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Shin D, Kim S, Lee H, Lee HC, Lee J, Park HW, Fukai M, Choi E, Choi S, Koo BJ, Yu JH, No G, Cho S, Kim CW, Han D, Jang HD, Kim HS. PCSK9 stimulates Syk, PKCδ, and NF-κB, leading to atherosclerosis progression independently of LDL receptor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2789. [PMID: 38555386 PMCID: PMC10981688 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK9) binds to and degrades low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, leading to increase of LDL cholesterol in blood. Its blockers have emerged as promising therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases. Here we show that PCSK9 itself directly induces inflammation and aggravates atherosclerosis independently of the LDL receptor. PCSK9 exacerbates atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice. Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1) is the main binding partner of PCSK9 and indispensable for the inflammatory action of PCSK9, including induction of cytokines, Toll like receptor 4, and scavenger receptors, enhancing the uptake of oxidized LDL. We find spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) to be the key mediators of inflammation after PCSK9-CAP1 binding. In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, serum PCSK9 levels are positively correlated with Syk, PKCδ, and p65 phosphorylation. The CAP1-fragment crystallizable region (CAP1-Fc) mitigates PCSK9-mediated inflammatory signal transduction more than the PCSK9 blocking antibody evolocumab does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dasom Shin
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soungchan Kim
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Lee
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Chae Lee
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Park
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Fukai
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - EunByule Choi
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Choi
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon-Jun Koo
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Yu
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyurae No
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoon Cho
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Kim
- Department of Preclinical Trial, Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation (KBIO), Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Han
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Duk Jang
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Soo Kim
- Center of CBT (Cell and BioTherapy), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Program in Stem Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Cardiovascular Center & Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Shi XY, Zheng XM, Liu HJ, Han X, Zhang L, Hu B, Li S. Rotundic acid improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice by regulating glycolysis and the TLR4/AP1 signaling pathway. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:214. [PMID: 38049817 PMCID: PMC10694891 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01976-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steatosis and inflammation are the hallmarks of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Rotundic acid (RA) is among the key triterpenes of Ilicis Rotundae Cortex and has exhibited multipronged effects in terms of lowering the lipid content and alleviating inflammation. The study objective is to systematically evaluate the potential mechanisms through which RA affects the development and progression of NASH. METHODS Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of primary hepatocytes isolated from the control, high-fat diet-induced NASH, and RA treatment groups were performed through Gene Ontology analysis and pathway enrichment. Hub genes were identified through network analysis. Integrative analysis revealed key RA-regulated pathways, which were verified by gene and protein expression studies and cell assays. RESULTS Hub genes were identified and enriched in the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/activator protein-1 (AP1) signaling pathway and glycolysis pathway. RA reversed glycolysis and attenuated the TLR4/AP1 pathway, thereby reducing lipid accumulation and inflammation. Additionally, lactate release in L-02 cells increased with NaAsO2-treated and significantly decreased with RA treatment, thus revealing that RA had a major impact on glycolysis. CONCLUSIONS RA is effective in lowering the lipid content and reducing inflammation in mice with NASH by ameliorating glycolysis and TLR4/AP1 pathways, which contributes to the existing knowledge and potentially sheds light on the development of therapeutic interventions for patients with NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Yang Shi
- MOE International Joint Laboratory for Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Min Zheng
- MOE International Joint Laboratory for Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jie Liu
- MOE International Joint Laboratory for Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xue Han
- MOE International Joint Laboratory for Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE International Joint Laboratory for Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Blood Products, Guangdong Institute for Drug Control, Guangzhou, 510663, PR China
| | - Bei Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510030, PR China.
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China.
| | - Shan Li
- MOE International Joint Laboratory for Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China.
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Itoh K, Tsutani H, Mitsuke Y, Iwasaki H. Implications of empirical administration of caspofungin in COVID-19 complicated fungal infections. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1269543. [PMID: 38076460 PMCID: PMC10703040 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1269543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, NHO Awara National Hospital, Awara, Fukui, Japan
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tsutani
- Department of Internal Medicine, NHO Awara National Hospital, Awara, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Mitsuke
- Department of Internal Medicine, NHO Awara National Hospital, Awara, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Iwasaki
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
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Busold S, Akkerdaas JH, Zijlstra-Willems EM, van der Graaf K, Tas SW, de Jong EC, van Ree R, Geijtenbeek TBH. Toll-like receptor 4 and Syk kinase shape dendritic cell-induced immune activation to major house dust mite allergens. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1105538. [PMID: 37614946 PMCID: PMC10442820 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1105538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background House dust mite (HDM) is a major cause of respiratory allergic diseases. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in orchestrating adaptive allergic immune responses. However, it remains unclear how DCs become activated by HDM. Biochemical functions of the major HDM allergens Der p 1 (cysteine protease) and Der p 2 (MD2-mimick) have been implicated to contribute to DC activation. Methods We investigated the immune activating potential of HDM extract and its major allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2 using monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs). Maturation and activation markers were monitored by flow cytometry and cytokine production by ELISA. Allergen depletion and proteinase K digestion were used to investigate the involvement of proteins, and in particular of the major allergens. Inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and of C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) were used to identify the involved receptors. The contribution of endotoxins in moDC activation was assessed by their removal from HDM extract. Results HDM extract induced DC maturation and cytokine responses in contrast to the natural purified major allergens Der p 1 and Der p 2. Proteinase K digestion and removal of Der p 1 or Der p 2 did not alter the immune stimulatory capacity of HDM extract. Antibodies against the CLRs Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and DC-SIGN did not affect cytokine responses. In contrast, Syk inhibition partially reduced IL-6, IL-12 and completely blocked IL-10. Blocking TLR4 signaling reduced the HDM-induced IL-10 and IL-12p70 induction, but not IL-6, while endotoxin removal potently abolished the induced cytokine response. Conclusion Our data strongly suggest that HDM-induced DC activation is neither dependent on Der p 1 nor Der p 2, but depend on Syk and TLR4 activation, which might suggest a crosstalk between Syk and TLR4 pathways. Our data highlight that endotoxins play a potent role in immune responses targeting HDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Busold
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap H. Akkerdaas
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther M. Zijlstra-Willems
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Sander W. Tas
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Esther C. de Jong
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teunis B. H. Geijtenbeek
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Curson JE, Liu L, Luo L, Muusse TW, Lucas RM, Gunther KS, Vajjhala PR, Abrol R, Jones A, Kapetanovic R, Stacey KJ, Stow JL, Sweet MJ. TLR4 phosphorylation at tyrosine 672 activates the ERK/c-FOS signaling module for LPS-induced cytokine responses in macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250056. [PMID: 37058370 PMCID: PMC10947571 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
TLRs engage numerous adaptor proteins and signaling molecules, enabling a complex series of post-translational modifications (PTMs) to mount inflammatory responses. TLRs themselves are post-translationally modified following ligand-induced activation, with this being required to relay the full spectrum of proinflammatory signaling responses. Here, we reveal indispensable roles for TLR4 Y672 and Y749 phosphorylation in mounting optimal LPS-inducible inflammatory responses in primary mouse macrophages. LPS promotes phosphorylation at both tyrosine residues, with Y749 phosphorylation being required for maintenance of total TLR4 protein levels and Y672 phosphorylation exerting its pro-inflammatory effects more selectively by initiating ERK1/2 and c-FOS phosphorylation. Our data also support a role for the TLR4-interacting membrane proteins SCIMP and the SYK kinase axis in mediating TLR4 Y672 phosphorylation to permit downstream inflammatory responses in murine macrophages. The corresponding residue in human TLR4 (Y674) is also required for optimal LPS signaling responses. Our study, thus, reveals how a single PTM on one of the most widely studied innate immune receptors orchestrates downstream inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E.B. Curson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Liping Liu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Lin Luo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Timothy W. Muusse
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB) and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Richard M. Lucas
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Kimberley S. Gunther
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Parimala R. Vajjhala
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB) and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Rishika Abrol
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Alun Jones
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Ronan Kapetanovic
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical ResearchBaselSwitzerland
| | - Katryn J. Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences (SCMB) and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jennifer L. Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Matthew J. Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research and Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Cong Y, Wang Y, Yuan T, Zhang Z, Ge J, Meng Q, Li Z, Sun S. Macrophages in aseptic loosening: Characteristics, functions, and mechanisms. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1122057. [PMID: 36969165 PMCID: PMC10030580 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1122057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aseptic loosening (AL) is the most common complication of total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Both local inflammatory response and subsequent osteolysis around the prosthesis are the fundamental causes of disease pathology. As the earliest change of cell behavior, polarizations of macrophages play an essential role in the pathogenesis of AL, including regulating inflammatory responses and related pathological bone remodeling. The direction of macrophage polarization is closely dependent on the microenvironment of the periprosthetic tissue. When the classically activated macrophages (M1) are characterized by the augmented ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines, the primary functions of alternatively activated macrophages (M2) are related to inflammatory relief and tissue repair. Yet, both M1 macrophages and M2 macrophages are involved in the occurrence and development of AL, and a comprehensive understanding of polarized behaviors and inducing factors would help in identifying specific therapies. In recent years, studies have witnessed novel discoveries regarding the role of macrophages in AL pathology, the shifts between polarized phenotype during disease progression, as well as local mediators and signaling pathways responsible for regulations in macrophages and subsequent osteoclasts (OCs). In this review, we summarize recent progress on macrophage polarization and related mechanisms during the development of AL and discuss new findings and concepts in the context of existing work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehao Cong
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianxun Ge
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Meng
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ziqing Li
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Ziqing Li, ; Shui Sun,
| | - Shui Sun
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- *Correspondence: Ziqing Li, ; Shui Sun,
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Tian X, Nanding K, Dai X, Wang Q, Wang J, Morigen, Fan L. Pattern recognition receptor mediated innate immune response requires a Rif-dependent pathway. J Autoimmun 2023; 134:102975. [PMID: 36527784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPases play critical roles in cell morphology, movement, and adhesion by dynamic regulation of actin cytoskeleton. The small Rho GTPase Rif/RhoF (Rho in filopodia) regulates the formation of filopodia and stress fibers in cells. Rif is highly expressed in a number of cell types in the immune system; however, it's role in immune system function is unclear. In this research, we found that Rif expression is necessary for NF-κB activation in primary immune cells, and mature dendritic cell (mature DCs) induced from Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells (BMDCs) isolated from Rif knock out (Rif KO) mice displayed impaired degradation of I-κBα, as well as reduced TNF-α secretion and p38 MAPK phosphorylation under LPS stimulation. Interestingly, we revealed that TLR agonists, such as LPS and poly (I:C), as well as bacterial virulence factor SopE could induce a transient increase in Rif activation in monocytes THP-1 cells. Furthermore, Rif was found to be an integral part of the TLR4, TLR3 and nodosome signaling complex. We further identified Src tyrosine kinases as upstream activator of Rif in both bacterial and viral induced immune responses. Moreover, activated Rif induces activation of transcription factors, such as NF-κB, AP-1 and IRF-3, and mediates inflammation through secretion of IL-6, IL-8 or TNFα. Rif activation by PRRs contributes in a variety of ways to protective host responses against invading microbes. Taken together, this study reveals that Rif is indispensable for both extracellular and intracellular pattern-recognition receptor-mediated innate immune responses. Rif possess broad anti-pathogenic effect and understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which this small Rho GTPase interferes with innate immune system will be beneficial to develop therapies against infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China; The Laboratory for Tumor Molecular Diagnosis, Affiliated People's Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Kathleen Nanding
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China
| | - Xueyao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China
| | - Junyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China
| | - Morigen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China.
| | - Lifei Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010020, PR China.
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Cao M, Ma L, Yan C, Wang H, Ran M, Chen Y, Wang X, Liang X, Chai L, Li X. Mouse Ocilrp2/Clec2i negatively regulates LPS-mediated IL-6 production by blocking Dap12-Syk interaction in macrophage. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984520. [PMID: 36300111 PMCID: PMC9589251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type lectin Ocilrp2/Clec2i is widely expressed in dendritic cells, lymphokine-activated killer cells and activated T cells. Previous studies have shown that Ocilrp2 is an important regulator in the activation of T cells and NK cells. However, the role of Ocilrp2 in the inflammatory responses by activated macrophages is currently unknown. This study investigated the expression of inflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced macrophages from primary peritoneal macrophages silenced by specific siRNA target Ocilrp2. Ocilrp2 was significantly downregulated in macrophages via NF-κB and pathways upon LPS stimuli or VSV infection. Silencing Ocilrp2 resulted in the increased expression of IL-6 in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages and mice. Moreover, IL-6 expression was reduced in LPS-induced Ocilrp2 over-expressing iBMDM cells. Furthermore, we found that Ocilrp2-related Syk activation is responsible for expressing inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Silencing Ocilrp2 significantly promotes the binding of Syk to Dap12. Altogether, we identified the Ocilrp2 as a critical role in the TLR4 signaling pathway and inflammatory macrophages’ immune regulation, and added mechanistic insights into the crosstalk between TLR and Syk signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingya Cao
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lina Ma
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chenyang Yan
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Han Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Mengzhe Ran
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaonan Liang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lihui Chai
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Lihui Chai, ; Xia Li,
| | - Xia Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Lihui Chai, ; Xia Li,
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The transmembrane adapter SCIMP recruits tyrosine kinase Syk to phosphorylate Toll-like receptors to mediate selective inflammatory outputs. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101857. [PMID: 35337798 PMCID: PMC9052152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involves receptor phosphorylation, which helps to shape and drive key inflammatory outputs, yet our understanding of the kinases and mechanisms that mediate TLR phosphorylation is incomplete. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase, which is known to relay adaptive and innate immune signaling, including from TLRs. However, TLRs do not contain the conserved dual immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs that typically recruit Syk to many other receptors. One possibility is that the Syk-TLR association is indirect, relying on an intermediary scaffolding protein. We previously identified a role for the palmitoylated transmembrane adapter protein SCIMP in scaffolding the Src tyrosine kinase Lyn, for TLR phosphorylation, but the role of SCIMP in mediating the interaction between Syk and TLRs has not yet been investigated. Here, we show that SCIMP recruits Syk in response to lipopolysaccharide-mediated TLR4 activation. We also show that Syk contributes to the phosphorylation of SCIMP and TLR4 to enhance their binding. Further evidence pinpoints two specific phosphorylation sites in SCIMP critical for its interaction with Syk-SH2 domains in the absence of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. Finally, using inhibitors and primary macrophages from SCIMP-/- mice, we confirm a functional role for SCIMP-mediated Syk interaction in modulating TLR4 phosphorylation, signaling, and cytokine outputs. In conclusion, we identify SCIMP as a novel, immune-specific Syk scaffold, which can contribute to inflammation through selective TLR-driven inflammatory responses.
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10
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Takagane K, Umakoshi M, Itoh G, Kuriyama S, Goto A, Tanaka M. SKAP2 suppresses inflammation-mediated tumorigenesis by regulating SHP-1 and SHP-2. Oncogene 2022; 41:1087-1099. [PMID: 35034964 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-02153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases, like ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are frequently accompanied by colorectal cancers. However, the mechanisms underlying colitis-associated cancers are not fully understood. Src Kinase Associated Phosphoprotein 2 (SKAP2), a substrate of Src family kinases, is highly expressed in macrophages. Here, we examined the effects of SKAP2 on inflammatory responses in a mouse model of tumorigenesis with colitis induced by azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium. SKAP2 knockout increased the severity of colitis and tumorigenesis, as well as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced acute inflammation. SKAP2 attenuated inflammatory signaling in macrophages induced by uptake of cancer cell-derived exosomes. SKAP2-/- mice were characterized by the activation of NF-κB signaling and the upregulation and release of cytokines including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, CXCL-9/-10/-13, and sICAM1; SKAP2 overexpression attenuated NF-κB activation. Mechanistically, SKAP2 formed a complex with the SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase via association with the Sirpα transmembrane receptor. SKAP2 also physically associated with the TIR domain of MyD88, TIRAP, and TRAM, adaptors of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). SKAP2-mediated recruitment of the Sirpα/SHP-1 complex to TLR4 attenuated inflammatory responses, whereas direct interaction of SKAP2 with SHP-2 decreased SHP-2 activation. SHP-2 is required for efficient NF-κB activation and suppresses the TRAM/TRIF-INFβ pathway; therefore, SKAP2-mediated SHP-2 inhibition affected two signaling axes from TLR4. The present findings indicate that SKAP2 prevents excess inflammation by inhibiting the TLR4-NF-κB pathway, and it activates the TLR4-IFNβ pathway through SHP-1 and SHP-2, thereby suppressing inflammation-mediated tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurara Takagane
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
- Technical Division, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Michinobu Umakoshi
- Department of Cellular and Organ Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Go Itoh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Sei Kuriyama
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Akiteru Goto
- Department of Cellular and Organ Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.
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11
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Xue Y, Chen H, Zhang S, Bao L, Chen B, Gong H, Zhao Y, Qi R. Resveratrol Confers Vascular Protection by Suppressing TLR4/Syk/NLRP3 Signaling in Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Activated Platelets. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8819231. [PMID: 33728029 PMCID: PMC7935581 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8819231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of resveratrol on Toll-like receptor 4- (TLR4-) mediated matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) and MMP9 expression in oxidized low-density lipoprotein- (ox-LDL-) activated platelets and the potential molecule mechanism. Human platelets were used in the present study. The results showed that resveratrol suppressed TLR4, MMP3, and MMP9 expression in ox-LDL-activated platelets. The TLR4 inhibitor CLI-095 also inhibited MMP3 and MMP9 expression and secretion in ox-LDL- and lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) activated platelets. The combination of resveratrol and CLI-095 synergistically suppressed MMP3 and MMP9 expression in ox-LDL- and LPS-activated platelets. These findings suggest that the resveratrol-induced inhibition of MMP3 and MMP9 expression is linked to the suppression of TLR4 activation. Resveratrol also suppressed spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) phosphorylation and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing protein 3 (NLRP3) expression and IL-1β secretion in ox-LDL- and LPS-treated platelets. The coimmunoprecipitation results showed that resveratrol inhibited the binding of Syk and NLRP3. Finally, resveratrol reduced vascular senescence cells and the expression of TLR4, MMP3, and MMP9 and prevented alterations of vascular structure in 52-week-old mice. Our findings demonstrated that resveratrol decreased inflammatory protein expression and improved vascular structure in aged mice. Resveratrol inhibited the expression of TLR4 and secretion of MMP3, MMP9, and IL-1β. The mechanism of action of resveratrol appears to be associated with the inhibition of TLR4/Syk/NLRP3 activation in ox-LDL-activated platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xue
- MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huilian Chen
- MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghao Zhang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Bao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Beidong Chen
- MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Gong
- MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyang Zhao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
| | - Ruomei Qi
- MOH Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing, China
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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12
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Fu X, Zeng H, Zhao J, Zhou G, Zhou H, Zhuang J, Xu C, Li J, Peng Y, Cao Y, Li Y, Chen H, Wang L, Yan F, Chen G. Inhibition of Dectin-1 Ameliorates Neuroinflammation by Regulating Microglia/Macrophage Phenotype After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2021; 12:1018-1034. [PMID: 33539006 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-021-00889-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Polarization of microglia/macrophages toward the pro-inflammatory phenotype is an important contributor to neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Dectin-1 is a pattern recognition receptor that has been reported to play a key role in regulating neuroinflammation in ischemic stroke and spinal cord injury. However, the role and mechanism of action of Dectin-1 after ICH remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of Dectin-1 on modulating the microglia/macrophage phenotype and neuroinflammation and the possible underlying mechanism after ICH. We found that Dectin-1 expression increased after ICH, and was mainly localized in microglia/macrophages. Neutrophil infiltration and microglia/macrophage polarization toward the pro-inflammatory phenotype increased after ICH. However, treatment with a Dectin-1 inhibitor reversed these phenomena and induced a shift the anti-inflammatory phenotype in microglia/macrophages; this resulted in alleviation of neurological dysfunction and facilitated hematoma clearance after ICH. We also found that Dectin-1 crosstalks with the downstream pro-inflammatory pathway, Card9/NF-κB, by activating spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) both in vivo and in vitro. In conclusion, our data suggest that Dectin-1 is involved in the microglia/macrophage polarization and functional recovery after ICH, and that this mechanism, at least in part, may contribute to the involvement of the Syk/Card9/NF-kB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongjie Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Hanhai Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jikuang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Guoyang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Chaoran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Jianru Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yucong Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Huaijun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
| | - Gao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Jiefang Road 88th, Hangzhou, 310016, China.
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13
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Itoh K, Shigemi H, Chihara K, Sada K, Yamauchi T, Iwasaki H. Caspofungin suppresses zymosan-induced cytokine and chemokine release in THP-1 cells: possible involvement of the spleen tyrosine kinase pathway. Transl Res 2021; 227:53-63. [PMID: 32687976 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis are considered to contribute to hypercytokinemia in both patients with severe infection and immunocompromised condition. Past research has demonstrated that antibiotics and antifungals not only have antimicrobial efficacy but also affect the immune system. We previously examined whether immune cells were modulated by antibiotics such as tetracyclines or macrolides. The modulation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells by those agents was elucidated. However, few reports about the modulation of the immune system by antifungal agents were found. In this study, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and signaling pathways involved were investigated in zymosan-activated THP-1 cells. The effects were examined using antifungal agents such as echinocandin including caspofungin (CAS) and micafungin. Pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein phosphorylation was evaluated by western blot analysis. CAS significantly decreased zymosan-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine release in THP-1 cells. CAS (30 µg/mL) also downregulated tumor necrosis factor alpha levels, as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In western blot analysis, inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa-B alpha, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor of activated T-cells phosphorylation and activation of caspase-1 and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) were downregulated. The major underlying mechanism of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine suppression by CAS is to inhibit activation of Syk and its downstream signaling molecules. Based on the results, it can be concluded that CAS activity possibly involves Syk signaling pathways and has potential to prevent hypercytokinemia in fungal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Itoh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Division of Infection Control and Prevention, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Shigemi
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kazuyasu Chihara
- Department of Genome Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kiyonao Sada
- Department of Genome Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamauchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Iwasaki
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
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14
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Kurniawan DW, Storm G, Prakash J, Bansal R. Role of spleen tyrosine kinase in liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:1005-1019. [PMID: 32205992 PMCID: PMC7081001 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i10.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase expressed in most hematopoietic cells and non-hematopoietic cells and play a crucial role in both immune and non-immune biological responses. SYK mediate diverse cellular responses via an immune-receptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs)-dependent signalling pathways, ITAMs-independent and ITAMs-semi-dependent signalling pathways. In liver, SYK expression has been observed in parenchymal (hepatocytes) and non-parenchymal cells (hepatic stellate cells and Kupffer cells), and found to be positively correlated with the disease severity. The implication of SYK pathway has been reported in different liver diseases including liver fibrosis, viral hepatitis, alcoholic liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Antagonism of SYK pathway using kinase inhibitors have shown to attenuate the progression of liver diseases thereby suggesting SYK as a highly promising therapeutic target. This review summarizes the current understanding of SYK and its therapeutic implication in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhadhang Wahyu Kurniawan
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacy, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto 53132, Indonesia
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Utrecht, Utrecht 3454, the Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Enschede 7500, the Netherlands
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15
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Albakri MM, Veliz FA, Fiering SN, Steinmetz NF, Sieg SF. Endosomal toll-like receptors play a key role in activation of primary human monocytes by cowpea mosaic virus. Immunology 2020; 159:183-192. [PMID: 31630392 PMCID: PMC6954739 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), has demonstrated a remarkable capacity to induce anti-tumour immune responses following direct administration into solid tumours. The molecular pathways that account for these effects and the capacity of CPMV to activate human cells are not well defined. Here, we examine the ability of CPMV particles to activate human monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Monocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures and purified CD14+ monocytes were readily activated by CPMV in vitro, leading to induction of HLA-DR, CD86, PD-L1, IL-15R and CXCL10 expression. Monocytes released chemokines, CXCL10, MIP-1α and MIP-1β into cell culture supernatants after incubation with CPMV. DC subsets (pDC and mDC) and monocyte-derived macrophages also demonstrated evidence of activation after incubation with CPMV. Inhibitors of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), endocytosis or endocytic acidification impaired the capacity of CPMV to activate monocytes. Furthermore, CPMV activation of monocytes was partially blocked by a TLR7/8 antagonist. These data demonstrate that CPMV activates human monocytes in a manner dependent on SYK signalling, endosomal acidification and with an important contribution from TLR7/8 recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwah M. Albakri
- Department of PathologySchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
- Department of Medical Laboratory TechnologyCollege of Applied Medical SciencesTaibah UniversityMedinaSaudi Arabia
| | - Frank A. Veliz
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
| | - Steven N. Fiering
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthNorris Cotton Cancer CenterLebanonNHUSA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Moores Cancer CenterUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Scott F. Sieg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV MedicineSchool of MedicineCase Western Reserve UniversityClevelandOHUSA
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16
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Peng LY, Yuan M, Shi HT, Li JH, Song K, Huang JN, Yi PF, Fu BD, Shen HQ. Protective Effect of Piceatannol Against Acute Lung Injury Through Protecting the Integrity of Air-Blood Barrier and Modulating the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway Activation. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1613. [PMID: 32038265 PMCID: PMC6988518 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common and complex inflammatory lung syndrome with higher morbidity and mortality rate. Piceatannol (PIC) has anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant properties. The study was designed to explore the effect and the action mechanisms of PIC on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. Twenty-four hours after LPS challenge, mice from different treatment groups were euthanized, and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissue samples were collected. Then the degree of pulmonary edema, lung pathological changes, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected. Additionally, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions associated with cell adhesion molecules and tight junction were analyzed through quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR, and the TLR4/NF-κB activation was examined by western blot. The results showed that PIC significantly inhibited LPS-induced lung edema, histopathological damage, MPO activity, cell infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Moreover, PIC notably suppressed mRNA expressions associated with inflammation and cell adhesion molecules. Furthermore, PIC also alleviated LPS-induced damage of air-blood barrier through reducing the levels of total proteins in BALF and recovering the expression of occludin and ZO-1 in the lung tissues. We also found that PIC remarkably restrained the LPS-induced TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation in lung tissues. In conclusion, PIC may be potential to treat LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) via regulating air-blood barrier and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yuan Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meng Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hai-Tao Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jing-He Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiang-Ni Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng-Fei Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ben-Dong Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hai-Qing Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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17
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Ye XC, Hao Q, Ma WJ, Zhao QC, Wang WW, Yin HH, Zhang T, Wang M, Zan K, Yang XX, Zhang ZH, Shi HJ, Zu J, Raza HK, Zhang XL, Geng DQ, Hu JX, Cui GY. Dectin-1/Syk signaling triggers neuroinflammation after ischemic stroke in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:17. [PMID: 31926564 PMCID: PMC6954534 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1693-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dendritic cell-associated C-type lectin-1 (Dectin-1) receptor has been reported to be involved in neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease and traumatic brain injury. The present study was designed to investigate the role of Dectin-1 and its downstream target spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) in early brain injury after ischemic stroke using a focal cortex ischemic stroke model. Methods Adult male C57BL/6 J mice were subjected to a cerebral focal ischemia model of ischemic stroke. The neurological score, adhesive removal test, and foot-fault test were evaluated on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after ischemic stroke. Dectin-1, Syk, phosphorylated (p)-Syk, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was analyzed via western blotting in ischemic brain tissue after ischemic stroke and in BV2 microglial cells subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury in vitro. The brain infarct volume and Iba1-positive cells were evaluated using Nissl’s and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The Dectin-1 antagonist laminarin (LAM) and a selective inhibitor of Syk phosphorylation (piceatannol; PIC) were used for the intervention. Results Dectin-1, Syk, and p-Syk expression was significantly enhanced on days 3, 5, and 7 and peaked on day 3 after ischemic stroke. The Dectin-1 antagonist LAM or Syk inhibitor PIC decreased the number of Iba1-positive cells and TNF-α and iNOS expression, decreased the brain infarct volume, and improved neurological functions on day 3 after ischemic stroke. In addition, the in vitro data revealed that Dectin-1, Syk, and p-Syk expression was increased following the 3-h OGD and 0, 3, and 6 h of reperfusion in BV2 microglial cells. LAM and PIC also decreased TNF-α and iNOS expression 3 h after OGD/R induction. Conclusion Dectin-1/Syk signaling plays a crucial role in inflammatory activation after ischemic stroke, and further investigation of Dectin-1/Syk signaling in stroke is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chun Ye
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Hao
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jing Ma
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Chen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Linyi Cancer Hospital, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Han-Han Yin
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Wang
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zan
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Xin Yang
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuo-Hui Zhang
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Juan Shi
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zu
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hafiz Khuram Raza
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Ling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Suqian People's Hospital of Nanjing Drum tower Hospital Group, Suqian, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - De-Qin Geng
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xia Hu
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gui-Yun Cui
- Institute of Stroke Center and Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Miki H, Tahara-Hanaoka S, Almeida MS, Hitomi K, Shibagaki S, Kanemaru K, Lin YH, Iwata K, Miyake S, Shibayama S, Sumida T, Shibuya K, Shibuya A. Allergin-1 Immunoreceptor Suppresses House Dust Mite-Induced Allergic Airway Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:753-762. [PMID: 31900344 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
House dust mite (HDM) allergens are leading causes of allergic asthma characterized by Th2 responses. The lung-resident CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in Th2 cell development in HDM-induced allergic asthma. However, the regulatory mechanism of HDM-induced CD11b+ DC activation remains incompletely understood. In this study, we demonstrate that mice deficient in an inhibitory immunoreceptor, Allergin-1, showed exacerbated HDM-induced airway eosinophilia and serum IgE elevation. By using bone marrow-chimeric mice that were sensitized with adoptively transferred HDM-stimulated wild-type or Allergin-1-deficient CD11b+ bone marrow-derived cultured DCs (BMDCs), followed by challenge with HDM, we show that Allergin-1 on the BMDCs suppressed HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation. We also show that Allergin-1 suppressed HDM-induced PGE2 production from CD11b+ BMDCs by inhibiting Syk tyrosine kinase activation through recruitment of SHP-1, subsequently leading to negative regulation of Th2 responses. These results suggest that Allergin-1 plays an important role in regulation of HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Miki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Satoko Tahara-Hanaoka
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; .,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Mariana Silva Almeida
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kaori Hitomi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shohei Shibagaki
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Kanemaru
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yu-Hsien Lin
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; and
| | - Kanako Iwata
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shota Miyake
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Shiro Shibayama
- Research Center of Immunology, Tsukuba Institute, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuko Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Shibuya
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; .,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, R&D Center for Innovative Drug Discovery, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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19
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TLR Crosstalk Activates LRP1 to Recruit Rab8a and PI3Kγ for Suppression of Inflammatory Responses. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3033-3044. [PMID: 30208326 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-ligand endocytic receptor, low-density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), has anti-inflammatory roles in disease. Here, we reveal that pathogen-activated Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activate LRP1 in human and mouse primary macrophages, resulting in phosphorylation of LRP1 at Y4507. In turn, this allows LRP1 to activate and recruit the guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), Rab8a, with p110γ/p101 as its phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) effector complex. PI3Kγ is a known regulator of TLR signaling and macrophage reprogramming. LRP1 coincides with Rab8a at signaling sites on macropinosomal membranes. In LRP1-deficient cells, TLR-induced Rab8 activation is abolished. CRISPR-mediated knockout of LRP1 in macrophages alters Akt/mTOR signaling and produces a pro-inflammatory bias in cytokine outputs, mimicking the Rab8a knockout and PI3Kγ-null phenotype. Thus, TLR-LRP1 crosstalk activates the Rab8a/PI3Kγ complex for reprogramming macrophages, revealing this as a key mechanism through which LRP1 helps to suppress inflammation.
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20
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Lauenstein JU, Udgata A, Bartram A, De Sutter D, Fisher DI, Halabi S, Eyckerman S, Gay NJ. Phosphorylation of the multifunctional signal transducer B-cell adaptor protein (BCAP) promotes recruitment of multiple SH2/SH3 proteins including GRB2. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19852-19861. [PMID: 31527084 PMCID: PMC6937578 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell adaptor protein (BCAP) is a multimodular, multifunctional signal transducer that regulates signal transduction pathways in leukocytes, including macrophages, B-cells, and T-cells. In particular, BCAP suppresses inflammatory signaling by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). However, how BCAP itself is regulated and what its interaction partners are is unclear. Here, using human immune cell lines, including THP-1 cells, we characterized the complex phosphorylation patterns of BCAP and used a novel protein complex trapping strategy, called virotrap, to identify its interaction partners. This analysis identified known interactions of BCAP with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p85 subunit and NCK adaptor protein (NCK), together with previously unknown interactions of BCAP with Src homology 2 (SH2) and SH3 domain-containing adaptor proteins, notably growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) and CRK-like proto-oncogene, adaptor protein (CRKL). We show that the SH3 domain of GRB2 can bind to BCAP independently of BCAP phosphorylation status, suggesting that the SH2 domains mediate interactions with activated receptor tyrosine kinase complexes including the CD19 subunit of the B-cell receptor. Our results also suggested that the PI3K p85 subunit binds to BCAP via SH3 domains forming an inactive complex that is then activated by sequential binding with the SH2 domains. Taken together, our results indicate that BCAP is a complex hub that processes signals from multiple pathways in diverse cell types of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes U Lauenstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Atul Udgata
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Bartram
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Delphine De Sutter
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - David I Fisher
- Discovery Sciences, Discovery Biology, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB4 0WG, United Kingdom
| | - Samer Halabi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, VIB Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, A. Baertsoenkaai 3, Ghent B-9000, Belgium
| | - Nicholas J Gay
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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21
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Al-Harbi NO, Nadeem A, Ahmad SF, Alanazi MM, Aldossari AA, Alasmari F. Amelioration of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury through inhibition of inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in dendritic cells and neutrophils respectively in mice: Role of spleen tyrosine kinase signaling. Biochimie 2019; 158:102-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Zizzo G, Cohen PL. Antibody Cross-Linking of CD14 Activates MerTK and Promotes Human Macrophage Clearance of Apoptotic Neutrophils: the Dual Role of CD14 at the Crossroads Between M1 and M2c Polarization. Inflammation 2019; 41:2206-2221. [PMID: 30091033 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (MerTK) is key for efficient phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils (ANs) and homeostasis of IL-10 production by human anti-inflammatory M2c monocytes/macrophages. We asked whether stimulation of M2c surface receptors contributes in turn to MerTK activation. For this purpose, human monocytes/macrophages were differentiated under M1, M2a, and M2c polarizing conditions. The effects of antibody-mediated cross-linking of M2c receptors (i.e., CD14, CD16, CD32, CD163, CD204) on MerTK phosphorylation and phagocytosis of ANs were tested. MerTK expression was also studied by flow cytometry and western blot in the presence of LPS and in M2c-derived microvesicles (MVs). Antibody cross-linking of either CD14 or CD32/FcγRII led to Syk activation and MerTK phosphorylation in its two distinct glycoforms (175-205 and 135-155 kDa). Cross-linked CD14 enhanced efferocytosis by M2c macrophages and enabled M1 and M2a cells to clear ANs efficiently. In M1 conditions, LPS abolished surface MerTK expression on CD14bright cell subsets, so disrupting the anti-inflammatory pathway. In M2c cells, instead, MerTK was diffusely and brightly co-expressed with CD14, and was also detected in M2c macrophage-derived MVs; in these conditions, LPS only partially downregulated MerTK on cell surfaces, while the smaller MerTK glycoform contained in MVs remained intact. Altogether, cooperation between CD14 and MerTK may foster the clearance of ANs by human monocytes/macrophages. CD14 stands between M1-related LPS co-receptor activity and M2c-related MerTK-dependent response. MerTK interaction with CD32/FcγRII, its detection in M2c MVs, and the differential localization and LPS susceptibility of MerTK glycoforms add further new elements to the complexity of the MerTK network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Zizzo
- Temple Autoimmunity Center, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3322 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Philip L Cohen
- Temple Autoimmunity Center, Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3322 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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23
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Levistilide A Ameliorates NLRP3 Expression Involving the Syk-p38/JNK Pathway and Peripheral Obliterans in Rats. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:7304096. [PMID: 30158835 PMCID: PMC6109531 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7304096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is one of the most important pathogeneses of thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO). The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a vital role in the body's immune response and disease development. It can be activated by numerous types of pathogens or danger signals. As the core of the inflammatory response, the NLRP3 inflammasome may provide a new target for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. Levistilide A (LA) is a phthalide dimer isolated from umbelliferous plants. Its pharmacological effect is largely unknown. This study revealed the effects of LA on endothelial cell activation, NLRP3, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-32, and CCL-2, VCAM-1, MCP-1, and the spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)--p38/JNK signaling axis and its effect on vasculitis in rats. Results LA inhibited endothelial activation and the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-32, CCL-2, VCAM-1, and MCP-1. LA directly obstructed Syk phosphorylation and activity in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited the activity of p38 and JNK, and reduced the expression of NLRP3 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and vascular tissue of rats with vasculitis. Conclusion LA suppressed NLRP3 gene expression by blocking the Syk--p38/JNK pathway and reduced damage to the rats' limbs in the thromboangiitis obliterans model.
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24
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Large-scale reduction of tyrosine kinase activities in human monocytes stimulated in vitro with N. meningitidis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0181912. [PMID: 29357362 PMCID: PMC5774972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N. meningitidis induces extensive gene expression changes in human monocytes, suggesting that complex networks of signaling pathways are activated during meningococcal sepsis. These effects are modulated by the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). To further study changes in signal transduction suggested by mRNA data, we used kinase substrate arrays to identify composite kinase activities induced by lysates from a primary human monocyte model system. Cell lysates were prepared from monocytes treated with the following experimental conditions: 106 N. meningitidis/mL, 25 ng/mL IL-10, 106 N. meningitidis/mL in combination with 25 ng/mL IL-10, and vehicle. Lysates were subjected to kinase activity profiling with Tyrosine Kinase PamChip® arrays containing 144 kinase peptide substrates. In our experimental model, we were not able to detect a statistically significant large-scale change in ex vivo array peptide phosphorylation by lysates from monocytes treated for 15 minutes. Targets of the IL-10 anti-inflammatory response were not identified. A profound inhibition of array peptide phosphorylation by monocytes treated for 60 minutes was identified, suggesting low activity of a large number of kinases associated with different signaling pathways and immune cell functions, including STAT3 activity, Nf-κB and VEGF signaling, and PTEN signaling activity. The peptide representing ZBTB16, which was reduced in phosphorylation by lysates from all three experimental conditions, was in Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified to be linked to reduced cytokine release and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6, and CXCL10. Further studies should investigate changes in tyrosine kinase-mediated signal transduction in human immune cells, in order to evaluate the potential clinical application of kinome profiling in the study of systemic inflammatory responses to pathogens.
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25
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Abstract
Macrophages (MØs) are a key cell type of both the innate and the adaptive immune response and can tailor their response to prevailing conditions. To sense the host's status, MØs employ two classes of receptors: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which are sensors for pathogen-derived material, and Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) that are detectors of the adaptive immune response. How MØs integrate the input from these various sensors is not understood and is the focus of active study. Here, we review the recent literature on the molecular mechanisms of TLR and FcgR crosstalk and synergy, and discuss the implications of these findings. This overview suggests a multilayered mechanism of receptor synergy that allows the MØ to fine-tune its response to prevailing conditions and provides ideas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lennartz
- Department of Regenerative and Cancer Cell Biology, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12008, USA
| | - James Drake
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, 12008, USA
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26
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Yoo S, Kim MY, Cho JY. Beauvericin, a cyclic peptide, inhibits inflammatory responses in macrophages by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 21:449-456. [PMID: 28706459 PMCID: PMC5507784 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2017.21.4.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA), a cyclic hexadepsipeptide produced by the fungus Beauveria bassiana, is known to have anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial actions. However, how BEA suppresses macrophage-induced inflammatory responses has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we explored the anti-inflammatory properties of BEA and the underlying molecular mechanisms using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. Levels of nitric oxide (NO), mRNA levels of transcription factors and the inflammatory genes inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and interleukin (IL)-1, and protein levels of activated intracellular signaling molecules were determined by Griess assay, semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), luciferase reporter gene assay, and immunoblotting analysis. BEA dose-dependently blocked the production of NO in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells without inducing cell cytotoxicity. BEA also prevented LPS-triggered morphological changes. This compound significantly inhibited nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunits p65 and p50. Luciferase reporter gene assays demonstrated that BEA suppresses MyD88-dependent NF-κB activation. By analyzing upstream signaling events for NF-κB activation and overexpressing Src and Syk, these two enzymes were revealed to be targets of BEA. Together, these results suggest that BEA suppresses NF-κB-dependent inflammatory responses by suppressing both Src and Syk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulgi Yoo
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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27
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Syk Plays a Critical Role in the Expression and Activation of IRAK1 in LPS-Treated Macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:1506248. [PMID: 28680194 PMCID: PMC5478860 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1506248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To address how interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) is controlled by other enzymes activated by toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, we investigated the possibility that spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), a protein tyrosine kinase that is activated at an earlier stage during TLR4 activation, plays a central role in regulating the functional activation of IRAK1. Indeed, we found that overexpression of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), an adaptor molecule that drives TLR signaling, induced IRAK1 expression and that piceatannol, a Syk inhibitor, successfully suppressed the MyD88-dependent upregulation of IRAK1 under LPS treatment conditions. Interestingly, in Syk-knockout RAW264.7 cells, IRAK1 activity was almost completely blocked after LPS treatment, while providing a Syk-recovery gene to the knockout cells successfully restored IRAK1 expression. According to our measurements of IRAK1 mRNA levels, the transcriptional upregulation of IRAK1 was induced by LPS treatment between 4 and 60 min, and this can be suppressed in Syk knockout cells, providing an effect similar that that seen under piceatannol treatment. The overexpression of Syk reverses this effect and leads to a significantly higher IRAK1 mRNA level. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that Syk plays a critical role in regulating both the activity and transcriptional level of IRAK1.
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28
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SCIMP is a transmembrane non-TIR TLR adaptor that promotes proinflammatory cytokine production from macrophages. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14133. [PMID: 28098138 PMCID: PMC5253658 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Danger signals activate Toll-like receptors (TLRs), thereby initiating inflammatory responses. Canonical TLR signalling, via Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain (TIR)-containing adaptors and proinflammatory transcription factors such as NF-κB, occurs in many cell types; however, additional mechanisms are required for specificity of inflammatory responses in innate immune cells. Here we show that SCIMP, an immune-restricted, transmembrane adaptor protein (TRAP), promotes selective proinflammatory cytokine responses by direct modulation of TLR4. SCIMP is a non-TIR-containing adaptor, binding directly to the TLR4-TIR domain in response to lipopolysaccharide. In macrophages, SCIMP is constitutively associated with the Lyn tyrosine kinase, is required for tyrosine phosphorylation of TLR4, and facilitates TLR-inducible production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-12p40. Point mutations in SCIMP abrogating TLR4 binding also prevent SCIMP-mediated cytokine production. SCIMP is, therefore, an immune-specific TLR adaptor that shapes host defence and inflammation. Toll-like receptors engage TIR domain-containing adaptors to control proinflammatory gene expression in response to pathogens and tissue damage. Here the authors show that the non-TIR domain-containing transmembrane protein SCIMP is a previously unrecognized TLR adaptor expressed by macrophages.
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29
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Bukong TN, Iracheta-Vellve A, Saha B, Ambade A, Satishchandran A, Gyongyosi B, Lowe P, Catalano D, Kodys K, Szabo G. Inhibition of spleen tyrosine kinase activation ameliorates inflammation, cell death, and steatosis in alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 2016; 64:1057-71. [PMID: 27302565 PMCID: PMC5033691 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The spectrum of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of mortality with limited therapies available. Because alcohol targets numerous signaling pathways in hepatocytes and in immune cells, the identification of a master regulatory target that modulates multiple signaling processes is attractive. In this report, we assessed the role of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase, which has a central modulatory role in multiple proinflammatory signaling pathways involved in the pathomechanism of ALD. Using mouse disease models that represent various phases in the progression of human ALD, we found that alcohol, in all of these models, induced SYK activation in the liver, both in hepatocytes and liver mononuclear cells. Furthermore, significant SYK activation also occurred in liver samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with ALD/alcoholic hepatitis compared to controls. Functional inhibition of SYK activation in vivo abrogated alcohol-induced hepatic neutrophil infiltration, resident immune cell activation, as well as inflammasome and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2-mediated nuclear factor kappa B activation in mice. Strikingly, inhibition of SYK activation diminished alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and interferon regulatory factor 3-mediated apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate a novel, functional, and multicellular role for SYK phosphorylation in modulating immune cell-driven liver inflammation, hepatocyte cell death, and steatosis at different stages of ALD. These novel findings highlight SYK as a potential multifunctional target in the treatment of alcoholic steatohepatitis. (Hepatology 2016;64:1057-1071).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.
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30
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Sahasrabudhe NM, Dokter-Fokkens J, de Vos P. Particulate β-glucans synergistically activate TLR4 and Dectin-1 in human dendritic cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:2514-2522. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha M. Sahasrabudhe
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Jelleke Dokter-Fokkens
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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31
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Greco SH, Mahmood SK, Vahle AK, Ochi A, Batel J, Deutsch M, Barilla R, Seifert L, Pachter HL, Daley D, Torres-Hernandez A, Hundeyin M, Mani VR, Miller G. Mincle suppresses Toll-like receptor 4 activation. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:185-94. [PMID: 26747838 PMCID: PMC6608084 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0515-185r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of Toll-like receptor responses is critical for limiting tissue injury and autoimmunity in both sepsis and sterile inflammation. We found that Mincle, a C-type lectin receptor, regulates proinflammatory Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Specifically, Mincle ligation diminishes Toll-like receptor 4-mediated inflammation, whereas Mincle deletion or knockdown results in marked hyperresponsiveness to lipopolysaccharide in vitro, as well as overwhelming lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation in vivo. Mechanistically, Mincle deletion does not up-regulate Toll-like receptor 4 expression or reduce interleukin 10 production after Toll-like receptor 4 ligation; however, Mincle deletion decreases production of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent inhibitory intermediate suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, A20, and ABIN3 and increases expression of the Toll-like receptor 4 coreceptor CD14. Blockade of CD14 mitigates the increased sensitivity of Mincle(-/-) leukocytes to Toll-like receptor 4 ligation. Collectively, we describe a major role for Mincle in suppressing Toll-like receptor 4 responses and implicate its importance in nonmycobacterial models of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie H Greco
- Department of Surgery, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and
| | - Syed Kashif Mahmood
- Department of Surgery, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and
| | - Anne-Kristin Vahle
- Department of Surgery, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and
| | - Atsuo Ochi
- Department of Surgery, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and
| | - Jennifer Batel
- Department of Cell Biology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael Deutsch
- Department of Surgery, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and
| | - Rocky Barilla
- Department of Surgery, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and
| | - Lena Seifert
- Department of Surgery, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and
| | - H Leon Pachter
- Department of Surgery, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and
| | - Donnele Daley
- Department of Surgery, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and
| | - Alejandro Torres-Hernandez
- Department of Surgery, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and
| | - Mautin Hundeyin
- Department of Surgery, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and
| | - Vishnu R Mani
- Department of Surgery, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and
| | - George Miller
- Department of Surgery, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; and Department of Cell Biology, S. Arthur Localio Laboratory, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Bukong TN, Iracheta-Vellve A, Gyongyosi B, Ambade A, Catalano D, Kodys K, Szabo G. Therapeutic Benefits of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Administration on Binge Drinking-Induced Alcoholic Liver Injury, Steatosis, and Inflammation in Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:1524-30. [PMID: 27177528 PMCID: PMC4930418 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge drinking is increasingly recognized as an important cause of liver disease with limited therapeutic options for patients. Binge alcohol use, similar to chronic alcohol consumption, induces numerous deregulated signaling events that drive liver damage, steatosis, and inflammation. In this article, we evaluated the role of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK), which modulates numerous signaling events previously identified linked in the development alcohol-induced liver pathology. METHODS A 3-day alcohol binge was administered to C57BL/6 female mice, and features of alcoholic liver disease were assessed. Some mice were treated daily with intraperitoneal injections of a SYK inhibitor (R406; 5 to 10 mg/kg body weight) or drug vehicle control. Liver and serum samples were collected and were assessed by Western blotting, biochemical, ELISA, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and histopathological analysis. RESULTS We found that binge drinking induced significant SYK activation (SYK(Y525/526) ) with no change in total SYK expression in the liver. Functional inhibition of SYK activation using a potent SYK inhibitor, R406, was associated with a significant decrease in alcohol-induced hepatic inflammation as demonstrated by decreased phospho-nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) p65, NF-κB nuclear binding, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA in the liver. Compared to vehicle controls, SYK inhibitor treatment decreased alcohol binge-induced hepatocyte injury indicated by histology and serum alanine aminotransferase. Strikingly, SYK inhibitor treatment also resulted in a significant reduction in alcohol-induced liver steatosis. CONCLUSIONS Our novel observations demonstrate the role of SYK, activation in the pathomechanism of binge drinking-induced liver disease highlighting SYK a potential multifaceted therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence N Bukong
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | | | - Benedek Gyongyosi
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Aditya Ambade
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Donna Catalano
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Kodys
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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Gu Z, Lamont GJ, Lamont RJ, Uriarte SM, Wang H, Scott DA. Resolvin D1, resolvin D2 and maresin 1 activate the GSK3β anti-inflammatory axis in TLR4-engaged human monocytes. Innate Immun 2016; 22:186-95. [PMID: 26878867 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916628618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pro-resolving, docosahexaenoic acid-derived mediators have recently emerged as important potential therapeutic agents for the amelioration of complications arising from inflammation, such as vascular disease, asthma, acute lung injury and colitis. While resolvin D1 (RVD1), resolvin D2 (RVD2) and maresin 1 (MaR1) are established pro-resolvins, their mechanisms of action remain unclear. Here we show that, in LPS-stimulated primary human monocytes, RVD1, RVD2 and MaR1 each suppress the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1β, IL-8) and the innate/adaptive bridging cytokine, IL-12 p40, while simultaneously augmenting the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10. Such resolving activity is accompanied by the increased phosphorylation (enhanced anti-inflammatory state) of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) along with increased phosphorylation (activation) of Akt, SGK1 and CREB but not MAPK-related molecules. Gain and loss of function experiments confirm a key role for GSK3β and CREB in the anti-inflammatory actions of resolvins. These results suggest that induction of the GSK3β anti-inflammatory axis is a common mechanism of action for RVD1, RVD2 and MaR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gu
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gwyneth J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Silvia M Uriarte
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Yin H, Zhou H, Kang Y, Zhang X, Duan X, Alnabhan R, Liang S, Scott DA, Lamont RJ, Shang J, Wang H. Syk negatively regulates TLR4-mediated IFNβ and IL-10 production and promotes inflammatory responses in dendritic cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1860:588-98. [PMID: 26708990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While Syk has been shown to associate with TLR4, the immune consequences of Syk-TLR interactions and related molecular mechanisms are unclear. METHODS Gain- and loss-of-function approaches were utilized to determine the regulatory function of Syk and elucidate the related molecular mechanisms in TLR4-mediated inflammatory responses. Cytokine production was measured by ELISA and phosphorylation of signaling molecules determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Syk deficiency in murine dendritic cells resulted in the enhancement of LPS-induced IFNβ and IL-10 but suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6). Deficiency of Syk enhanced the activity of PI3K and elevated the phosphorylation of PI3K and Akt, which in turn, lead to the phospho-inactivation of the downstream, central gatekeeper of the innate response, GSK3β. Inhibition of PI3K or Akt abrogated the ability of Syk deficiency to enhance IFNβ and IL-10 in Syk deficient cells, confirmed by the overexpression of Akt (Myr-Akt) or constitutively active GSK3β (GSK3 S9A). Moreover, neither inhibition of PI3K-Akt signaling nor neutralization of de novo synthesized IFNβ could rescue TNFα and IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated Syk deficient cells. Syk deficiency resulted in decreased phosphorylation of IKKβ and the NF-κB p65 subunit, further suggesting a divergent influence of Syk on pro- and anti-inflammatory TLR responses. CONCLUSIONS Syk negatively regulates TLR4-mediated production of IFNβ and IL-10 and promotes inflammatory responses in dendritic cells through divergent regulation of downstream PI3K-Akt and NF-κB signaling pathways. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Syk may represent a novel target for manipulating the direction or intensity of the innate response, depending on clinical necessity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (Zhengzhou University People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Huaxin Zhou
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Yi Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (Zhengzhou University People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiaoju Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (Zhengzhou University People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiaoxian Duan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Ridab Alnabhan
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - David A Scott
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Jia Shang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Henan Provincial People's Hospital (Zhengzhou University People's Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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Choi HJ, Park SY, Cho JH, Park JW, Sohn JH, Kim YJ, Oh JW, Han JS. The TLR4-associated phospholipase D1 activation is crucial for Der f 2-induced IL-13 production. Allergy 2015; 70:1569-79. [PMID: 26335962 DOI: 10.1111/all.12764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND House dust mites (HDMs) are the most important source of indoor aeroallergens that contribute to the rising incidence of allergic diseases such as allergic asthma. The major HDM, Der f 2, induces inflammatory cytokine expression. Little is known about the signaling pathway involved. OBJECTIVE We wanted to define the Der f 2 signaling pathway from its receptor to the transcription factor responsible for IL-13 expression and production. METHODS Human bronchial epithelial cells were stimulated with Der f 2. The release and gene expression of IL-13 were measured by means of ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. In the airway inflammation mouse model, airway responses were assessed using ELISA, histology, BAL fluid, and methacholine responsiveness. RESULTS Here, we show that Der f 2 binds to TLR4 and induces IL-13 expression and production. In the airway inflammation mouse model, Der f 2-induced IL-13 production significantly decreased with treatment of TAK-242, a novel TLR4 inhibitor. Activation of TLR4 by Der f 2 requires the recruitment and activation of Syk, which leads to phosphorylation of PLCγ and membrane translocation of PKCα. p38 MAPK is then activated by PKCα and stimulates PLD1 activity by phosphorylating the Thr147 residue of PLD1. PLD1 activation enhanced binding of ROCK1 to ATF-2 and leads to increased expression of IL-13. CONCLUSION Our data extend the knowledge for a variety of possible roles of PLD1 in allergic disorders including asthma pathogenesis and suggest possible candidacy of PLD1 as a molecular target for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.-J. Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Medicine; Hanyang University; Seoul Korea
| | - S.-Y. Park
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Medicine; Hanyang University; Seoul Korea
| | - J. H. Cho
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Medicine; Hanyang University; Seoul Korea
| | - J.-W. Park
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy; College of Medicine; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - J.-H. Sohn
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy; College of Medicine; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - Y.-J. Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Allergy; College of Medicine; Yonsei University; Seoul Korea
| | - J.-W. Oh
- Department of Pediatrics; College of Medicine; Hanyang University; Seoul Korea
| | - J.-S. Han
- Biomedical Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Medicine; Hanyang University; Seoul Korea
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Yu CH, Micaroni M, Puyskens A, Schultz TE, Yeo JC, Stanley AC, Lucas M, Kurihara J, Dobos KM, Stow JL, Blumenthal A. RP105 Engages Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase p110δ To Facilitate the Trafficking and Secretion of Cytokines in Macrophages during Mycobacterial Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:3890-900. [PMID: 26371254 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are key regulators of adequate immune responses to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We demonstrate that the p110δ catalytic subunit of PI3K acts as a downstream effector of the TLR family member RP105 (CD180) in promoting mycobacteria-induced cytokine production by macrophages. Our data show that the significantly reduced release of TNF and IL-6 by RP105(-/-) macrophages during mycobacterial infection was not accompanied by diminished mRNA or protein expression. Mycobacteria induced comparable activation of NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling in wild-type (WT) and RP105(-/-) macrophages. In contrast, mycobacteria-induced phosphorylation of Akt was abrogated in RP105(-/-) macrophages. The p110δ-specific inhibitor, Cal-101, and small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of p110δ diminished mycobacteria-induced TNF secretion by WT but not RP105(-/-) macrophages. Such interference with p110δ activity led to reduced surface-expressed TNF in WT but not RP105(-/-) macrophages, while leaving TNF mRNA and protein expression unaffected. Activity of Bruton's tyrosine kinase was required for RP105-mediated activation of Akt phosphorylation and TNF release by mycobacteria-infected macrophages. These data unveil a novel innate immune signaling axis that orchestrates key cytokine responses of macrophages and provide molecular insight into the functions of RP105 as an innate immune receptor for mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsiung Yu
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Massimo Micaroni
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andreas Puyskens
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Thomas E Schultz
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Jeremy Changyu Yeo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Amanda C Stanley
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Megan Lucas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; and
| | - Jade Kurihara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; and
| | - Karen M Dobos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523; and
| | - Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia; Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Hossen MJ, Jeon SH, Kim SC, Kim JH, Jeong D, Sung NY, Yang S, Baek KS, Kim JH, Yoon DH, Song WO, Yoon KD, Cho SH, Lee S, Kim JH, Cho JY. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of Phyllanthus acidus methanolic extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 168:217-228. [PMID: 25839115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels (Phyllanthaceae) has traditionally been used to treat gastric trouble, rheumatism, bronchitis, asthma, respiratory disorders, and hepatitis. Despite this widespread use, the pharmacological activities of this plant and their molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Therefore, we evaluated the immunopharmacological activities of the methanolic extract of the aerial parts of this plant (Pa-ME) and validated its pharmacological targets. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated macrophages, an HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis model, and an acetic acid-injected capillary permeability mouse model were employed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of Pa-ME. Potentially active anti-inflammatory components of this extract were identified by HPLC. The molecular mechanisms of the anti-inflammatory activity were studied by kinase assays, reporter gene assays, immunoprecipitation analysis, and overexpression of target enzymes. RESULTS Pa-ME suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prevented morphological changes in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, both HCl/EtOH-induced gastric damage and acetic acid-triggered vascular permeability were restored by orally administered Pa-ME. Furthermore, this extract downregulated the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and reduced the nuclear levels of NF-κB. Signalling events upstream of NF-κB translocation, such as phosphorylation of Src and Syk and formation of Src/Syk signalling complexes, were also inhibited by Pa-ME. The enzymatic activities of Src and Syk were also suppressed by Pa-ME. Moreover, Src-induced and Syk-induced luciferase activity and p85/Akt phosphorylation were also inhibited by Pa-ME. Of the identified flavonoids, kaempferol and quercetin were revealed as partially active anti-inflammatory components in Pa-ME. CONCLUSION Pa-ME exerts anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo by suppressing Src, Syk, and their downstream transcription factor, NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Jahangir Hossen
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea; Department of Animal Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh
| | - Sung Ho Jeon
- Department of Life Science Hallym University, Chuncheon 200-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Cheol Kim
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 158-710, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Nak Yoon Sung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjae Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Hyo Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 220-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Won O Song
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Kee Dong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 420-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukchan Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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Ghosh M, Subramani J, Rahman MM, Shapiro LH. CD13 restricts TLR4 endocytic signal transduction in inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4466-76. [PMID: 25801433 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1403133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the innate immune response underlies numerous pathological conditions. The TLR4 is the prototypical sensor of infection or injury that orchestrates the innate response via sequential activation of both cell surface and endocytic signaling pathways that trigger distinct downstream consequences. CD14 binds and delivers LPS to TLR4 and has been identified as a positive regulator of TLR4 signal transduction. It is logical that negative regulators of this process also exist to maintain the critical balance required for fighting infection, healing damaged tissue, and resolving inflammation. We showed that CD13 negatively modulates receptor-mediated Ag uptake in dendritic cells to control T cell activation in adaptive immunity. In this study, we report that myeloid CD13 governs internalization of TLR4 and subsequent innate signaling cascades, activating IRF-3 independently of CD14. CD13 is cointernalized with TLR4, CD14, and dynamin into Rab5(+) early endosomes upon LPS treatment. Importantly, in response to TLR4 ligands HMGB1 and LPS, p-IRF-3 activation and transcription of its target genes are enhanced in CD13(KO) dendritic cells, whereas TLR4 surface signaling remains unaffected, resulting in a skewed inflammatory response. This finding is physiologically relevant as ischemic injury in vivo provoked identical TLR4 responses. Finally, CD13(KO) mice showed significantly enhanced IFNβ-mediated signal transduction via JAK-STAT, escalating inducible NO synthase transcription levels and promoting accumulation of oxidative stress mediators and tissue injury. Mechanistically, inflammatory activation of macrophages upregulates CD13 expression and CD13 and TLR4 coimmunoprecipitate. Therefore, CD13 negatively regulates TLR4 signaling, thereby balancing the innate response by maintaining the inflammatory equilibrium critical to innate immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Ghosh
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Jaganathan Subramani
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - M Mamunur Rahman
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Linda H Shapiro
- Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
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Suzuki R, Scheffel J, Rivera J. New insights on the signaling and function of the high-affinity receptor for IgE. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 388:63-90. [PMID: 25553795 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-13725-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clustering of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (FcεRI) through the interaction of receptor-bound immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies with their cognate antigen is required to couple IgE antibody production to cellular responses and physiological consequences. IgE-induced responses through FcεRI are well known to defend the host against certain infectious agents and to lead to unwanted allergic responses to normally innocuous substances. However, the cellular and/or physiological response of individuals that produce IgE antibodies may be markedly different and such antibodies (even to the same antigenic epitope) can differ in their antigen-binding affinity. How affinity variation in the interaction of FcεRI-bound IgE antibodies with antigen is interpreted into cellular responses and how the local environment may influence these responses is of interest. In this chapter, we focus on recent advances that begin to unravel how FcεRI distinguishes differences in the affinity of IgE-antigen interactions and how such discrimination along with surrounding environmental stimuli can shape the (patho) physiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Suzuki
- Molecular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunogenetics, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Geahlen RL. Getting Syk: spleen tyrosine kinase as a therapeutic target. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:414-22. [PMID: 24975478 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase well known for its ability to couple immune cell receptors to intracellular signaling pathways that regulate cellular responses to extracellular antigens and antigen-immunoglobulin (Ig) complexes of particular importance to the initiation of inflammatory responses. Thus, Syk is an attractive target for therapeutic kinase inhibitors designed to ameliorate the symptoms and consequences of acute and chronic inflammation. Its more recently recognized role as a promoter of cell survival in numerous cancer cell types ranging from leukemia to retinoblastoma has attracted considerable interest as a target for a new generation of anticancer drugs. This review discusses the biological processes in which Syk participates that have made this kinase such a compelling drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Geahlen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, Hansen Life Sciences Research Building, 210 South University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Functional roles of Syk in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:270302. [PMID: 25045209 PMCID: PMC4090447 DOI: 10.1155/2014/270302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a series of complex biological responses to protect the host from pathogen invasion. Chronic inflammation is considered a major cause of diseases, such as various types of inflammatory/autoimmune diseases and cancers. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) was initially found to be highly expressed in hematopoietic cells and has been known to play crucial roles in adaptive immune responses. However, recent studies have reported that Syk is also involved in other biological functions, especially in innate immune responses. Although Syk has been extensively studied in adaptive immune responses, numerous studies have recently presented evidence that Syk has critical functions in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and is closely related to innate immune response. This review describes the characteristics of Syk-mediated signaling pathways, summarizes the recent findings supporting the crucial roles of Syk in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses and diseases, and discusses Syk-targeted drug development for the therapy of inflammatory diseases.
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Patterson H, Nibbs R, McInnes I, Siebert S. Protein kinase inhibitors in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:1-10. [PMID: 24313320 PMCID: PMC3958149 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinases mediate protein phosphorylation, which is a fundamental component of cell signalling, with crucial roles in most signal transduction cascades: from controlling cell growth and proliferation to the initiation and regulation of immunological responses. Aberrant kinase activity is implicated in an increasing number of diseases, with more than 400 human diseases now linked either directly or indirectly to protein kinases. Protein kinases are therefore regarded as highly important drug targets, and are the subject of intensive research activity. The success of small molecule kinase inhibitors in the treatment of cancer, coupled with a greater understanding of inflammatory signalling cascades, has led to kinase inhibitors taking centre stage in the pursuit for new anti-inflammatory agents for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Herein we discuss the main classes of kinase inhibitors; namely Janus kinase (JAK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitors. We provide a mechanistic insight into how these inhibitors interfere with kinase signalling pathways and discuss the clinical successes and failures in the implementation of kinase-directed therapeutics in the context of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Patterson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - R Nibbs
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - I McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
| | - S Siebert
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medicine, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgow, UK
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Jeong HY, Sung GH, Kim JH, Yoon JY, Yang Y, Park JG, Kim SH, Yi YS, Yang WS, Yoon DH, Kim TW, Kim JH, Cho JY. Syk and Src are major pharmacological targets of a Cerbera manghas methanol extract with kaempferol-based anti-inflammatory activity. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 151:960-969. [PMID: 24342777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cerbera manghas L. (Apocynaceae), a semi-mangrove medicinal plant distributed throughout tropical and subtropical countries, is traditionally known to possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant, cardiotonic, and hypotensive activity. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of a methanol extract of the leaves of Cerbera manghas and the underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated to validate the ethnopharmacological use of this plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of Cerbera manghas methanol extract (Cm-ME) on the production of inflammatory mediators and the induction of HCl/EtOH-treated gastritis was explored using macrophages, HEK293 cells, and ICR mice. The molecular targets of this extract and potential active components in Cm-ME were also investigated. RESULTS Cm-ME inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. This extract also suppressed the expression of NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. NF-κB-mediated enhancement of luciferase activity, nuclear translocation of p50 and p65, and phosphorylation of IκBα were markedly reduced by Cm-ME treatment. Direct enzyme assays, reporter gene assays, and immunoprecipitation analysis of kinases revealed Syk and Src as immunopharmacological targets of Cm-ME. Moreover, this extract strongly ameliorated the gastric symptoms induced by HCl/EtOH treatment of mice. Finally, HPLC analysis and pharmacological tests identified kaempferol as an active component of the extract with Src/Syk inhibitory activities. CONCLUSION Inhibition of Syk/Src and the NF-κB pathway by kaempferol could play a key role in the anti-inflammatory pharmacological action of Cerbera manghas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yoon Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institutes of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanyan Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Shi Hyoung Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Hyo Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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44
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Lin YC, Huang DY, Chu CL, Lin YL, Lin WW. The tyrosine kinase Syk differentially regulates Toll-like receptor signaling downstream of the adaptor molecules TRAF6 and TRAF3. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra71. [PMID: 23962979 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2003973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major family of pattern recognition receptors, and they play a crucial role in innate immune responses. Activation of TLR4 signaling at the plasma membrane by its ligand lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulates a proinflammatory pathway dependent on the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6) and the kinase TAK1 (transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1), whereas TLR4 signaling at endosomes stimulates the production of type I interferons (IFNs) through a pathway that depends on TRAF3 and the kinase TBK1 (TANK-binding kinase-1). We found that the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Syk partially mediated the endocytosis of TLR4, but it also played a dual role in TLR4-mediated signaling. LPS-dependent stimulation of TLR4 in Syk-deficient macrophages led to enhanced activation of TAK1 and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines compared to that in wild-type macrophages. In contrast, Syk-deficient macrophages exhibited decreased TLR4-dependent activation of TBK1 signaling and production of type I IFNs. We found that Syk was present in both TRAF6- and TRAF3-containing signaling complexes; however, the LPS-dependent, lysine 63-linked ubiquitination of TRAF6 and TRAF3 was oppositely regulated by Syk. We identified the domains of Syk that interacted with TRAF3, TRAF6, TAK1, and TBK1, factors activated by multiple TLRs, which suggests that Syk may act as a common regulator of various TLR responses. Together, our results demonstrate the opposing regulatory roles of Syk in TLR-mediated TRAF6 and TRAF3 signaling pathways, which suggests that Syk may fine-tune the innate immune response to lessen inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Cing Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
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45
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Vukman KV, Ravidà A, Aldridge AM, O'Neill SM. Mannose receptor and macrophage galactose-type lectin are involved in Bordetella pertussis mast cell interaction. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:439-48. [PMID: 23794711 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0313130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are crucial in the development of immunity against Bordetella pertussis, and the function of TLRs in this process has been investigated. Here, the interaction between mast cells and B. pertussis with an emphasis on the role of CLRs is examined. In this study, two CLRs, MGL and MR, were detected for the first time on the surface of mast cells. The involvement of MR and MGL in the stimulation of mast cells by heat-inactivated BP was investigated by the use of blocking antibodies and specific carbohydrate ligands. The cell wall LOS of BP was also isolated to explore its role in this interaction. Mast cells stimulated with heat-inactivated BP or BP LOS induced TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-γ secretion, which was suppressed by blocking MR or MGL. Inhibition of CLRs signaling during BP stimulation affected the ability of mast cells to promote cytokine secretion in T cells but had no effect on the cell-surface expression of ICAM1. Blocking MR or MGL suppressed BP-induced NF-κB expression but not ERK phosphorylation. Syk was involved in the CLR-mediated activation of mast cells by BP. Bacterial recognition by immune cells has been predominantly attributed to TLRs; in this study, the novel role of CLRs in the BP-mast cell interaction is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina V Vukman
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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46
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Miller YI, Choi SH, Wiesner P, Bae YS. The SYK side of TLR4: signalling mechanisms in response to LPS and minimally oxidized LDL. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:990-9. [PMID: 22776094 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) is the best known for its involvement in immune receptor signalling, mediated by binding of SYK tandem Src-homology 2 domains to tandem phosphotyrosine in immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs). ITAM adaptors or ITAM-containing receptor tails mediate signalling from B- and T-cell receptors, Fc receptors and many C-type lectins, including dectin-1. Recent data point to constitutive binding of SYK to the cytoplasmic domain of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4). This SYK-TLR4 binding increases upon TLR4 dimerization and phosphorylation, and SYK plays a prominent role in TLR4 signalling in response to LPS in neutrophils and monocytes. SYK also plays an important role in TLR4-mediated macrophage responses to minimally oxidized low-density lipoprotein (mmLDL), which is a form of oxidized LDL relevant to development of human atherosclerosis. Interestingly, mmLDL-induced effects in macrophages, which occur via TLR4, are predominantly MyD88 independent. This unmasks the role of the SYK branch of TLR4 signalling, which mediates modest cytokine release via activation of AP-1 transcription and robust reactive oxygen species generation and cytoskeletal rearrangements. The latter results in extensive membrane ruffling and macropinocytosis, leading to lipoprotein uptake and foam cell formation, a hallmark of atherosclerotic lesions. Because inhibitors of SYK activity, such as fostamatinib, are in advanced clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune diseases, understanding the role of SYK in signalling via TLR4 is of immediate importance. This signalling pathway seems to be particularly important in TLR4 activation by host-derived, damage-associated molecular pattern ligands, such as mmLDL, relevant to development of atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury I Miller
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Rao S, Liu X, Freedman BD, Behrens EM. Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk)-dependent calcium signals mediate efficient CpG-induced exocytosis of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in innate immune cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:12448-58. [PMID: 23515313 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.454405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors expressed by cells of the innate immune system initiate the immune response upon recognition of microbial products. Activation of pattern recognition receptors result in the production and release of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNFα and IL-6. Because these cytokines promote disparate effector cell responses, understanding the signaling pathways involved in their regulation is critical for directing the immune response. Using macrophages and dendritic cells deficient in spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), we identified a novel pathway by which TNFα trafficking and secretion are regulated by Syk following stimulation with CpG DNA. In the absence of PLCγ2, a Syk substrate, or the calcium-responsive kinase calcium calmodulin kinase II, CpG-induced TNFα secretion was impaired. Forced calcium mobilization rescued the TNFα secretion defect in Syk-deficient cells. In contrast to its effect on TNFα, Syk deficiency did not affect IL-6 secretion, suggesting that Syk-dependent signals participate in differential sorting of cytokines, thus tailoring the cytokine response. Our data report a novel pathway for TNFα regulation and provide insight into non-transcriptional mechanisms for shaping cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Rao
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Jeong D, Yang WS, Yang Y, Nam G, Kim JH, Yoon DH, Noh HJ, Lee S, Kim TW, Sung GH, Cho JY. In vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa methanol extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 146:205-213. [PMID: 23295168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. is a representative Thai medicinal plant traditionally used in South Asian countries to relieve various inflammatory symptoms. However, no systematic studies on its anti-inflammatory activity and mechanisms have been reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of the methanol extract from the leaves of this plant (Rt-ME) on the production of inflammatory mediators [nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)] and the molecular mechanism of Rt-ME-mediated inhibition, including target enzymes, were studied with RAW264.7, peritoneal macrophage, and HEK293 cells. Additionally, the in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of this extract was evaluated with mouse gastritis and colitis models. RESULTS Rt-ME clearly inhibited the production of NO and PGE2 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. According to RT-PCR, immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation analyses and a kinase assay with mRNA, whole cell extract, and nucleus lysates from RAW264.7 cells and mice, it was revealed that Rt-ME was capable of suppressing the activation of both nuclear factor (NF)-κB and activator protein (AP)-1 pathways by directly targeting Syk/Src and IRAK1/IRAK4. CONCLUSION Rt-ME could have anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing Syk/Src/NF-kB and IRAK1/IRAK4/AP-1 pathways and will be further developed as a herbal remedy for preventive and/or curative purposes in various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Yu T, Moh SH, Kim SB, Yang Y, Kim E, Lee YW, Cho CK, Kim KH, Yoo BC, Cho JY, Yoo HS. HangAmDan-B, an ethnomedicinal herbal mixture, suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting Syk/NF-κB and JNK/ATF-2 pathways. J Med Food 2012; 16:56-65. [PMID: 23256447 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HangAmDan-B (HAD-B) is a powdered mixture of eight ethnopharmacologically characterized folk medicines that is prescribed for solid masses and cancers in Korea. In view of the finding that macrophage-mediated inflammation is a pathophysiologically important phenomenon, we investigated whether HAD-B modulates inflammatory responses and explored the associated molecular mechanisms. The immunomodulatory activity of HAD-B in toll-like receptor-activated macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was assessed by measuring nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) levels. To identify the specific transcription factors (such as nuclear factor [NF]-κB and signaling enzymes) targeted by HAD-B, biochemical approaches, including kinase assays and immunoblot analysis, were additionally employed. HAD-B suppressed the production of PGE(2) and NO in LPS-activated macrophages in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the extract ameliorated HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis symptoms. Moreover, HAD-B significantly inhibited LPS-induced mRNA expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Interestingly, marked inhibition of NF-κB and activating transcription factor was observed in the presence of HAD-B. Data from direct kinase assays and immunoblot analysis showed that HAD-B suppresses activation of the upstream signaling cascade involving spleen tyrosine kinase, Src, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1. Finally, kaempferol, but not quercetin or resveratrol was identified as a bioactive compound in HAD-B. Therefore, our results suggest that HAD-B possesses anti-inflammatory activity that contributes to its anticancer property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
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50
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Lu R, Pan H, Shively JE. CEACAM1 negatively regulates IL-1β production in LPS activated neutrophils by recruiting SHP-1 to a SYK-TLR4-CEACAM1 complex. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002597. [PMID: 22496641 PMCID: PMC3320586 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
LPS-activated neutrophils secrete IL-1β by activation of TLR-4. Based on studies in macrophages, it is likely that ROS and lysosomal destabilization regulated by Syk activation may also be involved. Since neutrophils have abundant expression of the ITIM-containing co-receptor CEACAM1 and Gram-negative bacteria such as Neisseria utilize CEACAM1 as a receptor that inhibits inflammation, we hypothesized that the overall production of IL-1β in LPS treated neutrophils may be negatively regulated by CEACAM1. We found that LPS treated neutrophils induced phosphorylation of Syk resulting in the formation of a complex including TLR4, p-Syk, and p-CEACAM1, which in turn, recruited the inhibitory phosphatase SHP-1. LPS treatment leads to ROS production, lysosomal damage, caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion in neutrophils. The absence of this regulation in Ceacam1−/− neutrophils led to hyper production of IL-1β in response to LPS. The hyper production of IL-1β was abrogated by in vivo reconstitution of wild type but not ITIM-mutated CEACAM1 bone marrow stem cells. Blocking Syk activation by kinase inhibitors or RNAi reduced Syk phosphorylation, lysosomal destabilization, ROS production, and caspase-1 activation in Ceacam1−/− neutrophils. We conclude that LPS treatment of neutrophils triggers formation of a complex of TLR4 with pSyk and pCEACAM1, which upon recruitment of SHP-1 to the ITIMs of pCEACAM1, inhibits IL-1β production by the inflammasome. Thus, CEACAM1 fine-tunes IL-1β production in LPS treated neutrophils, explaining why the additional utilization of CEACAM1 as a pathogen receptor would further inhibit inflammation. Pathogens often evade the immune system by directly binding to and inhibiting neutrophils, abundant white cells that accumulate at the site of infection. For example Gram-negative Neisseria pathogens, such as those that cause gonorrhea or meningitis, bind the neutrophil receptor CEACAM1. Gram-negative bacteria express lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that interacts with toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) on neutrophils. Since CEACAM1 is an inhibitory receptor, we hypothesized that LPS activation of TLR4 would be inhibited. In this paper we show that this is the case and that the mechanism of LPS inhibition involves induction of a complex between the LPS receptor TLR4, CEACAM1 and an activating kinase called Syk. In the presence of CEACAM1, an inhibitory phosphatase (opposes the kinase) is recruited to the complex that prevents the activation of Syk. The net effect is the inhibition of the pathway that normally leads to the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. We show that this inhibition is lost in CEACAM1 deficient neutrophils leading to hyper production of IL-1β. We think that CEACAM1 fine-tunes the normal inflammatory response at the site of infection preventing hyper-inflammation, but in the case of Gram-negative pathogens that actually bind to neutrophils, inflammation is further blunted, favoring the infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongze Lu
- City of Hope Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Hao Pan
- City of Hope Irell & Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Duarte, California, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - John E. Shively
- Department of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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