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van de Lavoir M, da Silva KM, Iturrospe E, Robeyns R, van Nuijs ALN, Covaci A. Untargeted hair lipidomics: comprehensive evaluation of the hair-specific lipid signature and considerations for retrospective analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5589-5604. [PMID: 37468753 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipidomics investigates the composition and function of lipids, typically employing blood or tissue samples as the primary study matrices. Hair has recently emerged as a potential complementary sample type to identify biomarkers in early disease stages and retrospectively document an individual's metabolic status due to its long detection window of up to several months prior to the time of sampling. However, the limited coverage of lipid profiling presented in previous studies has hindered its exploitation. This study aimed to evaluate the lipid coverage of hair using an untargeted liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry lipidomics platform. Two distinct three-step exhaustive extraction experiments were performed using a hair metabolomics one-phase extraction technique that has been recently optimized, and the two-phase Folch extraction method which is recognized as the gold standard for lipid extraction in biological matrices. The applied lipidomics workflow improved hair lipid coverage, as only 99 species could be annotated using the one-phase extraction method, while 297 lipid species across six categories were annotated with the Folch method. Several lipids in hair were reported for the first time, including N-acyl amino acids, diradylglycerols, and coenzyme Q10. The study suggests that hair lipids are not solely derived from de novo synthesis in hair, but are also incorporated from sebum and blood, making hair a valuable matrix for clinical, forensic, and dermatological research. The improved understanding of the lipid composition and analytical considerations for retrospective analysis offers valuable insights to contextualize untargeted hair lipidomic analysis and facilitate the use of hair in translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria van de Lavoir
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Katyeny Manuela da Silva
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elias Iturrospe
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rani Robeyns
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Alexander L N van Nuijs
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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2
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Yu XQ, He CF, Tian Y. Study on hair root lipids of female androgenetic alopecia based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS results. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 37:e593-e596. [PMID: 36545929 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Yu
- Key Laboratory Cosmetics China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Cong-Fen He
- Key Laboratory Cosmetics China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Dermatology, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, Beijing, China
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3
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Alquier T, Christian-Hinman CA, Alfonso J, Færgeman NJ. From benzodiazepines to fatty acids and beyond: revisiting the role of ACBP/DBI. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:890-903. [PMID: 34565656 PMCID: PMC8785413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Four decades ago Costa and colleagues identified a small, secreted polypeptide in the brain that can displace the benzodiazepine diazepam from the GABAA receptor, and was thus termed diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI). Shortly after, an identical polypeptide was identified in liver by its ability to induce termination of fatty acid synthesis, and was named acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP). Since then, ACBP/DBI has been studied in parallel without a clear and integrated understanding of its dual roles. The first genetic loss-of-function models have revived the field, allowing targeted approaches to better understand the physiological roles of ACBP/DBI in vivo. We discuss the roles of ACBP/DBI in central and tissue-specific functions in mammals, with an emphasis on metabolism and mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Alquier
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal Diabetes Research Center, and Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Physiology, Biochemistry, and Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Catherine A Christian-Hinman
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Neuroscience Program, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Julieta Alfonso
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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4
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Yan Y, Tang J, Yuan Q, Liu L, Liu H, Huang J, Hsiang T, Zheng L. iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics Reveals ChAcb1 as a Novel Virulence Factor in Colletotrichum higginsianum. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1571-1582. [PMID: 33567906 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-21-0028-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Colletotrichum higginsianum is an important hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen that causes anthracnose disease on various cruciferous plants. Discovery of new virulence factors could lead to strategies for effectively controlling anthracnose. Acyl-CoA binding proteins (ACBPs) are mainly involved in binding and trafficking acyl-CoA esters in eukaryotic cells. However, the functions of this important class of proteins in plant fungal pathogens remain unclear. In this study, we performed an isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based quantitative proteomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between a nonpathogenic mutant ΔCh-MEL1 and the wild type. Based on iTRAQ data, DEPs in the ΔCh-MEL1 mutant were mainly associated with melanin biosynthesis, carbohydrate and energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, redox processes, and amino acid metabolism. Proteomic analysis revealed that many DEPs might be involved in growth and pathogenesis of C. higginsianum. Among them, an acyl-CoA binding protein, ChAcb1, was selected for further functional studies. Deletion of ChAcb1 caused defects in vegetative growth and conidiation. ChAcb1 is also required for response to hyperosmotic and oxidative stresses, and maintenance of cell wall integrity. Importantly, the ΔChAcb1 mutant exhibited reduced virulence, and microscopic examination revealed that it was defective in appressorial penetration and infectious growth. Furthermore, the ΔChAcb1 mutant was impaired in fatty acid and lipid metabolism. Taken together, ChAcb1 was identified as a new virulence gene in this plant pathogenic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqin Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Institute of Vegetables Research, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jintian Tang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qinfeng Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Junbin Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tom Hsiang
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lu Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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5
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Kumar A, Ghosh DK, Ranjan A. Differential Stabilities of Mefloquine-Bound Human and Plasmodium falciparum Acyl-CoA-Binding Proteins. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1883-1893. [PMID: 33521428 PMCID: PMC7841788 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Toxic effects of pharmacological drugs restrict their robust application against human diseases. Although used as a drug in the combinatorial therapy to treat malaria, the use of mefloquine is not highly recommended because of its adverse effects in humans. Mefloquine inhibits the binding of acyl-CoAs to acyl-CoA-binding proteins of Plasmodium falciparum (PfACBPs) and human (hACBP). In this study, we have used molecular dynamics simulation and other computational approaches to investigate the differences of stabilities of mefloquine-PfACBP749 and mefloquine-hACBP complexes. The stability of mefloquine in the binding cavity of PfACBP749 is less than its stability in the binding pocket of hACBP. Although the essential tyrosine residues (tyrosine-30 and tyrosine-33 of PfACBP749 and tyrosine-29 and tyrosine-32 of hACBP) mediate the initial binding of mefloquine to the proteins by π-stacking interactions, additional temporally longer interactions between mefloquine and aspartate-22 and methionine-25 of hACBP result in stronger binding of mefloquine to hACBP. The higher fluctuation of mefloquine-binding residues of PfACBP749 contributes to the instability of mefloquine in the binding cavity of the protein. On the contrary, in the mefloquine-bound state, the stability of hACBP protein is less than the stability of PfACBP749. The helix-to-coil transition of the N-terminal hydrophobic region of hACBP has a destabilizing effect upon the protein's structure. This causes the induction of aggregation properties in the hACBP in the mefloquine-bound state. Taken together, we describe the mechanistic features that affect the differential dynamic stabilities of mefloquine-bound PfACBP749 and hACBP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Computational
and Functional Genomics Group, Centre for
DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500039, India
- Graduate
Studies, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Debasish Kumar Ghosh
- Computational
and Functional Genomics Group, Centre for
DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500039, India
| | - Akash Ranjan
- Computational
and Functional Genomics Group, Centre for
DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Uppal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500039, India
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6
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Tonon MC, Vaudry H, Chuquet J, Guillebaud F, Fan J, Masmoudi-Kouki O, Vaudry D, Lanfray D, Morin F, Prevot V, Papadopoulos V, Troadec JD, Leprince J. Endozepines and their receptors: Structure, functions and pathophysiological significance. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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7
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Fraik AK, Quackenbush C, Margres MJ, Comte S, Hamilton DG, Kozakiewicz CP, Jones M, Hamede R, Hohenlohe PA, Storfer A, Kelley JL. Transcriptomics of Tasmanian Devil ( Sarcophilus Harrisii) Ear Tissue Reveals Homogeneous Gene Expression Patterns across a Heterogeneous Landscape. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E801. [PMID: 31614864 PMCID: PMC6826840 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In an era of unprecedented global change, exploring patterns of gene expression among wild populations across their geographic range is crucial for characterizing adaptive potential. RNA-sequencing studies have successfully characterized gene expression differences among populations experiencing divergent environmental conditions in a wide variety of taxa. However, few of these studies have identified transcriptomic signatures to multivariate, environmental stimuli among populations in their natural environments. Herein, we aim to identify environmental and sex-driven patterns of gene expression in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), a critically endangered species that occupies a heterogeneous environment. We performed RNA-sequencing on ear tissue biopsies from adult male and female devils from three populations at the extremes of their geographic range. There were no transcriptome-wide patterns of differential gene expression that would be suggestive of significant, environmentally-driven transcriptomic responses. The general lack of transcriptome-wide variation in gene expression levels across the devil's geographic range is consistent with previous studies that documented low levels of genetic variation in the species. However, genes previously implicated in local adaptation to abiotic environment in devils were enriched for differentially expressed genes. Additionally, three modules of co-expressed genes were significantly associated with either population of origin or sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra K Fraik
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Corey Quackenbush
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - Mark J Margres
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Sebastien Comte
- School of Natural Sciences, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
- Vertebrate Pest Research Unit, NSW Department of Primary Industries, 1447 Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia.
| | | | | | - Menna Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
| | - Rodrigo Hamede
- School of Natural Sciences, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
| | - Paul A Hohenlohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
| | - Andrew Storfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
| | - Joanna L Kelley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, ID 83844, USA.
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8
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Liu Y, Munteanu CR, Kong Z, Ran T, Sahagún-Ruiz A, He Z, Zhou C, Tan Z. Identification of coenzyme-binding proteins with machine learning algorithms. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 79:185-192. [PMID: 30851647 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The coenzyme-binding proteins play a vital role in the cellular metabolism processes, such as fatty acid biosynthesis, enzyme and gene regulation, lipid synthesis, particular vesicular traffic, and β-oxidation donation of acyl-CoA esters. Based on the theory of Star Graph Topological Indices (SGTIs) of protein primary sequences, we proposed a method to develop a first classification model for predicting protein with coenzyme-binding properties. To simulate the properties of coenzyme-binding proteins, we created a dataset containing 2897 proteins, among 456 proteins functioned as coenzyme-binding activity. The SGTIs of peptide sequence were calculated with Sequence to Star Network (S2SNet) application. We used the SGTIs as inputs to several classification techniques with a machine learning software - Weka. A Random Forest classifier based on 3 features of the embedded and non-embedded graphs was identified as the best predictive model for coenzyme-binding proteins. This model developed was with the true positive (TP) rate of 91.7%, false positive (FP) rate of 7.6%, and Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUROC) of 0.971. The prediction of new coenzyme-binding activity proteins using this model could be useful for further drug development or enzyme metabolism researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, PR China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, PR China
| | - Cristian R Munteanu
- RNASA-IMEDIR, Computer Science Faculty, University of A Coruna, A Coruña, Spain; Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex of A Coruña (CHUAC), A Coruña, 15006, Spain
| | - Zhiwei Kong
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, PR China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China
| | - Tao Ran
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, PR China; Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Alfredo Sahagún-Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Universidad 3000, Copilco Coyoacán, CP 04510, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Zhixiong He
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, PR China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, PR China.
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, PR China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, PR China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, PR China; Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, CICAPS, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, PR China
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9
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Rossiter H, Stübiger G, Gröger M, König U, Gruber F, Sukseree S, Mlitz V, Buchberger M, Oskolkova O, Bochkov V, Eckhart L, Tschachler E. Inactivation of autophagy leads to changes in sebaceous gland morphology and function. Exp Dermatol 2018; 27:1142-1151. [PMID: 30033522 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have reported recently that inactivation of the essential autophagy-related gene 7 (Atg7) in keratinocytes has little or no impact on morphology and function of the epidermal barrier in experimental animals. When these mice aged, mutant males, (Atg7 ΔKC), developed an oily coat. As the keratin 14 promoter driven cre/LoxP system inactivates floxed Atg7 in all keratin 14 (K14) expressing cells, including sebocytes, we investigated whether the oily hair phenotype was the consequence of changes in function of the skin sebaceous glands. Using an antibody to the GFP-LC3 fusion protein, autophagosomes were detected at the border of sebocyte disintegration in control but not in mutant animals, suggesting that autophagy was (a) active in normal sebaceous glands and (b) was inactivated in the mutant mice. Detailed analysis established that dorsal sebaceous glands were about twice as large in all Atg7 ΔKC mice compared to those of controls (Atg7 F/F), and their rate of sebocyte proliferation was increased. In addition, male mutant mice yielded twice as much lipid per unit hair as age-matched controls. Analysis of sebum lipids by thin layer chromatography revealed a 40% reduction in the proportion of free fatty acids (FFA) and cholesterol, and a 5-fold increase in the proportion of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). In addition, the most common diester wax species (58-60 carbon atoms) were increased, while shorter species (54-55 carbon atoms) were under-represented in mutant sebum. Our data show that autophagy contributes to sebaceous gland function and to the control of sebum composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidemarie Rossiter
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiolgy of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Stübiger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion Gröger
- Core Facility Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich König
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiolgy of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Gruber
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiolgy of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Supawadee Sukseree
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiolgy of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Mlitz
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiolgy of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Buchberger
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiolgy of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Olga Oskolkova
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Valery Bochkov
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiolgy of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erwin Tschachler
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiolgy of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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10
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Ehrmann C, Schneider MR. Genetically modified laboratory mice with sebaceous glands abnormalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4623-4642. [PMID: 27457558 PMCID: PMC11108334 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SG) are exocrine glands that release their product by holocrine secretion, meaning that the whole cell becomes a secretion following disruption of the membrane. SG may be found in association with a hair follicle, forming the pilosebaceous unit, or as modified SG at different body sites such as the eyelids (Meibomian glands) or the preputial glands. Depending on their location, SG fulfill a number of functions, including protection of the skin and fur, thermoregulation, formation of the tear lipid film, and pheromone-based communication. Accordingly, SG abnormalities are associated with several diseases such as acne, cicatricial alopecia, and dry eye disease. An increasing number of genetically modified laboratory mouse lines develop SG abnormalities, and their study may provide important clues regarding the molecular pathways regulating SG development, physiology, and pathology. Here, we summarize in tabulated form the available mouse lines with SG abnormalities and, focusing on selected examples, discuss the insights they provide into SG biology and pathology. We hope this survey will become a helpful information source for researchers with a primary interest in SG but also as for researchers from unrelated fields that are unexpectedly confronted with a SG phenotype in newly generated mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ehrmann
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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11
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Selvaraj V, Tu LN. Current status and future perspectives: TSPO in steroid neuroendocrinology. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:R1-R30. [PMID: 27422254 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), has received significant attention both as a diagnostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target for different neuronal disease pathologies. Recently, its functional basis believed to be mediating mitochondrial cholesterol import for steroid hormone production has been refuted by studies examining both in vivo and in vitro genetic Tspo-deficient models. As a result, there now exists a fundamental gap in the understanding of TSPO function in the nervous system, and its putative pharmacology in neurosteroid production. In this review, we discuss several recent findings in steroidogenic cells that are in direct contradiction to previous studies, and necessitate a re-examination of the purported role for TSPO in de novo neurosteroid biosynthesis. We critically examine the pharmacological effects of different TSPO-binding drugs with particular focus on studies that measure neurosteroid levels. We highlight the basis of key misconceptions regarding TSPO that continue to pervade the literature, and the need for interpretation with caution to avoid negative impacts. We also summarize the emerging perspectives that point to new directions that need to be investigated for understanding the molecular function of TSPO, only after which the true potential of this therapeutic target in medicine may be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal ScienceCornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lan N Tu
- Department of Animal ScienceCornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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12
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Plant acyl-CoA-binding proteins: An emerging family involved in plant development and stress responses. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 63:165-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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13
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Tu LN, Zhao AH, Hussein M, Stocco DM, Selvaraj V. Translocator Protein (TSPO) Affects Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation in Steroidogenic Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1110-21. [PMID: 26741196 PMCID: PMC4769361 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO), also known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is a highly conserved outer mitochondrial membrane protein present in specific subpopulations of cells within different tissues. In recent studies, the presumptive model depicting mammalian TSPO as a critical cholesterol transporter for steroidogenesis has been refuted by studies examining effects of Tspo gene deletion in vivo and in vitro, biochemical testing of TSPO cholesterol transport function, and specificity of TSPO-mediated pharmacological responses. Nevertheless, high TSPO expression in steroid-producing cells seemed to indicate an alternate function for this protein in steroidogenic mitochondria. To seek an explanation, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TSPO knockout steroidogenic MA-10 Leydig cell (MA-10:TspoΔ/Δ) clones to examine changes to core mitochondrial functions resulting from TSPO deficiency. We observed that 1) MA-10:TspoΔ/Δ cells had a shift in substrate utilization for energy production from glucose to fatty acids with significantly higher mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and increased reactive oxygen species production; and 2) oxygen consumption rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, and proton leak were not different between MA-10:TspoΔ/Δ and MA-10:Tspo+/+ control cells. Consistent with this finding, TSPO-deficient adrenal glands from global TSPO knockout (Tspo(-/-)) mice also showed up-regulation of genes involved in FAO compared with the TSPO floxed (Tspo(fl/fl)) controls. These results demonstrate the first experimental evidence that TSPO can affect mitochondrial energy homeostasis through modulation of FAO, a function that appears to be consistent with high levels of TSPO expression observed in cell types active in lipid storage/metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan N Tu
- Department of Animal Science (L.N.T., A.H.Z., M.H., V.S.), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Amy H Zhao
- Department of Animal Science (L.N.T., A.H.Z., M.H., V.S.), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Mahmoud Hussein
- Department of Animal Science (L.N.T., A.H.Z., M.H., V.S.), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Douglas M Stocco
- Department of Animal Science (L.N.T., A.H.Z., M.H., V.S.), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
| | - Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science (L.N.T., A.H.Z., M.H., V.S.), College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry (D.M.S.), School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
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14
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Yao Y, Ouyang C, Jiang L, Liu X, Hao Q, Zhao G, Zeng B. Specificity of acyl-CoA binding protein to acyl-CoAs: influence on the lipid metabolism in Aspergillus oryzae. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) is involved in lipid metabolism and regulation of gene expression in eukaryotic cells, however, the specific functional roles of this important class of proteins remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Changsheng Ouyang
- Department of the Second Cardiology
- People's Hospital of Jiangxi Province
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Lu Jiang
- College of Life Science (Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University)
- Nanchang 330013
- China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science (Tianjin University of Science & Technology)
- Tianjin 300457
- China
| | - Qing Hao
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science (Tianjin University of Science & Technology)
- Tianjin 300457
- China
| | - Guozhong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
- China
| | - Bin Zeng
- College of Life Science (Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University)
- Nanchang 330013
- China
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15
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Hao Q, Liu X, Zhao G, Jiang L, Li M, Zeng B. Recombinant expression, purification, and characterization of an acyl-CoA binding protein from Aspergillus oryzae. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 38:519-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-2003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Abstract
A gene family encoding six members of acyl-CoA-binding proteins (ACBP) exists in Arabidopsis and they are designated as AtACBP1-AtACBP6. They have been observed to play pivotal roles in plant lipid metabolism, consistent to the abilities of recombinant AtACBP in binding different medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters in vitro. While AtACBP1 and AtACBP2 are membrane-associated proteins with ankyrin repeats and AtACBP3 contains a signaling peptide for targeting to the apoplast, AtACBP4, AtACBP5 and AtACBP6 represent the cytosolic forms in the AtACBP family. They were verified to be subcellularly localized in the cytosol using diverse experimental methods, including cell fractionation followed by western blot analysis, immunoelectron microscopy and confocal laser-scanning microscopy using autofluorescence-tagged fusions. AtACBP4 (73.2 kDa) and AtACBP5 (70.1 kDa) are the largest, while AtACBP6 (10.4 kDa) is the smallest. Their binding affinities to oleoyl-CoA esters suggested that they can potentially transfer oleoyl-CoA esters from the plastids to the endoplasmic reticulum, facilitating the subsequent biosynthesis of non-plastidial membrane lipids in Arabidopsis. Recent studies on ACBP, extended from a dicot (Arabidopsis) to a monocot, revealed that six ACBP are also encoded in rice (Oryza sativa). Interestingly, three small rice ACBP (OsACBP1, OsACBP2 and OsACBP3) are present in the cytosol in comparison to one (AtACBP6) in Arabidopsis. In this review, the combinatory and distinct roles of the cytosolic AtACBP are discussed, including their functions in pollen and seed development, light-dependent regulation and substrate affinities to acyl-CoA esters.
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Secreted Acb1 Contributes to the Yeast-to-Hypha Transition in Cryptococcus neoformans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:1069-1079. [PMID: 26637591 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03691-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptation to stress by eukaryotic pathogens is often accompanied by a transition in cellular morphology. The human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is known to switch between the yeast and the filamentous form in response to amoebic predation or during mating. As in the classic dimorphic fungal pathogens, the morphotype is associated with the ability of cryptococci to infect various hosts. Many cryptococcal factors and environmental stimuli, including pheromones (small peptides) and nutrient limitation, are known to induce the yeast-to-hypha transition. We recently discovered that secreted matricellular proteins could also act as intercellular signals to promote the yeast-to-hypha transition. Here we show that the secreted acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA)-binding protein Acb1 plays an important role in enhancing this morphotype transition. Acb1 does not possess a signal peptide. Its extracellular secretion and, consequently, its function in filamentation are dependent on an unconventional GRASP (Golgi reassembly stacking protein)-dependent secretion pathway. Surprisingly, intracellular recruitment of Acb1 to the secretory vesicles is independent of Grasp. In addition to Acb1, Grasp possibly controls the secretion of other cargos, because the graspΔ mutant, but not the acb1Δ mutant, is defective in capsule production and macrophage phagocytosis. Nonetheless, Acb1 is likely the major or the sole effector of Grasp in terms of filamentation. Furthermore, we found that the key residue of Acb1 for acyl binding, Y80, is critical for the proper subcellular localization and secretion of Acb1 and for cryptococcal morphogenesis.
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Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO; 18k Da) is an evolutionarily conserved outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) protein highly expressed in steroid-synthesizing cells and found to possess a number of physiological and drug-binding partners. Extensive pharmacological, biochemical and cell biological research over the years has led to a model of TSPO involvement in mitochondrial cholesterol transport and promotion of steroid synthesis, a model guiding the design of drugs useful in stimulating neurosteroid synthesis and alleviating psychopathological symptoms. The involvement of TSPO in these processes has been called into question; however, with the publication of TSPO-deletion mouse models which saw no changes in steroid production. Here, we review work characterizing TSPO in steroidogenesis and offer perspective to research into TSPO pharmacology and its involvement in steroid biosynthesis.
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Neess D, Bek S, Engelsby H, Gallego SF, Færgeman NJ. Long-chain acyl-CoA esters in metabolism and signaling: Role of acyl-CoA binding proteins. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 59:1-25. [PMID: 25898985 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acyl-CoA esters are key intermediates in numerous lipid metabolic pathways, and recognized as important cellular signaling molecules. The intracellular flux and regulatory properties of acyl-CoA esters have been proposed to be coordinated by acyl-CoA-binding domain containing proteins (ACBDs). The ACBDs, which comprise a highly conserved multigene family of intracellular lipid-binding proteins, are found in all eukaryotes and ubiquitously expressed in all metazoan tissues, with distinct expression patterns for individual ACBDs. The ACBDs are involved in numerous intracellular processes including fatty acid-, glycerolipid- and glycerophospholipid biosynthesis, β-oxidation, cellular differentiation and proliferation as well as in the regulation of numerous enzyme activities. Little is known about the specific roles of the ACBDs in the regulation of these processes, however, recent studies have gained further insights into their in vivo functions and provided further evidence for ACBD-specific functions in cellular signaling and lipid metabolic pathways. This review summarizes the structural and functional properties of the various ACBDs, with special emphasis on the function of ACBD1, commonly known as ACBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Neess
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Signe Bek
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Hanne Engelsby
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sandra F Gallego
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Nils J Færgeman
- Villum Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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Selvaraj V, Stocco DM, Tu LN. Minireview: translocator protein (TSPO) and steroidogenesis: a reappraisal. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:490-501. [PMID: 25730708 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), also known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is a transmembrane protein in the outer mitochondrial membrane. TSPO has long been described as being indispensable for mitochondrial cholesterol import that is essential for steroid hormone production. In contrast to this initial proposition, recent experiments reexamining TSPO function have demonstrated that it is not involved in steroidogenesis. This fundamental change has forced a reexamination of the functional interpretations made for TSPO that broadly impacts both basic and clinical research across multiple fields. In this minireview, we recapitulate the key studies from 25 years of TSPO research and concurrently examine their limitations that perhaps led towards the incorrect association of TSPO and steroid hormone production. Although this shift in understanding raises new questions regarding the molecular function of TSPO, these recent developments are poised to have a significant positive impact for research progress in steroid endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science (V.S., L.N.T.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853; and Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry (D.M.S.), Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430
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21
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Ceramide synthase 4 deficiency in mice causes lipid alterations in sebum and results in alopecia. Biochem J 2014; 461:147-58. [PMID: 24738593 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Five ceramide synthases (CerS2-CerS6) are expressed in mouse skin. Although CerS3 has been shown to fulfill an essential function during skin development, neither CerS6- nor CerS2-deficient mice show an obvious skin phenotype. In order to study the role of CerS4, we generated CerS4-deficient mice (Cers4-/-) and CerS4-specific antibodies. With these biological tools we analysed the tissue distribution and determined the cell-type specific expression of CerS4 in suprabasal epidermal layers of footpads as well as in sebaceous glands of the dorsal skin. Loss of CerS4 protein leads to an altered lipid composition of the sebum, which is more solidified and therefore might cause progressive hair loss due to physical blocking of the hair canal. We also noticed a strong decrease in C20 1,2-alkane diols consistent with the decrease of wax diesters in the sebum of Cers4-/- mice. Cers4-/- mice at 12 months old display additional epidermal tissue destruction due to dilated and obstructed pilary canals. Mass spectrometric analyses additionally show a strong decrease in C20-containing sphingolipids.
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22
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Finn R, Evans CC, Lee L. Strain-dependent brain defects in mouse models of primary ciliary dyskinesia with mutations in Pcdp1 and Spef2. Neuroscience 2014; 277:552-67. [PMID: 25073043 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is caused by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the cerebral ventricular system which results in an enlargement of the cranium due to increased intraventricular pressure. The increase in pressure within the brain typically results in sloughing of ciliated ependymal cells, loss of cortical gray matter, and increased gliosis. Congenital hydrocephalus is associated with several syndromes including primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a rare, genetically heterogeneous, pediatric syndrome that results from defects in motile cilia and flagella. We have examined the morphological and physiological defects in the brains of two mouse models of PCD, nm1054 and bgh, which have mutations in Pcdp1 (also known as Cfap221) and Spef2, respectively. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of mice with these mutations on the C57BL/6J and 129S6/SvEvTac genetic backgrounds demonstrate strain-dependent morphological brain damage. Alterations in astrocytosis, microglial activation, myelination, and the neuronal population were identified and are generally more severe on the C57BL/6J background. Analysis of ependymal ciliary clearance ex vivo and CSF flow in vivo demonstrate a physiological defect in nm1054 and bgh mice on both genetic backgrounds, indicating that abnormal cilia-driven flow is not the sole determinant of the severity of hydrocephalus in these models. These results suggest that genetic modifiers play an important role in susceptibility to severe PCD-associated hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Finn
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
| | - C C Evans
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA.
| | - L Lee
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Research, 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA.
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23
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Bloksgaard M, Neess D, Færgeman NJ, Mandrup S. Acyl-CoA binding protein and epidermal barrier function. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:369-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Christian CA, Herbert AG, Holt RL, Peng K, Sherwood KD, Pangratz-Fuehrer S, Rudolph U, Huguenard JR. Endogenous positive allosteric modulation of GABA(A) receptors by diazepam binding inhibitor. Neuron 2013; 78:1063-74. [PMID: 23727119 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZs) allosterically modulate γ-aminobutyric acid type-A receptors (GABAARs) to increase inhibitory synaptic strength. Diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) protein is a BZ site ligand expressed endogenously in the brain, but functional evidence for BZ-mimicking positive modulatory actions has been elusive. We demonstrate an endogenous potentiation of GABAergic synaptic transmission and responses to GABA uncaging in the thalamic reticular nucleus (nRT) that is absent in both nm1054 mice, in which the Dbi gene is deleted, and mice in which BZ binding to α3 subunit-containing GABAARs is disrupted. Viral transduction of DBI into nRT is sufficient to rescue the endogenous potentiation of GABAergic transmission in nm1054 mice. Both mutations enhance thalamocortical spike-and-wave discharges characteristic of absence epilepsy. Together, these results indicate that DBI mediates endogenous nucleus-specific BZ-mimicking ("endozepine") roles to modulate nRT function and suppress thalamocortical oscillations. Enhanced DBI signaling might serve as a therapy for epilepsy and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Christian
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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25
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Sejersen H, Sørensen MT, Larsen T, Bendixen E, Ingvartsen KL. Liver protein expression in young pigs in response to a high-fat diet and diet restriction1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:147-58. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Sejersen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Tjele, Denmark
| | - M. T. Sørensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Tjele, Denmark
| | - T. Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Tjele, Denmark
| | - E. Bendixen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Tjele, Denmark
| | - K. L. Ingvartsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU Foulum, Tjele, Denmark
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26
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Lin MH, Hsu FF, Miner JH. Requirement of fatty acid transport protein 4 for development, maturation, and function of sebaceous glands in a mouse model of ichthyosis prematurity syndrome. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3964-76. [PMID: 23271751 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.416990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) is one of a family of six transmembrane proteins that facilitate long- and very long-chain fatty acid uptake. FATP4 is expressed in several tissues, including skin. Mutations in human SLC27A4, which encodes FATP4, cause ichthyosis prematurity syndrome, characterized by a thick desquamating epidermis and premature birth. Mice lacking FATP4, which genetically model the human disease, are born with tight, thick skin and a defective skin barrier; they die neonatally due to dehydration and restricted movements. Both the skin phenotype and the lethality are rescued by transgene expression of FATP4 in suprabasal keratinocytes. Sebaceous glands in Fatp4 null skin grafted onto nude mice were found to be dystrophic and enwrapped by thick layers of epithelial cells. Consistent with these results, transgene-rescued Fatp4 null mice showed a subnormal level of FATP4 expression in sebocytes and exhibited abnormal development of both sebaceous glands and meibomian glands, specialized sebaceous glands of the eyelids. Sebum from these mice contained a reduced level of type II diester wax, a major mouse sebum lipid species, and showed perturbations in mass spectrometric profiles of diester wax and cholesteryl ester species. In addition, these mice showed an impaired ability to repel water and regulate body temperature after water immersion. Taken together, our results suggest that FATP4 plays crucial roles in the development and maturation of both sebaceous and meibomian glands, as well as in the formation and composition of sebum, likely by regulating the trafficking of fatty acids necessary for proper synthesis of sebum lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meei-Hua Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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27
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Bloksgaard M, Bek S, Marcher AB, Neess D, Brewer J, Hannibal-Bach HK, Helledie T, Fenger C, Due M, Berzina Z, Neubert R, Chemnitz J, Finsen B, Clemmensen A, Wilbertz J, Saxtorph H, Knudsen J, Bagatolli L, Mandrup S. The acyl-CoA binding protein is required for normal epidermal barrier function in mice. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2162-2174. [PMID: 22829653 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m029553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) is a 10 kDa intracellular protein expressed in all eukaryotic species. Mice with targeted disruption of Acbp (ACBP(-/-) mice) are viable and fertile but present a visible skin and fur phenotype characterized by greasy fur and development of alopecia and scaling with age. Morphology and development of skin and appendages are normal in ACBP(-/-) mice; however, the stratum corneum display altered biophysical properties with reduced proton activity and decreased water content. Mass spectrometry analyses of lipids from epidermis and stratum corneum of ACBP(+/+) and ACBP(-/-) mice showed very similar composition, except for a significant and specific decrease in the very long chain free fatty acids (VLC-FFA) in stratum corneum of ACBP(-/-) mice. This finding indicates that ACBP is critically involved in the processes that lead to production of stratum corneum VLC-FFAs via complex phospholipids in the lamellar bodies. Importantly, we show that ACBP(-/-) mice display a ∼50% increased transepidermal water loss compared with ACBP(+/+) mice. Furthermore, skin and fur sebum monoalkyl diacylglycerol (MADAG) levels are significantly increased, suggesting that ACBP limits MADAG synthesis in sebaceous glands. In summary, our study shows that ACBP is required for production of VLC-FFA for stratum corneum and for maintaining normal epidermal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bloksgaard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark; MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Signe Bek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Ann-Britt Marcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Ditte Neess
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonathan Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark; MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Torben Helledie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Christina Fenger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Marianne Due
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Zane Berzina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Reinhard Neubert
- Institut für Pharmazie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - John Chemnitz
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Bente Finsen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Clemmensen
- Department of Dermatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; and
| | - Johannes Wilbertz
- Department of Dermatology, Karolinska Center of Transgene Technologies, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Saxtorph
- Laboratory Animal Science and Comparative Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark and
| | - Jens Knudsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Luis Bagatolli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark; MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark; Danish Molecular Biomedical Imaging Center (DaMBIC), University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark.
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28
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Langaa S, Bloksgaard M, Bek S, Neess D, Nørregaard R, Hansen PBL, Marcher AB, Frøkiær J, Mandrup S, Jensen BL. Mice with targeted disruption of the acyl-CoA binding protein display attenuated urine concentrating ability and diminished renal aquaporin-3 abundance. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F1034-44. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00371.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) is a small intracellular protein that specifically binds and transports medium to long-chain acyl-CoA esters. Previous studies have shown that ACBP is ubiquitously expressed but found at particularly high levels in lipogenic cell types as well as in many epithelial cells. Here we show that ACBP is widely expressed in human and mouse kidney epithelium, with the highest expression in the proximal convoluted tubules. To elucidate the role of ACBP in the renal epithelium, mice with targeted disruption of the ACBP gene (ACBP−/−) were used to study water and NaCl balance as well as urine concentrating ability in metabolic cages. Food intake and urinary excretion of Na+ and K+ did not differ between ACBP−/− and +/+ mice. Interestingly, however, water intake and diuresis were significantly higher at baseline in ACBP−/− mice compared with that of +/+ mice. Subsequent to 20-h water deprivation, ACBP−/− mice exhibited increased diuresis, reduced urine osmolality, elevated hematocrit, and higher relative weight loss compared with +/+ mice. There were no significant differences in plasma concentrations of renin, corticosterone, and aldosterone between mice of the two genotypes. After water deprivation, renal medullary interstitial fluid osmolality and concentrations of Na+, K+, and urea did not differ between genotypes and cAMP excretion was similar. Renal aquaporin-1 (AQP1), -2, and -4 protein abundances did not differ between water-deprived +/+ and ACBP−/− mice; however, ACBP−/− mice displayed increased apical targeting of pS256-AQP2. AQP3 abundance was lower in ACBP−/− mice than in +/+ control animals. Thus we conclude that ACBP is necessary for intact urine concentrating ability. Our data suggest that the deficiency in urine concentrating ability in the ACBP−/− may be caused by reduced AQP3, leading to impaired efflux over the basolateral membrane of the collecting duct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Langaa
- Departments of 1Cardiovascular and Renal Research and
| | - Maria Bloksgaard
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; and
| | - Signe Bek
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; and
| | - Ditte Neess
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; and
| | - Rikke Nørregaard
- The Water and Salt Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Ann Britt Marcher
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; and
| | - Jørgen Frøkiær
- The Water and Salt Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Susanne Mandrup
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense; and
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Integral hair lipid in human hair follicle. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 64:153-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
The complex etiology of multifactorial diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris complicates mechanistic investigations and confounds current therapeutic approaches. Two major sources contribute to the overall complexity of disease. Biological complexity involves the disruption of multiple immune pathways that underlie autoimmune destruction in the skin. Overlaying this altered immunobiology is clinical complexity that is manifest as heterogeneous presentations of disease. Merging cumulative data on immune dysfunction with the detailed clinical information can be expected to allow the deconstruction of the processes that lead to specific disease presentations. Our group has undertaken comprehensive analyses in stratified patient populations to assign T cell, cytokine, and autoantibody immunoprofiles linked to defined constant and variable clinical parameters. We propose the concept of a "disease array" that is based on a matrix of supporting biological and clinical information that can be used to guide the development of next-generational tools that enhance our ability to diagnose, prognose, and individually treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Animesh A Sinha
- Ralph and Rita Behling Professor and Chair of Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University at Buffalo and Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Tissue- and paralogue-specific functions of acyl-CoA-binding proteins in lipid metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochem J 2011; 437:231-41. [PMID: 21539519 DOI: 10.1042/bj20102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
ACBP (acyl-CoA-binding protein) is a small primarily cytosolic protein that binds acyl-CoA esters with high specificity and affinity. ACBP has been identified in all eukaryotic species, indicating that it performs a basal cellular function. However, differential tissue expression and the existence of several ACBP paralogues in many eukaryotic species indicate that these proteins serve distinct functions. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans expresses seven ACBPs: four basal forms and three ACBP domain proteins. We find that each of these paralogues is capable of complementing the growth of ACBP-deficient yeast cells, and that they exhibit distinct temporal and tissue expression patterns in C. elegans. We have obtained loss-of-function mutants for six of these forms. All single mutants display relatively subtle phenotypes; however, we find that functional loss of ACBP-1 leads to reduced triacylglycerol (triglyceride) levels and aberrant lipid droplet morphology and number in the intestine. We also show that worms lacking ACBP-2 show a severe decrease in the β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. A quadruple mutant, lacking all basal ACBPs, is slightly developmentally delayed, displays abnormal intestinal lipid storage, and increased β-oxidation. Collectively, the present results suggest that each of the ACBP paralogues serves a distinct function in C. elegans.
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Khnykin D, Miner JH, Jahnsen F. Role of fatty acid transporters in epidermis: Implications for health and disease. DERMATO-ENDOCRINOLOGY 2011; 3:53-61. [PMID: 21695012 PMCID: PMC3117002 DOI: 10.4161/derm.3.2.14816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Skin epidermis is an active site of lipid synthesis. The intercellular lipids of human stratum corneum (SC) are unique in composition and quite different from the lipids found in most biological membranes. The three major lipids in the SC are free fatty acids, cholesterol and ceramides. Fatty acids can be synthesized by keratinocytes de novo and, in addition, need to be taken up from the circulation. The latter process has been shown to be protein mediated, and several fatty acid transporters are expressed in skin. Recent studies of transgenic and knockout animal models for fatty acid transporters and the identification of fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4 or SLC27A4) mutations as causative for Ichthyosis Prematurity Syndrome highlight the vital roles of fatty acid transport and metabolism in skin homeostasis. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the role of fatty acids and their transporters in cutaneous biology, including their involvement in epidermal barrier generation and skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Khnykin
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT); Department of Pathology; Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet; Oslo, Norway
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Neess D, Bloksgaard M, Bek S, Marcher AB, Elle IC, Helledie T, Due M, Pagmantidis V, Finsen B, Wilbertz J, Kruhøffer M, Færgeman N, Mandrup S. Disruption of the acyl-CoA-binding protein gene delays hepatic adaptation to metabolic changes at weaning. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:3460-72. [PMID: 21106527 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.161109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP)/diazepam binding inhibitor is an intracellular protein that binds C(14)-C(22) acyl-CoA esters and is thought to act as an acyl-CoA transporter. In vitro analyses have indicated that ACBP can transport acyl-CoA esters between different enzymatic systems; however, little is known about the in vivo function in mammalian cells. We have generated mice with targeted disruption of ACBP (ACBP(-/-)). These mice are viable and fertile and develop normally. However, around weaning, the ACBP(-/-) mice go through a crisis with overall weakness and a slightly decreased growth rate. Using microarray analysis, we show that the liver of ACBP(-/-) mice displays a significantly delayed adaptation to weaning with late induction of target genes of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) family. As a result, hepatic de novo cholesterogenesis is decreased at weaning. The delayed induction of SREBP target genes around weaning is caused by a compromised processing and decreased expression of SREBP precursors, leading to reduced binding of SREBP to target sites in chromatin. In conclusion, lack of ACBP interferes with the normal metabolic adaptation to weaning and leads to delayed induction of the lipogenic gene program in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Neess
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
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Yurchenko OP, Weselake RJ. Involvement of low molecular mass soluble acyl-CoA-binding protein in seed oil biosynthesis. N Biotechnol 2010; 28:97-109. [PMID: 20933624 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2010] [Revised: 09/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP), a low molecular mass (m) (∼ 10 kDa) soluble protein ubiquitous in eukaryotes, plays an important housekeeping role in lipid metabolism by maintaining the intracellular acyl-CoA pool. ACBP is involved in lipid biosynthesis and transport, gene expression, and membrane biogenesis. In plants, low m ACBP and high m ACBPs participate in response mechanisms to biotic and abiotic factors, acyl-CoA transport in phloem, and biosynthesis of structural and storage lipids. In light of current research on the modification of seed oil, insight into mechanisms of substrate trafficking within lipid biosynthetic pathways is crucial for developing rational strategies for the production of specialty oils with the desired alterations in fatty acid composition. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of plant ACBPs with emphasis on the role of low m ACBP in seed oil biosynthesis, based on in vitro studies and analyses of transgenic plants. Future prospects and possible applications of low m ACBP in seed oil modification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga P Yurchenko
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Landrock D, Atshaves BP, McIntosh AL, Landrock KK, Schroeder F, Kier AB. Acyl-CoA binding protein gene ablation induces pre-implantation embryonic lethality in mice. Lipids 2010; 45:567-80. [PMID: 20559753 PMCID: PMC2997683 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3437-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Unique among the intracellular lipid binding proteins, acyl-CoA binding protein (ACBP) exclusively binds long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs (LCFA-CoAs). To test if ACBP is an essential protein in mammals, the ACBP gene was ablated by homologous recombination in mice. While ACBP heterozygotes appeared phenotypically normal, intercrossing of the heterozygotes did not produce any live homozygous deficient (null) ACBP((-/-)) pups. Heterozygous and wild type embryos were detected at all post-implantation stages, but no homozygous ACBP-null embryos were obtained-suggesting that an embryonic lethality occurred at a pre-implantation stage of development, or that embryos never formed. While ACBP-null embryos were not detected at any blastocyst stage, ACBP-null embryos were detected at the morula (8-cell), cleavage (2-cell), and zygote (1-cell) pre-implantation stages. Two other LCFA-CoA binding proteins, sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) and sterol carrier protein-x (SCP-x) were significantly upregulated at these stages. These findings demonstrate for the first time that ACBP is an essential protein required for embryonic development and its loss of function may be initially compensated by concomitant upregulation of two other LCFA-CoA binding proteins, but only at the earliest pre-implantation stages. The fact that ACBP is the first known intracellular lipid binding protein whose deletion results in embryonic lethality suggests its vital importance in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Landrock
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4467, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
| | - Barbara P. Atshaves
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4466, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Avery L. McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4466, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Kerstin K. Landrock
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4466, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Friedhelm Schroeder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4466, College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Ann B. Kier
- Department of Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, TAMU 4467, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
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Lizarraga SB, Margossian SP, Harris MH, Campagna DR, Han AP, Blevins S, Mudbhary R, Barker JE, Walsh CA, Fleming MD. Cdk5rap2 regulates centrosome function and chromosome segregation in neuronal progenitors. Development 2010; 137:1907-17. [PMID: 20460369 PMCID: PMC2867323 DOI: 10.1242/dev.040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microcephaly affects approximately 1% of the population and is associated with mental retardation, motor defects and, in some cases, seizures. We analyzed the mechanisms underlying brain size determination in a mouse model of human microcephaly. The Hertwig's anemia (an) mutant shows peripheral blood cytopenias, spontaneous aneuploidy and a predisposition to hematopoietic tumors. We found that the an mutation is a genomic inversion of exon 4 of Cdk5rap2, resulting in an in-frame deletion of exon 4 from the mRNA. The finding that CDK5RAP2 human mutations cause microcephaly prompted further analysis of Cdk5rap2(an/an) mice and we demonstrated that these mice exhibit microcephaly comparable to that of the human disease, resulting from striking neurogenic defects that include proliferative and survival defects in neuronal progenitors. Cdk5rap2(an/an) neuronal precursors exit the cell cycle prematurely and many undergo apoptosis. These defects are associated with impaired mitotic progression coupled with abnormal mitotic spindle pole number and mitotic orientation. Our findings suggest that the reduction in brain size observed in humans with mutations in CDK5RAP2 is associated with impaired centrosomal function and with changes in mitotic spindle orientation during progenitor proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia B. Lizarraga
- Division of Genetics and the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P. Margossian
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital Boston and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 1 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marian H. Harris
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Brigham And Women's Hospital, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dean R. Campagna
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - An-Ping Han
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sherika Blevins
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raksha Mudbhary
- Division of Genetics and the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jane E. Barker
- The Jackson Laboratory, 300 Main St, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Christopher A. Walsh
- Division of Genetics and the Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, and Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark D. Fleming
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Abstract
Little attention has been given to the impact of lipid metabolism on hair follicle biology and pathology. Three recent papers (one in the current issue) describe a major effect of altered lipid metabolism on hair growth. A direct link was made to at least one form of cicatricial alopecia, but the role lipids play in other follicular pathologies, such as the acneiform conditions, are inadequately explored and must be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt S Stenn
- Aderans Research Institute, Inc., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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HIV replication enhances production of free fatty acids, low density lipoproteins and many key proteins involved in lipid metabolism: a proteomics study. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3003. [PMID: 18714345 PMCID: PMC2500163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-infected patients develop multiple metabolic abnormalities including insulin resistance, lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia. Although progression of these disorders has been associated with the use of various protease inhibitors and other antiretroviral drugs, HIV-infected individuals who have not received these treatments also develop lipid abnormalities albeit to a lesser extent. How HIV alters lipid metabolism in an infected cell and what molecular changes are affected through protein interaction pathways are not well-understood. Results Since many genetic, epigenetic, dietary and other factors influence lipid metabolism in vivo, we have chosen to study genome-wide changes in the proteomes of a human T-cell line before and after HIV infection in order to circumvent computational problems associated with multiple variables. Four separate experiments were conducted including one that compared 14 different time points over a period of >3 months. By subtractive analyses of protein profiles overtime, several hundred differentially expressed proteins were identified in HIV-infected cells by mass spectrometry and each protein was scrutinized for its biological functions by using various bioinformatics programs. Herein, we report 18 HIV-modulated proteins and their interaction pathways that enhance fatty acid synthesis, increase low density lipoproteins (triglycerides), dysregulate lipid transport, oxidize lipids, and alter cellular lipid metabolism. Conclusions We conclude that HIV replication alone (i.e. without any influence of antiviral drugs, or other human genetic factors), can induce novel cellular enzymes and proteins that are significantly associated with biologically relevant processes involved in lipid synthesis, transport and metabolism (p = <0.0002–0.01). Translational and clinical studies on the newly discovered proteins may now shed light on how some of these proteins may be useful for early diagnosis of individuals who might be at high risk for developing lipid-related disorders. The target proteins could then be used for future studies in the development of inhibitors for preventing lipid-metabolic anomalies. This is the first direct evidence that HIV-modulates production of proteins that are significantly involved in disrupting the normal lipid-metabolic pathways.
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Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) results from ciliary dysfunction and is commonly characterized by sinusitis, male infertility, hydrocephalus, and situs inversus. Mice homozygous for the nm1054 mutation develop phenotypes associated with PCD. On certain genetic backgrounds, homozygous mutants die perinatally from severe hydrocephalus, while mice on other backgrounds have an accumulation of mucus in the sinus cavity and male infertility. Mutant sperm lack mature flagella, while respiratory epithelial cilia are present but beat at a slower frequency than wild-type cilia. Transgenic rescue demonstrates that the PCD in nm1054 mutants results from the loss of a single gene encoding the novel primary ciliary dyskinesia protein 1 (Pcdp1). The Pcdp1 gene is expressed in spermatogenic cells and motile ciliated epithelial cells. Immunohistochemistry shows that Pcdp1 protein localizes to sperm flagella and the cilia of respiratory epithelial cells and brain ependymal cells in both mice and humans. This study demonstrates that Pcdp1 plays an important role in ciliary and flagellar biogenesis and motility, making the nm1054 mutant a useful model for studying the molecular genetics and pathogenesis of PCD.
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