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Abstract
In mammals, fatty acids are supplied by diet or synthesized de novo by fatty acid synthase (FASN). Beyond its key role in energy storage, FASN is involved in many biological processes. It actively participates in the synthesis of membrane components necessary for cell division, protein modification, cell signaling and cell proliferation. In this review, we discuss the various physiological functions of FASN as well as its involvement in cancer, the expression of the lipogenic enzyme being particularly high in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Raab
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de glycobiologie structurale et fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Tony Lefebvre
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de glycobiologie structurale et fonctionnelle, F-59000, Lille, France
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Harper JA, Janicke T, Morrow EH. Systematic review reveals multiple sexually antagonistic polymorphisms affecting human disease and complex traits. Evolution 2021; 75:3087-3097. [PMID: 34723381 PMCID: PMC9299215 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An evolutionary model for sex differences in disease risk posits that alleles conferring higher risk in one sex may be protective in the other. These sexually antagonistic (SA) alleles are predicted to be maintained at frequencies higher than expected under purifying selection against unconditionally deleterious alleles, but there are apparently no examples in humans. Discipline-specific terminology, rather than a genuine lack of such alleles, could explain this disparity. We undertook a two-stage review of evidence for SA polymorphisms in humans using search terms from (i) evolutionary biology and (ii) biomedicine. Although the first stage returned no eligible studies, the second revealed 51 genes with sex-opposite effects; 22 increased disease risk or severity in one sex but protected the other. Those with net positive effects occurred at higher frequencies. None were referred to as SA. Our review reveals significant communication barriers to fields as a result of discipline-specific terminology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Alexander Harper
- Evolution, Behaviour and Environment Group, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonBN1 9QGUnited Kingdom
| | - Tim Janicke
- Centre d’Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, UMR 5175, CNRSUniversité de Montpellier, École Pratique des Hautes ÉtudesMontpellier34293France
- Applied ZoologyTechnical University DresdenDresden01062Germany
| | - Edward H. Morrow
- Department of Environmental and Life SciencesKarlstad UniversityKarlstadSE‐65188Sweden
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Chong ETJ, Kuok SSE, Lee PC. Risk association, linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analyses of FASN rs4246445, rs2229425, rs2228305 and rs2229422 polymorphisms in overweight and obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 8:159-165. [PMID: 30211075 PMCID: PMC6128978 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2018.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is commonly linked up with several life-threatening diseases. This study aims to investigate the association of fatty acid synthase (FASN) rs4246445, rs2229425, rs2228305, and rs2229422 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the risk of overweight and obesity in the Malaysian population. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 1030 individuals who were grouped into normal, overweight, and obese categories. Blood biochemistry test and lipid profiling were performed and genomic DNA was extracted. Genotyping was performed using hydrolysis probes and odd ratio with 95% CI was calculated for risk association analysis. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotypes analyses were carried out using SHEsis software. Results: We found that the hemoglobin and white blood cell counts were significantly high in the obese subjects. There is a lack of evidence to link the FASN SNPs with the risk of overweight and obesity in the population. All 4 SNPs were seemed to be in linkage equilibrium. Five common haplotypes were identified in this study but none of them was significantly associated with overweight and obesity in the population. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a lack of evidence to associate the FASN rs4246445, rs2229425, rs2228305, and rs2229422 SNPs with the risk of overweight and obesity in the Malaysian population. All 4 SNPs were independent of each other and not all identified haplotypes were significantly associated with overweight and obesity in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tzyy Jiann Chong
- Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Shawn Shi Erh Kuok
- Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Ping-Chin Lee
- Biotechnology Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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[Does childhood obesity affect sexual development?]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2013; 56:504-10. [PMID: 23529595 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-012-1617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The process of pubertal development is only partly understood and is influenced by many different factors. During the twentieth century there was a general trend toward earlier pubertal development. Fat mass is thought to be a major inducer of puberty. Owing to the rising epidemic of childhood obesity, the relationship between body composition in children and the rate and timing of puberty needs to be investigated. Some studies suggest that central obesity is associated with an earlier onset of pubertal development. Rapid weight gain in early life is linked to advanced puberty in both sexes. A clear correlation exists between increasing body mass index (BMI) and earlier pubertal development in girls. In boys the data are controversial: The majority of studies propose that there is an earlier puberty and voice break in obese boys, but some studies show the opposite. There are several factors and mechanisms that seem to link obesity and puberty, for example, leptin, adipocytokines, and gut peptides. Important players include genetic variation and environmental factors (e.g., endocrine-disrupting chemicals). This article presents the latest studies and evidence on this topic, underlining the inconsistencies in the data and, therefore, the need for further research in this area.
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Suburu J, Gu Z, Chen H, Chen W, Zhang H, Chen YQ. Fatty acid metabolism: Implications for diet, genetic variation, and disease. FOOD BIOSCI 2013; 4:1-12. [PMID: 24511462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cultures across the globe, especially Western societies, are burdened by chronic diseases such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Several factors, including diet, genetics, and sedentary lifestyle, are suspected culprits to the development and progression of these health maladies. Fatty acids are primary constituents of cellular physiology. Humans can acquire fatty acids by de novo synthesis from carbohydrate or protein sources or by dietary consumption. Importantly, regulation of their metabolism is critical to sustain balanced homeostasis, and perturbations of such can lead to the development of disease. Here, we review de novo and dietary fatty acid metabolism and highlight recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between dietary influences and genetic variation in fatty acid metabolism and their role in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janel Suburu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China ; Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, P.R. China ; Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Breitfeld J, Heiker JT, Böttcher Y, Schleinitz D, Tönjes A, Weidle K, Krause K, Kuettner EB, Scholz M, Kiess W, Sträter N, Beck-Sickinger AG, Stumvoll M, Körner A, Blüher M, Kovacs P. Analysis of a rare functional truncating mutation rs61757459 in vaspin (SERPINA12) on circulating vaspin levels. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1285-92. [PMID: 23756768 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A recent genome-wide association study suggests that genetic variation within the vaspin gene might contribute to the variability in circulating serum visceral adipose tissue-derived serine protease inhibitor (vaspin) concentrations. Here, we analyzed the functional consequences of the rare variant rs61757459 predicting a premature stop codon and its impact on circulating serum vaspin concentrations. In order to identify genetic variation, we sequenced the vaspin gene in 48 nonrelated Caucasian subjects. Rs61757459 was subsequently genotyped in three metabolically well-characterized German cohorts (N = 4,019). We addressed the impact of rs61757459 on the crystal structure of vaspin and investigated its effects on vaspin expression in vivo as well as in vitro using various cell lines (Escherichia coli, HEK293). Along with previously reported common genetic variants, sequencing of vaspin revealed a rare variant (rs61757459; minor allele frequency: 1 %) which predicts a premature stop codon p.R211X. Heterozygous carriers of this mutation had lower circulating vaspin levels when compared with noncarriers. In silico structure analysis of the truncated vaspin, which was estimated to be 24.5 kDa, suggested misfolding and potential instability due to the absence of core structural domains. Indeed, the truncated protein was detected after recombinant expression in E. coli and in lysate, but not in supernatant of HEK293 cells. We conclude that rs61757459 is a functional mutation that results in a truncated protein whose instability likely results in reduced serum vaspin levels. KEY MESSAGE A rare variant (rs61757459) in vaspin coding for the stop codon p.R211X is related to lower circulating vaspin concentrations. Structure analysis suggests misfolding and instability due to the absence of core structural domains. The truncated protein is detectable after recombinant expression in E. coli and in lysate, but not in supernatant of HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Breitfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Wagner IV, Sabin MA, Pfäffle RW, Hiemisch A, Sergeyev E, Körner A, Kiess W. Effects of obesity on human sexual development. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012; 8:246-54. [PMID: 22290357 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is a period of physical and psychological maturation, with long-term effects on health. During the 20(th) century, a secular trend towards earlier puberty occurred in association with improvements in nutrition. The worldwide pandemic of childhood obesity has renewed interest in the relationship between body composition in childhood and the timing and tempo of puberty. Limited evidence suggests that earlier puberty is associated with a tendency towards central fat deposition; therefore, pubertal status needs to be carefully considered in the categorization of childhood and adolescent overweight and obesity. In the other direction, rapid early weight gain is associated with advanced puberty in both sexes, and a clear association exists between increasing BMI and earlier pubertal development in girls. Evidence in boys is less clear, with the majority of studies showing obesity to be associated with earlier puberty and voice break, although a subgroup of boys with obesity exhibits late puberty, perhaps as a variation of constitutional delay in growth and puberty. The possible mechanisms linking adiposity with pubertal timing are numerous, but leptin, adipocytokines and gut peptides are central players. Other possible mediators include genetic variation and environmental factors such as endocrine disrupting chemicals. This Review presents current evidence on this topic, highlighting inconsistencies and opportunities for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel V Wagner
- Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Stefanstraße 9c, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Liao YC, Chou WW, Li YN, Chuang SC, Lin WY, Lakkakula BVKS, Yu ML, Juo SHH. Apelin gene polymorphism influences apelin expression and obesity phenotypes in Chinese women. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:921-8. [PMID: 21775567 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.008813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin, which is a newly identified adipokine, is related to obesity and insulin resistance. A positive correlation between plasma apelin concentrations and obesity traits was reported. OBJECTIVE We tested associations between apelin gene (APLN) polymorphisms, BMI, and waist circumference (WC) and compared APLN expression levels in cells of different genotypes. DESIGN Four tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and one promoter SNP were genotyped in 1627 Chinese subjects. Because APLN was located on the chromosome X, statistical analyses were conducted in a sex-specific manner. Adipocytes of different genotypes were derived from the omental fat tissue of 10 women. We treated the primary adipocytes with high glucose plus insulin because of a close relation between insulin resistance and obesity. RESULTS SNP rs3115757 was significantly associated with BMI and WC in women. Compared with the CG or GG genotype, the CC genotype had an OR of 2.07 (95% CI: 1.23, 3.49) for having a high WC (P = 0.006) and an OR of 2.29 (95% CI: 1.25, 4.19) for having a BMI (in kg/m(2)) ≥27 (P = 0.007). None of the SNPs was associated with BMI or WC in men. In adipocytes that carried the CC genotype of rs3115757, APLN messenger RNA levels and protein concentrations were higher in cells treated with high glucose plus insulin than in those with normal glucose. There was no difference between the 2 conditions in adipocytes of the CG or GG genotype. CONCLUSION Both association and functional studies suggested that APLN polymorphisms were associated with risks of obesity phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chu Liao
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Taiwan
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Nguyen PL, Ma J, Chavarro JE, Freedman ML, Lis R, Fedele G, Fiore C, Qiu W, Fiorentino M, Finn S, Penney KL, Eisenstein A, Schumacher FR, Mucci LA, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Loda M. Fatty acid synthase polymorphisms, tumor expression, body mass index, prostate cancer risk, and survival. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:3958-64. [PMID: 20679621 PMCID: PMC2940394 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.0793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty acid synthase (FASN) regulates de novo lipogenesis, body weight, and tumor growth. We examined whether common germline single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the FASN gene affect prostate cancer (PCa) risk or PCa-specific mortality and whether these effects vary by body mass index (BMI). METHODS In a prospective nested case-control study of 1,331 white patients with PCa and 1,267 age-matched controls, we examined associations of five common SNPs within FASN (and 5 kb upstream/downstream, R(2) > 0.8) with PCa incidence and, among patients, PCa-specific death and tested for an interaction with BMI. Survival analyses were repeated for tumor FASN expression (n = 909). RESULTS Four of the five SNPs were associated with lethal PCa. SNP rs1127678 was significantly related to higher BMI and interacted with BMI for both PCa risk (P(interaction) = .004) and PCa mortality (P(interaction) = .056). Among overweight men (BMI > or = 25 kg/m(2)), but not leaner men, the homozygous variant allele carried a relative risk of advanced PCa of 2.49 (95% CI, 1.00 to 6.23) compared with lean men with the wild type. Overweight patients carrying the variant allele had a 2.04 (95% CI, 1.31 to 3.17) times higher risk of PCa mortality. Similarly, overweight patients with elevated tumor FASN expression had a 2.73 (95% CI, 1.05 to 7.08) times higher risk of lethal PCa (P(interaction) = .02). CONCLUSION FASN germline polymorphisms were significantly associated with risk of lethal PCa. Significant interactions of BMI with FASN polymorphisms and FASN tumor expression suggest FASN as a potential link between obesity and poor PCa outcome and raise the possibility that FASN inhibition could reduce PCa-specific mortality, particularly in overweight men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L. Nguyen
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jing Ma
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jorge E. Chavarro
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Matthew L. Freedman
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Rosina Lis
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Giuseppe Fedele
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Christopher Fiore
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Weiliang Qiu
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Michelangelo Fiorentino
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Stephen Finn
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Kathryn L. Penney
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Anna Eisenstein
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Fredrick R. Schumacher
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Lorelei A. Mucci
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Meir J. Stampfer
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Edward Giovannucci
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Massimo Loda
- From the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Brigham & Women's Hospital; Children's Hospital Boston; Harvard School of Public Health, Harvard Medical School, Boston; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA; and University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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Schleinitz D, Klöting N, Körner A, Berndt J, Reichenbächer M, Tönjes A, Ruschke K, Böttcher Y, Dietrich K, Enigk B, Filz M, Schön MR, Jenkner J, Kiess W, Stumvoll M, Blüher M, Kovacs P. Effect of genetic variation in the human fatty acid synthase gene (FASN) on obesity and fat depot-specific mRNA expression. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:1218-25. [PMID: 19876008 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FASN) induces a rapid decline in fat stores in mice, suggesting a role for this enzyme in energy homeostasis. To investigate the potential role of FASN in the pathophysiology of human obesity, the FASN gene was sequenced in 48 German whites. Thirty-five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified. Eight SNPs representative for their linkage disequilibrium groups and the Val1483Ile (rs2228305) substitution were genotyped for subsequent association analyses in 1,311 adults from Germany. Further, the tagging SNPs were genotyped also in German childhood cohorts (738 schoolchildren, 205 obese children). Effects of genetic variation on FASN mRNA expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue from a subgroup of 172 subjects were analyzed. Several polymorphisms in the FASN (rs62078748, rs2229422, rs2229425, and rs17848939) were nominally associated with obesity in case-control studies including 446 obese subjects (BMI >or=30 kg/m(2)) and 389 lean controls (BMI <or=25 kg/m(2)) (adjusted P < 0.05). The strongest significant effect was found for rs2229422 (P = 1.3 x 10(-5) adjusted for age, sex, type 2 diabetes status), which was supported by associations with BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fasting plasma insulin and glucose infusion rate (adjusted P < 0.05). Subjects with the Val1483Ile substitution appeared to be protected against obesity. In addition, rs17848939 was nominally significantly associated with the ratio of visceral/subcutaneous FASN mRNA expression (adjusted P = 0.04). No effect of genetic variation in FASN on obesity was found in children. In conclusion, our data indicate a role of FASN genetic variation in susceptibility to obesity in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Schleinitz
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, Leipzig, Germany
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Moreno-Navarrete JM, Botas P, Valdés S, Ortega FJ, Delgado E, Vázquez-Martín A, Bassols J, Pardo G, Ricart W, Menéndez JA, Fernández-Real JM. Val1483Ile in FASN gene is linked to central obesity and insulin sensitivity in adult white men. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:1755-61. [PMID: 19300427 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Val1483Ile polymorphism in the human fatty acid synthase (FASN) gene is located within the interdomain region of the FASN close to the two dynamic active centers of the FASN enzyme and putatively affects FASN action. We aimed to evaluate the association of this polymorphism with obesity phenotypes, insulin sensitivity, and adipose tissue FASN activity in adult white subjects. The polymorphism was evaluated in association with metabolic variables in two independent studies: in a case-control study of 457 men (229 with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 228 with altered glucose tolerance (AGT)); and in 600 population-based NGT subjects (274 men and 326 women). Adipose tissue FASN activity was analyzed using the method of Nepokroeff. The Ile variant was associated with a lower waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and a lower increase in weight over a 7-year period in NGT men. In a subset of 147 men, carriers of the Ile variant showed significantly increased insulin sensitivity. BMI (P < 0.001), WHR (P = 0.03), and Val1483Ile (P = 0.03), contributed independently to 37% of insulin sensitivity variance. In men from the population-based study, the Ile variant was associated with a lower BMI, WHR, fasting glucose, and systolic blood pressure compared with carriers of the Val variant. In agreement with these results, the adipose tissue FASN activity was significantly lower in subjects with the Ile variant (P = 0.01). In summary, adult white men with the Ile 1483 variant of the FASN gene seem protected from developing central obesity through decreased adipose tissue FASN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición CB06/03/010, Girona, Spain
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Powerful bivariate genome-wide association analyses suggest the SOX6 gene influencing both obesity and osteoporosis phenotypes in males. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6827. [PMID: 19714249 PMCID: PMC2730014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are normally implemented in a univariate framework and analyze different phenotypes in isolation. This univariate approach ignores the potential genetic correlation between important disease traits. Hence this approach is difficult to detect pleiotropic genes, which may exist for obesity and osteoporosis, two common diseases of major public health importance that are closely correlated genetically. Principal Findings To identify such pleiotropic genes and the key mechanistic links between the two diseases, we here performed the first bivariate GWAS of obesity and osteoporosis. We searched for genes underlying co-variation of the obesity phenotype, body mass index (BMI), with the osteoporosis risk phenotype, hip bone mineral density (BMD), scanning ∼380,000 SNPs in 1,000 unrelated homogeneous Caucasians, including 499 males and 501 females. We identified in the male subjects two SNPs in intron 1 of the SOX6 (SRY-box 6) gene, rs297325 and rs4756846, which were bivariately associated with both BMI and hip BMD, achieving p values of 6.82×10−7 and 1.47×10−6, respectively. The two SNPs ranked at the top in significance for bivariate association with BMI and hip BMD in the male subjects among all the ∼380,000 SNPs examined genome-wide. The two SNPs were replicated in a Framingham Heart Study (FHS) cohort containing 3,355 Caucasians (1,370 males and 1,985 females) from 975 families. In the FHS male subjects, the two SNPs achieved p values of 0.03 and 0.02, respectively, for bivariate association with BMI and femoral neck BMD. Interestingly, SOX6 was previously found to be essential to both cartilage formation/chondrogenesis and obesity-related insulin resistance, suggesting the gene's dual role in both bone and fat. Conclusions Our findings, together with the prior biological evidence, suggest the SOX6 gene's importance in co-regulation of obesity and osteoporosis.
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Menendez JA, Vazquez-Martin A, Ortega FJ, Fernandez-Real JM. Fatty acid synthase: association with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. Clin Chem 2009; 55:425-38. [PMID: 19181734 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.115352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emerging paradigm supports the notion that deregulation of fatty acid synthase (FASN)-catalyzed de novo FA biogenesis could play a central role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases sharing the hallmark of insulin-resistance. CONTENT We reviewed pharmacological and genetic alterations of FASN activity that have been shown to significantly influence energy expenditure rates, fat mass, insulin sensitivity, and cancer risk. This new paradigm proposes that insulin-resistant conditions such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cancer arise from a common FASN-driven "lipogenic state". An important question then is whether the development or the progression of insulin-related metabolic disorders can be prevented or reversed by the modulation of FASN status. If we accept the paradigm of FASN dysfunction as a previously unrecognized link between insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cancer, the use of insulin sensitizers in parallel with forthcoming FASN inhibitors should be a valuable therapeutic approach that, in association with lifestyle interventions, would concurrently improve energy-flux status, ameliorate insulin sensitivity, and alleviate the risk of lipogenic carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS Although the picture is currently incomplete and researchers in the field have plenty of work ahead, the latest clinical and experimental evidence that we discuss illuminates a functional and drug-modifiable link that connects FASN-driven endogenous FA biosynthesis, insulin action, and glucose homeostasis in the natural history of insulin-resistant pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital Universitari de Girona Josep Trueta, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Seda O, Tremblay J, Gaudet D, Brunelle PL, Gurau A, Merlo E, Pilote L, Orlov SN, Boulva F, Petrovich M, Kotchen TA, Cowley AW, Hamet P. Systematic, genome-wide, sex-specific linkage of cardiovascular traits in French Canadians. Hypertension 2008; 51:1156-62. [PMID: 18259002 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sexual dimorphism of cardiovascular traits, as well as susceptibility to a variety of related diseases, has long been recognized, yet their sex-specific genomic determinants are largely unknown. We systematically assessed the sex-specific heritability and linkage of 539 hemodynamic, metabolic, anthropometric, and humoral traits in 120 French-Canadian families from the Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean region of Quebec, Canada. We performed multipoint linkage analysis using microsatellite markers followed by peak-wide linkage scan based on Affymetrix Human Mapping 50K Array Xba240 single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes in 3 settings, including the entire sample and then separately in men and women. Nearly one half of the traits were age and sex independent, one quarter were both age and sex dependent, and one eighth were exclusively age or sex dependent. Sex-specific phenotypes are most frequent in heart rate and blood pressure categories, whereas sex- and age-independent determinants are predominant among humoral and biochemical parameters. Twenty sex-specific loci passing multiple testing criteria were corroborated by 2-point single nucleotide polymorphism linkage. Several resting systolic blood pressure measurements showed significant genotype-by-sex interaction, eg, male-specific locus at chromosome 12 (male-female logarithm of odds difference: 4.16; interaction P=0.0002), which was undetectable in the entire population, even after adjustment for sex. Detailed interrogation of this locus revealed a 220-kb block overlapping parts of TAO-kinase 3 and SUDS3 genes. In summary, a large number of complex cardiovascular traits display significant sexual dimorphism, for which we have demonstrated genomic determinants at the haplotype level. Many of these would have been missed in a traditional, sex-adjusted setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Seda
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal-Technôpole Angus, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Berndt J, Kovacs P, Ruschke K, Klöting N, Fasshauer M, Schön MR, Körner A, Stumvoll M, Blüher M. Fatty acid synthase gene expression in human adipose tissue: association with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1472-80. [PMID: 17492427 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Increased expression and activity of the lipogenic pathways in adipose tissue may contribute to the development of obesity. As a central enzyme in lipogenesis, the gene encoding fatty acid synthase (FASN) was identified as a candidate gene for determining body fat. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that increased FASN expression links metabolic alterations of excess energy intake, including hyperinsulinaemia, dyslipidaemia and altered adipokine profile to increased body fat mass. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In paired samples of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue from 196 participants (lean or obese), we investigated whether FASN mRNA expression (assessed by PCR) in adipose tissue is increased in obesity and related to visceral fat accumulation, measures of insulin sensitivity (euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp) and glucose metabolism. RESULTS FASN mRNA expression was increased by 1.7-fold in visceral vs subcutaneous fat. Visceral adipose tissue FASN expression was correlated with FASN protein levels, subcutaneous FASN expression, visceral fat area, fasting plasma insulin, serum concentrations of IL-6, leptin and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), and inversely with measures of insulin sensitivity, independently of age, sex and BMI. Moreover, we found significant correlations between FASN expression and markers of renal function, including serum creatinine and urinary albumin excretion. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Increased FASN gene expression in adipose tissue is linked to visceral fat accumulation, impaired insulin sensitivity, increased circulating fasting insulin, IL-6, leptin and RBP4, suggesting an important role of lipogenic pathways in the causal relationship between consequences of excess energy intake and the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berndt
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Ogino S, Gulley ML, den Dunnen JT, Wilson RB. Standard mutation nomenclature in molecular diagnostics: practical and educational challenges. J Mol Diagn 2007; 9:1-6. [PMID: 17251329 PMCID: PMC1867422 DOI: 10.2353/jmoldx.2007.060081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To translate basic research findings into clinical practice, it is essential that information about mutations and variations in the human genome are communicated easily and unequivocally. Unfortunately, there has been much confusion regarding the description of genetic sequence variants. This is largely because research articles that first report novel sequence variants do not often use standard nomenclature, and the final genomic sequence is compiled over many separate entries. In this article, we discuss issues crucial to clear communication, using examples of genes that are commonly assayed in clinical laboratories. Although molecular diagnostics is a dynamic field, this should not inhibit the need for and movement toward consensus nomenclature for accurate reporting among laboratories. Our aim is to alert laboratory scientists and other health care professionals to the important issues and provide a foundation for further discussions that will ultimately lead to solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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