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Duan M, Xu Y, Li Y, Feng H, Chen Y. Targeting brain-peripheral immune responses for secondary brain injury after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:102. [PMID: 38637850 PMCID: PMC11025216 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The notion that the central nervous system is an immunologically immune-exempt organ has changed over the past two decades, with increasing evidence of strong links and interactions between the central nervous system and the peripheral immune system, both in the healthy state and after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Although primary injury after stroke is certainly important, the limited therapeutic efficacy, poor neurological prognosis and high mortality have led researchers to realize that secondary injury and damage may also play important roles in influencing long-term neurological prognosis and mortality and that the neuroinflammatory process in secondary injury is one of the most important influences on disease progression. Here, we summarize the interactions of the central nervous system with the peripheral immune system after ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, in particular, how the central nervous system activates and recruits peripheral immune components, and we review recent advances in corresponding therapeutic approaches and clinical studies, emphasizing the importance of the role of the peripheral immune system in ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ya Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yuanshu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Intelligent Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation of Central Nervous System Injuries, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
- Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Knezic A, Budusan E, Saez NJ, Broughton BRS, Rash LD, King GF, Widdop RE, McCarthy CA. Hi1a Improves Sensorimotor Deficit following Endothelin-1-Induced Stroke in Rats but Does Not Improve Functional Outcomes following Filament-Induced Stroke in Mice. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1043-1054. [PMID: 38638162 PMCID: PMC11022283 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Activation of acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) plays a major role in mediating acidosis-induced neuronal injury following a stroke. Therefore, the inhibition of ASIC1a is a potential therapeutic avenue for the treatment of stroke. Venom-peptide Hi1a, a selective and highly potent ASIC1a inhibitor, reduces the infarct size and functional deficits when injected into the brain after stroke in rodents. However, its efficacy when administered using a clinically relevant route of administration remains to be established. Therefore, the current investigation aims to examine the efficacy of systemically administered Hi1a, using two different models of stroke in different species. Mice were subjected to the filament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and treated with Hi1a systemically using either a single- or multiple-dosing regimen. 24 h poststroke, mice underwent functional testing, and the brain infarct size was assessed. Rats were subjected to endothelin-1 (ET-1)-induced MCAO and treated with Hi1a intravenously 2 h poststroke. Rats underwent functional tests prior to and for 3 days poststroke, when infarct volume was assessed. Mice receiving Hi1a did not show any improvements in functional outcomes, despite a trend toward reduced infarct size. This trend for reduced infarct size in mice was consistent regardless of the dosing regimen. There was also a trend toward lower infarct size in rats treated with Hi1a. More specifically, Hi1a reduced the amount of damage occurring within the somatosensory cortex, which was associated with an improved sensorimotor function in Hi1a-treated rats. Thus, this study suggests that Hi1a or more brain-permeable ASIC1a inhibitors are a potential stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Knezic
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine
Discovery Institute (BDI), Department of Pharmacology, Monash
University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Elena Budusan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072,
Australia
| | - Natalie J. Saez
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The
University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072,
Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for
Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Brad R. S. Broughton
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine
Discovery Institute (BDI), Department of Pharmacology, Monash
University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Lachlan D. Rash
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine,
The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072,
Australia
| | - Glenn F. King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The
University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072,
Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for
Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert E. Widdop
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine
Discovery Institute (BDI), Department of Pharmacology, Monash
University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Claudia A. McCarthy
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine
Discovery Institute (BDI), Department of Pharmacology, Monash
University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Zhang SS, Li RQ, Chen Z, Wang XY, Dumont AS, Fan X. Immune cells: potential carriers or agents for drug delivery to the central nervous system. Mil Med Res 2024; 11:19. [PMID: 38549161 PMCID: PMC10979586 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-024-00521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery systems (DDS) have recently emerged as a promising approach for the unique advantages of drug protection and targeted delivery. However, the access of nanoparticles/drugs to the central nervous system (CNS) remains a challenge mainly due to the obstruction from brain barriers. Immune cells infiltrating the CNS in the pathological state have inspired the development of strategies for CNS foundation drug delivery. Herein, we outline the three major brain barriers in the CNS and the mechanisms by which immune cells migrate across the blood-brain barrier. We subsequently review biomimetic strategies utilizing immune cell-based nanoparticles for the delivery of nanoparticles/drugs to the CNS, as well as recent progress in rationally engineering immune cell-based DDS for CNS diseases. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities of immune cell-based DDS in CNS diseases to promote their clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Ruo-Qi Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Wang
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70122, USA
| | - Aaron S Dumont
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70122, USA.
| | - Xiang Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China.
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Lu D, Cai H, Li Y, Chang W, Liu X, Dai Q, Yu W, Chen W, Qiao G, Xie H, Xiao X, Li Z. Investigating the ID3/SLC22A4 as immune-related signatures in ischemic stroke. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:14803-14829. [PMID: 38112574 PMCID: PMC10781493 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke (IS) is a fearful disease that can cause a variety of immune events. Nevertheless, precise immune-related mechanisms have yet to be systematically elucidated. This study aimed to identify immune-related signatures using machine learning and to validate them with animal experiments and single cell analysis. METHODS In this study, we screened 24 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) while identifying immune-related signatures that may play a key role in IS development through a comprehensive strategy between least absolute shrinkage and selection operation (LASSO) regression, support vector machine (SVM) and immune-related genes. In addition, we explored immune infiltration using the CIBERSORT algorithm. Finally, we performed validation in mouse brain tissue and single cell analysis. RESULTS We identified 24 DEGs for follow-up analysis. ID3 and SLC22A4 were finally identified as the better immune-related signatures through a comprehensive strategy among DEGs, LASSO, SVM and immune-related genes. RT-qPCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence revealed a significant decrease in ID3 and a significant increase in SLC22A4 in the middle cerebral artery occlusion group. Single cell analysis revealed that ID3 was mainly concentrated in endothelial_2 cells and SLC22A4 in astrocytes in the MCAO group. A CIBERSORT finds significantly altered levels of immune infiltration in IS patients. CONCLUSIONS This study focused on immune-related signatures after stroke and ID3 and SLC22A4 may be new therapeutic targets to promote functional recovery after stroke. Furthermore, the association of ID3 and SLC22A4 with immune cells may be a new direction for post-stroke immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dading Lu
- Department of Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Heng Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, China medical University, Heping, Shenyang, China
| | - Yugang Li
- Department of Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wenyuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiu Liu
- The First Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenbei, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiwei Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, China medical University, Heping, Shenyang, China
| | - Wanning Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, China medical University, Heping, Shenyang, China
| | - Wangli Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, China medical University, Heping, Shenyang, China
| | - Guomin Qiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, China medical University, Heping, Shenyang, China
| | - Haojie Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, China medical University, Heping, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiong Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, Shenyang, China medical University, Heping, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiqing Li
- Department of Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Truong SHT, Bonnici B, Rupasinghe S, Kemp-Harper BK, Samuel CS, Broughton BRS. Post-stroke administration of H2 relaxin reduces functional deficits, neuronal apoptosis and immune cell infiltration into the mouse brain. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106611. [PMID: 36526079 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain inflammation and apoptosis contribute to neuronal damage and loss following ischaemic stroke, leading to cognitive and functional disability. It is well-documented that the human gene-2 (H2)-relaxin hormone exhibits pleiotropic properties via its cognate receptor, Relaxin Family Peptide Receptor 1 (RXFP1), including anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, thus making it a potential therapeutic for stroke. Hence, the current study investigated whether post-stroke H2-relaxin administration could improve functional and histological outcomes. 8-12-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to sham operation or photothrombotic stroke and intravenously-administered with either saline (vehicle) or 0.02, 0.2 or 2 mg/kg doses of recombinant H2-relaxin at 6, 24 and 48 h post-stroke. Motor function was assessed using the hanging wire and cylinder test pre-surgery, and at 24 and 72 h post-stroke. Brains were removed after 72 h and infarct volume was assessed via thionin staining, and RXFP1 expression, leukocyte infiltration and apoptosis were determined by immunofluorescence. RXFP1 was identified on neurons, astrocytes and macrophages, and increased post-stroke. Whilst H2-relaxin did not alter infarct volume, it did cause a dose-dependent improvement in motor function at 24 and 72 h post-stroke. Moreover, 2 mg/kg H2-relaxin significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells as well as macrophages and neutrophils within the ischaemic hemisphere, but did not alter T or B cells numbers. The anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of H2-relaxin when administered at 6 h post-cerebral ischaemia may provide a novel therapeutic option for patients following ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley H T Truong
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Benjamin Bonnici
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Samoda Rupasinghe
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Barbara K Kemp-Harper
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Fibrosis Group, Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brad R S Broughton
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Ngwa C, Al Mamun A, Qi S, Sharmeen R, Xu Y, Liu F. Regulation of microglial activation in stroke in aged mice: a translational study. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:6047-6065. [PMID: 35963621 PMCID: PMC9417226 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous neurochemical changes occur with aging and stroke mainly affects the elderly. Our previous study has found interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) and 4 (IRF4) regulate neuroinflammation in young stroke mice. However, whether the IRF5-IRF4 regulatory axis has the same effect in aged brains is not known. In this study, aged (18-20-month-old), microglial IRF5 or IRF4 conditional knockout (CKO) mice were subjected to a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Stroke outcomes were quantified at 3d after MCAO. Flow cytometry and ELISA were performed to evaluate microglial activation and immune responses. We found aged microglia express higher levels of IRF5 and lower levels of IRF4 than young microglia after stroke. IRF5 CKO aged mice had improved stroke outcomes; whereas worse outcomes were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. their flox controls. IRF5 CKO aged microglia had significantly lower levels of IL-1β and CD68 than controls; whereas significantly higher levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were seen in IRF4 CKO vs. control microglia. Plasma levels of TNF-α and MIP-1α were decreased in IRF5 CKO vs. flox aged mice, and IL-1β/IL-6 levels were increased in IRF4 CKO vs. controls. The anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4/IL-10) levels were higher in IRF5 CKO, and lower in IRF4 CKO aged mice vs. their flox controls. IRF5 and IRF4 signaling drives microglial pro- and anti-inflammatory response respectively; microglial IRF5 is detrimental and IRF4 beneficial for aged mice in stroke. IRF5-IRF4 axis is a promising target for developing new, effective therapeutic strategies for the cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conelius Ngwa
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shaohua Qi
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Romana Sharmeen
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fudong Liu
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Differential Regulation of the Immune System in Peripheral Blood Following Ischemic Stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:2747043. [PMID: 35722467 PMCID: PMC9200570 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2747043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Method 108 IS samples and 47 matched controls were obtained from the GEO database. Immune-related genes (IRGs) and their associated drugs were collected from the ImmPort and PharmGBK databases, respectively. Random forest (RF) regression and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression were applied to identify immune-related genetic biomarkers (IRGBs) of IS, and accuracy was verified using neural network models. Finally, proportion changes of various immune cells in peripheral blood of IS patients were evaluated using CIBERSORT and xCell and correlation analyses were performed between IRGBs and differentially distributed immune cells. Results A total of 537 genes were differentially expressed between IS and control samples. Four immune-related differential expressed genes identified by regression analysis presented strong predictive power (AUC = 0.909) which we suggeseted them as immune-related genetic biomarkers (IRGBs). We also demonstrated six immune-related genes targeted by known drugs. In addition, post-IS immune system presented an increase in the proportion of innate immune cells and a decrease in adaptive immune cells in the peripheral circulation, and IRGBs showing significance were associated with this process. Conclusion The study identified CARD11, ICAM2, VIM, and CD19 as immune-related genetic biomarkers of IS. Six immune-related DEGs targeted by known drugs were found and provide new candidate drug targets for modulating the post-IS immune system. The innate immune cells and adaptive immune cells are diversified in the post-IS immune system, and IRGBs might play important role during this process.
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Kim JY, Kim J, Huang M, Kosonen R, Lee JE. CCR4 and CCR5 Involvement in Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Migration in Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:876033. [PMID: 35634277 PMCID: PMC9133420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.876033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, resident macrophages in the brain, play major roles in neuroinflammation after an acute many neurological diseases, including stroke. Our recent animal stroke model showed that interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 released by microglia are converted into monocyte-derived macrophages. However, the correlation with the migration mechanism of these cells is still unclear. This study aimed to clarify the effect of these cells on their migration and to identify potential targets that influence neuroinflammatory conditions. Inflammatory conditions were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in in vitro and in vivo models. Cell migration was observed using transwell assay, and target chemokines were screened using the proteome profiler array in the in vitro model. Intravital, IVIS, and CLARITY imaging were used in the in vivo model. After LPS (1 ng/ml) treatment in BV2 (microglia cell line) and J774 (monocyte/macrophage cell line) cells, BV2 migration was approximately two-fold more enhanced compared to J774 migration. Overall, six types of chemokine C-C motif ligands (CCLs) were detected from the BV2 conditioned medium with LPS. These CCLs were related to C-C motif receptor (CCR)4 and CCR5. In the in vivo model, CCR4 and CCR5 antagonist significantly inhibited the migration of monocyte-derived macrophages to brain tissue following LPS (5 µg) treatment. In conclusion, the chemokines released by microglia may influence migration of monocyte-derived macrophages in necroinflammation conditions inducted by microglial activation. CCR4 and CCR5 expressed on monocyte-derived macrophages interacted with these chemokines and induced migration. Therefore, CCR4 and CCR5 may be explored as new therapeutic targets for neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Youl Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Meiying Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Renée Kosonen
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Liu C, Sun S, Xie J, Li H, Li T, Wu Q, Zhang Y, Bai X, Wang J, Wang X, Li Z, Wang W. GLP-1R Agonist Exendin-4 Protects Against Hemorrhagic Transformation Induced by rtPA After Ischemic Stroke via the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3649-3664. [PMID: 35359227 PMCID: PMC9148281 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is recommended by the FDA to dissolve intravascular clots after acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, it may contribute to hemorrhagic transformation (HT). The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating the blood–brain barrier (BBB) formation in the central nervous system. We explored whether glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist exendin-4 (EX-4) reduces the risk of HT after rtPA treatment via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by using a rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in vivo and an oxygen–glucose deprivation plus reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in vitro. Our results showed that EX-4 attenuated neurological deficits, brain edema, infarct volume, BBB disruption, and rtPA-induced HT in ischemic stroke. EX-4 suppressed the production of ROS and the activation of MMP-9 to protect the integrity of the BBB by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. PRI-724, a selective inhibitor of β-catenin, was able to reverse the therapeutic effect of EX-4 in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, our results indicate that the GLP-1R agonist may be a potential therapeutic agent to decrease the risk of rtPA-induced HT after ischemic stroke via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Liu
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging Department, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiqi Wu
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Bai
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhanfei Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Neuroinflammation and Neuropathology. NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 52:196-201. [PMID: 35317271 PMCID: PMC8930459 DOI: 10.1007/s11055-022-01223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the current understanding of the role of autoimmune neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of vascular, neurodegenerative, and other diseases of the nervous system. The mechanisms of responses of resident CNS cells (glial cells, astrocytes) and peripheral immune system cells are presented. The therapeutic potentials of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which have antiaggregant properties and can suppress autoimmune inflammation, are discussed. The phosphodiesterase inhibitor dipyridamole is regarded as a potential drug for this purpose.
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11
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Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Exacerbate Ischemic Brain Damage. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 59:643-656. [PMID: 34748205 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02635-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most acute strokes are ischemic, and subsequent neuroinflammation promotes further damage leading to cell death but also plays a beneficial role by promoting cellular repair. Neutrophils are forerunners to brain lesions after ischemic stroke and exert elaborate functions. While neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) possess a fundamental antimicrobial function within the innate immune system under physiological circumstances, increasing evidence indicates that NETosis, the release process of NETs, occurs in the pathogenic process of stroke. In this review, we focus on the processes of NET formation and clearance, the temporal and spatial alterations of neutrophils and NETs after ischemic damage, and how NETs are involved in several stroke-related phenomena. Generally, NET formation and release processes depend on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of nuclear peptidylarginine deiminase-4 (PAD4). The acid-base environment, oxygen concentration, and iron ions around the infarct may also impact NET formation. DNase 1 has been identified as the primary degrader of NETs in serum, while reactive microglia are expected to inhibit the formation of NETs around ischemic lesions by phagocytosis of neutrophils. The neutrophils and NETs are present in the perivascular space ipsilateral to the infarct arising after ischemic damage, peaking between 1 and 3 days postischemia, but their location in the brain parenchyma remains controversial. After the ischemic injury, NETs are involved in the destruction of neurological function primarily by disrupting the blood-brain barrier and promoting thrombosis. The potential effects of NETs on various ischemic nerve cells need to be further investigated, especially in the chronic ischemic phase.
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12
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Chen C, Huang T, Zhai X, Ma Y, Xie L, Lu B, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chen Z, Yin J, Li P. Targeting neutrophils as a novel therapeutic strategy after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2150-2161. [PMID: 33691513 PMCID: PMC8393299 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211000137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is followed by an intricate immune interaction involving the engagement of multiple immune cells, including neutrophils. As one of the first responders recruited to the brain, the crucial roles of neutrophils in the ischemic brain damage are receiving increasing attention in recent years. Notably, neutrophils are not homogenous, and yet there is still a lack of full knowledge about the extent and impact of neutrophil heterogeneity. The biological understanding of the neutrophil response to both innate and pathological conditions is rapidly evolving as single-cell-RNA sequencing uncovers overall neutrophil profiling across maturation and differentiation contexts. In this review, we scrutinize the latest research that points to the multifaceted role of neutrophils in different conditions and summarize the regulatory signals that may determine neutrophil diversity. In addition, we list several potential targets or therapeutic strategies targeting neutrophils to limit brain damage following ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaozhu Zhai
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yezhi Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lv Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingwei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiemin Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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Esin RG, Safina DR, Khakimova AR, Esin OR. [Neuroinflammation and neuropathology]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:107-112. [PMID: 34037363 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121041107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review highlights the current understanding of the role of autoimmune neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of vascular, neurodegenerative and other diseases of the nervous system. The mechanisms of the response of the resident cells of the central nervous system (microglia, astrocytes) and peripheral cells of the immune system are considered. Possible therapeutic potential of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, which have antiplatelet properties and the ability to suppress autoimmune inflammation, are outlined. The authors consider dipyridamole, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase, as a promising drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Esin
- Kazan State Medical Academy, Kazan, Russia.,Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | | | - O R Esin
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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14
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Puy L, Corseaux D, Perbet R, Deramecourt V, Cordonnier C, Bérézowski V. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) infiltrate haematoma and surrounding brain tissue after intracerebral haemorrhage: A post-mortem study. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:867-877. [PMID: 33971034 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Because of their prothrombotic and neuroinflammatory effects, neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent interesting therapeutic targets for spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (sICH). We investigated the presence, spatial and temporal distribution of NETs in a human sICH post-mortem study. METHODS From 2005 to 2019, all sICH patients who came to autopsy within the first month after stroke were included and grouped according to the timing of death: 72 h, 4-7 days, 8-15 days and >15 days after ICH onset. Paraffin-embedded tissue was extracted from four strategic areas: haematoma, peri-haematomal area, ipsilateral surrounding brain tissue and a control contralateral area. Myeloperoxidase and histone H3 citrulline were immunolabelled to detect neutrophils and NETs respectively. RESULTS Neutrophils were present in the brains of the 14 cases (4 men, median age: 78 years) and NETs were found in 7/14 cases. Both neutrophils and NETs were detected within the haematoma but also in the surrounding tissue. The appearance of neutrophils and NETs was time-dependent, following a two-wave pattern: during the first 72 h and between 8 and 15 days after ICH onset. Qualitative examination showed that neutrophils and NETs were mainly located around dense fibrin fibres within the haematoma. CONCLUSIONS These observations provide evidence for NETs infiltration in the brain of patients who die from sICH. NETs might interact with early haemostasis within the haematoma core, and with the surrounding neuroinflammatory response. These findings open research perspectives for NETs in the treatment of sICH injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Puy
- U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Corseaux
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011- EGID, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Romain Perbet
- U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France.,Institute of Pathology, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Deramecourt
- U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France.,Institute of Pathology, Centre de Biologie Pathologie, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Charlotte Cordonnier
- U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Bérézowski
- U1172-LilNCog-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille, France
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15
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Tuncer M, Pehlivanoglu B, Sürücü SH, Isbir T. Melatonin Improves Reduced Activities of Membrane ATPases and Preserves Ultrastructure of Gray and White Matter in the Rat Brain Ischemia/Reperfusion Model. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:540-550. [PMID: 33993861 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921050035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is among the most frequent neurological problems and early intervention to limit the damage is crucial in decreasing mortality and morbidity. Based on reports regarding beneficial effects of melatonin, we investigated its impact on Na+-K+/Mg2+ ATPase and Ca2+/Mg2+ ATPase activities and ultrastructure of gray and white matter in the rat forebrain I/R model. Adult Wistar-albino rats (n = 78), were randomized into control, ischemia (I), ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), low (I/R + melatonin 400 µg/kg), moderate (I/R + melatonin 1200 µg/kg), and high (I/R + melatonin 2400 µg/kg) dose melatonin. Two-vessel occlusion combined with hypotension (15 min) induced ischemia and reperfusion (75 min) achieved by blood reinfusion were performed. Activities of the membrane-bound enzyme, brain malondialdehyde levels, and brain matter ultrastructure were examined in frontoparietal cortices. Melatonin lowered production of malondialdehyde in a dose-dependently. The enzyme activities attenuated under I and I/R, improved with melatonin treatment. I and I/R severely disturbed gray and white matter morphology. Melatonin, in all applied doses, decreased ultrastructural damages in both gray and white matter. Favorable effects of melatonin can be attributed to its antioxidant properties suggesting that it could be a promising neuroprotective agent against I/R injury being effective both for gray and white matter due to favorable biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Tuncer
- Department of Physiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, 06100, Turkey.
| | - Bilge Pehlivanoglu
- Department of Physiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Selçuk H Sürücü
- Department of Anatomy, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Turgay Isbir
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, 34755, Turkey
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16
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Pluta R, Januszewski S, Czuczwar SJ. Neuroinflammation in Post-Ischemic Neurodegeneration of the Brain: Friend, Foe, or Both? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4405. [PMID: 33922467 PMCID: PMC8122836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the leading causes of neurological mortality, disability, and dementia worldwide is cerebral ischemia. Among the many pathological phenomena, the immune system plays an important role in the development of post-ischemic degeneration of the brain, leading to the development of neuroinflammatory changes in the brain. After cerebral ischemia, the developing neuroinflammation causes additional damage to the brain cells, but on the other hand it also plays a beneficial role in repair activities. Inflammatory mediators are sources of signals that stimulate cells in the brain and promote penetration, e.g., T lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, macrophages, leukocytes, and neutrophils from systemic circulation to the brain ischemic area, and this phenomenon contributes to further irreversible ischemic brain damage. In this review, we focus on the issues related to the neuroinflammation that occurs in the brain tissue after ischemia, with particular emphasis on ischemic stroke and its potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryszard Pluta
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Sławomir Januszewski
- Laboratory of Ischemic and Neurodegenerative Brain Research, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Stanisław J. Czuczwar
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Lublin, PL 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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17
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Pereira-Figueiredo D, Nascimento AA, Cunha-Rodrigues MC, Brito R, Calaza KC. Caffeine and Its Neuroprotective Role in Ischemic Events: A Mechanism Dependent on Adenosine Receptors. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 42:1693-1725. [PMID: 33730305 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia is characterized by a transient, insufficient, or permanent interruption of blood flow to a tissue, which leads to an inadequate glucose and oxygen supply. The nervous tissue is highly active, and it closely depends on glucose and oxygen to satisfy its metabolic demand. Therefore, ischemic conditions promote cell death and lead to a secondary wave of cell damage that progressively spreads to the neighborhood areas, called penumbra. Brain ischemia is one of the main causes of deaths and summed with retinal ischemia comprises one of the principal reasons of disability. Although several studies have been performed to investigate the mechanisms of damage to find protective/preventive interventions, an effective treatment does not exist yet. Adenosine is a well-described neuromodulator in the central nervous system (CNS), and acts through four subtypes of G-protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine receptors, especially A1 and A2A receptors, are the main targets of caffeine in daily consumption doses. Accordingly, caffeine has been greatly studied in the context of CNS pathologies. In fact, adenosine system, as well as caffeine, is involved in neuroprotection effects in different pathological situations. Therefore, the present review focuses on the role of adenosine/caffeine in CNS, brain and retina, ischemic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pereira-Figueiredo
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Program, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - A A Nascimento
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - M C Cunha-Rodrigues
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - R Brito
- Laboratory of Neuronal Physiology and Pathology, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - K C Calaza
- Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Biomedical Sciences Program, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Neurobiology of the Retina Laboratory, Program of Neurosciences, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. .,Neurobiology Department, Biology Institute of Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
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18
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He J, Liu J, Huang Y, Tang X, Xiao H, Hu Z. Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Autophagy: Potential Targets of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Based Therapies in Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:641157. [PMID: 33716657 PMCID: PMC7952613 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.641157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide; currently available treatment approaches for ischemic stroke are to restore blood flow, which reduce disability but are time limited. The interruption of blood flow in ischemic stroke contributes to intricate pathophysiological processes. Oxidative stress and inflammatory activity are two early events in the cascade of cerebral ischemic injury. These two factors are reciprocal causation and directly trigger the development of autophagy. Appropriate autophagy activity contributes to brain recovery by reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory activity, while autophagy dysfunction aggravates cerebral injury. Abundant evidence demonstrates the beneficial impact of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and secretome on cerebral ischemic injury. MSCs reduce oxidative stress through suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) generation and transferring healthy mitochondria to damaged cells. Meanwhile, MSCs exert anti-inflammation properties by the production of cytokines and extracellular vesicles, inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and inflammatory cells activation, suppressing pyroptosis, and alleviating blood–brain barrier leakage. Additionally, MSCs regulation of autophagy imbalances gives rise to neuroprotection against cerebral ischemic injury. Altogether, MSCs have been a promising candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke due to their pleiotropic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin He
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Huang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defect for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangqi Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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19
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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of R/S-Roscovitine and CDKs Related Inhibition under Both Focal and Global Cerebral Ischemia: A Focus on Neurovascular Unit and Immune Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010104. [PMID: 33429982 PMCID: PMC7827530 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Following ischemic stroke, Neurovascular Unit (NVU) inflammation and peripheral leucocytes infiltration are major contributors to the extension of brain lesions. For a long time restricted to neurons, the 10 past years have shown the emergence of an increasing number of studies focusing on the role of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) on the other cells of NVU, as well as on the leucocytes. The most widely used CDKs inhibitor, (R)-roscovitine, and its (S) isomer both decreased brain lesions in models of global and focal cerebral ischemia. We previously showed that (S)-roscovitine acted, at least, by modulating NVU response to ischemia. Interestingly, roscovitine was shown to decrease leucocytes-mediated inflammation in several inflammatory models. Specific inhibition of roscovitine majors target CDK 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 showed that these CDKs played key roles in inflammatory processes of NVU cells and leucocytes after brain lesions, including ischemic stroke. The data summarized here support the investigation of roscovitine as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and provide an overview of CDK 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 functions in brain cells and leucocytes during cerebral ischemia.
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20
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Liu C, Xie J, Sun S, Li H, Li T, Jiang C, Chen X, Wang J, Le A, Wang J, Li Z, Wang J, Wang W. Hemorrhagic Transformation After Tissue Plasminogen Activator Treatment in Acute Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 42:621-646. [PMID: 33125600 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common complication after thrombolysis with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in ischemic stroke. In this article, recent research progress of HT in vivo and in vitro studies was reviewed. We have discussed new potential mechanisms and possible experimental models of HT development, as well as possible biomarkers and treatment methods. Meanwhile, we compared and analyzed rodent models, large animal models and in vitro BBB models of HT, and the limitations of these models were discussed. The molecular mechanism of HT was investigated in terms of BBB disruption, rt-PA neurotoxicity and the effect of neuroinflammation, matrix metalloproteinases, reactive oxygen species. The clinical features to predict HT were represented including blood biomarkers and clinical factors. Recent progress in neuroprotective strategies to improve HT after stroke treated with rt-PA is outlined. Further efforts need to be made to reduce the risk of HT after rt-PA therapy and improve the clinical prognosis of patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengli Liu
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xie
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Department of Ultrasound Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmin Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Anh Le
- Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jiarui Wang
- The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Zhanfei Li
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Traumatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in Ischemic Stroke: Focus on Cardioembolic Stroke, Background, and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186454. [PMID: 32899616 PMCID: PMC7555650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important causes of neurological morbidity and mortality in the world is ischemic stroke. It can be a result of multiple events such as embolism with a cardiac origin, occlusion of small vessels in the brain, and atherosclerosis affecting the cerebral circulation. Increasing evidence shows the intricate function played by the immune system in the pathophysiological variations that take place after cerebral ischemic injury. Following the ischemic cerebral harm, we can observe consequent neuroinflammation that causes additional damage provoking the death of the cells; on the other hand, it also plays a beneficial role in stimulating remedial action. Immune mediators are the origin of signals with a proinflammatory position that can boost the cells in the brain and promote the penetration of numerous inflammatory cytotypes (various subtypes of T cells, monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and different inflammatory cells) within the area affected by ischemia; this process is responsible for further ischemic damage of the brain. This inflammatory process seems to involve both the cerebral tissue and the whole organism in cardioembolic stroke, the stroke subtype that is associated with more severe brain damage and a consequent worse outcome (more disability, higher mortality). In this review, the authors want to present an overview of the present learning of the mechanisms of inflammation that takes place in the cerebral tissue and the role of the immune system involved in ischemic stroke, focusing on cardioembolic stroke and its potential treatment strategies.
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22
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Orion D, von Landenberg P, Itsekson-Hayosh Z, Schwammenthal Y, Tsabari R, Merzeliak O, Chapman J, Tanne D. Plasma myeloperoxidase levels in acute brain ischaemia and high grade carotid stenosis. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:1604-1611. [PMID: 32335972 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an important oxidative enzyme participating in different stages of cardiovascular disease and predicts prognosis. Little is known about its role in acute cerebrovascular events and carotid plaque vulnerability. In this study, the aim was to assess plasma MPO levels in acute stroke patients and their correlation to stroke severity and stroke outcome. METHODS Plasma MPO levels were assessed in patients presenting with acute brain ischaemia within 36 h of symptom onset (n = 144, mean age 64.7 ± 11.6 years, 67% men) and in patients with moderate-to-severe carotid stenosis undergoing carotid artery stenting (n = 51, mean age 66.3 ± 8.4 years, 75% men). Patients presenting with acute brain ischaemia were assessed serially for stroke severity and disability. RESULTS Plasma MPO concentrations (ng/ml) were associated with interleukin-6 (r = 0.38, P < 0.0001) and gender (median interquartile range) of 68.6 (49.8-107.0) vs. 59.7 (42.7-85.5) in women vs. men (P = 0.02). In acute brain ischaemia, MPO concentrations were associated with non-lacunar subtype (bottom, middle and top tertiles 37.5%, 71.7% and 71.7% respectively; P = 0.001), with stroke severity (baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score > 10, bottom, middle and top tertiles 6.3%, vs. 41.7% and 31.3%, respectively; P < 0.006) as well as with stroke severity at days 1-2, days 4-5 and at discharge (P < 0.05 for all), but less with disability at discharge (modified Rankin Scale score ≥ 2, 41.7% vs. 60.4% and 58.7% for the bottom, middle and top tertiles, respectively; P = 0.096). CONCLUSIONS Amongst patients with acute brain ischaemia, plasma MPO concentrations were associated with stroke severity and non-lacunar subtype, but not with long-term functional disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Orion
- Department of Neurology and Sagol Neuroscience Center, Stroke Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - P von Landenberg
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz Klinikum, Mainz, Germany
| | - Z Itsekson-Hayosh
- Department of Neurology and Sagol Neuroscience Center, Stroke Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Y Schwammenthal
- Department of Neurology and Sagol Neuroscience Center, Stroke Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - R Tsabari
- Department of Neurology and Sagol Neuroscience Center, Stroke Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - O Merzeliak
- Department of Neurology and Sagol Neuroscience Center, Stroke Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - J Chapman
- Department of Neurology and Sagol Neuroscience Center, Stroke Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Tanne
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Stroke and Cognition Institute, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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23
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Neutrophil extracellular traps released by neutrophils impair revascularization and vascular remodeling after stroke. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2488. [PMID: 32427863 PMCID: PMC7237502 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascularization and vascular remodeling are functionally important for brain repair after stroke. We show that neutrophils accumulate in the peri-infarct cortex during all stages of ischemic stroke. Neutrophils producing intravascular and intraparenchymal neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) peak at 3-5 days. Neutrophil depletion reduces blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and enhances neovascularization at 14 days. Peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4), an enzyme essential for NET formation, is upregulated in peri-ischemic brains. Overexpression of PAD4 induces an increase in NET formation that is accompanied by reduced neovascularization and increased BBB damage. Disruption of NETs by DNase 1 and inhibition of NET formation by genetic ablation or pharmacologic inhibition of PAD increases neovascularization and vascular repair and improves functional recovery. Furthermore, PAD inhibition reduces stroke-induced STING-mediated production of IFN-β, and STING knockdown and IFN receptor-neutralizing antibody treatment reduces BBB breakdown and increases vascular plasticity. Collectively, our results indicate that NET release impairs vascular remodeling during stroke recovery.
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24
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Amtul Z, Frías C, Randhawa J, Hill DJ, Arany EJ. The spatial cerebral damage caused by larger infarct and β-amyloid toxicity is driven by the anatomical/functional connectivity. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:48-60. [PMID: 31265125 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Large cerebral infarctions are major predictors of death and severe disability from stroke. Conversely, data concerning these types of infarctions and the affected adjacent brain circuits are scarce. It remains to be determined if the co-morbid concurrence of large infarct and β-amyloid (Aβ) toxicity can precipitate the early development of dementia. Here, we described a dose-dependent effect of a unilateral striatal injection of vasoconstrictive endothelin-1 (ET-1) along with Aβ toxicity on CNS pathogenesis; driven by the anatomical and functional networks within a brain circuit. After 21 days of treatment, a high dose (60 pmol) of ET-1 (E60) alone caused the greatest increase in neuroinflammation, mainly in the ipsilateral striatum and distant regions with synaptic links to the striatal lesion such as white matter (subcortical white matter, corpus callosum, internal capsule, anterior commissure), gray matter (globus pallidus, thalamus), and cortices (cingulate, motor, somatosensory, entorhinal). The combined E60 + Aβ treatment also extended perturbation in the contralateral hemisphere of these rats, such as increased deposition of amyloid precursor protein fragments associated with the appearance of degenerating cells and the leakage of laminin from the basement membrane across a compromised blood-brain barrier. However, the cerebral damage induced by the 6 pmol ET-1 (E6), Aβ and E6 + Aβ rats was not detrimental enough to injure the complete network. The appreciation of the causal interactions among distinct anatomical units in the brain after ischemia and Aβ toxicity will help in the design of effective and alternative therapeutics that may disassociate the synergistic or additive association between the infarcts and Aβ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zareen Amtul
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmen Frías
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jasmine Randhawa
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Hill
- Department of Medicine, Physiology, and Pharmacology, and Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edith J Arany
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Wang Y, Zhang JH, Sheng J, Shao A. Immunoreactive Cells After Cerebral Ischemia. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2781. [PMID: 31849964 PMCID: PMC6902047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is rapidly activated after ischemic stroke. As immune cells migrate and infiltrate across the blood-brain barrier into the ischemic region, a cascade of cellular and molecular biological reactions occur, involving migrated immune cells, resident glial cells, and the vascular endothelium. These events regulate infarction evolution and thus influence the outcome of ischemic stroke. Most immune cells exert dual effects on cerebral ischemia, and some crucial cells may become central targets in ischemic stroke treatment and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jifang Sheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Anwen Shao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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26
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Microcirculatory Changes in Experimental Models of Stroke and CNS-Injury Induced Immunodepression. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205184. [PMID: 31635068 PMCID: PMC6834192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second-leading cause of death globally and the leading cause of disability in adults. Medical complications after stroke, especially infections such as pneumonia, are the leading cause of death in stroke survivors. Systemic immunodepression is considered to contribute to increased susceptibility to infections after stroke. Different experimental models have contributed significantly to the current knowledge of stroke pathophysiology and its consequences. Each model causes different changes in the cerebral microcirculation and local inflammatory responses after ischemia. The vast majority of studies which focused on the peripheral immune response to stroke employed the middle cerebral artery occlusion method. We review various experimental stroke models with regard to microcirculatory changes and discuss the impact on local and peripheral immune response for studies of CNS-injury (central nervous system injury) induced immunodepression.
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27
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Zhou Y, Peng J, Cheng L, Peng Y, Zhang M, Liu M, Avery J, Zhou J, Jiang Y. Secreted Protein Acidic and Cysteine Rich (SPARC) Regulates the Pathological Response to Ischemic Insults and Represents a Promising Therapeutic Target for Stroke Treatment. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of NeurosurgeryShenzhen People's HospitalJinan University Second Clinical Medical College1st Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518020 China
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale University New Haven CT 06511 USA
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Jing Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem CellsCentral South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Lamei Cheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem CellsCentral South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Yong Peng
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
| | - Jonathan Avery
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale University New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Jiangbing Zhou
- Department of NeurosurgeryYale University New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University Changsha Hunan 410000 China
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28
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Role of Delayed Neuroglial Activation in Impaired Cerebral Blood Flow Restoration Following Comorbid Injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:369-380. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Barrios-Anderson A, Chen X, Nakada S, Chen R, Lim YP, Stonestreet BS. Inter-alpha Inhibitor Proteins Modulate Neuroinflammatory Biomarkers After Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Rats. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:742-755. [PMID: 31274164 PMCID: PMC6640908 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation contributes to hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. Inter-alpha inhibitor proteins (IAIPs) have important immunomodulatory properties. Human (h) plasma-derived IAIPs reduce brain injury and improve neurobehavioral outcomes after HI. However, the effects of hIAIPs on neuroinflammatory biomarkers after HI have not been examined. We determined whether hIAIPs attenuated HI-related neuroinflammation. Postnatal day-7 rats exposed to sham-placebo, or right carotid ligation and 8% oxygen for 90 minutes with placebo, and hIAIP treatment were studied. hIAIPs (30 mg/kg) or PL was injected intraperitoneally immediately, 24, and 48 hours after HI. Rat complete blood counts and sex were determined. Brain tissue and peripheral blood were prepared for analysis 72 hours after HI. The effects of hIAIPs on HI-induced neuroinflammation were quantified by image analysis of positively stained astrocytic (glial fibrillary acid protein [GFAP]), microglial (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule-1 [Iba-1]), neutrophilic (myeloperoxidase [MPO]), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), and MMP9-MPO cellular markers in brain regions. hIAIPs reduced quantities of cortical GFAP, hippocampal Iba-1-positive microglia, corpus callosum MPO, and cortical MMP9-MPO cells and the percent of neutrophils in peripheral blood after HI in male, but not female rats. hIAIPs modulate neuroinflammatory biomarkers in the neonatal brain after HI and may exhibit sex-related differential effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriel Barrios-Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island
- Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Xiaodi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island
- Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Sakura Nakada
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island
- Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Ray Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island
- Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
| | - Yow-Pin Lim
- ProThera Biologics, Inc
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Barbara S Stonestreet
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital of Rhode Island
- Department of Pediatrics, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
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30
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Jayaraj RL, Azimullah S, Beiram R, Jalal FY, Rosenberg GA. Neuroinflammation: friend and foe for ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:142. [PMID: 31291966 PMCID: PMC6617684 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 752] [Impact Index Per Article: 150.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke, the third leading cause of death and disability worldwide, is undergoing a change in perspective with the emergence of new ideas on neurodegeneration. The concept that stroke is a disorder solely of blood vessels has been expanded to include the effects of a detrimental interaction between glia, neurons, vascular cells, and matrix components, which is collectively referred to as the neurovascular unit. Following the acute stroke, the majority of which are ischemic, there is secondary neuroinflammation that both promotes further injury, resulting in cell death, but conversely plays a beneficial role, by promoting recovery. The proinflammatory signals from immune mediators rapidly activate resident cells and influence infiltration of a wide range of inflammatory cells (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, different subtypes of T cells, and other inflammatory cells) into the ischemic region exacerbating brain damage. In this review, we discuss how neuroinflammation has both beneficial as well as detrimental roles and recent therapeutic strategies to combat pathological responses. Here, we also focus on time-dependent entry of immune cells to the ischemic area and the impact of other pathological mediators, including oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), arachidonic acid metabolites, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and post-translational modifications that could potentially perpetuate ischemic brain damage after the acute injury. Understanding the time-dependent role of inflammatory factors could help in developing new diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic neuroprotective strategies for post-stroke inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Jayaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Fakhreya Y Jalal
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Gary A Rosenberg
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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31
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Edwards DN, Bix GJ. The Inflammatory Response After Ischemic Stroke: Targeting β 2 and β 1 Integrins. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:540. [PMID: 31191232 PMCID: PMC6546847 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability with limited therapeutic options. Resulting inflammatory mechanisms after reperfusion (removal of the thrombus) result in cytokine activation, calcium influx, and leukocytic infiltration to the area of ischemia. In particular, leukocytes migrate toward areas of inflammation by use of integrins, particularly integrins β1 and β2. Integrins have been shown to be necessary for leukocyte adhesion and migration, and thus are of immediate interest in many inflammatory diseases, including ischemic stroke. In this review, we identify the main integrins involved in leukocytic migration following stroke (α L β2, αDβ2, α4β1, and α5β1) and targeted clinical therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle N. Edwards
- Sanders–Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Gregory J. Bix
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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32
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Chen F, Weng Z, Xia Q, Cao C, Leak RK, Han L, Xiao J, Graham SH, Cao G. Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Recombinant NAMPT Deters Inflammation and Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 10:719-728. [PMID: 30820847 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-019-00692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is released from cells and might be an important extracellular neuroprotective factor in brain ischemia. Here, we tested whether NAMPT protects against ischemic brain injury when administered directly into the intracerebroventricular (ICV) compartment of the cranium. Recombinant NAMPT protein (2 μg) was delivered ICV in mice subjected to 45-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and the effects on infarct volume, sensorimotor function, microglia/macrophage polarization, neutrophil infiltration, and BBB integrity were analyzed. The results indicate that ICV administration of NAMPT significantly reduced infarct volume, retained its beneficial properties even when ICV administration was delayed by 6 h after MCAO, and improved neurological outcomes. NAMPT treatment inhibited pro-inflammatory microglia/macrophages, promoted microglia/macrophage polarization toward the anti-inflammatory phenotype, and reduced the infiltration of neutrophils into the perilesional area after brain ischemia. In vitro studies indicated that multiple pro-inflammatory microglial markers/cytokines were downregulated while multiple anti-inflammatory microglial markers/cytokines were induced in primary microglial cultures treated with NAMPT protein. NAMPT treatment also fortified the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as shown by reduced extravascular leakage of the small-molecule tracer Alexa Fluor 555 Cadaverine and larger-sized endogenous IgGs into brain parenchyma. Thus, NAMPT may protect against ischemic brain injury partly through a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism, which in turn maintains BBB integrity and reduces the infiltration of peripheral inflammatory cells. Taken together, these results provide validation of recombinant NAMPT delivery into the extracellular space as a potential neuroprotective strategy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, BST S520, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 206 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA
| | - Zhongfang Weng
- Department of Neurology, BST S520, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 206 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA
| | - Qinghai Xia
- Department of Neurology, BST S520, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 206 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Catherine Cao
- North Allegheny Senior High School, Pittsburgh, PA, 15237, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lihong Han
- Department of Biochemistry, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejian, China
| | - Steven H Graham
- Department of Neurology, BST S520, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 206 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of Neurology, BST S520, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 206 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA. .,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15240, USA.
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33
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8e Protects against Acute Cerebral Ischemia by Inhibition of PI3Kγ-Mediated Superoxide Generation in Microglia. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112828. [PMID: 30384445 PMCID: PMC6278485 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response mediated by microglia plays a critical role in the progression of ischemic stroke. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) has been implicated in multiple inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, making it a promising target for therapeutic intervention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of 8e, a hydrogen sulfide (H2S) releasing derivative of 3-n-butylphthalide (NBP), on brain damage and PI3Kγ signaling following cerebral ischemia injury. 8e significantly reduced sensorimotor deficits, focal infarction, brain edema and neural apoptosis at 72 h after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). The NOX2 isoform of the NADPH oxidase family is considered a major enzymatic source of superoxide. We found that the release of superoxide, together with the expression of NOX2 subunits p47phox, p-p47phox, and the upstream PI3Kγ/AKT signaling were all down-regulated by 8e, both in the penumbral region of the rat brain and in the primary cultured microglia subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). With the use of siRNA and pharmacological inhibitors, we further demonstrated that 8e regulates the formation of superoxide in activated microglia through the PI3Kγ/AKT/NOX2 signaling pathway and subsequently prevents neuronal death in neighboring neurons. Our experimental data indicate that 8e is a potential candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke and PI3Kγ-mediated neuroinflammation.
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34
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Smith PLP, Mottahedin A, Svedin P, Mohn CJ, Hagberg H, Ek J, Mallard C. Peripheral myeloid cells contribute to brain injury in male neonatal mice. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:301. [PMID: 30376851 PMCID: PMC6208095 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1344-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal brain injury is increasingly understood to be linked to inflammatory processes that involve specialised CNS and peripheral immune interactions. However, the role of peripheral myeloid cells in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury remains to be fully investigated. Methods We employed the Lys-EGFP-ki mouse that allows enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-positive mature myeloid cells of peripheral origin to be easily identified in the CNS. Using both flow cytometry and confocal microscopy, we investigated the accumulation of total EGFP+ myeloid cells and myeloid cell subtypes: inflammatory monocytes, resident monocytes and granulocytes, in the CNS for several weeks following induction of cerebral HI in postnatal day 9 mice. We used antibody treatment to curb brain infiltration of myeloid cells and subsequently evaluated HI-induced brain injury. Results We demonstrate a temporally biphasic pattern of inflammatory monocyte and granulocyte infiltration, characterised by peak infiltration at 1 day and 7 days after hypoxia-ischemia. This occurs against a backdrop of continuous low-level resident monocyte infiltration. Antibody-mediated depletion of circulating myeloid cells reduced immune cell accumulation in the brain and reduced neuronal loss in male but not female mice. Conclusion This study offers new insight into sex-dependent central-peripheral immune communication following neonatal brain injury and merits renewed interest in the roles of granulocytes and monocytes in lesion development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1344-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L P Smith
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amin Mottahedin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Svedin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carl-Johan Mohn
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Ek
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Mallard
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 432, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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35
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Godinho J, de Sa-Nakanishi AB, Moreira LS, de Oliveira RMW, Huzita CH, Mello JCP, da Silva AOF, Nakamura CV, Previdelli IS, Ribeiro MHDM, Milani H. Ethyl-acetate fraction of Trichilia catigua protects against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 221:109-118. [PMID: 29660468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Trichilia catigua A. Juss (Meliaceae) preparations have been used in folk medicine to alleviate fatigue, stress, and improve memory. Antinociceptive, antiinflammatory, and in vitro neuroprotective effects have been observed in animals. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) leads to severe neuropsychological deficits that are largely associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and neurodegeneration. We reported previously that an ethyl-acetate fraction (EAF) of T. catigua reduced brain ischemia-induced learning and memory impairments in the absence of histological protection. AIM OF THE STUDY Continuing those studies, here we aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties of T. catigua in an in vivo model of I/R. MATERIAL AND METHODS Rats were subjected to 15 min of brain ischemia (4-VO model) followed by up to 15 days of reperfusion. Vehicle was given by gavage 30 min before ischemia and at 1 h of reperfusion. In a first experiment, brain ischemia-induced changes in oxidative stress markers, i.e., reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and protein carbonyl groups (PCGs) were measured on days 1, 3, and 5 post-ischemia. Similar time course analysis was done for neuroinflammation markers, i.e., microglia (OX42 immunorreactivity) and astrocytes (GFAP immunorreactivity), in the hippocampus. In a second experiment, the time points at which these markers of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation peaked were used to test the effects of T. catigua (400 mg/kg, p.o.). RESULTS Oxidative stress markers peaked on day 1 post-ischemia. GSH decreased (-23.2%) while GSSG increased (+ 71.1%), which yielded a significant reduction in the GSH/GSSG ratio (-39.1%). The activity of CAT was largely reduced by ischemia (-54.6% to -65.1%), while the concentration of PCG almost doubled in the brain of ischemic rats (+99.10%) in comparison to sham. Treatment with the EAF of T. catigua normalized these changes in oxidative markers to the control levels (GSH: +27.5%; GSSG: -23.8%; GSH/GSSG: +44.6%; PCG: -80.3%). In the hippocampus, neuroinflammation markers peaked on day 5 post-ischemia, with microglial and astrocytic responses increasing to 54.8% and 37.1%, respectively. The elevation in glial cells response was completely prevented by EAF. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that T. catigua has both antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities after transient global cerebral ischemia in rats, which may contribute to the previously reported memory protective effect of T. catigua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Godinho
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Hitomi Huzita
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Carlos P Mello
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Humberto Milani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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36
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Guthe HJT, Nedrebø T, Damås JK, Wiig H, Berg A. Transcapillary fluid flux and inflammatory response during neonatal therapeutic hypothermia: an open, longitudinal, observational study. BMC Pediatr 2018; 18:82. [PMID: 29471782 PMCID: PMC5824457 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic hypothermia is neuroprotective in asphyxiated neonates by counteracting mechanisms contributing to brain injury. Although an initial increased permeability is part of an inflammatory reaction and thereby a natural healing process, an excessive endothelial permeability with edema formation may result in impaired hemodynamics. Reduced permeability may, however, benefit healing. Although plasma and interstitial colloid osmotic pressure are accessible and essential parameters for understanding fluid imbalance, the mechanisms of fluid exchange remain poorly understood. The potential influence of therapeutic hypothermia on plasma and interstitial colloid osmotic pressure, and the relationship between inflammatory markers and colloid osmotic pressure in asphyxiated neonates, was investigated. Methods Seventeen neonates with moderate to severe hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, born after 35 weeks gestation, received servo-controlled whole body cooling before 6 h of age, followed by gradual rewarming after 72 h. All infants were treated according to a national hypothermia protocol. Interstitial fluid in the skin was collected at 7, 13, 25, 49, and 73 h after birth by subcutaneous implantation of multifilamentous nylon wicks with 60 min of implantation time. Biomarkers of inflammation and colloid osmotic pressure were measured in serum and interstitial fluid. Results A modest decrease in serum and interstitial colloid osmotic pressure was measured, leaving an unaltered difference in colloid osmotic pressure gradient. A decline in mean arterial pressure was observed between 7 and 13 h of life, with a concomitant decrease in positive fluid balance within the same time frame. White blood cell count and leukocyte subclasses dropped significantly throughout treatment, with elevated interstitial interleukin (IL)-1α and decreased serum IL-1RA, IL-6, and IL-10 during treatment time points. Conclusions Colloid osmotic pressures measured in serum and interstitial fluid during asphyxia is lower than previously reported, with small alteration of pressure differences across capillaries, reducing vascular filtration. An inherent local and systemic regulation of inflammation together with changes in colloid osmotic pressure may indicate a possible preventive mechanism of edema generation during neonatal asphyxia and therapeutic hypothermia. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01044940. Date of registration: January 8, 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jørgen Timm Guthe
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Torbjørn Nedrebø
- Surgical Department, Haraldsplass Deaconess Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Kristian Damås
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helge Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ansgar Berg
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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37
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Yu G, Liang Y, Zheng S, Zhang H. Inhibition of Myeloperoxidase by N-Acetyl Lysyltyrosylcysteine Amide Reduces Oxidative Stress–Mediated Inflammation, Neuronal Damage, and Neural Stem Cell Injury in a Murine Model of Stroke. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 364:311-322. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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38
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Godinho J, de Oliveira RMW, de Sa-Nakanishi AB, Bacarin CC, Huzita CH, Longhini R, Mello JCP, Nakamura CV, Previdelli IS, Dal Molin Ribeiro MH, Milani H. Ethyl-acetate fraction of Trichilia catigua restores long-term retrograde memory and reduces oxidative stress and inflammation after global cerebral ischemia in rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 337:173-182. [PMID: 28919157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We originally reported that an ethyl-acetate fraction (EAF) of Trichilia catigua prevented the impairment of water maze learning and hippocampal neurodegeneration after transient global cerebral (TGCI) in mice. We extended that previous study by evaluating whether T. catigua (i) prevents the loss of long-term retrograde memory assessed in the aversive radial maze (AvRM), (ii) confers hippocampal and cortical neuroprotection, and (iii) mitigates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in rats that are subjected to the four vessel occlusion (4-VO) model of TGCI. In the first experiment, naive rats were trained in the AvRM and then subjected to TGCI. The EAF was administered orally 30min before and 1h after TGCI, and administration continued once per day for 7days post-ischemia. In the second experiment, the EAF was administered 30min before and 1h after TGCI, and protein carbonylation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were assayed 24h and 5days later, respectively. Retrograde memory performance was assessed 8, 15, and 21days post-ischemia. Ischemia caused persistent retrograde amnesia, and this effect was prevented by T. catigua. This memory protection (or preservation) persisted even after the treatment was discontinued, despite the absence of histological neuroprotection. Protein carbonyl group content and MPO activity increased around 43% and 100%, respectively, after TGCI, which were abolished by the EAF of T. catigua. The administration of EAF did not coincide with the days of memory testing. The data indicate that antioxidant and/or antiinflammatory actions in the early phase of ischemia/reperfusion contribute to the long-term antiamnesic effect of T. catigua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Godinho
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Hitomi Huzita
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renata Longhini
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Carlos P Mello
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Humberto Milani
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, State University of Maringa, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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39
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Yuan F, Fu H, Sun K, Wu S, Dong T. Effect of dexmedetomidine on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats by activating mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:539-546. [PMID: 28035625 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study reported here was to evaluate whether the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channel could participate in the effect of dexmedetomidine on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) rats. Forty rats were randomly assigned into 5 groups: sham operation (S) group; cerebral I/R group; dexmedetomidine (D) group; 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) group; 5-HD + D group. The cerebral I/R were produced by 2 h right middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 h reperfusion. Dexmedetomidine (50μg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally before ischemia and after the onset of reperfusion. 5-HD (30 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally at 1 h before ischemia. The neurological deficit score (NDS) and the levels of super oxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were evaluated. Compared to group S, NDS and the levels of MDA, MPO, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher, and SOD levels were significantly lower in the other groups (P < 0.05). Compared to group I/R,NDS and the levels of MDA, MPO, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly lower, and SOD level was significantly higher in group D (P < 0.05). Compared to group D, NDS and the levels of MDA, MPO, IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher, and SOD level was significantly lower in group5-HD + D (P < 0.05). The activation of the mitoKATP channel could contribute to the protective effect of dexmedetomidine on rats induced by focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 2 of Jingba road of Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450014, China
| | - Hongguang Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 2 of Jingba road of Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450014, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 2 of Jingba road of Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450014, China
| | - Shubiao Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 2 of Jingba road of Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450014, China
| | - Tieli Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 2 of Jingba road of Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450014, China.
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40
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Cotrina ML, Lou N, Tome-Garcia J, Goldman J, Nedergaard M. Direct comparison of microglial dynamics and inflammatory profile in photothrombotic and arterial occlusion evoked stroke. Neuroscience 2017; 343:483-494. [PMID: 28003156 PMCID: PMC5523105 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many focal cerebral ischemia models utilize the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) evoked by coagulation to induce ischemic damage in the cortex and mimic the pathology observed in human patients. A second, increasingly popular model, the photothrombotic stroke, uses a laser beam to irradiate the MCA after administration of a photosensitizing dye. This widely used procedure is slowly replacing the MCAO model because of the easiness of the surgical protocol and the reproducibility of the damage. However, the photochemical reaction also results in wider microvascular injury. In this study, we have evaluated the impact of these two types of stroke in the cell survival and evolution of stroke, focusing on microglial cells, the first responders to cell injury. Two groups of heterozygote Cx3CR1-GFP reporter mice (to follow microglia) were subject to stroke injury either with coagulator-mediated occlusion or photothrombotic MCA damage. Microglial cells' dynamics of activation and phagocytosis together with astrocytic response and leukocyte infiltration were characterized at 1, 3 and 7days after damage. Photothrombotic stroke delayed microglial and astrocytic invasion of the ischemic core and accumulation of phagocytic microglia. It also elicited higher levels of inflammatory cytokines/chemokines and increased infiltration from the periphery. In addition, only the neurons in the MCAO stroke showed phenotype plasticity by downregulating the transcription factor NeuN. These data provide a better understanding of the exact temporal and spatial dynamics of the inflammatory response in these two animal models of stroke and identify more relevant targets for human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Cotrina
- Division of Glia Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14640
| | - Nanghong Lou
- Division of Glia Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14640
| | - Jessica Tome-Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James Goldman
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Division of Glia Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14640
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41
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Shukla V, Shakya AK, Perez-Pinzon MA, Dave KR. Cerebral ischemic damage in diabetes: an inflammatory perspective. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:21. [PMID: 28115020 PMCID: PMC5260103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. A strong inflammatory response characterized by activation and release of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and proteolytic enzymes contributes to brain damage following stroke. Stroke outcomes are worse among diabetics, resulting in increased mortality and disabilities. Diabetes involves chronic inflammation manifested by reactive oxygen species generation, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and activation/expression of other inflammatory mediators. It appears that increased proinflammatory processes due to diabetes are further accelerated after cerebral ischemia, leading to increased ischemic damage. Hypoglycemia is an intrinsic side effect owing to glucose-lowering therapy in diabetics, and is known to induce proinflammatory changes as well as exacerbate cerebral damage in experimental stroke. Here, we present a review of available literature on the contribution of neuroinflammation to increased cerebral ischemic damage in diabetics. We also describe the role of hypoglycemia in neuroinflammation and cerebral ischemic damage in diabetics. Understanding the role of neuroinflammatory mechanisms in worsening stroke outcome in diabetics may help limit ischemic brain injury and improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vibha Shukla
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Akhalesh Kumar Shakya
- Present address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
| | - Miguel A Perez-Pinzon
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Kunjan R Dave
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Department of Neurology (D4-5), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Ave, NRB/203E, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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42
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Roberts J, de Hoog L, Bix GJ. Mice deficient in endothelial α5 integrin are profoundly resistant to experimental ischemic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:85-96. [PMID: 26661237 PMCID: PMC5363730 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x15616979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a disease in dire need of better therapies. We have previously shown that a fragment of the extracellular matrix proteoglycan, perlecan, has beneficial effects following cerebral ischemia via the α5β1 integrin receptor. We now report that endothelial cell selective α5 integrin deficient mice (α5 KO) are profoundly resistant to ischemic infarct after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Specifically, α5 KOs had little to no infarct 2-3 days post-stroke, whereas controls had an increase in mean infarct volume over the same time period as expected. Functional outcome is also improved in the α5 KOs compared with controls. Importantly, no differences in cerebrovascular anatomy or collateral blood flow were noted that could account for this difference in ischemic injury. Rather, we demonstrate that α5 KOs have increased blood-brain barrier integrity (increased expression of claudin-5, and absent brain parenchymal IgG extravasation) after stroke compared with controls, which could explain their resistance to ischemic injury. Additionally, inhibition of α5 integrin in vitro leads to decreased permeability of brain endothelial cells following oxygen-glucose deprivation. Together, these findings indicate endothelial cell α5 integrin plays an important role in stroke outcome and blood-brain barrier integrity, suggesting that α5 integrin could be a novel therapeutic target for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Roberts
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Leon de Hoog
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gregory J Bix
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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43
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Strecker JK, Schmidt A, Schäbitz WR, Minnerup J. Neutrophil granulocytes in cerebral ischemia - Evolution from killers to key players. Neurochem Int 2016; 107:117-126. [PMID: 27884770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil granulocytes (or polymorphonuclear cells, PMNs) have long been considered as crude killing machines, particularly trained to attack bacterial or fungal pathogens in wounds or infected tissues. That perspective has fundamentally changed over the last decades, as PMNs have been shown to exert a livery exchange between other cells of the innate and adaptive immune system. PMNs do provide major immunomodulatory contribution during acute inflammation and subsequent clearance. Following sterile inflammation like cerebral ischemia, PMNs are among the first hematogenous cells attracted to the ischemic tissue. As inflammation is a crucial component within stroke pathophysiology, several studies regarding the role of PMNs following cerebral ischemia have been carried out. And indeed, recent research suggests a direct connection between PMNs' influx and brain damage severity. This review highlights the latest research regarding the close interconnection between PMNs and co-working cells following cerebral ischemia. We describe how PMNs are attracted to the site of injury and their tasks within the inflamed brain tissue and the periphery. We further report of new findings regarding the interaction of PMNs with resident microglia, immigrating macrophages and T cells after stroke. Finally, we discuss recent research results from experimental studies in the context with current clinical trials and point out potential new therapeutic applications that could emerge from this new knowledge on the action and interaction of PMNs following cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Kolja Strecker
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany.
| | - Antje Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Jens Minnerup
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Münster, Germany
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44
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Lively S, Hutchings S, Schlichter LC. Molecular and Cellular Responses to Interleukin-4 Treatment in a Rat Model of Transient Ischemia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:1058-1071. [PMID: 27634961 PMCID: PMC5070459 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Within hours after stroke, potentially cytotoxic pro-inflammatory mediators are elevated within the brain; thus, one potential therapeutic strategy is to reduce them and skew the brain toward an anti-inflammatory state. Because interleukin-4 (IL-4) treatment induces an anti-inflammatory, "alternative-activation" state in microglia and macrophages in vitro, we tested the hypothesis that early supplementation of the brain with IL-4 can shift it toward an anti-inflammatory state and reduce damage after transient focal ischemia. Adult male rat striata were injected with endothelin-1, with or without co-injection of IL-4. Inflammation, glial responses and damage to neurons and white matter were quantified from 1 to 7 days later. At 1 day, IL-4 treatment increased striatal expression of several anti-inflammatory markers (ARG1, CCL22, CD163, PPARγ), increased phagocytic (Iba1-positive, CD68-positive) microglia/macrophages, and increased VEGF-A-positive infiltrating neutrophils in the infarcts. At 7 days, there was evidence of sustained, propagating responses. IL-4 increased CD206, CD200R1, IL-4Rα, STAT6, PPARγ, CD11b, and TLR2 expression and increased microglia/macrophages in the infarct and astrogliosis outside the infarct. Neurodegeneration and myelin damage were not reduced, however. The sustained immune and glial responses when resolution and repair processes have begun warrant further studies of IL-4 treatment regimens and long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starlee Lively
- From the Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada (SL, SH, LCS); Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (SH, LCS)
| | - Sarah Hutchings
- From the Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada (SL, SH, LCS); Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (SH, LCS)
| | - Lyanne C Schlichter
- From the Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada (SL, SH, LCS); Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (SH, LCS)
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45
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Amantea D, Certo M, Petrelli F, Bagetta G. Neuroprotective Properties of a Macrolide Antibiotic in a Mouse Model of Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion: Characterization of the Immunomodulatory Effects and Validation of the Efficacy of Intravenous Administration. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:298-307. [PMID: 27392039 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Repurposing the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin has recently been suggested as a promising neuroprotective strategy for the acute treatment of ischemic stroke. Here, we aim at further characterizing the immunomodulatory properties of intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of this drug and, more importantly, at assessing whether neuroprotection can also be achieved by the more clinically relevant intravenous (i.v.) route of administration in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia induced by transient (30-min) middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). A single i.p. injection of azithromycin (150 mg/kg) upon reperfusion prevented ischemia-induced spleen contraction and increased the number of MAC-1-immunopositive microglia/macrophages in the ischemic hemisphere 48 h after the insult. This was paralleled by an elevation of alternatively activated phenotypes (i.e., Ym1-immunopositive M2-polarized cells) and by a reduced expression of the pro-inflammatory marker myeloperoxidase. More importantly, i.v. administration of azithromycin upon reperfusion reduced MCAo-induced infarct volume and cerebral edema to an extent comparable to that obtained via the i.p. route. Although the i.p. route is often used for research purposes, it is impractical in the clinical setting; however, i.v. administration can easily be used in ischemic stroke patients who usually have i.v. access already established on hospital admission. The neuroprotective efficacy of the clinically relevant i.v. administration of azithromycin, together with its beneficial immunomodulatory properties reported in mice subjected to transient MCAo, suggests that this macrolide antibiotic can be effectively repurposed for the acute treatment of ischemic stroke. To this end, further work is needed to validate the efficacy of azithromycin in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Amantea
- 1 Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria , Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Michelangelo Certo
- 1 Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria , Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Francesco Petrelli
- 1 Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria , Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- 1 Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria , Rende (CS), Italy .,2 University Consortium for Adaptive Disorders and Head Pain (UCADH), Section of Neuropharmacology of Normal and Pathological Neuronal Plasticity, University of Calabria , Rende, Italy
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46
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Ray RS, Katyal A. Myeloperoxidase: Bridging the gap in neurodegeneration. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:611-620. [PMID: 27343997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative conditions present a group of complex disease pathologies mostly due to unknown aetiology resulting in neuronal death and permanent neurological disability. Any undesirable stress to the brain, disrupts homeostatic balance, through a remarkable convergence of pathophysiological changes and immune dysregulation. The crosstalk between inflammatory and oxidative mechanisms results in the release of neurotoxic mediators apparently spearheaded by myeloperoxidase derived from activated microglia, astrocytes, neurons as well as peripheral inflammatory cells. These isolated entities combinedly have the potential to flare up and contribute significantly to neuropathology and disease progression. Recent, clinicopathological evidence support the association of myeloperoxidase and its cytotoxic product, hypochlorous acid in a plethora of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Multiple sclerosis, Stroke, Epilepsy etc. But the biochemical and mechanistic insights into myeloperoxidase mediated neuroinflammation and neuronal death is still an uncharted territory. The current review outlines the emerging recognition of myeloperoxidase in neurodegeneration, which may offer novel therapeutic and diagnostic targets for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Ray
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi 110 007, India.
| | - Anju Katyal
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi, North Campus, Delhi 110 007, India.
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47
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Kawabori M, Yenari MA. Inflammatory responses in brain ischemia. Curr Med Chem 2016; 22:1258-77. [PMID: 25666795 DOI: 10.2174/0929867322666150209154036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain infarction causes tissue death by ischemia due to occlusion of the cerebral vessels and recent work has shown that post stroke inflammation contributes significantly to the development of ischemic pathology. Because secondary damage by brain inflammation may have a longer therapeutic time window compared to the rescue of primary damage following arterial occlusion, controlling inflammation would be an obvious therapeutic target. A substantial amount of experimentall progress in this area has been made in recent years. However, it is difficult to elucidate the precise mechanisms of the inflammatory responses following ischemic stroke because inflammation is a complex series of interactions between inflammatory cells and molecules, all of which could be either detrimental or beneficial. We review recent advances in neuroinflammation and the modulation of inflammatory signaling pathways in brain ischemia. Potential targets for treatment of ischemic stroke will also be covered. The roles of the immune system and brain damage versus repair will help to clarify how immune modulation may treat stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Midori A Yenari
- Dept. of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Increased neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in persons suffering from hypertension with hyperhomocysteinemia. Hypertens Res 2016; 39:606-11. [PMID: 27009577 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is increased in various cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study is to determine whether the NLR is increased in persons suffering from hypertension with hyperhomocysteinemia (HTH). We retrospectively analyzed the results of a large cohort of individuals undergoing health examinations with respect to NLR values, homocysteine (HCY) concentration, total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG) concentration, glucose concentration, creatinine (Cr) concentration, smoking status, drinking status and blood pressure. When participants were grouped according to the NLR quartiles, there were strong, graded increases in HCY (P<0.001) and the numbers of patients suffering from HTH were up to two-fold higher in the fourth vs. the first quartile. The NLR of the participants suffering from HTH group was significantly higher than the participants suffering from hypertension in the non-HTH group and the normotension group. In an unconditional multiple logistic regression analysis, NLR predicted HTH independently of age, sex, body mass index, smoking, drinking, TG and Cr. The present study demonstrated that the NLR value increased in the HTH group and positively correlated with HCY but not with blood pressure.
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Zhao J, Zhang X, Dong L, Wen Y, Zheng X, Zhang C, Chen R, Zhang Y, Li Y, He T, Zhu X, Li L. Cinnamaldehyde inhibits inflammation and brain damage in a mouse model of permanent cerebral ischaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:5009-23. [PMID: 26234631 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent findings suggest the importance of inflammation in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischaemia and its potential as a therapeutic target. Cinnamaldehyde is a diterpene with a wide range of anti-inflammatory effects thus may be advantageous in the treatment of cerebral ischaemia. The present study examined the potential therapeutic effects of cinnamaldehyde on cerebral ischaemia using a mouse model with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male CD-1 mice, which had the middle cerebral artery occluded, were treated (i.p.) with cinnamaldehyde. Neuroprotection by cinnamaldehyde was analysed by evaluating neurological deficit scores, brain oedema and infarct volume. Expressions of signal transduction molecules and inflammatory mediators were measured by Western blotting, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemical staining. Activation of NF-κB was assessed by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. KEY RESULTS Cinnamaldehyde reduced the neurological deficit scores, brain oedema and infarct volume. Cinnamaldehyde suppressed the activation of signal transduction molecules including toll-like receptor 4, tumour necrosis receptor-associated factor 6 and NF-κB, attenuated the increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL2 and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 and ultimately reduced leukocyte infiltration into the ischaemic brain areas after cerebral ischaemia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cinnamaldehyde protects against cerebral ischaemia injury by inhibiting inflammation, partly mediated by reducing the expression of toll-like receptor 4, tumour necrosis receptor-associated factor 6 and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Our findings suggest that cinnamaldehyde may serve as a new candidate for further development as a treatment for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiangjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lipeng Dong
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ya Wen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiufen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardio-Cerebrovascular Disease, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yaoru Li
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tingting He
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xingyuan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Litao Li
- Department of Neurology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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Jickling GC, Liu D, Ander BP, Stamova B, Zhan X, Sharp FR. Targeting neutrophils in ischemic stroke: translational insights from experimental studies. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:888-901. [PMID: 25806703 PMCID: PMC4640255 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 379] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils have key roles in ischemic brain injury, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. As such, neutrophils are of great interest as targets to treat and prevent ischemic stroke. After stroke, neutrophils respond rapidly promoting blood-brain barrier disruption, cerebral edema, and brain injury. A surge of neutrophil-derived reactive oxygen species, proteases, and cytokines are released as neutrophils interact with cerebral endothelium. Neutrophils also are linked to the major processes that cause ischemic stroke, thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. Thrombosis is promoted through interactions with platelets, clotting factors, and release of prothrombotic molecules. In atherosclerosis, neutrophils promote plaque formation and rupture by generating oxidized-low density lipoprotein, enhancing monocyte infiltration, and degrading the fibrous cap. In experimental studies targeting neutrophils can improve stroke. However, early human studies have been met with challenges, and suggest that selective targeting of neutrophils may be required. Several properties of neutrophil are beneficial and thus may important to preserve in patients with stroke including antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, and neuroprotective functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen C Jickling
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - DaZhi Liu
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bradley P Ander
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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