1
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Liston A. 100 years of Immunology & Cell Biology. Immunol Cell Biol 2023; 101:880-881. [PMID: 37909124 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Liston
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Alagbe AE, Domingos IF, Adekile AD, Blotta MHSL, Santos MNN. Anti-inflammatory cytokines in sickle cell disease. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:2433-2442. [PMID: 35000064 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-07009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a well-studied monogenetic disease with an established chronic inflammatory component. The paradigm shift towards inflammation has made the pathophysiology of SCD even more complex. Studies have shown that an imbalance between the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in SCD exists; however, the reports are skewed toward the pro-inflammatory mediators. We enumerate recent in vitro and in vivo studies on anti-inflammatory cytokines in SCD patients, and discuss the biology of anti-inflammatory cytokines including the already reported IL-2, TGF-β, and IL-10 as well as the recently discovered IL-27, IL-35 and IL-37. This review will improve the understanding of the pathophysiology of SCD and aid in the search of new therapeutic options for patients with SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle E Alagbe
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor F Domingos
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Adekunle D Adekile
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Maria H S L Blotta
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Magnun N N Santos
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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3
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Fulford TS, Grumont R, Wirasinha RC, Ellis D, Barugahare A, Turner SJ, Naeem H, Powell D, Lyons PA, Smith KGC, Scheer S, Zaph C, Klein U, Daley SR, Gerondakis S. c-Rel employs multiple mechanisms to promote the thymic development and peripheral function of regulatory T cells in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2006-2026. [PMID: 33960413 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κB transcription factor c-Rel is a critical regulator of Treg ontogeny, controlling multiple points of the stepwise developmental pathway. Here, we found that the thymic Treg defect in c-Rel-deficient (cRel-/- ) mice is quantitative, not qualitative, based on analyses of TCR repertoire and TCR signaling strength. However, these parameters are altered in the thymic Treg-precursor population, which is also markedly diminished in cRel-/- mice. Moreover, c-Rel governs the transcriptional programme of both thymic and peripheral Tregs, controlling a core of genes involved with immune signaling, and separately in the periphery, cell cycle progression. Last, the immune suppressive function of peripheral cRel-/- tTregs is diminished in a lymphopenic model of T cell proliferation and is associated with decreased stability of Foxp3 expression. Collectively, we show that c-Rel is a transcriptional regulator that controls multiple aspects of Treg development, differentiation, and function via distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Fulford
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Raelene Grumont
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rushika C Wirasinha
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darcy Ellis
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adele Barugahare
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Monash Bioinformatics Platform, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen J Turner
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Haroon Naeem
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David Powell
- Monash Bioinformatics Platform, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Sebastian Scheer
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Colby Zaph
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulf Klein
- Division of Haematology & Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St. James's, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 7TF
| | - Stephen R Daley
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steve Gerondakis
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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4
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Ye C, Brand D, Zheng SG. Targeting IL-2: an unexpected effect in treating immunological diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:2. [PMID: 29527328 PMCID: PMC5837126 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-017-0002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Treg) play a crucial role in maintaining immune homeostasis since Treg dysfunction in both animals and humans is associated with multi-organ autoimmune and inflammatory disease. While IL-2 is generally considered to promote T-cell proliferation and enhance effector T-cell function, recent studies have demonstrated that treatments that utilize low-dose IL-2 unexpectedly induce immune tolerance and promote Treg development resulting in the suppression of unwanted immune responses and eventually leading to treatment of some autoimmune disorders. In the present review, we discuss the biology of IL-2 and its signaling to help define the key role played by IL-2 in the development and function of Treg cells. We also summarize proof-of-concept clinical trials which have shown that low-dose IL-2 can control autoimmune diseases safely and effectively by specifically expanding and activating Treg. However, future studies will be needed to validate a better and safer dosing strategy for low-dose IL-2 treatments utilizing well-controlled clinical trials. More studies will also be needed to validate the appropriate dose of IL-2/anti-cytokine or IL-2/anti-IL-2 complex in the experimental animal models before moving to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congxiu Ye
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David Brand
- Research Service, Memphis VA Medical Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Song G. Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Third Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Division of Rheumatology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA USA
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5
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Hu DY, Wirasinha RC, Goodnow CC, Daley SR. IL-2 prevents deletion of developing T-regulatory cells in the thymus. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:1007-1016. [PMID: 28362433 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the thymus, strongly self-reactive T cells may undergo apoptotic deletion or differentiate into Foxp3+ T-regulatory (T-reg) cells. Mechanisms that partition T cells into these two fates are unclear. Here, we show that IL-2 signalling is required to prevent deletion of CD4+ CD8- CCR7+ Helios+ thymocytes poised to upregulate Foxp3. The deletion prevented by IL-2 signalling is Foxp3 independent and occurs later in thymocyte development than the deletion that is prevented by Card11 signalling. Our results distinguish two bottlenecks at which strongly self-reactive thymocytes undergo deletion or progress to the next stage of T-reg differentiation; Card11 regulates the first bottleneck and IL-2 regulates the second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Hu
- Immunology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia
| | - Rushika C Wirasinha
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Immunology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.,Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Stephen R Daley
- Immunology Department, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra 0200, Australia.,Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
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6
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Pérol L, Lindner JM, Caudana P, Nunez NG, Baeyens A, Valle A, Sedlik C, Loirat D, Boyer O, Créange A, Cohen JL, Rogner UC, Yamanouchi J, Marchant M, Leber XC, Scharenberg M, Gagnerault MC, Mallone R, Battaglia M, Santamaria P, Hartemann A, Traggiai E, Piaggio E. Loss of immune tolerance to IL-2 in type 1 diabetes. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13027. [PMID: 27708334 PMCID: PMC5059699 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by a chronic, progressive autoimmune attack against pancreas-specific antigens, effecting the destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Here we show interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a non-pancreatic autoimmune target in T1D. Anti-IL-2 autoantibodies, as well as T cells specific for a single orthologous epitope of IL-2, are present in the peripheral blood of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and patients with T1D. In NOD mice, the generation of anti-IL-2 autoantibodies is genetically determined and their titre increases with age and disease onset. In T1D patients, circulating IgG memory B cells specific for IL-2 or insulin are present at similar frequencies. Anti-IL-2 autoantibodies cloned from T1D patients demonstrate clonality, a high degree of somatic hypermutation and nanomolar affinities, indicating a germinal centre origin and underscoring the synergy between cognate autoreactive T and B cells leading to defective immune tolerance. Type 1 diabetes is driven by T-cell autoimmunity to pancreatic islet cells. Here the authors show that autoreactive anti-IL-2 T and B cells are present in type 1 diabetes patients, and that anti-IL-2 antibodies precede diabetes onset in mice, suggesting their potential as a diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Pérol
- Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris 75005, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7211, Paris 75013, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 959, Immunology- Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Paris 75013, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005 Paris, France.,SiRIC TransImm Translational Immunotherapy Team, Translational Research Department, Research Center, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
| | - John M Lindner
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Pamela Caudana
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005 Paris, France.,SiRIC TransImm Translational Immunotherapy Team, Translational Research Department, Research Center, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Nicolas Gonzalo Nunez
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005 Paris, France.,SiRIC TransImm Translational Immunotherapy Team, Translational Research Department, Research Center, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Audrey Baeyens
- Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris 75005, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7211, Paris 75013, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 959, Immunology- Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Paris 75013, France
| | - Andrea Valle
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Christine Sedlik
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005 Paris, France.,SiRIC TransImm Translational Immunotherapy Team, Translational Research Department, Research Center, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Delphine Loirat
- SiRIC TransImm Translational Immunotherapy Team, Translational Research Department, Research Center, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Olivier Boyer
- INSERM, U905, Rouen 76183, France.,Normandie Univ. IRIB, Rouen 76183, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Laboratory of Immunology, Rouen 76183, France
| | - Alain Créange
- Service de Neurologie, Groupe Hospitalier Henri Mondor, AP-HP, Créteil F-94010, France.,EA 4391, Université Paris Est, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - José Laurent Cohen
- Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil F-94010, France.,INSERM U 955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Créteil F-94010, France.,AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, CIC-BT-504, Créteil F-94010, France
| | - Ute Christine Rogner
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA 2578, Département Biologie du développement et cellules souches, Paris 75015, France
| | - Jun Yamanouchi
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine. University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Martine Marchant
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | | | - Meike Scharenberg
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Claude Gagnerault
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, DeAR Lab, Paris 75014, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Diabétologie, Paris 75014, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris 75270, France
| | - Roberto Mallone
- INSERM, U1016, Cochin Institute, DeAR Lab, Paris 75014, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Service de Diabétologie, Paris 75014, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris 75270, France
| | - Manuela Battaglia
- Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine. University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1.,Institut D'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Agnès Hartemann
- Department of Medicine Faculty, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris 75005, France.,Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Diabetes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix Hospital, Paris 75013, France
| | | | - Eliane Piaggio
- Sorbonne Universités, Pierre and Marie Curie University Paris 06, Paris 75005, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7211, Paris 75013, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 959, Immunology- Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3), Paris 75013, France.,Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U932, F-75005 Paris, France.,SiRIC TransImm Translational Immunotherapy Team, Translational Research Department, Research Center, PSL Research University, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris F-75005, France
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7
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Siggs OM, Miosge LA, Daley SR, Asquith K, Foster PS, Liston A, Goodnow CC. Quantitative reduction of the TCR adapter protein SLP-76 unbalances immunity and immune regulation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:2587-95. [PMID: 25662996 PMCID: PMC4355390 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene variants that disrupt TCR signaling can cause severe immune deficiency, yet less disruptive variants are sometimes associated with immune pathology. Null mutations of the gene encoding the scaffold protein Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76), for example, cause an arrest of T cell positive selection, whereas a synthetic membrane-targeted allele allows limited positive selection but is associated with proinflammatory cytokine production and autoantibodies. Whether these and other enigmatic outcomes are due to a biochemical uncoupling of tolerogenic signaling, or simply a quantitative reduction of protein activity, remains to be determined. In this study we describe a splice variant of Lcp2 that reduced the amount of wild-type SLP-76 protein by ~90%, disrupting immunogenic and tolerogenic pathways to different degrees. Mutant mice produced excessive amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, autoantibodies, and IgE, revealing that simple quantitative reductions of SLP-76 were sufficient to trigger immune dysregulation. This allele reveals a dose-sensitive threshold for SLP-76 in the balance of immunity and immune dysregulation, a common disturbance of atypical clinical immune deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen M Siggs
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom;
| | - Lisa A Miosge
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen R Daley
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Kelly Asquith
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2300, Australia; and
| | - Paul S Foster
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Diseases, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2300, Australia; and
| | - Adrian Liston
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology and University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Christopher C Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia;
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8
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Dooley J, Linterman MA, Liston A. MicroRNA regulation of T-cell development. Immunol Rev 2013; 253:53-64. [PMID: 23550638 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short, 19-24 nucleotide long, RNA molecules capable of regulating the longevity and, to a lesser extent, translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) species. The function of the microRNA network, and indeed, even that of individual microRNA species, can have profoundly different roles in even a single cell type as the microRNA/mRNA composition evolves. As the role of microRNA within T cells has come under increasing scrutiny, several distinct checkpoints have been demonstrated to have a particular reliance on microRNA regulation. MicroRNAs are arguably most important in T cells during the earliest and last stages in T-cell biology. The first stages of early thymic differentiation have a crucial reliance on the microRNA network, while later stages and peripheral homeostasis are largely, although not completely, microRNA-independent. The most profound effects on T cells are in the activation of effector and regulatory functions of conventional and regulatory T cells, where microRNA deficiency results in a near-complete loss of function. In this review, we focus on integrating the research on individual microRNA into a more global understanding of the function of the microRNA regulatory network in T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Dooley
- Autoimmune Genetics Laboratory, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
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9
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Goldstein JD, Pérol L, Zaragoza B, Baeyens A, Marodon G, Piaggio E. Role of cytokines in thymus- versus peripherally derived-regulatory T cell differentiation and function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:155. [PMID: 23801992 PMCID: PMC3685818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential players in the control of immune responses. Recently, accordingly to their origin, two main subsets of Tregs have been described: thymus-derived Tregs (tTregs) and peripherally derived Tregs (pTregs). Numerous signaling pathways including the IL-2/STAT5 or the TGF-β/Smad3 pathways play a crucial role in segregating the two lineages. Here, we review some of the information existing on the distinct requirements of IL-2, TGF-β, and TNF-α three major cytokines involved in tTreg and pTreg generation, homeostasis and function. Today it is clear that signaling via the IL-2Rβ chain (CD122) common to IL-2 and IL-15 is required for proper differentiation of tTregs and for tTreg and pTreg survival in the periphery. This notion has led to the development of promising therapeutic strategies based on low-dose IL-2 administration to boost the patients’ own Treg compartment and dampen autoimmunity and inflammation. Also, solid evidence points to TGF-β as the master regulator of pTreg differentiation and homeostasis. However, therapeutic administration of TGF-β is difficult to implement due to toxicity and safety issues. Knowledge on the role of TNF-α on the biology of Tregs is fragmentary and inconsistent between mice and humans. Moreover, emerging results from the clinical use of TNF-α inhibitors indicate that part of their anti-inflammatory effect may be dependent on their action on Tregs. Given the profusion of clinical trials testing cytokine administration or blocking to modulate inflammatory diseases, a better knowledge of the effects of cytokines on tTregs and pTregs biology is necessary to improve the efficiency of these immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie David Goldstein
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, INSERM U959 , Paris , France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7211 , Paris , France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U959, Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3) , Paris , France
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10
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Banchereau J, Pascual V, O'Garra A. From IL-2 to IL-37: the expanding spectrum of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:925-31. [PMID: 22990890 PMCID: PMC3609707 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Feedback regulatory circuits provided by regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells) and suppressive cytokines are an intrinsic part of the immune system, along with effector functions. Here we discuss some of the regulatory cytokines that have evolved to permit tolerance to components of self as well as the eradication of pathogens with minimal collateral damage to the host. Interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) are well characterized, whereas IL-27, IL-35 and IL-37 represent newcomers to the spectrum of anti-inflammatory cytokines. We also emphasize how information accumulated through in vitro as well as in vivo studies of genetically engineered mice can help in the understanding and treatment of human diseases.
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11
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Pan P, Wu Y, Guo ZY, Wang R, Wang YJ, Yuan YF. Antitumor activity and immunomodulatory effects of the intraperitoneal administration of Kanglaite in vivo in Lewis lung carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 143:680-685. [PMID: 22867634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS OF THE STUDY Kanglaite (KLT) is a useful antitumor drug with proven effects when combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery. We hypothesize that KLT has antitumor activity and immunomodulatory effects in Lewis lung carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS C57BL/6 mice with Lewis lung carcinoma were divided into four groups: the control group (C), cisplatin group (1 mg/kg, DDP), low KLT group (6.25 ml/kg body weight [L]), and high KLT group (12.5 ml/kg body weight [H]). T cell proliferation was determined by the MTT assay. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), inhibitor kappa B alpha (IκBα), IκB kinase (IKK) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) levels were measured by western blotting. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to analyze the expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2). RESULTS Intraperitoneal KLT significantly inhibited the growth of Lewis lung carcinoma, and the spleen index was significantly higher in the L and H groups than in the C group. KLT stimulated T cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with KLT at either 6.25 or 12.5 ml/kg decreased the level of NF-κB in the nucleus in a dose-dependent manner, and KLT markedly decreased the expression of IκBα, IKK and EGFR in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and overall. IL-2 was significantly increased in the supernatant of splenocytes in the H group. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that KLT has pronounced antitumor and immunostimulatory activities in C57BL/6 mice with Lewis lung carcinoma. These may affect the regulation of NF-κB/IκB expression, in addition to cytokines such as IL-2 and EGFR. Further work needs to investigate the relevant signaling pathway effects, but our findings suggest that KLT may be a promising antitumor drug for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Pan
- Department of Pharmacy, NO.3 People's Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 280, Mohe road, Baoshan District, Shanghai 201900, China
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Silva DG, Daley SR, Hogan J, Lee SK, Teh CE, Hu DY, Lam KP, Goodnow CC, Vinuesa CG. Anti-islet autoantibodies trigger autoimmune diabetes in the presence of an increased frequency of islet-reactive CD4 T cells. Diabetes 2011; 60:2102-11. [PMID: 21788582 PMCID: PMC3142068 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To define cellular mechanisms by which B cells promote type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study measured islet-specific CD4 T cell regulation in T-cell receptor transgenic mice with elevated frequencies of CD4 T cells recognizing hen egg lysozyme (HEL) autoantigen expressed in islet β-cells and thymic epithelium under control of the insulin-gene promoter. The effects of a mutation in Roquin that dysregulates T follicular helper (Tfh) cells to promote B-cell activation and anti-islet autoantibodies were studied, as were the effects of HEL antigen-presenting B cells and passively transferred or maternally transmitted anti-islet HEL antibodies. RESULTS Mouse anti-islet IgG antibodies-either formed as a consequence of excessive Tfh activity, maternally transmitted, or passively transferred-caused a breakdown of tolerance in islet-reactive CD4(+) cells and fast progression to diabetes. Progression to diabetes was ameliorated in the absence of B cells or when the B cells could not secrete islet-specific IgG. Anti-islet antibodies increased the survival of proliferating islet-reactive CD4(+) T cells. FcγR blockade delayed and reduced the incidence of autoimmune diabetes. CONCLUSIONS B cells can promote type 1 diabetes by secreting anti-islet autoantibodies that act in an FcγR-mediated manner to enhance the expansion of islet-reactive CD4 T cells and cooperate with inherited defects in thymic and peripheral CD4 T-cell tolerance. Cooperation between inherited variants affecting CD4 T-cell tolerance and anti-islet autoantibodies should be examined in epidemiological studies and in studies examining the efficacy of B-cell depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G. Silva
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stephen R. Daley
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jennifer Hogan
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sau K. Lee
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Charis E. Teh
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Daniel Y. Hu
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kong-Peng Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher C. Goodnow
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Carola G. Vinuesa
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- Corresponding author: Carola G. Vinuesa,
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13
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Sharma R, Fu SM, Ju ST. IL-2: a two-faced master regulator of autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:91-7. [PMID: 21282039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T-cell (Th) cytokines provide important regulatory and effector functions of T-cells. Among them, IL-2 plays a unique role. IL-2 is required for the generation and maintenance of regulatory T-cells (Treg) to provide lifelong protection from autoimmune disease. Whether IL-2 is also required for autoimmune disease development is less clear as Il2(-/)(-) mice themselves spontaneously develop multi-organ inflammation (MOI). In this communication, we discuss evidence that support the thesis that IL-2 is required for the development of autoimmune response, although some aspects of autoimmune response are not regulated by IL-2. Potential IL-2-dependent mechanisms operating at specific stages of the inflammation process are presented. The interplays among Treg, IL-2, autoimmune response and adaptive immunity are discussed. Overall, available information indicates that IL-2 is a two-faced master regulator of autoimmunity: one to prevent autoimmunity while the other promotes autoimmune response. The latter is an unfortunate consequence of IL-2 function that is used to promote the adaptive immune response against foreign antigens and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sharma
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, VA, USA
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14
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Hoyne GF, Flening E, Yabas M, Teh C, Altin JA, Randall K, Thien CBF, Langdon WY, Goodnow CC. Visualizing the role of Cbl-b in control of islet-reactive CD4 T cells and susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:2024-32. [PMID: 21248249 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b regulates T cell activation thresholds and has been associated with protecting against type 1 diabetes, but its in vivo role in the process of self-tolerance has not been examined at the level of potentially autoaggressive CD4(+) T cells. In this study, we visualize the consequences of Cbl-b deficiency on self-tolerance to lysozyme Ag expressed in transgenic mice under control of the insulin promoter (insHEL). By tracing the fate of pancreatic islet-reactive CD4(+) T cells in prediabetic 3A9-TCR × insHEL double-transgenic mice, we find that Cbl-b deficiency contrasts with AIRE or IL-2 deficiency, because it does not affect thymic negative selection of islet-reactive CD4(+) cells or the numbers of islet-specific CD4(+) or CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells in the periphery, although it decreased differentiation of inducible regulatory T cells from TGF-β-treated 3A9-TCR cells in vitro. When removed from regulatory T cells and placed in culture, Cblb-deficient islet-reactive CD4(+) cells reveal a capacity to proliferate to HEL Ag that is repressed in wild-type cells. This latent failure of T cell anergy is, nevertheless, controlled in vivo in prediabetic mice so that islet-reactive CD4(+) cells in the spleen and the pancreatic lymph node of Cblb-deficient mice show no evidence of increased activation or proliferation in situ. Cblb deficiency subsequently precipitated diabetes in most TCR:insHEL animals by 15 wk of age. These results reveal a role for peripheral T cell anergy in organ-specific self-tolerance and illuminate the interplay between Cblb-dependent anergy and other mechanisms for preventing organ-specific autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard F Hoyne
- Department of Immunology, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia.
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15
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Hoyne GF, Chapman G, Sontani Y, Pursglove SE, Dunwoodie SL. A cell autonomous role for the Notch ligand Delta-like 3 in αβ T-cell development. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:696-705. [PMID: 21151194 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Notch signalling is critical to help direct T-cell lineage commitment in early T-cell progenitors and in the development of αβ T-cells. Epithelial and stromal cell populations in the thymus express the Notch DSL (Delta, Serrate and Lag2)ligands Delta-like 1 (Dll1), Delta-like 4 (Dll4), Jagged 1 and Jagged 2, and induce Notch signalling in thymocytes that express the Notch receptor. At present there is nothing known about the role of the Delta-like 3 (Dll3) ligand in the immune system. Here we describe a novel cell autonomous role for Dll3 in αβ T-cell development. We show that Dll3 cannot activate Notch when expressed in trans but like other Notch ligands it can inhibit Notch signalling when expressed in cis with the receptor. The loss of Dll3 leads to an increase in Hes5 expression in double positive thymocytes and their increased production of mature CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. Studies using competitive irradiation chimeras proved that Dll3 acts in a cell autonomous manner to regulate positive selection but not negative selection of autoreactive T cells. Our results indicate that Dll3 has a unique function during T-cell development that is distinct from the role played by the other DSL ligands of Notch and is in keeping with other recent studies indicating that Dll1 and Dll3 ligands have non-overlapping roles during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard F Hoyne
- The Laboratory of T Cell Development and Regulation, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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16
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Regulatory T-cell differentiation versus clonal deletion of autoreactive thymocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:45-53. [PMID: 21042335 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The concept of clonal deletion of immune cells that carry an autoreactive antigen receptor was a central prediction of Burnet's clonal selection theory. A series of classical experiments in the late 1980s revealed that certain immature thymocytes upon encounter of 'self' are indeed removed from the T-cell repertoire before their release into the blood circulation. A second essential cornerstone of immunological tolerance, not anticipated by Burnett, has more recently surfaced through the discovery of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Treg). Intriguingly, it appears that the expression of an autoreactive T-cell receptor is a shared characteristic of T cells that are subject to clonal deletion as well as of those deviated into the Treg lineage. This is all the more striking as Treg differentiation for the most part branches off from mainstream CD4T cell development during thymocyte maturation in the thymus, that is, it may neither temporally nor spatially be separated from clonal deletion. This raises the question of how an apparently identical stimulus, namely the encounter of 'self' during thymocyte development, can elicit fundamentally different outcomes such as apoptotic cell death on the one hand or differentiation into a highly specialized T-cell lineage on the other hand. Here, we will review the T-cell intrinsic and extrinsic factors that have been implicated in intrathymic Treg differentiation and discuss how these parameters may determine whether an autoreactive major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted thymocyte is deviated into the Treg lineage or subject to clonal deletion.
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17
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Liou HC, Smith KA. The roles of c-rel and interleukin-2 in tolerance: a molecular explanation of self-nonself discrimination. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:27-32. [PMID: 20975733 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms responsible for the exquisite discrimination between self and nonself molecules have remained enigmatic despite intense investigation. However, with the availability of adequate amounts of anergic lymphocytes produced by double transgenic mice, large numbers of immature B cells from sublethaly irradiated, hematopoietically-synchronized mice, as well as critical gene-deleted mice, it has been possible for the first time to uncover plausible molecular mechanisms that lead to tolerance versus immunity. The Rel family of transcription factors is expressed at different stages of lymphocyte maturation and differentiation. C-Rel is not activated by immature lymphocytes, which undergo either anergy or apoptosis when triggered by antigen receptors, but c-Rel is activated in mature lymphocytes. Antigen receptor triggering induces c-Rel-dependent survival and proliferative genetic programs. In T cells, a critical c-Rel-dependent gene encodes the T-cell growth factor interleukin-2 (IL-2). Thus, T cells from c-Rel gene-deleted mice produce inadequate quantities of IL-2, which renders them immunocompromised and unable to mount normal T-cell proliferative and differentiative responses. In the face of absolute IL-2 deficiency from birth, severe, multiorgan autoimmunity gradually ensues. Also, with more subtle IL-2 deficiency, organ/tissue-specific autoimmune disease becomes evident. Accordingly, both c-Rel and IL-2 appear to be key molecules for tolerance versus immunity, and doubtless will become foci for continued investigation, as well as future therapeutic targets in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiou-Chi Liou
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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18
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Kim JM. Molecular Mechanisms of Regulatory T Cell Development and Suppressive Function. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 92:279-314. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)92011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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19
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Wang J, Wicker LS, Santamaria P. IL-2 and its high-affinity receptor: genetic control of immunoregulation and autoimmunity. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:363-71. [PMID: 19447046 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease featured by destruction of the insulin producing beta-cells of the pancreas by autoreactive T-lymphocytes. Putative environmental triggers conspire with a constellation of genetic elements scattered throughout the genome to elicit a multifactorial autoimmune response involving virtually every cell type of the immune system against pancreatic beta-cells. Recent highly powered genome-wide association studies have confirmed and identified fifteen chromosomal regions harboring several candidate T1D-associated gene loci. Here, we summarize what we know about the genetics of T1D with an emphasis on the contributions of mouse Il2 and human IL2RA polymorphisms and the IL-2-IL-2R pathway to autoimmunity and, more specifically, Treg development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinguo Wang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Inflammation, Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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20
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Liston A, Kim JM. Short‐circuiting regulatory T‐cell proliferation during chronic infection. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 87:443-4. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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21
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Yolcu ES, Ash S, Kaminitz A, Sagiv Y, Askenasy N, Yarkoni S. Apoptosis as a mechanism of T‐regulatory cell homeostasis and suppression. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 86:650-8. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Esma S Yolcu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of LouisvilleLouisvilleKYUSA
| | - Shifra Ash
- Frankel Laboratory for Experimental Bone Marrow Transplantation, Center for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Center of IsraelPetach TikvaIsrael
| | - Ayelet Kaminitz
- Frankel Laboratory for Experimental Bone Marrow Transplantation, Center for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Center of IsraelPetach TikvaIsrael
| | | | - Nadir Askenasy
- Frankel Laboratory for Experimental Bone Marrow Transplantation, Center for Stem Cell Research, Schneider Children's Medical Center of IsraelPetach TikvaIsrael
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22
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The IL-2/CD25 pathway determines susceptibility to T1D in humans and NOD mice. J Clin Immunol 2008; 28:685-96. [PMID: 18780166 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the interleukin-2 (IL-2)/IL-2R signaling pathway has been the focus of numerous studies, certain aspects of its molecular regulation are not well characterized, especially in non-T cells, and a more complete understanding of the pathway is necessary to discern the functional basis of the genetic association between the IL-2-IL-21 and IL-2RA/CD25 gene regions and T1D in humans. Genetic variation in these regions may promote T1D susceptibility by influencing transcription and/or splicing and, hence, IL-2 and IL-2RA/CD25 expression at the protein level in different immune cell subsets; thus, there is a need to establish links between the genetic variation and immune cell phenotypes and functions in humans, which can be further investigated and validated in mouse models. The detection and characterization of genetically determined immunophenotypes should aid in elucidating disease mechanisms and may enable future monitoring of disease initiation and progression in prediabetic subjects and of responses to therapeutic intervention.
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23
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Malek TR, Yu A, Zhu L, Matsutani T, Adeegbe D, Bayer AL. IL-2 Family of Cytokines in T Regulatory Cell Development and Homeostasis. J Clin Immunol 2008; 28:635-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-008-9235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas II. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:383-93. [PMID: 18594281 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e32830c6b8e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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25
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Liston A, Enders A, Siggs OM. Unravelling the association of partial T-cell immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:545-58. [PMID: 18551129 DOI: 10.1038/nri2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Partial T-cell immunodeficiencies constitute a heterogeneous cluster of disorders characterized by an incomplete reduction in T-cell number or activity. The immune deficiency component of these diseases is less severe than that of the severe T-cell immunodeficiencies and therefore some ability to respond to infectious organisms is retained. Unlike severe T-cell immunodeficiencies, however, partial immunodeficiencies are commonly associated with hyper-immune dysregulation, including autoimmunity, inflammatory diseases and elevated IgE production. This causative association is counter-intuitive--immune deficiencies are caused by loss-of-function changes to the T-cell component, whereas the coincident autoimmune symptoms are the consequence of gain-of-function changes. This Review details the genetic basis of partial T -cell immunodeficiencies and draws on recent advances in mouse models to propose mechanisms by which a reduction in T-cell numbers or function may disturb the population-dependent balance between activation and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Liston
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
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26
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Abstract
Much data support an essential role for interleukin (IL)-2 in immune tolerance. This idea is much different from the early paradigm in which IL-2 is central for protective immune responses. This change in thinking occurred when a T regulatory cell defect was shown to be responsible for the lethal autoimmunity associated with IL-2/IL-2R deficiency. This realization allowed investigators to explore immune responses in IL-2-nonresponsive mice rendered autoimmune-free. Such studies established that IL-2 sometimes contributes to optimal primary immune responses, but it is not mandatory. Emerging findings, however, suggest an essential role for IL-2 in immune memory. Here, the current understanding of the dual role of IL-2 in maintaining tolerance and contributing to immunity in vivo is reviewed with some emphasis on T regulatory cell production and homeostasis. Also discussed are implications of this new appreciation concerning the immunobiology of IL-2 with respect to targeting IL-2 or its receptor in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33101, USA.
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27
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Lan RY, Selmi C, Gershwin ME. The regulatory, inflammatory, and T cell programming roles of interleukin-2 (IL-2). J Autoimmun 2008; 31:7-12. [PMID: 18442895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through IL-2 induces the activation of pathways that lead to the proliferation, survival and cytokine production of effector T cells. However, through negative feedback mechanisms, internalization of the IL-2 receptor, induction of activation-induced cell death, and the generation of regulatory T cells, IL-2 also promotes the suppression of inflammatory responses. In regulatory T cells, IL-2 signaling upregulates the expression of FoxP3. Regulatory T cell induction by TGF-beta also requires IL-2. Additionally, pro-inflammatory and pro-survival pathways involving PI3K upon IL-2 stimulation is inhibited by PTEN in regulatory T cells. Importantly, IL-2 signaling is key for the development, expansion and maintenance of regulatory T cells. However, gamma(c) cytokines can replace requirements for IL-2 in regulatory T cells, although not with the same efficacy. The dual roles of IL-2 in inflammation are demonstrated in that mice deficient in both FoxP3 and IL-2 display less severe symptoms compared to FoxP3 deficient mice. Finally, IL-2 not only plays a key role in the induction of effector T cells and regulatory T cells, it also inhibits IL-17 producing T cells. By understanding complex dynamics of IL-2 interactions in the inflammatory response, therapies may be developed or modified for regulating immune related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Y Lan
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Genome and Biomedical Sciences Facility, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Suite 6510, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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28
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Zheng L, Sharma R, Gaskin F, Fu SM, Ju ST. A novel role of IL-2 in organ-specific autoimmune inflammation beyond regulatory T cell checkpoint: both IL-2 knockout and Fas mutation prolong lifespan of Scurfy mice but by different mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 179:8035-41. [PMID: 18056343 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mutation of the Foxp3 transcription factor in Scurfy (Sf) mice results in complete absence of the CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), severe multiorgan autoimmune syndrome, and early death at 4 wk of age. However, Sf mice simultaneously bearing the Il2-/- (Sf.Il2-/-) or Faslpr/lpr gene (Sf.Faslpr/lpr) have extended lifespan despite totally lacking Tregs, indicating a role of IL-2 and CD95 (Fas) signaling pathways in the multiorgan autoimmune syndrome beyond the Treg checkpoint. IL-2 has been implicated in regulating lymphoproliferation and CD178 (FasL) expression. However, Sf.Il2-/- mice have increased lymphoproliferation and FasL expression. Importantly, the pattern of organ-specific autoimmune response of Sf.Il2-/-mice resembled IL-2 knockout mice whereas that of Sf.Faslpr/lpr was similar to Sf mice, indicating that the distinct and weakened autoimmune manifestation in IL-2 knockout mice was not caused by the residual Tregs. Our study demonstrated a novel role of IL-2 in regulating multiorgan autoimmune inflammation beyond the Treg checkpoint and indicated that both Il2-/- and Faslpr/lpr genes prolong the lifespan of Sf mice but by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjie Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Immunity, Inflammation and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, USA
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29
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van Driel IR. Tolerance and autoimmunity: entwined pathways lead to immunological tolerance. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:267-8. [PMID: 17438561 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R van Driel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21, Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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