or recruited inflammatory DCs is influenced by the surrounding cellular and extracellular skin microenvironment. The skin is an attractive site for vaccination given the extended local network of DCs and the easy access to the skin-draining lymph nodes to generate effector T cells and immunoglobulin-producing B cells for long-term protective immunity. In the context of intradermal vaccination we describe in this review the skin-associated immune system, the characteristics of the different skin DC subsets, the mechanism of antigen uptake and presentation, and how the properties of DCs can be manipulated. This knowledge is critical for the development of intradermal vaccine strategies and supports the concept of intradermal vaccination as a superior route to the conventional intramuscular or subcutaneous methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B M Teunissen
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Elbe-Bürger A, Schuster C. Development of the prenatal cutaneous antigen-presenting cell network. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:393-9. [PMID: 20212508 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The skin, and in particular the epidermis, is a physical barrier that protects the body from external threats and is critically involved in immune reactivity. Professional antigen-presenting cells, such as epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells, are gaining prominence as principal players orchestrating the decision between immunity and tolerance. A focus of research interest in recent years has been the investigation of these cells in mammalian prenatal skin. In this review, we will compare the recent progress in dissecting the phenotype and functional role of antigen-presenting cells in the developing human and mouse skin before birth and perinatally, and will discuss how this knowledge improves our understanding of the level of immunocompetence of the skin in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelheid Elbe-Bürger
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases (DIAID), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Saito N, Hamada JI, Furukawa H, Tsutsumida A, Oyama A, Funayama E, Saito A, Tsuji T, Tada M, Moriuchi T, Yamamoto Y. Laminin-421 produced by lymphatic endothelial cells induces chemotaxis for human melanoma cells. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2009; 22:601-10. [PMID: 19508413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2009.00590.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma has a high tendency to metastasize to lymph nodes, which is one of the clinicopathological factors to indicate poor prognosis. Recent investigations have shown the importance of lymphangiogenesis in lymph node metastasis in a variety of human tumors including melanoma. However, molecular mechanism of lymphatic metastasis is still poorly defined. We examined influence of interactions between normal lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and melanoma cells on cell migration. Medium conditioned with LEC (LEC-CM) contained chemotactic and chemokinetic activities for human melanoma cell lines. The chemotactic activity was fractionated in more than 100 kDa, and inactivated by heat-treatment. The chemotactic activity of LEC-CM was abolished by immunodepletion with anti-laminin-1 antibody. And immunoprecipitation and Western blot analyses revealed that LEC-CM contained laminin-421. When melanoma C8161 cells were treated with function-blocking antibodies to integrin alpha3 or alpha6, their chemotactic responses to LEC-CM were markedly reduced. Furthermore, the knock-down of tetraspanin CD151 weakened the chemotactic responses of C8161 and MeWo cells to LEC-CM. These data suggest that laminin-421 secreted by LEC possibly facilitates lymphatic metastasis through the induction of chemotaxis of melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Saito
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Schuster C, Vaculik C, Fiala C, Meindl S, Brandt O, Imhof M, Stingl G, Eppel W, Elbe-Bürger A. HLA-DR+ leukocytes acquire CD1 antigens in embryonic and fetal human skin and contain functional antigen-presenting cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:169-81. [PMID: 19139172 PMCID: PMC2626673 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20081747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adequate numbers and functional maturity are needed for leukocytes to exhibit a protective role in host defense. During intrauterine life, the skin immune system has to acquire these prerequisites to protect the newborn from infection in the hostile external environment after birth. We investigated the quantitative, phenotypic, and functional development of skin leukocytes and analyzed the factors controlling their proliferation and trafficking during skin development. We show that CD45+ leukocytes are scattered in embryonic human skin and that their numbers continuously increase as the developing skin generates an environment that promotes proliferation of skin resident leukocytes as well as the influx of leukocytes from the circulation. We also found that CD45+HLA-DRhighCD1c+ dendritic cells (DCs) are already present in the epidermis and dermis at 9 wk estimated gestational age (EGA) and that transforming growth factor β1 production precedes Langerin and CD1a expression on CD45+CD1c+ Langerhans cell (LC) precursors. Functionally, embryonic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are able to phagocytose antigen, to up-regulate costimulatory molecules upon culture, and to efficiently stimulate T cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction. Collectively, our data provide insight into skin DC biology and the mechanisms through which skin DCs presumably populate the skin during development.
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Abstract
Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are sentinel cells of the immune system that present antigen to T lymphocytes and mediate an appropriate immune response. It is therefore surprising that knowledge of the professional APCs in human lymph nodes is limited. Using 3-color immunohistochemistry, we have identified APCs in human lymph nodes, excluding plasmacytoid APCs, that fall into 2 nonoverlapping classes: (1) CD209+ APCs, coexpressing combinations of CD206, CD14, and CD68, that occupied the medullary cords, lined the capsule and trabeculae and were also scattered throughout the diffuse T-lymphocyte areas of the paracortex; and (2) APCs expressing combinations of CD1a, CD207, and CD208, that were always restricted to the paracortex. Surprisingly, this second class of APCs was almost entirely absent from many lymph nodes. Our data suggest that most CD208+ cells, often referred to as "interdigitating cells," derive from migratory APCs, and that the major APC subset consistently resident in the paracortex of human lymph nodes is the CD209+ subset. All APC subsets were demonstrated to be in close contact with the fibroreticular network. The identification of 2 distinct APC populations in the paracortex of human lymph nodes has important implications for understanding T-lymphocyte responses and optimizing vaccine design.
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Kwan WH, Navarro-Sanchez E, Dumortier H, Decossas M, Vachon H, dos Santos FB, Fridman HW, Rey FA, Harris E, Despres P, Mueller CG. Dermal-type macrophages expressing CD209/DC-SIGN show inherent resistance to dengue virus growth. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e311. [PMID: 18827881 PMCID: PMC2553280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An important question in dengue pathogenesis is the identity of immune cells involved in the control of dengue virus infection at the site of the mosquito bite. There is evidence that infection of immature myeloid dendritic cells plays a crucial role in dengue pathogenesis and that the interaction of the viral envelope E glycoprotein with CD209/DC-SIGN is a key element for their productive infection. Dermal macrophages express CD209, yet little is known about their role in dengue virus infection. Methods and Findings Here, we showed that dermal macrophages bound recombinant envelope E glycoprotein fused to green fluorescent protein. Because dermal macrophages stain for IL-10 in situ, we generated dermal-type macrophages from monocytes in the presence of IL-10 to study their infection by dengue virus. The macrophages were able to internalize the virus, but progeny virus production was undetectable in the infected cells. In addition, no IFN-α was produced in response to the virus. The inability of dengue virus to grow in the macrophages was attributable to accumulation of internalized virus particles into poorly-acidified phagosomes. Conclusions Aborting infection by viral sequestration in early phagosomes would present a novel means to curb infection of enveloped virus and may constitute a prime defense system to prevent dengue virus spread shortly after the bite of the infected mosquito. Mosquito-transmitted pathogens are a major challenge to humans due to ever-increasing distribution of the vector worldwide. Dengue virus causes morbidity and mortality, and no anti-viral treatment or vaccine are currently available. The virus is injected into the skin when an infected mosquito probes for blood. Among the skin immunocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages are equipped with pathogen-sensing receptors. Our work has shown that dermal macrophages bind the dengue virus envelope protein. We demonstrate that monocyte-derived dermal macrophages are resistant to infection and present evidence that this is due to sequestration of the virus into fusion-incompetent intracellular vesicles. This identifies skin macrophages as the first innate immune cell potentially capable of protecting the human host from infection by dengue virus shortly after a mosquito bite. These findings have important implications for better understanding the early infection events of dengue virus and of other skin-penetrating pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Hong Kwan
- CNRS, Laboratory of Therapeutic Immunology and Chemistry, IBMC, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM U872, Centre de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers, Paris V UMRS 872, France
- INSERM U872, Centre de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers, Paris VI UMRS 872, France
| | - Erika Navarro-Sanchez
- Unité Interactions Moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche de Virologie Structurale, CNRS URA 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Dumortier
- CNRS, Laboratory of Therapeutic Immunology and Chemistry, IBMC, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marion Decossas
- CNRS, Laboratory of Therapeutic Immunology and Chemistry, IBMC, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hortense Vachon
- CNRS, Laboratory of Therapeutic Immunology and Chemistry, IBMC, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
| | - Flavia Barreto dos Santos
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Hervé W. Fridman
- INSERM U872, Centre de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers, Paris V UMRS 872, France
- INSERM U872, Centre de Recherches Biomédicales des Cordeliers, Paris VI UMRS 872, France
| | - Félix A. Rey
- Unité de Recherche de Virologie Structurale, CNRS URA 3015, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Philippe Despres
- Unité Interactions Moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (PD); (CGM)
| | - Christopher G. Mueller
- CNRS, Laboratory of Therapeutic Immunology and Chemistry, IBMC, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail: (PD); (CGM)
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