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Reider IE, Lin E, Krouse TE, Parekh NJ, Nelson AM, Norbury CC. γδ T Cells Mediate a Requisite Portion of a Wound Healing Response Triggered by Cutaneous Poxvirus Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:425. [PMID: 38543790 PMCID: PMC10975054 DOI: 10.3390/v16030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Infection at barrier sites, e.g., skin, activates local immune defenses that limit pathogen spread, while preserving tissue integrity. Phenotypically distinct γδ T cell populations reside in skin, where they shape immunity to cutaneous infection prior to onset of an adaptive immune response by conventional αβ CD4+ (TCD4+) and CD8+ (TCD8+) T cells. To examine the mechanisms used by γδ T cells to control cutaneous virus replication and tissue pathology, we examined γδ T cells after infection with vaccinia virus (VACV). Resident γδ T cells expanded and combined with recruited γδ T cells to control pathology after VACV infection. However, γδ T cells did not play a role in control of local virus replication or blockade of systemic virus spread. We identified a unique wound healing signature that has features common to, but also features that antagonize, the sterile cutaneous wound healing response. Tissue repair generally occurs after clearance of a pathogen, but viral wound healing started prior to the peak of virus replication in the skin. γδ T cells contributed to wound healing through induction of multiple cytokines/growth factors required for efficient wound closure. Therefore, γδ T cells modulate the wound healing response following cutaneous virus infection, maintaining skin barrier function to prevent secondary bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene E. Reider
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Eugene Lin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Tracy E. Krouse
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nikhil J. Parekh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Amanda M. Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Christopher C. Norbury
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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2
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The Trinity of Skin: Skin Homeostasis as a Neuro–Endocrine–Immune Organ. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050725. [PMID: 35629392 PMCID: PMC9144330 DOI: 10.3390/life12050725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, skin was thought to be no more than the barrier of our body. However, in the last few decades, studies into the idea of skin as an independent functional organ have gradually deepened our understanding of skin and its functions. In this review, we gathered evidence that presented skin as a “trinity” of neuro–endocrine–immune function. From a neuro perspective, skin communicates through nerves and receptors, releasing neurotrophins and neuropeptides; from an endocrine perspective, skin is able to receive and secrete most hormones and has the cutaneous equivalent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; from an immune perspective, skin is protected not only by its physical barrier, but also immune cells and molecules, which can also cause inflammation. Together as an organ, skin works bidirectionally by operating peripheral neuro–endocrine–immune function and being regulated by the central nervous system, endocrine system and immune system at the same time, maintaining homeostasis. Additionally, to further explain the “trinity” of cutaneous neuro–endocrine–immune function and how it works in disease pathophysiology, a disease model of rosacea is presented.
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3
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McKenzie DR, Hart R, Bah N, Ushakov DS, Muñoz-Ruiz M, Feederle R, Hayday AC. Normality sensing licenses local T cells for innate-like tissue surveillance. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:411-422. [PMID: 35165446 PMCID: PMC8901436 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The increasing implication of lymphocytes in general physiology and immune surveillance outside of infection poses the question of how their antigen receptors might be involved. Here, we show that macromolecular aggregates of intraepidermal γδ T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) in the mouse skin aligned with and depended on Skint1, a butyrophilin-like (BTNL) protein expressed by differentiated keratinocytes (KCs) at steady state. Interruption of TCR-mediated 'normality sensing' had no impact on γδ T cell numbers but altered their signature phenotype, while the epidermal barrier function was compromised. In addition to the regulation of steady-state physiology, normality sensing licensed intraepidermal T cells to respond rapidly to subsequent tissue perturbation by using innate tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily receptors. Thus, interfering with Skint1-dependent interactions between local γδ T cells and KCs at steady state increased the susceptibility to ultraviolet B radiation (UVR)-induced DNA damage and inflammation, two cancer-disposing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dmitry S Ushakov
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Regina Feederle
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK.
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4
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Zhang W, Pajulas A, Kaplan MH. γδ T Cells in Skin Inflammation. Crit Rev Immunol 2022; 42:43-56. [PMID: 37075018 PMCID: PMC10439530 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2022047288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that express T cell receptor γ and 5 chains and display structural and functional heterogeneity. γδ T cells are typically of low abundance in the body and account for 1-5% of the blood lymphocytes and peripheral lymphoid tissues. As a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity, γδ T cells are uniquely poised to rapidly respond to stimulation and can regulate immune responses in peripheral tissues. The dendritic epidermal T cells in the skin epidermis can secrete growth factors to regulate skin homeostasis and re-epithelization and release inflammatory factors to mediate wound healing during skin inflammatory responses. Dermal γδ T cells can regulate the inflammatory process by producing interleukin-17 and other cytokines or chemokines. Here, we offer a review of the immune functions of γδ T cells, intending to understand their role in regulating skin barrier integrity and skin wound healing, which may be crucial for the development of novel therapeutics in skin diseases like atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Abigail Pajulas
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Mark H Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Indiana University School Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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5
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Borges PA, Waclawiak I, Georgii JL, Fraga-Junior VDS, Barros JF, Lemos FS, Russo-Abrahão T, Saraiva EM, Takiya CM, Coutinho-Silva R, Penido C, Mermelstein C, Meyer-Fernandes JR, Canto FB, Neves JS, Melo PA, Canetti C, Benjamim CF. Adenosine Diphosphate Improves Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice Through P2Y 12 Receptor Activation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:651740. [PMID: 33828561 PMCID: PMC8019717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.651740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic wounds are a public health problem worldwide, especially those related to diabetes. Besides being an enormous burden to patients, it challenges wound care professionals and causes a great financial cost to health system. Considering the absence of effective treatments for chronic wounds, our aim was to better understand the pathophysiology of tissue repair in diabetes in order to find alternative strategies to accelerate wound healing. Nucleotides have been described as extracellular signaling molecules in different inflammatory processes, including tissue repair. Adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP) plays important roles in vascular and cellular response and is immediately released after tissue injury, mainly from platelets. However, despite the well described effect on platelet aggregation during inflammation and injury, little is known about the role of ADP on the multiple steps of tissue repair, particularly in skin wounds. Therefore, we used the full-thickness excisional wound model to evaluate the effect of local ADP application in wounds of diabetic mice. ADP accelerated cutaneous wound healing, improved new tissue formation, and increased both collagen deposition and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) production in the wound. These effects were mediated by P2Y12 receptor activation since they were inhibited by Clopidogrel (Clop) treatment, a P2Y12 receptor antagonist. Furthermore, P2Y1 receptor antagonist also blocked ADP-induced wound closure until day 7, suggesting its involvement early in repair process. Interestingly, ADP treatment increased the expression of P2Y12 and P2Y1 receptors in the wound. In parallel, ADP reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels, while increased IL-13 levels in the skin. Also, ADP increased the counts of neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, and gamma delta (γδ) T cells (Vγ4+ and Vγ5+ cells subtypes of γδ+ T cells), although reduced regulatory T (Tregs) cells in the lesion. In accordance, ADP increased fibroblast proliferation and migration, myofibroblast differentiation, and keratinocyte proliferation. In conclusion, we provide strong evidence that ADP acts as a pro-resolution mediator in diabetes-associated skin wounds and is a promising intervention target for this worldwide problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alvarenga Borges
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Fluminense Federal Institute (IFF), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Waclawiak
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Janaína Lima Georgii
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Janaína Figueiredo Barros
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Simões Lemos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaís Russo-Abrahão
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Center of Health Sciences, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elvira Maria Saraiva
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Center of Health Sciences, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina M. Takiya
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Center of Health Sciences, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Center of Health Sciences, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carmen Penido
- Center for Technological Development in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Institute of Drug Technology, Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Mermelstein
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Fábio B. Canto
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Josiane Sabbadini Neves
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo A. Melo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Canetti
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Center of Health Sciences, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia Farias Benjamim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Center of Health Sciences, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Castillo-González R, Cibrian D, Sánchez-Madrid F. Dissecting the complexity of γδ T-cell subsets in skin homeostasis, inflammation, and malignancy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2020; 147:2030-2042. [PMID: 33259837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are much less common than αβ T cells, accounting for 0.5% to 5% of all T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and lymphoid tissues in mice and humans. However, they are the most abundant T-lymphocyte subset in some epithelial barriers such as mouse skin. γδ T cells are considered innate lymphocytes because of their non-MHC restricted antigen recognition, as well as because of their rapid response to cytokines, invading pathogens, and malignant cells. Exacerbated expansion and activation of γδ T cells in the skin is a common feature of acute and chronic skin inflammation such as psoriasis and contact or atopic dermatitis. Different γδ T-cell subsets showing differential developmental and functional features are found in mouse and human skin. This review discusses the state of the art of research and future perspectives about the role of the different subsets of γδ T-cells detected in the skin in steady-state, psoriasis, dermatitis, infection, and malignant skin diseases. Also, we highlight the differences between human and mouse γδ T cells in skin homeostasis and inflammation, as understanding the differential role of each subtype of skin γδ T cells will improve the discovery of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Castillo-González
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Danay Cibrian
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Service, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
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7
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Jee MH, Mraz V, Geisler C, Bonefeld CM. γδ T cells and inflammatory skin diseases. Immunol Rev 2020; 298:61-73. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mia Hamilton Jee
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center Department of Immunology and Microbiology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Veronika Mraz
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center Department of Immunology and Microbiology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Carsten Geisler
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center Department of Immunology and Microbiology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Charlotte Menné Bonefeld
- The LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center Department of Immunology and Microbiology Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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8
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Johnson MD, Witherden DA, Havran WL. The Role of Tissue-resident T Cells in Stress Surveillance and Tissue Maintenance. Cells 2020; 9:E686. [PMID: 32168884 PMCID: PMC7140644 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While forming a minor population in the blood and lymphoid compartments, T cells are significantly enriched within barrier tissues. In addition to providing protection against infection, these tissue-resident T cells play critical roles in tissue homeostasis and repair. T cells in the epidermis and intestinal epithelium produce growth factors and cytokines that are important for the normal turnover and maintenance of surrounding epithelial cells and are additionally required for the efficient recognition of, and response to, tissue damage. A role for tissue-resident T cells is emerging outside of the traditional barrier tissues as well, with recent research indicating that adipose tissue-resident T cells are required for the normal maintenance and function of the adipose tissue compartment. Here we review the functions of tissue-resident T cells in the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, and adipose tissue, and compare the mechanisms of their activation between these sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deborah A. Witherden
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.D.J.); (W.L.H.)
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9
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Mikolajewicz K, Chodaczek G. Going deeper: three-dimensional study of γδ T cells in mouse reproductive tract using tissue clearing methods. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 97:104-111. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Mikolajewicz
- Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology; Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy; Polish Academy of Sciences; Wroclaw Poland
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory; PORT Polish Center for Technology Development; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Confocal Microscopy Laboratory; PORT Polish Center for Technology Development; Wroclaw Poland
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10
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γδ T cells in homeostasis and host defence of epithelial barrier tissues. Nat Rev Immunol 2017; 17:733-745. [PMID: 28920588 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2017.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial surfaces line the body and provide a crucial interface between the body and the external environment. Tissue-resident epithelial γδ T cells represent a major T cell population in the epithelial tissues and are ideally positioned to carry out barrier surveillance and aid in tissue homeostasis and repair. In this Review, we focus on the intraepithelial γδ T cell compartment of the two largest epithelial tissues in the body - namely, the epidermis and the intestine - and provide a comprehensive overview of the crucial contributions of intraepithelial γδ T cells to tissue integrity and repair, host homeostasis and protection in the context of the symbiotic relationship with the microbiome and during pathogen clearance. Finally, we describe epithelium-specific butyrophilin-like molecules and briefly review their emerging role in selectively shaping and regulating epidermal and intestinal γδ T cell repertoires.
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11
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Suwanpradid J, Holcomb ZE, MacLeod AS. Emerging Skin T-Cell Functions in Response to Environmental Insults. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 137:288-294. [PMID: 27784595 PMCID: PMC5552043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Skin is the primary barrier between the body and the outside world, functioning not only as a physical barrier, but also as an immunologic first line of defense. A large number of T cells populate the skin. This review highlights the ability of these cutaneous T cells to regulate skin-specific environmental threats, including microbes, injuries, solar UV radiation, and allergens. Since much of this knowledge has been advanced from murine studies, we focus our review on how the mouse state has informed the human state, emphasizing the key parallels and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutamas Suwanpradid
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zachary E Holcomb
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda S MacLeod
- Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Pinnell Center for Investigative Dermatology and Skin Disease Research Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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12
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Fu H, Ward EJ, Marelli-Berg FM. Mechanisms of T cell organotropism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3009-33. [PMID: 27038487 PMCID: PMC4951510 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity relies upon T cell differentiation and subsequent migration to target tissues. Similarly, immune homeostasis requires the localization of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the sites where immunity takes place. While naïve T lymphocytes recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue, primed T cells and activated Tregs must traffic to the antigen rich non-lymphoid tissue to exert effector and regulatory responses, respectively. Following priming in draining lymph nodes, T cells acquire the 'homing receptors' to facilitate their access to specific tissues and organs. An additional level of topographic specificity is provided by T cells receptor recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. Furthermore, co-stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response. We here review the molecular mechanisms supporting trafficking of both effector and regulatory T cells to specific antigen-rich tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Jayne Ward
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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13
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Dalessandri T, Crawford G, Hayes M, Castro Seoane R, Strid J. IL-13 from intraepithelial lymphocytes regulates tissue homeostasis and protects against carcinogenesis in the skin. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12080. [PMID: 27357235 PMCID: PMC4931319 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is under constant renewal and exposure to environmental challenges. How homeostasis is maintained alongside protective mechanisms against damage is unclear. Among the basal epithelial cells (ECs) is a population of resident intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) that provide host-protective immune surveillance. Here we show that IELs cross-communicate with ECs via the production of IL-13. Skin ECs are activated by IEL-derived IL-13, enabling a canonical EC stress response. In the absence of IL-13, or canonical IEL, the skin has decreased ability to repair its barrier and increased susceptibility to cutaneous carcinogenesis. IL-13 controls the rate of EC movement through the epidermis, which might explain the importance of IL-13 for epidermal integrity and its suppressive effect on skin carcinogenesis. These findings show that IL-13 acts as a molecular bridge between IELs and ECs, and reveal a critical host-defensive role for type-2 immunity in regulating EC tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Dalessandri
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Greg Crawford
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mark Hayes
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Rocio Castro Seoane
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Jessica Strid
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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14
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The role of barrier genes in epidermal malignancy. Oncogene 2016; 35:5705-5712. [PMID: 27041586 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The outermost layer of the mammalian skin, the epidermis, forms a protective barrier against pathogenic microbes and tissue dehydration. This barrier is formed and maintained by complex genetic networks that connect cellular differentiation processes, enzymatic activities and cellular junctions. Disruption in these networks affects the balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation resulting in barrier function impairment, epidermal hyperproliferation and in some cases, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Recent studies in wound-induced inflammation-mediated cancers in mice have identified dysregulation of core barrier components as tumor drivers. We therefore propose a hypothesis in which loss of key barrier genes, induce barrier dysfunction, and promote inflammation-driven epidermal hyperplasia and carcinogenesis over time. This emerging vision suggests that under specific genetic circumstances, localized barrier impairment could be considered as a hallmark of initiating lesions in epidermal SCC.
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Sulcova J, Maddaluno L, Meyer M, Werner S. Accumulation and activation of epidermal γδ T cells in a mouse model of chronic dermatitis is not required for the inflammatory phenotype. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2517-28. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Sulcova
- Department of Biology; Institute of Molecular Health Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Luigi Maddaluno
- Department of Biology; Institute of Molecular Health Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Michael Meyer
- Department of Biology; Institute of Molecular Health Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology; Institute of Molecular Health Sciences; ETH Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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16
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17
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Dalessandri T, Strid J. Beneficial autoimmunity at body surfaces - immune surveillance and rapid type 2 immunity regulate tissue homeostasis and cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:347. [PMID: 25101088 PMCID: PMC4105846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells (ECs) line body surface tissues and provide a physicochemical barrier to the external environment. Frequent microbial and non-microbial challenges such as those imposed by mechanical disruption, injury or exposure to noxious environmental substances including chemicals, carcinogens, ultraviolet-irradiation, or toxins cause activation of ECs with release of cytokines and chemokines as well as alterations in the expression of cell-surface ligands. Such display of epithelial stress is rapidly sensed by tissue-resident immunocytes, which can directly interact with self-moieties on ECs and initiate both local and systemic immune responses. ECs are thus key drivers of immune surveillance at body surface tissues. However, ECs have a propensity to drive type 2 immunity (rather than type 1) upon non-invasive challenge or stress – a type of immunity whose regulation and function still remain enigmatic. Here, we review the induction and possible role of type 2 immunity in epithelial tissues and propose that rapid immune surveillance and type 2 immunity are key regulators of tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Dalessandri
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Jessica Strid
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London , London , UK
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18
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Strbo N, Yin N, Stojadinovic O. Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Wound Epithelialization. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2014; 3:492-501. [PMID: 25032069 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2012.0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: Over the years, it has become clear that, in addition to performing their regular duties in immune defense, the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system are important regulators of the complex series of events that lead to wound healing. Immune cells modulate wound healing by promoting cellular cross-talk; they secrete signaling molecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. In line with the major effort in wound healing research to find efficient therapeutic agents for the constantly increasing number of patients with chronic wounds, findings regarding the contributions of innate and adaptive immune responses to the re-epithelialization of damaged skin may bring novel therapeutics. Recent Advances: Increasing evidence suggests that induction of the adaptive immune response requires activation of innate immunity and that there is a dependent relationship between the two systems. Consequently, the bridge between the innate and the acquired immune systems has become an area of emerging exploration. It is clear that a better understanding of the epithelial cells (keratinocytes), immune cells, and mechanisms that contribute to an effective wound healing process is necessary so that new strategies for successful wounds treatment can be devised. Critical Issues: A greater understanding of the biology of skin innate and adaptive immune cells during wound epithelialization may have an impact on development of novel strategies for significant improvements in the quality of tissue repair. Future Directions: Future studies should clarify the importance of particular molecules and mechanisms utilized for development and functions of skin-resident γδT and Langerhans cells, as well as identify therapeutic targets for manipulation of these cells to combat epithelial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Strbo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Natalie Yin
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery; Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Olivera Stojadinovic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery; Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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19
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Lahl K, Sweere J, Pan J, Butcher E. Orphan chemoattractant receptor GPR15 mediates dendritic epidermal T-cell recruitment to the skin. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2577-81. [PMID: 24838826 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Homing of murine dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs) from the thymus to the skin is regulated by specific trafficking receptors during late embryogenesis. Once in the epidermis, Vγ3δ1 TCR DETCs are maintained through self-renewal and participate in wound healing. GPR15 is an orphan G protein-linked chemoattractant receptor involved in the recruitment of regulatory T cells to the colon. Here we show that GPR15 is highly expressed on fetal thymic DETC precursors and on recently recruited DETCs, and mediates the earliest seeding of the epidermis, which occurs at the time of establishment of skin barrier function. DETCs in GPR15(-/-) mice remain low at birth, but later participation of CCR10 and CCR4 in DETC homing allows DETCs to reach near normal levels in adult skin. Our findings establish a role for GPR15 in skin lymphocyte homing and suggest that it may contribute to lymphocyte subset targeting to diverse epithelial sites.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, CCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CCR4/immunology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/immunology
- Skin/cytology
- Skin/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Lahl
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; The Center for Molecular Biology and Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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20
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Di Meglio P, Duarte JH, Ahlfors H, Owens NDL, Li Y, Villanova F, Tosi I, Hirota K, Nestle FO, Mrowietz U, Gilchrist MJ, Stockinger B. Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor dampens the severity of inflammatory skin conditions. Immunity 2014; 40:989-1001. [PMID: 24909886 PMCID: PMC4067745 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stimuli are known to contribute to psoriasis pathogenesis and that of other autoimmune diseases, but the mechanisms are largely unknown. Here we show that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a transcription factor that senses environmental stimuli, modulates pathology in psoriasis. AhR-activating ligands reduced inflammation in the lesional skin of psoriasis patients, whereas AhR antagonists increased inflammation. Similarly, AhR signaling via the endogenous ligand FICZ reduced the inflammatory response in the imiquimod-induced model of skin inflammation and AhR-deficient mice exhibited a substantial exacerbation of the disease, compared to AhR-sufficient controls. Nonhematopoietic cells, in particular keratinocytes, were responsible for this hyperinflammatory response, which involved upregulation of AP-1 family members of transcription factors. Thus, our data suggest a critical role for AhR in the regulation of inflammatory responses and open the possibility for novel therapeutic strategies in chronic inflammatory disorders. Physiological AhR signals reduce psoriasis gene expression in patient biopsies Blocking AhR signals exacerbates psoriasis gene expression in patient biopsies AhR-deficient mice show exacerbated skin inflammation in imiquimod model Absence of AhR on mouse or human keratinocytes causes excessive inflammation
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Meglio
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - João H Duarte
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Helena Ahlfors
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Nick D L Owens
- Division of Systems Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Ying Li
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Federica Villanova
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Isabella Tosi
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Keiji Hirota
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Frank O Nestle
- St. John's Institute of Dermatology, King's College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Ulrich Mrowietz
- Psoriasis Center, Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael J Gilchrist
- Division of Systems Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Brigitta Stockinger
- Division of Molecular Immunology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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21
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Bertolini M, Meyer KC, Slominski R, Kobayashi K, Ludwig RJ, Paus R. The immune system of mouse vibrissae follicles: cellular composition and indications of immune privilege. Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:593-8. [PMID: 23947674 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Although vibrissae hair follicles (VHFs) have long been a key research model in the life sciences, their immune system (IS) is essentially unknown. Therefore, we have characterized basic parameters of the VHF-IS of C57BL/6J mice by quantitative (immuno-)histomorphometry. Murine anagen VHF harbour few CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the distal mesenchyme and sinuses but hardly any gamma-delta T cells in their distal epithelium. MHC class II+ Langerhans cells are seeded in the VHF infundibulum, which is also surrounded by MHC class II+ and CD11b+ cells (macrophages). The number of Langerhans cells then declines sharply in the VHF bulge, and the VHF bulb lacks MHC class II+ cells. Mast cells densely populate the VHF connective tissue sheath, where they strikingly cluster around the bulge. Both the bulge and the bulb of VHF display signs of immune privilege, that is, low MHC class I and MHC class II expression and local immunoinhibitor expression (CD200, TGFβ1). This immunophenotyping study fills an important gap in the immunobiology of murine skin and identifies differences between the IS of VHF, mouse pelage and human terminal HFs. This facilitates utilizing murine VHF as a versatile organ culture model for general immunology and immune privilege research in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bertolini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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22
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Toward understanding the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the immune system: current progress and future trends. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:520763. [PMID: 24527450 PMCID: PMC3914515 DOI: 10.1155/2014/520763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is regulated by distinct signaling pathways that control the development and function of the immune cells. Accumulating evidence suggest that ligation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr), an environmentally responsive transcription factor, results in multiple cross talks that are capable of modulating these pathways and their downstream responsive genes. Most of the immune cells respond to such modulation, and many inflammatory response-related genes contain multiple xenobiotic-responsive elements (XREs) boxes upstream. Active research efforts have investigated the physiological role of Ahr in inflammation and autoimmunity using different animal models. Recently formed paradigm has shown that activation of Ahr by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) prompts the differentiation of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and inhibits T helper (Th)-17 suggesting that Ahr is an innovative therapeutic strategy for autoimmune inflammation. These promising findings generate a basis for future clinical practices in humans. This review addresses the current knowledge on the role of Ahr in different immune cell compartments, with a particular focus on inflammation and autoimmunity.
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23
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MacLeod AS, Hemmers S, Garijo O, Chabod M, Mowen K, Witherden DA, Havran WL. Dendritic epidermal T cells regulate skin antimicrobial barrier function. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4364-74. [PMID: 24051381 DOI: 10.1172/jci70064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermis, the outer layer of the skin, forms a physical and antimicrobial shield to protect the body from environmental threats. Skin injury severely compromises the epidermal barrier and requires immediate repair. Dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) reside in the murine epidermis where they sense skin injury and serve as regulators and orchestrators of immune responses. Here, we determined that TCR stimulation and skin injury induces IL-17A production by a subset of DETC. This subset of IL-17A-producing DETC was distinct from IFN-γ producers, despite similar surface marker profiles. Functionally, blocking IL-17A or genetic deletion of IL-17A resulted in delayed wound closure in animals. Skin organ cultures from Tcrd-/-, which lack DETC, and Il17a-/- mice both exhibited wound-healing defects. Wound healing was fully restored by the addition of WT DETC, but only partially restored by IL-17A-deficient DETC, demonstrating the importance of IL-17A to wound healing. Following skin injury, DETC-derived IL-17A induced expression of multiple host-defense molecules in epidermal keratinocytes to promote healing. Together, these data provide a mechanistic link between IL-17A production by DETC, host-defense, and wound-healing responses in the skin. These findings establish a critical and unique role of IL-17A-producing DETC in epidermal barrier function and wound healing.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Defensins/metabolism
- Epidermal Cells
- Epidermis/immunology
- Epidermis/physiology
- Immunity, Innate
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/physiology
- Langerhans Cells/immunology
- Langerhans Cells/metabolism
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Skin/cytology
- Skin/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tissue Culture Techniques
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
- Wound Healing
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24
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NKG2D triggers cytotoxicity in murine epidermal γδ T cells via PI3K-dependent, Syk/ZAP70-independent signaling pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:396-404. [PMID: 23962808 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Murine epidermal γδ T cells, known as dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), survey tissue stress through the invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) and non-clonotypic receptors such as NKG2D. NKG2D signaling via the DAP10-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway directly stimulates cytotoxicity in natural killer (NK) cells and costimulates CD8(+) T cells to augment TCR signals. In activated murine NK cells, NKG2D signals also via the DAP12-Syk/ZAP70 pathway that triggers both cytotoxicity and cytokine production. It remains controversial whether NKG2D on DETCs is a primary activating receptor or functions only as a costimulatory receptor, and signaling pathways initiated by NKG2D ligation in DETCs have not been analyzed. We show that stimulation of short-term DETC lines with recombinant NKG2D ligands triggers degranulation (exocytosis of cytotoxic granules) via the PI3K-dependent signaling pathway, but does not induce cytokine production or Syk/ZAP70 activation. Coengagement of TCR or Syk/ZAP70 signaling was not crucial for DETC-mediated killing of NKG2D ligand-expressing target cells. Thus, NKG2D can function as a coactivating stress receptor that directly triggers cytotoxicity in DETCs, at least after priming, via the PI3K-dependent, Syk/ZAP70-independent signaling pathway.
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25
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Esser C, Bargen I, Weighardt H, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Krutmann J. Functions of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the skin. Semin Immunopathol 2013; 35:677-91. [PMID: 23949496 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-013-0394-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among other functions, the skin serves as the barrier against the environment and provides vital protection from physical or chemical harm and from infection. Skin cells express the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor and sensor of environmental chemicals; at the same time, AHR ligands are abundant in skin from exogenous or endogenous sources. For example, solar radiation, in particular ultraviolet (UV) B, generates AHR ligands from tryptophan in the skin. Recent evidence has shown that AHR is involved in the (patho)physiology of skin including the regulation of skin pigmentation, photocarcinogenesis, and skin inflammation. We here provide a state-of-the-art summary of work which relates to the role of the AHR in (1) adaptive responses against environmental challenges such as UVB or topical chemicals and (2) intrinsic developmental roles for homeostasis of skin cells and (3) skin immunity. We also discuss the existing evidence that AHR antagonists or AHR ligands may be used for the prevention and/or treatment of skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz-Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (IUF), Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225, Dusseldorf, Germany,
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26
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27
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Komori HK, Witherden DA, Kelly R, Sendaydiego K, Jameson JM, Teyton L, Havran WL. Cutting edge: dendritic epidermal γδ T cell ligands are rapidly and locally expressed by keratinocytes following cutaneous wounding. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2972-6. [PMID: 22393149 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
TCR-specific activation is pivotal to dendritic epidermal T cell (DETC) function during cutaneous wound repair. However, DETC TCR ligands are uncharacterized, and little is known about their expression patterns and kinetics. Using soluble DETC TCR tetramers, we demonstrate that DETC TCR ligands are not constitutively expressed in healthy tissue but are rapidly upregulated following wounding on keratinocytes bordering wound edges. Ligand expression is tightly regulated, with downmodulation following DETC activation. Early inhibition of TCR-ligand interactions using DETC TCR tetramers delays wound repair in vivo, highlighting DETC as rapid responders to injury. To our knowledge, this is the first visualization of DETC TCR ligand expression, which provides novel information about how ligand expression impacts early stages of DETC activation and wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kiyomi Komori
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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28
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Esser C. Biology and function of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor: report of an international and interdisciplinary conference. Arch Toxicol 2012; 86:1323-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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29
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Chodaczek G, Papanna V, Zal MA, Zal T. Body-barrier surveillance by epidermal γδ TCRs. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:272-82. [PMID: 22327568 PMCID: PMC3288780 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The surveillance of body barriers relies on resident T cells whose repertoires are biased toward particular γδ T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) according to location. These γδ TCRs can recognize ligands that emerge after stress. Through the use of intravital dynamics-immunosignal correlative microscopy, we found that γ-chain variable region 5 (V(γ)5) TCRs expressed by epidermal T cells were constitutively clustered and functionally activated in vivo at steady state, forming true immunological synapses that polarized and anchored T cell projections at squamous keratinocyte tight junctions. This synaptogenesis depended on TCR variable domains, the kinase Lck and the integrin α(E)β(7) but not the γδ lineage or the receptor NKG2D. In response to tissue stress, TCR-proximal signals did not increase substantially but underwent stress mode-dependent relocalization toward the basal epidermis and Langerhans cells. Thus, the γδ TCR orchestrates barrier surveillance proactively, presumably by recognizing tissue ligands expressed in the steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Veena Papanna
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - M. Anna Zal
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Tomasz Zal
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
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30
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Kadow S, Jux B, Zahner SP, Wingerath B, Chmill S, Clausen BE, Hengstler J, Esser C. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor is critical for homeostasis of invariant gammadelta T cells in the murine epidermis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:3104-10. [PMID: 21844385 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An immunoregulatory role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) has been shown in conventional αβ and γδ T cells, but its function in skin γδ T cells (dendritic epidermal T cells [DETC]) is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that DETC express AhR in wild-type mice, and are specifically absent in the epidermis of AhR-deficient mice (AhR-KO). We show that DETC precursors are generated in the thymus and home to the skin. Proliferation of DETC in the skin was impaired in AhR-KO mice, resulting in a >90% loss compared with wild type. Surprisingly, DETC were not replaced by αβ T cells or conventional γδ T cells, suggesting a limited time frame for seeding this niche. We found that DETC from AhR-KO mice failed to express the receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit, a known growth factor for γδ T cells in the gut. Moreover, we found that c-kit is a direct target of AhR, and propose that AhR-dependent c-Kit expression is potentially involved in DETC homeostasis. DETC are a major source of GM-CSF in the skin. Recently, we had shown that impaired Langerhans cell maturation in AhR-KO is related to low GM-CSF levels. Our findings suggest that the DETCs are necessary for LC maturation, and provide insights into a novel role for AhR in the maintenance of skin-specific γδ T cells, and its consequences for the skin immune network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Kadow
- Molecular Immunology, Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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31
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Taylor KR, Costanzo AE, Jameson JM. Dysfunctional γδ T cells contribute to impaired keratinocyte homeostasis in mouse models of obesity. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:2409-18. [PMID: 21833015 PMCID: PMC3213272 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Skin complications and chronic non-healing wounds are common in obesity, metabolic disease and type 2 diabetes. Epidermal γδ T cells normally produce keratinocyte growth factors, participate in wound repair and are necessary for keratinocyte homeostasis. We have determined that in γδ T cell-deficient mice, there are reduced numbers of keratinocytes and the epidermis exhibits a flattened, thinner structure with fewer basal keratinocytes. This is important in obesity, where skin-resident γδ T cells are reduced and rendered dysfunctional. Similar to γδ T cell-deficient mice, keratinocytes are reduced and the epidermal structure is altered in two obese mouse models. Even in regions where γδ T cells are present, there are fewer keratinocytes in obese mice indicating that dysfunctional γδ T cells are unable to regulate keratinocyte homeostasis. The impact of absent or impaired γδ T cells on epidermal structure is exacerbated in obesity as E-cadherin localization and expression is additionally altered. These studies reveal that γδ T cells are unable to regulate keratinocyte homeostasis in obesity and that the obese environment further impairs skin structure by altering cell-cell adhesion. Together, impaired keratinocyte homeostasis and epidermal barrier function through direct and indirect mechanisms results in susceptibility to skin complications, chronic wounds and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen R Taylor
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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32
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Prinz I. Dynamics of the interaction of γδ T cells with their neighbors in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2391-8. [PMID: 21584813 PMCID: PMC11114905 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a diverse component of the immune system in humans and mice with presumably important but still largely unknown functions. Understanding the dynamic interaction of γδ T cells with their neighbors should help to understand their physiological role. This review addresses recent advances and strategies to visualize the dynamic interactions of γδ T cells with their neighbors in vivo. Current knowledge regarding the dynamic contacts of tissue resident γδ T cells and epithelial cells, but also of the communication between circulating γδ T cells and DCs, monocytes and FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells is revisited with emphasis on the role of γδ T cell motility.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Communication/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice
- Microscopy, Confocal/methods
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton/methods
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany, Prinz.
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33
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Lewis J, Filler R, Smith DA, Golubets K, Girardi M. The contribution of Langerhans cells to cutaneous malignancy. Trends Immunol 2010; 31:460-6. [PMID: 21071271 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The skin is at the forefront of environmental exposures, such as ultraviolet radiation and a myriad of chemicals, and is at risk for malignant transformation. The skin is a highly responsive immunological organ that contains a unique population of immature intraepidermal dendritic cells (DCs) called Langerhans cells (LCs). Although LCs show morphological and migratory changes in response to epidermal perturbation, and can function as antigen-presenting cells to activate T cells, their role in carcinogenesis is unknown. Here we review recent studies that have provided clues to the potential roles that LCs might play in the pathogenesis of skin cancer, beyond their stimulation or regulation of adaptive immunity. Understanding this role of LCs might provide new perspectives on the relevance of DC populations that are resident within other epithelial tissues for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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34
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Abstract
T lymphocytes bearing γ- and δ-chain T-cell receptor heterodimers are named γδ T cells. Interestingly, γδ and αβ T cells share the same progenitors, and they undergo a fate decision in the thymus. Functional differentiation of γδ T cells occurs both inside and outside the thymus. Antigen recognition of γδ T-cell receptors is very unique, and the responses frequently exhibit innate characteristics. Nevertheless, peripheral γδ T cells exert a number of effector and regulatory functions. γδ T cells rapidly produce cytokines like interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17 and promote inflammation, partly due to the inherent epigenetic and transcriptional programs, which facilitates a quick and extensive response. Moreover, γδ T cells lyse target cells directly, and this is necessary for pathogen or tumor clearance. γδ T cells can even serve as regulatory cells, and may contribute to immune suppression. Orchestration of γδ T-cell and other immune cell interactions may be critical for host defense and immune regulation. Recently, γδ T cells have been used for immunotherapy for infectious diseases and malignancy. In this review, we summarize the abstracts presented at the recent γδ T cell Conference held from 19 to 21 May 2010, in Kiel, Germany (please see the website for details: http://www.gammadelta-conference.uni-kiel.de/index.html).
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Gammadelta T cells are reduced and rendered unresponsive by hyperglycemia and chronic TNFalpha in mouse models of obesity and metabolic disease. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11422. [PMID: 20625397 PMCID: PMC2896399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells provide an initial line of defense against damage and pathogens in barrier tissues such as the skin; however this balance is disrupted in obesity and metabolic disease. Skin γδ T cells recognize epithelial damage, and release cytokines and growth factors that facilitate wound repair. We report here that hyperglycemia results in impaired skin γδ T cell proliferation due to altered STAT5 signaling, ultimately resulting in half the number of γδ T cells populating the epidermis. Skin γδ T cells that overcome this hyperglycemic state are unresponsive to epithelial cell damage due to chronic inflammatory mediators, including TNFα. Cytokine and growth factor production at the site of tissue damage was partially restored by administering neutralizing TNFα antibodies in vivo. Thus, metabolic disease negatively impacts homeostasis and functionality of skin γδ T cells, rendering host defense mechanisms vulnerable to injury and infection.
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36
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The aging immune system and its relationship to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2010; 6:573-80. [PMID: 19934352 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200904-022rm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs that usually manifests late in life. Physiologic and immunologic changes that occur in COPD often mimic changes seen in the aging lung. This has led some to characterize COPD as an "accelerated aging phenotype." At the molecular level, COPD and aging share common mechanisms and are associated with significant dysregulation of the immune systems. Aging and COPD are characterized by increases in proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, which are implicated in aging-related inflammatory diseases and correlate with degree of obstruction in COPD. There is an age-dependent decline in naïve T cells with oligoclonal expansion of CD8(+) CD28(null) T cells from chronic antigenic stimulation. The increase in CD8(+) CD28 (null) T regulatory cells inhibits antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell responses, leading to a decline in adaptive immune response. To compensate for the decline in the adaptive immune function there is a paradoxical up-regulation of innate immune system resulting in a proinflammatory state. The dysregulated adaptive immune system with activated innate immune responses seen with aging results in recruitment and retention of neutrophils, macrophages, and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the lungs of smokers with COPD. Once the inflammation is triggered, there is a self-perpetuating cascade of inflammation and lung parenchymal damage. This review will focus on how the aging immune system may contribute to COPD development later in life in susceptible individuals.
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Strid J, Tigelaar RE, Hayday AC. Skin immune surveillance by T cells--a new order? Semin Immunol 2009; 21:110-20. [PMID: 19369094 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although studies of the skin have provided fundamental models for innate and adaptive immune surveillance of body surfaces, there remains relatively little understanding of the role that epithelial cells play in sensing infection and/or organ dysfunction, and the pathways available to them to communicate with local and systemic immune cells. In particular, evidence is emerging for a novel stress response initiated by local lymphocytes, rather than dendritic cells, and based on their recognition of epithelial stress-induced antigens. Its consequences are to sustain tissue integrity by providing immunoprotection and novel modes of immunoregulation, whereas its dysregulation may promote body surface immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Strid
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London School of Medicine at Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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38
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Integrin alpha E(CD103)beta 7 influences cellular shape and motility in a ligand-dependent fashion. Blood 2008; 112:619-25. [PMID: 18492951 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-01-134833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
While the extravasation cascade of lymphocytes is well characterized, data on their intraepithelial positioning and morphology are scant. However, the latter process is presumably crucial for many immune functions. Integrin alpha(E)(CD103)beta(7) has previously been implicated in epithelial retention of some T cells through binding to E-cadherin. Our current data suggest that alpha(E)(CD103)beta(7) also determines shape and motility of some lymphocytes. Time-lapse microscopy showed that wild-type alpha(E)(CD103)beta(7) conferred the ability to form cell protrusions/filopodia and to move in an amoeboid fashion on E-cadherin, an activity that was abrogated by alpha(E)(CD103)beta(7)-directed antibodies or cytochalasin D. The alpha(E)-dependent motility was further increased (P < .001) when point-mutated alpha(E)(CD103) locked in a constitutively active conformation was expressed. Moreover, different yellow fluorescent protein-coupled alpha(E)(CD103) species demonstrated that the number and length of filopodia extended toward purified E-cadherin, cocultured keratinocytes, cryostat-cut skin sections, or epidermal sheets depended on functional alpha(E)(CD103). The in vivo relevance of these findings was demonstrated by wild-type dendritic epidermal T cells (DETCs), which showed significantly more dendrites and spanned larger epidermal areas as compared with DETCs of alpha(E)(CD103)-deficient mice (P < .001). Thus, integrin alpha(E)(CD103)beta(7) is not only involved in epithelial retention, but also in shaping and proper intraepithelial morphogenesis of some leukocytes.
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Li Z, Burns AR, Rumbaut RE, Smith CW. gamma delta T cells are necessary for platelet and neutrophil accumulation in limbal vessels and efficient epithelial repair after corneal abrasion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2007; 171:838-45. [PMID: 17675580 PMCID: PMC1959478 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2007.070008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Corneal epithelial abrasion in C57BL/6 mice induces an inflammatory response with peak accumulation of neutrophils in the corneal stroma within 12 hours. Platelets localize in the limbal vessels throughout the same time course as neutrophils and contribute to wound healing because antibody-dependent depletion of platelets retards epithelial division and wound closure. In the present study, T cells in the limbal epithelium were found to predominantly express the gammadelta T-cell receptor (TCR). Corneal abrasion in wild-type, CD11a(-/-), and P-sel(-/-) mice increased the numbers of gammadelta T cells in the limbal and peripheral corneal epithelium and in the corneal stroma adjacent to the limbal blood vessels. Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1(-/-) mice exhibited a reduction in gammadelta T-cell accumulation. TCRdelta(-/-) mice exhibited reduced inflammation and delayed epithelial wound healing as evidenced by delayed wound closure, reduced epithelial cell division, reduced neutrophil infiltration, and reduced epithelial cell density at 96 hours after wounding. TCRdelta(-/-) mice also exhibited >60% reduction in platelet localization in the limbus despite similar platelet counts and platelet function assessed with an in vivo thrombosis model. These results are consistent with the conclusion that gammadelta T cells are necessary for efficient inflammation, platelet localization in the limbus, and epithelial wound healing after corneal abrasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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40
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Hayday AC, Pennington DJ. Key factors in the organized chaos of early T cell development. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:137-44. [PMID: 17242687 DOI: 10.1038/ni1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental issue in T cell development is what controls whether a thymocyte differentiates into a gammadelta T cell or an alphabeta T cell, each defined by their distinct T cell receptor. Most likely, lessons learned in studying that issue will also provide insight into how the thymus produces T cell subsets with distinct functional and regulatory potentials. Here we review recent experiments, focusing on three factors that regulate thymocyte differentiation up to and including the expression of the first products of antigen receptor gene rearrangements. Those factors are the archetypal developmental regulator Notch, intrinsic signals emanating from antigen-receptor complexes, and trans conditioning, which reflects communication between different subsets of thymocytes. We also review new findings on the positive selection of gammadelta T cells and on extrathymic T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Hayday
- King's College School of Medicine at Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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41
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Abstract
There is a resident population of T cells found in murine skin that expresses an invariant Vgamma3Vdelta1 T-cell receptor (TCR), and these cells are significantly different from lymphoid gammadelta T cells and alphabeta T cells in terms of ontogeny, tissue tropism, and antigen receptor diversity. These dendritic epidermal T cells are derived from fetal thymic precursor cells, are in constant contact with neighboring epidermal cells, and express a monoclonal gammadeltaTCR only found in the skin. Skin gammadelta T cells have been shown to play unique roles in tissue homeostasis and during tissue repair through local secretion of distinct growth factors including keratinocyte growth factors and insulin-like growth factor-1. In this review, we discuss evidence supporting a role for cross talk between skin gammadelta T cells and keratinocytes that contributes to the maintenance of normal skin and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jameson
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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42
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Koohsari H, Tamaoka M, Campbell HR, Martin JG. The role of gamma delta T cells in airway epithelial injury and bronchial responsiveness after chlorine gas exposure in mice. Respir Res 2007; 8:21. [PMID: 17343743 PMCID: PMC1831470 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute exposure to chlorine (Cl2) gas causes epithelial injury and airway dysfunction. γδ T cells are present in the mucosal surface of the airways and may contribute to the injury/repair response of the epithelium. Methods C57Bl/6J (wild type) and TCR-δ-/- mice exposed to Cl2 (400 ppm) for 5 minutes underwent measurements of airway responses to i.v. methacholine (MCh) at 1, 3, and 5 days after exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed to determine epithelial and leukocyte counts, and protein content. Tissue repair was assessed by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactivity and by expression of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) mRNA by real-time PCR. Results Wild type mice developed a greater degree of airway hyperresponsiveness to MCh at 1 day post exposure to Cl2 compared with TCR-δ-/- mice. Epithelial cell counts in BAL after Cl2 exposure were greater in TCR-δ-/- mice, but macrophages showed a later peak and granulocyte numbers were lower in TCR-δ-/- than in wild type mice. Both groups had increased levels of total protein content in BAL after Cl2 exposure that resolved after 3 and 5 days, respectively. Epithelial proliferating cell nuclear antigen staining was increased at 1 and 3 days post exposure and was similar in the two groups. KGF mRNA was constitutively expressed in both groups and did not increase significantly after Cl2 but expression was lower in TCR-δ-/- mice. Conclusion The severity of airway epithelial injury after Cl2 is greater in TCR-δ-/- mice but the inflammatory response and the change in airway responsiveness to methacholine are reduced. The rates of epithelial regeneration are comparable in both groups.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/chemically induced
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/immunology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/pathology
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/chemistry
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/immunology
- Chlorine/toxicity
- Environmental Exposure/adverse effects
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Respiratory Mucosa/drug effects
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Koohsari
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Meiyo Tamaoka
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Holly R Campbell
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - James G Martin
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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43
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Komori HK, Meehan TF, Havran WL. Epithelial and mucosal gamma delta T cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2006; 18:534-8. [PMID: 16837181 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although they constitute a small part of the circulating lymphocyte population, gammadelta T cells are found in high abundance on mucosal and epithelial surfaces. These gammadelta T cells are activated in response to stress to the surrounding tissue and perform a number of functions depending upon the location and type of stress that has occurred. Roles elucidated recently for gammadelta T cells include modulation of epithelial homeostasis through insulin-like growth factor-1 and keratinocyte growth factor, lysis of cytomegalovirus-infected cells, and recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of tissue damage. Recent advances have provided an understanding of the development of mucosal and skin gammadelta T cells and their roles in restoring and maintaining tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kiyomi Komori
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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44
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Lewis JM, Girardi M, Roberts SJ, Barbee SD, Hayday AC, Tigelaar RE. Selection of the cutaneous intraepithelial gammadelta+ T cell repertoire by a thymic stromal determinant. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:843-50. [PMID: 16829962 DOI: 10.1038/ni1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes constitute a group of T cells that express mainly monospecific or oligoclonal T cell receptors (TCRs). Like adaptive TCR alphabeta+ T cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes, a subset enriched in TCR gammadelta+ T cells, are proposed to be positively selected by thymically expressed self agonists, yet no direct evidence for this exists at present. Mouse dendritic epidermal T cells are prototypic intraepithelial lymphocytes, displaying an almost monoclonal TCR gammadelta+ repertoire. Here we describe an FVB substrain of mice in which this repertoire was uniquely depleted, resulting in cutaneous pathology. This phenotype was due to failure of dendritic epidermal T cell progenitors to mature because of a heritable defect in a dominant gene used by the thymic stroma to 'educate' the natural, skin-associated intraepithelial lymphocyte repertoire to be of physiological use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Lewis
- Department of Dermatology and Yale Skin Disease Research Core Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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