1
|
Zeqaj I, Piffero R, Calzaducca E, Pirisi M, Bellan M. The Potential Role of Vitamin D Supplementation in Cognitive Impairment Prevention. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:628-637. [PMID: 36998124 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230328130417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D is implicated in many processes in the central nervous system (CNS), such as neurogenesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, synaptogenesis and protection against oxidative stress, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect. OBJECTIVE In the present review, we aimed to evaluate the potential benefit(s) of vitamin D supplementation for CNS aging in different clinical contexts. METHODS We performed a literature search, looking for clinical trials and randomized clinical trials evaluating the effect of vitamin D supplementation on different endpoints related to cognitive outcomes. RESULTS Firstly, we identified 16 papers dealing with the impact of vitamin D supplementation on cognitive function in healthy subjects; the current literature suggests a real role for vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of cognitive decay in this clinical setting. Conversely, two papers suggest that vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Finally, current data on vitamin D in Alzheimer's disease are contradictory. CONCLUSION Vitamin D supplementation may improve the cognitive outcomes of patients with MCI, whereas there is no evidence that it may prevent dementia or modulate the course of Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Zeqaj
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, "AOU Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Roberto Piffero
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, "AOU Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Elisa Calzaducca
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, "AOU Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
| | - Mario Pirisi
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, "AOU Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
- CAAD, (Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease) Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
| | - Mattia Bellan
- Department of Translational Medicine (DiMeT), Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
- Division of Internal Medicine, "AOU Maggiore della Carità", Novara, Italy
- CAAD, (Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease) Università del Piemonte Orientale UPO, Novara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al-Smadi K, Ali M, Alavi SE, Jin X, Imran M, Leite-Silva VR, Mohammed Y. Using a Topical Formulation of Vitamin D for the Treatment of Vitiligo: A Systematic Review. Cells 2023; 12:2387. [PMID: 37830601 PMCID: PMC10572240 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is one significant prohormone substance in human organ systems. It is a steroidal hormone produced in the skin upon exposure to UVB rays. This paper presents a systematic review of the utilization of topical vitamin D, specifically cholecalciferol, calcipotriol, and tacalcitol, in the treatment of vitiligo. It considers the role of vitamin D in stimulating the synthesis of melanin and melanogenesis, which can help with the process of repigmentation. The inclusion of calcipotriol or tacalcitol in Narrowband Ultraviolet Phototherapy (NB-UVB) has shown the potential to enhance therapeutic outcomes for vitiligo. However, their effectiveness in combination with Psoralens Long Wave Ultraviolet Radiation (PUVA) and Monochromatic Excimer Light (MEL) treatment for vitiligo is limited. In contrast, combining topical corticosteroids with vitamin D analogues has demonstrated superior efficacy in treating vitiligo compared to using vitamin D analogues alone, while also providing the added benefit of reducing corticosteroid-related adverse effects. In addition, treating stable vitiligo with topical cholecalciferol and microneedling has shown success. Future studies are needed to ascertain an efficient method of administering vitamin D topically as an anti-vitiligo agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadeejeh Al-Smadi
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.A.-S.); (M.I.)
| | - Masood Ali
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.A.-S.); (M.I.)
| | - Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.A.-S.); (M.I.)
| | - Xuping Jin
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.A.-S.); (M.I.)
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Mohammad Imran
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.A.-S.); (M.I.)
| | - Vania R. Leite-Silva
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.A.-S.); (M.I.)
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP-Diadema, São Paulo 09913-030, Brazil
| | - Yousuf Mohammed
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia; (K.A.-S.); (M.I.)
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bahaa S, El Tahlawy S, Shaker O, El Ghanam O, Diaa M. Assessment of serum levels of vitamin D and tissue levels of vitamin D receptors in acanthosis nigricans. JOURNAL OF THE EGYPTIAN WOMEN'S DERMATOLOGIC SOCIETY 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/jewd.jewd_41_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
4
|
Caswell G, Eshelby B. Skin microbiome considerations for long haul space flights. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:956432. [PMID: 36158225 PMCID: PMC9493037 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.956432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysbiosis of the human skin microbiome has long been associated with changes to the pH of the skin, dermal immune function and chronic skin conditions. Dermatological issues have been noted as the most prevalent medical presentation in the microgravity environment of space. The change in gravitational forces has been implicated in human immuno-suppression, also impacted by changes in the gastrointestinal-skin axis and its impact on Vitamin D metabolism, altered microbial gene expression in resident flora (leading changes in biofilm formation) and increased virulence factors in potential pathogens. There are also other stressors to the skin microbiome unique to space travel, including increased exposure to radiation, prolonged periods of dry washing technique, air quality and changes in microbe replication and growth parameters. Optimal microbiome health leads to enhanced skin barrier manufacture and maintenance, along with improved skin immune function and healing. In a microgravity environment expected to be experienced during long space flights, disruptions to the skin microbiome, coupled with increased virulence of pathological viruses and bacteria has implications for holistic skin health, astronaut cognitive function and mental health, and is coupled with slowed rates of wound healing. Scenario management for holistic skin health and restoration of microbiome homeostasis on long space flights require consideration.
Collapse
|
5
|
Brożyna AA, Slominski RM, Nedoszytko B, Zmijewski MA, Slominski AT. Vitamin D Signaling in Psoriasis: Pathogenesis and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158575. [PMID: 35955731 PMCID: PMC9369120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a systemic, chronic, immune-mediated disease that affects approximately 2–3% of the world’s population. The etiology and pathophysiology of psoriasis are still unknown, but the activation of the adaptive immune system with the main role of T-cells is key in psoriasis pathogenesis. The modulation of the local neuroendocrine system with the downregulation of pro-inflammatory and the upregulation of anti-inflammatory messengers represent a promising adjuvant treatment in psoriasis therapies. Vitamin D receptors and vitamin D-mediated signaling pathways function in the skin and are essential in maintaining the skin homeostasis. The active forms of vitamin D act as powerful immunomodulators of clinical response in psoriatic patients and represent the effective and safe adjuvant treatments for psoriasis, even when high doses of vitamin D are administered. The phototherapy of psoriasis, especially UVB-based, changes the serum level of 25(OH)D, but the correlation of 25(OH)D changes and psoriasis improvement need more clinical trials, since contradictory data have been published. Vitamin D derivatives can improve the efficacy of psoriasis phototherapy without inducing adverse side effects. The anti-psoriatic treatment could include non-calcemic CYP11A1-derived vitamin D hydroxyderivatives that would act on the VDR or as inverse agonists on RORs or activate alternative nuclear receptors including AhR and LXRs. In conclusion, vitamin D signaling can play an important role in the natural history of psoriasis. Selective targeting of proper nuclear receptors could represent potential treatment options in psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Brożyna
- Department of Human Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Correspondence: (A.A.B.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Radomir M. Slominski
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
- Informatics Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Bogusław Nedoszytko
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venerology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
- Cytogeneticr Laboratory, Invicta Fertility and Reproductive Centre, 80-850 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michal A. Zmijewski
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Laboratory Service, VA Medical Center at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
- Correspondence: (A.A.B.); (A.T.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bikle DD. Ligand-Independent Actions of the Vitamin D Receptor: More Questions Than Answers. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10578. [PMID: 34950833 PMCID: PMC8674770 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our predominant understanding of the actions of vitamin D involve binding of its ligand, 1,25(OH)D, to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which for its genomic actions binds to discrete regions of its target genes called vitamin D response elements. However, chromatin immunoprecipitation‐sequencing (ChIP‐seq) studies have observed that the VDR can bind to many sites in the genome without its ligand. The number of such sites and how much they coincide with sites that also bind the liganded VDR vary from cell to cell, with the keratinocyte from the skin having the greatest overlap and the intestinal epithelial cell having the least. What is the purpose of the unliganded VDR? In this review, I will focus on two clear examples in which the unliganded VDR plays a role. The best example is that of hair follicle cycling. Hair follicle cycling does not need 1,25(OH)2D, and Vdr lacking the ability to bind 1,25(OH)2D can restore hair follicle cycling in mice otherwise lacking Vdr. This is not true for other functions of VDR such as intestinal calcium transport. Tumor formation in the skin after UVB radiation or the application of chemical carcinogens also appears to be at least partially independent of 1,25(OH)2D in that Vdr null mice develop such tumors after these challenges, but mice lacking Cyp27b1, the enzyme producing 1,25(OH)2D, do not. Examples in other tissues emerge when studies comparing Vdr null and Cyp27b1 null mice are compared, demonstrating a more severe phenotype with respect to bone mineral homeostasis in the Cyp27b1 null mouse, suggesting a repressor function for VDR. This review will examine potential mechanisms for these ligand‐independent actions of VDR, but as the title indicates, there are more questions than answers with respect to this role of VDR. © 2021 The Author. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology University of California San Francisco, San Francisco VA Health Center San Francisco CA USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bikle D, Christakos S. New aspects of vitamin D metabolism and action - addressing the skin as source and target. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:234-252. [PMID: 32029884 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has a key role in stimulating calcium absorption from the gut and promoting skeletal health, as well as many other important physiological functions. Vitamin D is produced in the skin. It is subsequently metabolized to its hormonally active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), by the 1-hydroxylase and catabolized by the 24-hydroxylase. In this Review, we pay special attention to the effect of mutations in these enzymes and their clinical manifestations. We then discuss the role of vitamin D binding protein in transporting vitamin D and its metabolites from their source to their targets, the free hormone hypothesis for cell entry and HSP70 for intracellular transport. This is followed by discussion of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that mediates the cellular actions of 1,25(OH)2D. Cell-specific recruitment of co-regulatory complexes by liganded VDR leads to changes in gene expression that result in distinct physiological actions by 1,25(OH)2D, which are disrupted by mutations in the VDR. We then discuss the epidermis and hair follicle, to provide a non-skeletal example of a tissue that expresses VDR that not only makes vitamin D but also can metabolize it to its hormonally active form. This enables vitamin D to regulate epidermal differentiation and hair follicle cycling and, in so doing, to promote barrier function, wound healing and hair growth, while limiting cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Departments of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Tuğrul B, Söylev S, Temiz P, Gençoğlan G. Investigation of effect of vitamin D receptor, calcium-sensing receptor and β-catenin on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. TURKISH JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/tjb-2019-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundCutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a malignant and invasive tumor which is originated from epidermis with a high incidence among non-melanoma skin cancers. The aim of this study was to determine whether vitamin D receptor (VDR), calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and beta catenin (β-catenin) proteins have an effect on cSCC.Materials and methodsVDR, CaSR and β-catenin proteins in tissue samples of cSCC and control group were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting (WB) method. IHC findings were statistically evaluated.ResultsIHC staining density of VDR and β-catenin were higher in cSCC tissue samples than control. The difference between IHC staining density of VDR and β-catenin in the patient and the control groups were statistically significant (p = 0.021, p = 0.021, respectively), but not for CaSR (p = 0.237). While the VDR and β-catenin staining rates obtained by the IHC method could be supported by WB results, the WB bands for CaSR could not be shown.ConclusionThe findings suggest that VDR and β-catenin may have an effect on the disease. Further research is required to better understand the role of VDR and β-catenin together on cSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Berrin Tuğrul
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Sevinç Söylev
- Molecular Biology Section, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Peyker Temiz
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Gülsüm Gençoğlan
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bikle DD. The Vitamin D Receptor as Tumor Suppressor in Skin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:285-306. [PMID: 32918224 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignancies including melanomas and keratinocyte carcinomas (KC) are the most common types of cancer, occurring at a rate of over one million per year in the United States. KC, which include both basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, are substantially more common than melanomas and form the subject of this chapter. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), both UVB and UVA, as occurs with sunlight exposure is generally regarded as causal for these malignancies, but UVB is also required for vitamin D synthesis in the skin. Keratinocytes are the major cell in the epidermis. These cells not only produce vitamin D but contain the enzymatic machinery to metabolize vitamin D to its active metabolite, 1,25(OH)2D, and express the receptor for this metabolite, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). This allows the cell to respond to the 1,25(OH)2D that it produces. Based on our own data and that reported in the literature, we conclude that vitamin D signaling in the skin suppresses UVR-induced epidermal tumor formation. In this chapter we focus on four mechanisms by which vitamin D signaling suppresses tumor formation. They are inhibition of proliferation/stimulation of differentiation with discussion of the roles of hedgehog, Wnt/β-catenin, and hyaluronan/CD44 pathways in mediating vitamin D regulation of proliferation/differentiation, regulation of the balance between oncogenic and tumor suppressor long noncoding RNAs, immune regulation, and promotion of DNA damage repair (DDR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Robertson C, Lucas RA, Le Gresley A. Scope and limitations of nuclear magnetic resonance techniques for characterisation and quantitation of vitamin D in complex mixtures. Skin Res Technol 2019; 26:112-120. [PMID: 31549460 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accurate determination of vitamin D in skin is of considerable importance in evaluating penetration of skin health products through the different layers of the skin. OBJECTIVE We report on the characterisation and quantitation of vitamin D in an idealised sample and in complex mixtures which mimic that of a typical skin cream, using qNMR, 2D NMR and DOSY techniques. METHODS The characterisation and quantitation conditions were acquired over several heterogeneous samples, allowing for analysis of how the dynamic range and complexity of the different sample mixtures affect the limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantitation (LOQ) of vitamin D. NMR is of particular value to this task as it is non-destructive, uses a primary ratio method for quantification, and tolerates a wide variety of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components within a given matrix. RESULTS In this investigation, we have attained a trueness level <10%, repeatability values of <1% and brought the limit of quantitation down to 100 nmol/L (≈limit of baseline range of vitamin D2 and D3 per litre seen in vivo), commenting on the limitations observed, such as peak overlap and sensitivity limits. CONCLUSIONS Pure shift optimised sequences allow us to reduce peak overlapping, allowing further characterisation of individual compounds and the separation of complex mixtures using NMR.
Collapse
|
12
|
Daniluk U, Filimoniuk A, Kowalczuk‐Krystoń M, Alifier M, Karpińska J, Kaczmarski MG, Lebensztejn DM. Association of antioxidants and vitamin D level with inflammation in children with atopic dermatitis. Int J Dermatol 2019; 58:1056-1061. [DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Daniluk
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filimoniuk
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok Poland
| | - Monika Kowalczuk‐Krystoń
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok Poland
| | - Marek Alifier
- Department of Clinical Immunology Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok Poland
| | | | - Maciej G. Kaczmarski
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok Poland
| | - Dariusz M. Lebensztejn
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Nutrition and Allergology Medical University of Bialystok Bialystok Poland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cartwright JA, Gow AG, Milne E, Drummond D, Smith S, Handel I, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D Receptor Expression in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:764-774. [PMID: 29469965 PMCID: PMC5866978 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing evidence linking low blood vitamin D concentration to numerous diseases in people and in dogs. Vitamin D influences cellular function by signaling through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Little is known about which non‐skeletal tissues express the VDR or how inflammation influences its expression in the dog. Objectives To define which non‐skeletal canine tissues express the VDR and to investigate expression in inflamed small intestine. Animals Thirteen non‐skeletal tissues were collected prospectively from 6 control dogs. Thirty‐five dogs diagnosed with a chronic enteropathy (CE) and 24 control dogs were prospectively enrolled and duodenal biopsies were evaluated for VDR expression. Methods Prospective; blinded assessment of canine intestinal VDR. Dogs with CE were included once other identifiable causes of intestinal disease were excluded. Age matched controls were included with no intestinal clinical signs. VDR expression was assessed immunohistochemically in all samples, using a Rat IgG VDR monoclonal antibody. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was also used for duodenal biopsies. Results VDR expression as assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) was highest in the kidney, duodenum, skin, ileum and spleen, and weak in the colon, heart, lymph node, liver, lung, and ovary. Gastric and testicular tissue did not express the VDR. There was no statistical difference in duodenal VDR expression between the 24 healthy dogs and 34 dogs with CE when quantified by either qPCR (P = 0.87) or IHC (P = 0.099). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The lack of down regulation of VDR expression in inflamed intestine contrasts with previous studies in humans. Our findings support future studies to investigate whether vitamin D and its analogues can be used to modulate intestinal inflammation in the dog.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Cartwright
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - A G Gow
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - E Milne
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - D Drummond
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - S Smith
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - I Handel
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - R J Mellanby
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bikle DD. Extraskeletal actions of vitamin D. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1376:29-52. [PMID: 27649525 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is found in nearly all, if not all, cells in the body. The enzyme that produces the active metabolite of vitamin D and ligand for VDR, namely CYP27B1, likewise is widely expressed in many cells of the body. These observations indicate that the role of vitamin D is not limited to regulation of bone and mineral homeostasis, as important as that is. Rather, the study of its extraskeletal actions has become the major driving force behind the significant increase in research articles on vitamin D published over the past several decades. A great deal of information has accumulated from cell culture studies, in vivo animal studies, and clinical association studies that confirms that extraskeletal effects of vitamin D are truly widespread and substantial. However, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, when done, have by and large not produced the benefits anticipated by the in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal studies. In this review, I will examine the role of vitamin D signaling in a number of extraskeletal tissues and assess the success of translating these findings into treatments of human diseases affecting those extracellular tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hadden MK. Hedgehog and Vitamin D Signaling Pathways in Development and Disease. VITAMIN D HORMONE 2016; 100:231-53. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
16
|
Mostafa WZ, Hegazy RA. Vitamin D and the skin: Focus on a complex relationship: A review. J Adv Res 2015; 6:793-804. [PMID: 26644915 PMCID: PMC4642156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The "sunshine" vitamin is a hot topic that attracted ample attention over the past decades, specially that a considerable proportion of the worldwide population are deficient in this essential nutrient. Vitamin D was primarily acknowledged for its importance in bone formation, however; increasing evidence point to its interference with the proper function of nearly every tissue in our bodies including brain, heart, muscles, immune system and skin. Thereby its deficiency has been incriminated in a long panel of diseases including cancers, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Its involvement in the pathogenesis of different dermatological diseases is no exception and has been the subject of much research over the recent years. In the current review, we will throw light on this highly disputed vitamin that is creating a significant concern from a dermatological perspective. Furthermore, the consequences of its deficiency on the skin will be in focus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wedad Z. Mostafa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Consiglio M, Viano M, Casarin S, Castagnoli C, Pescarmona G, Silvagno F. Mitochondrial and lipogenic effects of vitamin D on differentiating and proliferating human keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:748-53. [PMID: 26010336 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Even in cells that are resistant to the differentiating effects of vitamin D, the activated vitamin D receptor (VDR) can downregulate the mitochondrial respiratory chain and sustain cell growth through enhancing the activity of biosynthetic pathways. The aim of this study was to investigate whether vitamin D is effective also in modulating mitochondria and biosynthetic metabolism of differentiating cells. We compared the effect of vitamin D on two cellular models: the primary human keratinocytes, differentiating and sensitive to the genomic action of VDR, and the human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT, characterized by a rapid growth and resistance to vitamin D. We analysed the nuclear translocation and features of VDR, the effects of vitamin D on mitochondrial transcription and the consequences on lipid biosynthetic fate. We found that the negative modulation of respiratory chain is a general mechanism of action of vitamin D, but at high doses, the HaCaT cells became resistant to mitochondrial effects by upregulating the catabolic enzyme CYP24 hydroxylase. In differentiating keratinocytes, vitamin D treatment promoted intracellular lipid deposition, likewise the inhibitor of respiratory chain stigmatellin, whereas in proliferating HaCaT, this biosynthetic pathway was not inducible by the hormone. By linking the results on respiratory chain and lipid accumulation, we conclude that vitamin D, by suppressing respiratory chain transcription in all keratinocytes, is able to support both the proliferation and the specialized metabolism of differentiating cells. Through mitochondrial control, vitamin D can have an essential role in all the metabolic phenotypes occurring in healthy and diseased skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Viano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Casarin
- Chirurgia Generale e Specialistiche, Banca della Cute, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza Torino, Italy
| | - Carlotta Castagnoli
- Chirurgia Generale e Specialistiche, Banca della Cute, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza Torino, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
McCully ML, Collins PJ, Hughes TR, Thomas CP, Billen J, O'Donnell VB, Moser B. Skin Metabolites Define a New Paradigm in the Localization of Skin Tropic Memory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:96-104. [PMID: 26002980 PMCID: PMC4472944 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The localization of memory T cells to human skin is essential for long-term immune surveillance and the maintenance of barrier integrity. The expression of CCR8 during naive T cell activation is controlled by skin-specific factors derived from epidermal keratinocytes and not by resident dendritic cells. In this study, we show that the CCR8-inducing factors are heat stable and protease resistant and include the vitamin D3 metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and PGE2. The effect of either metabolite alone on CCR8 expression was weak, whereas their combination resulted in robust CCR8 expression. Elevation of intracellular cAMP was essential because PGE2 could be substituted with the adenylyl cyclase agonist forskolin, and CCR8 expression was sensitive to protein kinase A inhibition. For effective induction, exposure of naive T cells to these epidermal factors needed to occur either prior to or during T cell activation even though CCR8 was only detected 4-5 d later in proliferating T cells. The importance of tissue environments in maintaining cellular immune surveillance networks within distinct healthy tissues provides a paradigm shift in adaptive immunity. Epidermal-derived vitamin D3 metabolites and PGs provide an essential cue for the localization of CCR8(+) immune surveillance T cells within healthy human skin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L McCully
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Paul J Collins
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Christopher P Thomas
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jaak Billen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Leuven University Hospital, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valerie B O'Donnell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rollakanti K, Anand S, Maytin EV. Topical calcitriol prior to photodynamic therapy enhances treatment efficacy in non-melanoma skin cancer mouse models. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2015; 9308:93080Q. [PMID: 25983370 DOI: 10.1117/12.2077296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most common form of human cancer worldwide, and their incidence is increasing. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), mediated by topically applied aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and subsequent exposure to light (either a laser or a noncoherent source), is being increasingly used for the treatment of dermatological disorders, including BCC and SCC. However, therapeutic responses of NMSCs to ALA-PDT are currently not superior to standard therapies, although the latter have undesirable side effects including scarring. In this study, we report that preconditioning of skin tumors with calcitriol (active form of Vitamin D; Vit D) prior to ALA-PDT, significantly improves the treatment outcome. In BCC and UVB-induced SCC mouse models, we identified an increase in tumor-specific accumulation of ALA induced photosensitizer (protoporphyrin IX, PpIX) due to Vit D preconditioning, of up to 6-fold in vivo. In addition, increased expression of differentiation (145 fold, p < 0.02) and proliferation (42 fold, p < 0.005) markers were identified in BCC tumors, all leading to increased tumor destruction (18.3 fold, p < 0.03) with the combination approach, as compared to ALA-PDT alone. Histomorphological changes identified using hematoxylin and eosin staining, and results of TUNEL staining, together documented a beneficial effect of Vit D pretreatment upon tumor cell death. We conclude that this new combination approach with Vit D and ALA-PDT has great potential to achieve complete remission of NMSC tumors, with excellent cosmetic results and an overall beneficial impact upon patient care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Rollakanti
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44115 ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195
| | - Sanjay Anand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195 ; Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195
| | - Edward V Maytin
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44115 ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195 ; Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, USA 44195
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
NCOA3-mediated upregulation of mucin expression via transcriptional and post-translational changes during the development of pancreatic cancer. Oncogene 2014; 34:4879-89. [PMID: 25531332 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is characterized by aberrant overexpression of mucins that contribute to its pathogenesis. Although the inflammatory cytokines contribute to mucin overexpression, the mucin profile of PC is markedly distinct from that of normal or inflamed pancreas. We postulated that de novo expression of various mucins in PC involves chromatin modifications. Analysis of chromatin modifying enzymes by PCR array identified differential expression of NCOA3 in MUC4-expressing PC cell lines. Immunohistochemistry analysis in tumor tissues from patients and spontaneous mouse models, and microarray analysis following the knockdown of NCOA3 were performed to elucidate its role in mucin regulation and overall impact on PC. Silencing of NCOA3 in PC cell lines resulted in significant downregulation of two most differentially expressed mucins in PC, MUC4 and MUC1 (P<0.01). Immunohistochemistry analysis in PC tissues and metastatic lesions established an association between NCOA3 and mucin (MUC1 and MUC4) expression. Spontaneous mouse model of PC (K-ras(G12D); Pdx-1cre) showed early expression of Ncoa3 during pre-neoplastic lesions. Mechanistically, NCOA3 knockdown abrogated retinoic acid-mediated MUC4 upregulation by restricting MUC4 promoter accessibility as demonstrated by micrococcus nuclease digestion (P<0.05) and chromatin immuno-precipitation analysis. NCOA3 also created pro-inflammatory conditions by upregulating chemokines like CXCL1, 2, 5 and CCL20 (P<0.001). AKT, ubiquitin C, ERK1/2 and NF-κB occupied dominant nodes in the networks significantly modulated after NCOA3 silencing. In addition, NCOA3 stabilized mucins post translationally through fucosylation by FUT8, as the knockdown of FUT8 resulted in the downregulation of MUC4 and MUC1 at protein levels.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ramot Y, Molho-Pessach V, Meir T, Alper-Pinus R, Siam I, Tams S, Babay S, Zlotogorski A. Mutation in KANK2, encoding a sequestering protein for steroid receptor coactivators, causes keratoderma and woolly hair. J Med Genet 2014; 51:388-94. [PMID: 24671081 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2014-102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of palmoplantar keratoderma and woolly hair is uncommon and reported as part of Naxos and Carvajal syndromes, both caused by mutations in desmosomal proteins and associated with cardiomyopathy. We describe two large consanguineous families with autosomal-recessive palmoplantar keratoderma and woolly hair, without cardiomyopathy and with no mutations in any known culprit gene. The aim of this study was to find the mutated gene in these families. METHODS AND RESULTS Using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous missense c.2009C>T mutation in KANK2 in the patients (p.Ala670Val). KANK2 encodes the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC)-interacting protein (SIP), an ankyrin repeat containing protein, which sequesters SRCs in the cytoplasm and controls transcription activation of steroid receptors, among others, also of the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The mutation in KANK2 is predicted to abolish the sequestering abilities of SIP. Indeed, vitamin D-induced transactivation was increased in patient's keratinocytes. Furthermore, SRC-2 and SRC-3, coactivators of VDR and important components of epidermal differentiation, are localised to the nucleus of epidermal basal cells in patients, in contrast to the cytoplasmic distribution in the heterozygous control. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that keratoderma and woolly hair can be caused by a non-desmosomal mechanism and further underline the importance of VDR for normal hair and skin phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel The Center for Genetic Diseases of The Skin and Hair, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vered Molho-Pessach
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel The Center for Genetic Diseases of The Skin and Hair, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tomer Meir
- Department of Nephrology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ruslana Alper-Pinus
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ihab Siam
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Spiro Tams
- Faculty of Medicine, The Palestinian Al Quds University, Abu Dis, The Palestinian Authority
| | - Sofia Babay
- The Center for Genetic Diseases of The Skin and Hair, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abraham Zlotogorski
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel The Center for Genetic Diseases of The Skin and Hair, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Regulation of late cornified envelope genes relevant to psoriasis risk by plant-derived cyanidin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 443:1275-9. [PMID: 24393842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The PSORS4 genetic risk factor for psoriasis is a deletion of two late cornified envelope (LCE) genes (LCE3C_LCE3Bdel) in a cluster of five LCE3 genes with a proposed role in skin repair. We previously showed that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) modestly upregulates transcripts from all five LCE3 genes as monitored by real time PCR in primary human keratinocytes. Herein we report that cyanidin, a plant-derived compound with anti-inflammatory/anti-oxidant properties, upregulates expression of all five LCE3 genes in cultures of differentiating primary human keratinocytes to a greater extent that does 1,25D. This action of cyanidin is dependent on the differentiation state of the keratinocytes, with a stronger effect after the cells have been incubated with 1.2mM calcium for 24h. Competition displacement assays using radiolabeled 1,25D revealed that cyanidin directly competes as a ligand for vitamin D receptor (VDR) binding with an estimated IC50 of 500μM. However, 20μM cyanidin is sufficient to upregulate LCE3 genes. The 25-fold discrepancy between the cyanidin concentration required for upregulating LCE3 genes in intact keratinocytes vs. that required for direct binding to VDR in vitro suggests that cyanidin may be: (a) metabolized to a more active VDR ligand in keratinocytes and/or (b) functioning via a non-VDR mediated mechanism. The fact that cyanidin is the most potent upregulator of global LCE3 gene expression reported to date suggests that this or related compounds may have potential in psoriasis therapy.
Collapse
|
23
|
Control of late cornified envelope genes relevant to psoriasis risk: upregulation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and plant-derived delphinidin. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:867-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
24
|
Muehleisen B, Gallo RL. Vitamin D in allergic disease: shedding light on a complex problem. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 131:324-9. [PMID: 23374263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.12.1562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D is unique among nutritional factors because the intake of this special vitamin represents the sum of vitamin D obtained from diet, nutritional supplements, and endogenous production after exposure to sunlight. The current recommended nutritional intake requirements reflect needs based on its established role in calcium absorption and bone health. However, recent studies have revealed that vitamin D has important functions in the immune system and might influence the course of immune-mediated disorders, including atopic dermatitis and asthma. This review discusses the scientific rationale for a role for vitamin D in immune function, gives an update on allergic disease associations with lower vitamin D serum levels, and discusses recent observations relating to vitamin D in immune function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beda Muehleisen
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hata TR, Audish D, Kotol P, Coda A, Kabigting F, Miller J, Alexandrescu D, Boguniewicz M, Taylor P, Aertker L, Kesler K, Hanifin JM, Leung DYM, Gallo RL. A randomized controlled double-blind investigation of the effects of vitamin D dietary supplementation in subjects with atopic dermatitis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:781-9. [PMID: 23638978 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjects with atopic dermatitis (AD) have defects in antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production possibly contributing to an increased risk of infections. In laboratory models, vitamin D can alter innate immunity by increasing AMP production. OBJECTIVE To determine if AD severity correlates with baseline vitamin D levels, and to test whether supplementation with oral vitamin D alters AMP production in AD skin. METHODS This was a multi-centre, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in 30 subjects with AD, 30 non-atopic subjects, and 16 subjects with psoriasis. Subjects were randomized to receive either 4000 IU of cholecalciferol or placebo for 21 days. At baseline and day 21, levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), cathelicidin, HBD-3, IL-13, and Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) and Rajka-Langeland scores were obtained. RESULTS At baseline, 20% of AD subjects had serum 25OHD below 20 ng/mL. Low serum 25OHD correlated with increased Fitzpatrick Skin Type and elevated BMI, but not AD severity. After 21 days of oral cholecalciferol, mean serum 25OHD increased, but there was no significant change in skin cathelicidin, HBD-3, IL-13 or EASI scores. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrated that darker skin types and elevated BMI are important risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in subjects with AD, and highlighted the possibility that seasonality and locale may be potent contributors to cathelicidin induction through their effect on steady state 25OHD levels. Given the molecular links between vitamin D and immune function, further study of vitamin D supplementation in subjects with AD is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Hata
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego and VA Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bikle DD. Protective actions of vitamin D in UVB induced skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 11:1808-16. [PMID: 22990497 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are the most common type of cancer, occurring at a rate of over 1 million per year in the United States. Although their metastatic potential is generally low, they can and do metastasize, especially in the immune compromised host, and their surgical treatment is often quite disfiguring. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) as occurs with sunlight exposure is generally regarded as causal for these malignancies, but UVR is also required for vitamin D synthesis in the skin. Based on our own data and that reported in the literature, we hypothesize that the vitamin D produced in the skin serves to suppress UVR epidermal tumor formation. In this review we will first discuss the evidence supporting the conclusion that the vitamin D receptor (VDR), with or without its ligand 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, limits the propensity for cancer formation following UVR. We will then explore three potential mechanisms for this protection: inhibition of proliferation and stimulation of differentiation, immune regulation, and stimulation of DNA damage repair (DDR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Johnson J, Ma C, Kanada K, Armstrong A. Diet and nutrition in psoriasis: analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in the United States. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2013; 28:327-32. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.A. Johnson
- Department of Dermatology; University of California Davis Health System; Sacramento CA
| | - C. Ma
- Department of Dermatology; University of California Davis Health System; Sacramento CA
| | - K.N. Kanada
- Department of Dermatology; University of California San Francisco; San Francisco CA USA
| | - A.W. Armstrong
- Department of Dermatology; University of California Davis Health System; Sacramento CA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tang JY, Fu T, Lau C, Oh DH, Bikle DD, Asgari MM. Vitamin D in cutaneous carcinogenesis: part II. J Am Acad Dermatol 2013; 67:817.e1-11; quiz 827-8. [PMID: 23062904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of vitamin D in health maintenance and disease prevention in fields ranging from bone metabolism to cancer is currently under intensive investigation. A number of epidemiologic studies have suggested that vitamin D may have a protective effect on cancer risk and cancer-associated mortality. With regard to skin cancer, epidemiologic and laboratory studies suggest that vitamin D and its metabolites may have a similar risk reducing effect. Potential mechanisms of action include inhibition of the hedgehog signaling pathway and upregulation of nucleotide excision repair enzymes. The key factor complicating the association between vitamin D and skin cancer is ultraviolet B radiation. The same spectrum of ultraviolet B radiation that catalyzes the production of vitamin D in the skin also causes DNA damage that can lead to epidermal malignancies. Part II of this continuing medical education article will summarize the literature on vitamin D and skin cancer to identify evidence-based optimal serum levels of vitamin D and to recommend ways of achieving those levels while minimizing the risk of skin cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rosen CJ, Adams JS, Bikle DD, Black DM, Demay MB, Manson JE, Murad MH, Kovacs CS. The nonskeletal effects of vitamin D: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:456-92. [PMID: 22596255 PMCID: PMC3365859 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significant controversy has emerged over the last decade concerning the effects of vitamin D on skeletal and nonskeletal tissues. The demonstration that the vitamin D receptor is expressed in virtually all cells of the body and the growing body of observational data supporting a relationship of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D to chronic metabolic, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases have led to widespread utilization of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention and treatment of numerous disorders. In this paper, we review both the basic and clinical aspects of vitamin D in relation to nonskeletal organ systems. We begin by focusing on the molecular aspects of vitamin D, primarily by examining the structure and function of the vitamin D receptor. This is followed by a systematic review according to tissue type of the inherent biological plausibility, the strength of the observational data, and the levels of evidence that support or refute an association between vitamin D levels or supplementation and maternal/child health as well as various disease states. Although observational studies support a strong case for an association between vitamin D and musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, neoplastic, and metabolic disorders, there remains a paucity of large-scale and long-term randomized clinical trials. Thus, at this time, more studies are needed to definitively conclude that vitamin D can offer preventive and therapeutic benefits across a wide range of physiological states and chronic nonskeletal disorders.
Collapse
|
30
|
Mediator1: an important intermediary of vitamin D receptor-regulated epidermal function and hair follicle biology. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1068-70. [PMID: 22418940 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Considerable data in the literature support the idea that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are involved in regulating skin biology. Studies using cultured keratinocytes, artificial human skin, and transgenic mouse models, as well as observations in patients with rickets, provide evidence of this pathway's importance in epidermal proliferation and differentiation and the hair growth cycle. The report by Oda et al. in this issue also indicates an important role of the VDR coactivator mediator 1 in these processes.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
The keratinocytes of the skin are unique in being not only the primary source of vitamin D for the body, but in possessing both the enzymatic machinery to metabolize the vitamin D produced to active metabolites (in particular 1,25(OH)(2)D) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that enables the keratinocytes to respond to the 1,25(OH)(2)D thus generated. Numerous functions of the skin are regulated by vitamin D and/or its receptor. These include inhibition of proliferation, stimulation of differentiation including formation of the permeability barrier, promotion of innate immunity, regulation of the hair follicle cycle, and suppression of tumor formation. Regulation of these actions is exerted by a number of different coregulator complexes including the coactivators vitamin D receptor interacting protein (DRIP) complex also known as Mediator and the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family (of which SRC 2 and 3 are found in keratincytes), the inhibitor hairless (Hr), and β-catenin whose impact on VDR function is complex. Different coregulators appear to be involved in different VDR regulated functions. This review will examine the various functions of vitamin D and its receptor in the skin, and explore the mechanisms by which these functions are regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center/University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Oda Y, Hu L, Bul V, Elalieh H, Reddy JK, Bikle DD. Coactivator MED1 ablation in keratinocytes results in hair-cycling defects and epidermal alterations. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:1075-83. [PMID: 22189783 PMCID: PMC3400544 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional coactivator complex Mediator facilitates transcription of nuclear hormone receptors and other transcription factors. We have previously isolated the Mediator complex from primary keratinocytes as the vitamin D receptor interacting protein complex. We identified a role for Mediator in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in cultured keratinocytes. Here, we investigated the in vivo role of Mediator by generating conditional null mice, where a critical subunit of the Mediator complex, MED1, is deleted from their keratinocytes. The MED1 ablation resulted in aberrant hair differentiation and cycling leading to hair loss. During the first hair follicle cycle, MED1 deletion resulted in a rapid regression of the hair follicles. Hair differentiation was reduced, and β-catenin/vitamin D receptor (VDR) regulated gene expression was dramatically decreased. In the subsequent adult hair cycle, MED1 ablation activated the initiation of hair follicle cycling. Shh signaling was increased, but terminal differentiation was not sufficient. Deletion of MED1 also caused hyper-proliferation of interfollicular epidermal keratinocytes, and increased the expression of epidermal differentiation markers. These results indicate that MED1 plays a critical role in regulating hair/epidermal proliferation and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Oda
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, University of California, San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The keratinocytes of the skin are unique in being not only the primary source of vitamin D for the body, but in possessing the enzymatic machinery to metabolize vitamin D to its active metabolite 1,25(OH)(2)D. Furthermore, these cells also express the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that enables them to respond to the 1,25(OH)(2)D they produce. Numerous functions of the skin are regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D and/or its receptor. These include inhibition of proliferation, stimulation of differentiation including formation of the permeability barrier, promotion of innate immunity, and promotion of the hair follicle cycle. Regulation of these actions is exerted by a number of different coregulators including the coactivators DRIP and SRC, the cosuppressor hairless (Hr), and β-catenin. This review will examine the regulation of vitamin D production and metabolism in the skin, and explore the various functions regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D and its receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tang JY, Xiao TZ, Oda Y, Chang KS, Shpall E, Wu A, So PL, Hebert J, Bikle D, Epstein EH. Vitamin D3 inhibits hedgehog signaling and proliferation in murine Basal cell carcinomas. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011; 4:744-51. [PMID: 21436386 PMCID: PMC3088781 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive Hedgehog (HH) signaling underlies several human tumors, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Recently, Bijlsma and colleagues reported a new biologic function for vitamin D3 in suppressing HH signaling in an in vitro model system. On the basis of that work, we have assessed effects of vitamin D3 on HH signaling and proliferation of murine BCCs in vitro and in vivo. We find that indeed in BCC cells, vitamin D3 blocks both proliferation and HH signaling as assessed by mRNA expression of the HH target gene Gli1. These effects of vitamin D3 on Gli1 expression and on BCC cell proliferation are comparable to the effects of cyclopamine, a known inhibitor of the HH pathway. These results are specific for vitamin D3, because the precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol and the downstream products 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 [1,25(OH)(2)D] are considerably less effective in reducing either Gli1 mRNA or cellular proliferation. Moreover, these effects seem to be independent of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) because short hairpin RNA knockdown of VDR does not abrogate the anti-HH effects of D3 despite reducing expression of the VDR target gene 24-hydroxylase. Finally, topical vitamin D3 treatment of existing murine BCC tumors significantly decreases Gli1 and Ki67 staining. Thus, topical vitamin D3 acting via its HH inhibiting effect may hold promise as an effective anti-BCC agent.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Bone Density Conservation Agents/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebellar Neoplasms/genetics
- Cerebellar Neoplasms/metabolism
- Cerebellar Neoplasms/pathology
- Cholecalciferol/pharmacology
- Hedgehog Proteins/genetics
- Hedgehog Proteins/metabolism
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Keratinocytes/cytology
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/genetics
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Medulloblastoma/genetics
- Medulloblastoma/metabolism
- Medulloblastoma/pathology
- Mice
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Steroid Hydroxylases/genetics
- Steroid Hydroxylases/metabolism
- Vitamin D3 24-Hydroxylase
- Zinc Finger Protein GLI1
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Y Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, CA 94063-5334, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Vitamin D has been produced by plants and animals almost from the time life began. The ability to transport and metabolize vitamin D to more active forms evolved as the structures of plants and animals became more complex, and the cells within these organisms took on more specialized functions. In higher-order animals, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is found in nearly every cell, and the ability of the cell to produce the active hormone, 1,25(OH)2D, is also widely distributed. Furthermore, the physiological functions with which vitamin D signalling is now associated are as diverse as the tissues in which the VDR is located. Why is this, and is there a common theme? This viewpoint article argues that there is. All cells maintain a fairly constant and submicromolar concentration of free calcium. Calcium is an important regulator of many processes within the cell. The ebb and flow of calcium within cells is controlled by calcium pumps, antiporters and channels. Animals with calcified exo- or endoskeletons have an additional need for calcium, a need that changes during the life cycle of the organism. In this article, I make the case that vitamin D signalling evolved to enable the organism to effectively regulate calcium flux, storage and signalling and that such regulation is critical for the evolutionary process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California at San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Díaz R, González-Sancho JM, Soldevilla B, Silva J, García JM, García V, Peña C, Herrera M, Gómez I, Bonilla F, Domínguez G. Differential regulation of TP73 isoforms by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and survivin in human colon and breast carcinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2011; 49:1135-42. [PMID: 20842728 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.20821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluate whether 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) downregulates TP73 variants in colon and breast carcinomas, the role of survivin in this context, and the significance of this network in the clinic. Tumor cells were treated/untreated with 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and transiently transfected with survivin. Levels of survivin and TP73 variants were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. In 75 colon and 60 breast cancer patients, the expressions of survivin and TP73 isoforms were determined. Tumor characteristics were examined in each patient. Survivin protein levels were also evaluated in a subgroup of patients and cell lines. Decrease in survivin and TAp73 transcripts and protein and ΔNp73 mRNA was detected after 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) treatment. Ectopic survivin expression led to an increase in the TAp73, ΔNp73, ΔEx2p73, and ΔEx2-3p73 transcripts. In cancer patients, direct correlations were observed between TP73 variants and survivin levels. 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) negatively regulate survivin and TP73 variants in colon and breast cancer cells. Positive regulation of TP73 isoforms by survivin may exist, which reinforces the possibility that the downregulation of TP73 forms by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) is survivin-dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Díaz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Manuel de Falla 1, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bikle DD, Teichert A, Arnold LA, Uchida Y, Elias PM, Oda Y. Differential regulation of epidermal function by VDR coactivators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 121:308-13. [PMID: 20298785 PMCID: PMC2906691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional activity of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is regulated by a number of coactivator and corepressor complexes, which bind to the VDR in a ligand (1,25(OH)2D3) dependent (coactivators) or inhibited (corepressors) process. In the keratinocyte the major coactivator complexes include the vitamin D interacting protein (DRIP) complex and the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) complexes. These coactivator complexes are not interchangeable in their regulation of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. We found that the DRIP complex is the main complex binding to VDR in the proliferating keratinocyte, whereas SRC2 and 3 and their associated proteins are the major coactivators binding to VDR in the differentiated keratinocyte. Moreover, we have found a specific role for DRIP205 in the regulation of beta-catenin pathways regulating keratinocyte proliferation, whereas SRC3 uniquely regulates the ability of 1,25(OH)2D3 to induce more differentiated functions such as lipid synthesis and processing required for permeability barrier formation and the innate immune response triggered by disruption of the barrier. These findings provide a basis by which we can understand how one receptor (VDR) and one ligand (1,25(OH)2D3) can regulate a large number of genes in a sequential and differentiation specific fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D D Bikle
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rojas-Rivera J, De La Piedra C, Ramos A, Ortiz A, Egido J. The expanding spectrum of biological actions of vitamin D. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:2850-65. [PMID: 20525641 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfq313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rojas-Rivera
- IIS-Fundación Jimenez Diaz, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Laboratory of Experimental Nephrology and Vascular Pathology, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
The transcriptional coactivator DRIP/mediator complex is involved in vitamin D receptor function and regulates keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2377-88. [PMID: 20520624 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mediator is a multisubunit coactivator complex that facilitates transcription of nuclear receptors. We investigated the role of the mediator complex as a coactivator for vitamin D receptor (VDR) in keratinocytes. Using VDR affinity beads, the vitamin D receptor interacting protein (DRIP)/mediator complex was purified from primary keratinocytes, and its subunit composition was determined by mass spectrometry. The complex included core subunits, such as DRIP205/MED1 (MED1), that directly binds to VDR. Additional subunits were identified that are components of the RNA polymerase II complex. The functions of different mediator components were investigated by silencing its subunits. The core subunit MED1 facilitates VDR activity and regulating keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. A newly described subunit MED21 also has a role in promoting keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation, whereas MED10 has an inhibitory role. Blocking MED1/MED21 expression caused hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, accompanied by increases in mRNA expression of the cell cycle regulator cyclin D1 and/or glioma-associated oncogene homolog. Blocking MED1 or MED21 expression also resulted in defects in calcium-induced keratinocyte differentiation, as indicated by decreased expression of differentiation markers and decreased translocation of E-cadherin to the membrane. These results show that keratinocytes use the transcriptional coactivator mediator to regulate VDR functions and control keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation.
Collapse
|
40
|
Tsao T, Kornblau S, Safe S, Watt JC, Ruvolo V, Chen W, Qiu Y, Coombes KR, Ju Z, Abdelrahim M, Schober W, Ling X, Kardassis D, Meyer C, Schimmer A, Kantarjian H, Andreeff M, Konopleva M. Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and its coactivator DRIP205 in cellular responses to CDDO (RTA-401) in acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4949-60. [PMID: 20501850 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) is a member of the nuclear receptor (NR) family of transcription factors with important regulatory roles in cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. Using proteomic analysis, we showed expression of PPARgamma protein in a series of 260 newly diagnosed primary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) samples. Forced expression of PPARgamma enhanced the sensitivity of myeloid leukemic cells to apoptosis induced by PPARgamma agonists 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO) and 15-deoxy-(12,14)-15DPGJ(2), through preferential cleavage of caspase-8. No effects on cell cycle distribution or differentiation were noted, despite prominent induction of p21 in PPARgamma-transfected cells. In turn, antagonizing PPARgamma function by small interfering RNA or pharmacologic PPARgamma inhibitor significantly diminished apoptosis induction by CDDO. Overexpression of coactivator protein DRIP205 resulted in enhanced differentiation induction by CDDO in AML cells through PPARgamma activation. Studies with DRIP205 deletion constructs showed that the NR boxes of DRIP205 are not required for this coactivation. In a phase I clinical trial of CDDO (RTA-401) in leukemia, CDDO induced an increase in PPARgamma mRNA expression in six of nine patient samples; of those, induction of differentiation was documented in four patients and that of p21 in three patients, all expressing DRIP205 protein. In summary, these findings suggest that cellular levels of PPARgamma regulate induction of apoptosis via caspase-8 activation, whereas the coactivator DRIP205 is a determinant of induction of differentiation, in response to PPARgamma agonists in leukemic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Twee Tsao
- Section of Molecular Hematology and Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The keratinocytes of the skin are unique in being not only the primary source of vitamin D for the body, but also possessing the enzymatic machinery to metabolize vitamin D to active metabolites [in particular, 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D)] and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that enables the keratinocytes to respond to the 1,25(OH)(2)D they produce. Numerous functions of the skin are regulated by vitamin D and/or its receptor: these include inhibition of proliferation, stimulation of differentiation including formation of the permeability barrier, promotion of innate immunity, regulation of the hair follicle cycle, and suppression of tumor formation. Regulation of these actions is exerted by a number of different coregulators including the coactivators DRIP and SRC, a less well known inhibitor, hairless, and beta-catenin. Different coregulators appear to be involved in different VDR-regulated functions. This review examines the various functions of vitamin D and its receptor, and to the extent known explores the mechanisms by which these functions are regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, 4150 Clement St (111N), San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rid R, Onder K, Trost A, Bauer J, Hintner H, Ritter M, Jakab M, Costa I, Reischl W, Richter K, MacDonald S, Jendrach M, Bereiter-Hahn J, Breitenbach M. H2O2-dependent translocation of TCTP into the nucleus enables its interaction with VDR in human keratinocytes: TCTP as a further module in calcitriol signalling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 118:29-40. [PMID: 19815065 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2009] [Revised: 09/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Translationally controlled tumour protein (TCTP) is an evolutionarily highly conserved molecule implicated in many processes related to cell cycle progression, proliferation and growth, to the protection against harmful conditions including apoptosis and to the human allergic response. We are showing here that after application of mild oxidative stress, human TCTP relocates from the cytoplasm to the nuclei of HaCaT keratinocytes where it directly associates with the ligand-binding domain of endogenous vitamin D(3) receptor (VDR) through its helical domain 2 (AA 71-132). Interestingly, the latter harbours a putative nuclear hormone receptor coregulatory LxxLL-like motif which seems to be involved in the interaction. Moreover, we demonstrate that VDR transcriptionally induces the expression of TCTP by binding to a previously unknown VDR response element within the TCTP promotor. Conversely, ectopically overexpressed TCTP downregulates the amount of VDR on both mRNA as well as protein level. These data, to conclude, suggest a kind of feedback regulation between TCTP and VDR to regulate a variety of (Ca(2+) dependent) cellular effects and in this way further underscore the physiological relevance of this novel protein-protein interaction.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/physiology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Calcitriol/pharmacology
- Calcitriol/physiology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cytoplasm/metabolism
- DNA/metabolism
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Feedback, Physiological/physiology
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Immunoprecipitation
- Keratinocytes/drug effects
- Keratinocytes/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Oxidative Stress/physiology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/physiology
- Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs/physiology
- Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics
- Receptors, Calcitriol/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Tumor Protein, Translationally-Controlled 1
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
- Vitamin D Response Element/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Rid
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wang Y, Becklund BR, DeLuca HF. Identification of a highly specific and versatile vitamin D receptor antibody. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 494:166-77. [PMID: 19951695 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The active form of vitamin D, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) is critical for regulation of serum calcium and phosphorus levels and for proper maintenance of bone mineralization and neuromuscular function. Biological effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 are mediated through a nuclear steroid hormone receptor, known as the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The discovery of VDR in a number of different cell and tissue types, suggests that the physiological role of vitamin D may extend beyond the regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone function. Unfortunately, identification of tissues expressing VDR has been controversial due to low abundance of the receptor and quality of the antibodies used. Therefore, we elected to characterize a panel of commercially available VDR antibodies in order to identify antibodies with high specificity and sensitivity. To address these objectives, we have used multiple immunoassays to determine VDR expression in tissues from several organs from multiple species employing tissues from VDR knockout mice as critical negative controls. Many of the antibodies tested showed nonspecific binding that can account for divergent reports. However, one antibody, identified as D-6, is highly specific and extremely sensitive. The specificity, sensitivity, and versatility of this antibody make it the preferred antibody for identifying VDR expression in target tissues using immunological methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongji Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1544, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kommagani R, Leonard MK, Lewis S, Romano RA, Sinha S, Kadakia MP. Regulation of VDR by deltaNp63alpha is associated with inhibition of cell invasion. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2828-35. [PMID: 19622632 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.049619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The p63 transcription factor has a pivotal role in epithelial morphogenesis. Multiple transcripts of the TP63 gene are generated because of alternative promoter usage and splicing. DeltaNp63alpha is the predominant isoform of p63 observed during epithelial morphogenesis and in human cancers. Loss of DeltaNp63alpha expression has been shown to promote invasiveness in a subset of human cancer cell lines. Here, we studied whether the regulation of VDR by DeltaNp63alpha controls the invasiveness of an epidermoid cancer cell line. We demonstrate that VDR expression is induced by all p63 isoforms, including DeltaNp63alpha. Endogenous DeltaNp63alpha protein was observed to bind to the VDR promoter, and silencing of endogenous DeltaNp63alpha resulted in diminished VDR expression. Although silencing of p63 inhibits VDR expression leading to an increase in cell migration, overexpression of p63 or VDR results in reduced cell migration as a result of increased VDR expression. Therefore, it is conceivable that p63 inhibits cell invasion by regulating VDR expression. Finally, we observed that expression of p63 and VDR overlaps in the wild-type mouse skin, but a reduced or complete absence of VDR expression was observed in skin from p63-null mice and in p63-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In conclusion, we demonstrate a direct transcriptional regulation of VDR by DeltaNp63alpha. Our results highlight a crucial role for VDR in p63-mediated biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Kommagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Janjetovic Z, Zmijewski MA, Tuckey RC, DeLeon DA, Nguyen MN, Pfeffer LM, Slominski AT. 20-Hydroxycholecalciferol, product of vitamin D3 hydroxylation by P450scc, decreases NF-kappaB activity by increasing IkappaB alpha levels in human keratinocytes. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5988. [PMID: 19543524 PMCID: PMC2694402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The side chain of vitamin D3 is hydroxylated in a sequential manner by cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1) to form 20-hydroxycholecalciferol, which can induce growth arrest and differentiation of both primary and immortalized epidermal keratinocytes. Since nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, we examined the capability of 20-hydroxycholecalciferol to modulate the activity of NF-κB, using 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) as a positive control. 20-hydroxycholecalciferol inhibits the activation of NFκB DNA binding activity as well as NF-κB-driven reporter gene activity in keratinocytes. Also, 20-hydroxycholecalciferol induced significant increases in the mRNA and protein levels of the NF-κB inhibitor protein, IκBα, in a time dependent manner, while no changes in total NF-κB-p65 mRNA or protein levels were observed. Another measure of NF-κB activity, p65 translocation from the cytoplasm into the nucleus was also inhibited in extracts of 20-hydroxycholecalciferol treated keratinocytes. Increased IκBα was concomitantly observed in cytosolic extracts of 20-hydroxycholecalciferol treated keratinocytes, as determined by immunoblotting and immunofluorescent staining. In keratinocytes lacking vitamin D receptor (VDR), 20-hydroxycholecalciferol did not affect IκBα mRNA levels, indicating that it requires VDR for its action on NF-κB activity. Comparison of the effects of calcitrol, hormonally active form of vitamin D3, with 20-hydrocholecalciferol show that both agents have a similar potency in inhibiting NF-κB. Since NF-κB is a major transcription factor for the induction of inflammatory mediators, our findings indicate that 20-hydroxycholecalciferol may be an effective therapeutic agent for inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zorica Janjetovic
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Michal A. Zmijewski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Tuckey
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Damon A. DeLeon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Minh N. Nguyen
- School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Lawrence M. Pfeffer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andrzej T. Slominski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, the Center for Cancer Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
|
47
|
Lehmann B. Role of the vitamin D3pathway in healthy and diseased skin - facts, contradictions and hypotheses. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:97-108. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
48
|
Abstract
CONTEXT Vitamin D receptors are found in most tissues, not just those participating in the classic actions of vitamin D such as bone, gut, and kidney. These nonclassic tissues are therefore potential targets for the active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)(2)D. Furthermore, many of these tissues also contain the enzyme CYP27B1 capable of producing 1,25(OH)(2)D from the circulating form of vitamin D. This review was intended to highlight the actions of 1,25(OH)(2)D in several of these tissues but starts with a review of vitamin D production, metabolism, and molecular mechanism. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Medline was searched for articles describing actions of 1,25(OH)(2)D on parathyroid hormone and insulin secretion, immune responses, keratinocytes, and cancer. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Vitamin D production in the skin provides an efficient source of vitamin D. Subsequent metabolism to 1,25(OH)(2)D within nonrenal tissues differs from that in the kidney. Although vitamin D receptor mediates the actions of 1,25(OH)(2)D, regulation of transcriptional activity is cell specific. 1,25(OH)(2)D inhibits PTH secretion but promotes insulin secretion, inhibits adaptive immunity but promotes innate immunity, and inhibits cell proliferation but stimulates their differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The nonclassic actions of vitamin D are cell specific and provide a number of potential new clinical applications for 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and its analogs. However, the use of vitamin D metabolites and analogs for these applications remains limited by the classic actions of vitamin D leading to hypercalcemia and hypercalcuria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bikle
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center (111N), 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Vitamin D receptor and coactivators SRC2 and 3 regulate epidermis-specific sphingolipid production and permeability barrier formation. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:1367-78. [PMID: 19052561 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a nuclear hormone receptor that controls transcription of target genes. It exerts its biological effects through transcriptional coactivators. Previously, we identified two distinct classes of VDR coactivators, VDR-interacting protein (DRIP) and steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) at different stages of keratinocyte differentiation. Here, we determined the functions of VDR and coactivators in lipid production and permeability barrier formation. Silencing of either VDR, SRC2, or SRC3 resulted in decreases in specific glucosylceramide (GlcCer) species but not other lipids such as cholesterol and free fatty acids. Their silencing also caused decreased transcription of fatty acid elongase and ceramide glucosyltransferase, which are critical for the synthesis of epidermis-unique GlcCer species, and defects in lamellar body formation associated with decreased expression of the lipid transporter ATP-binding cassette transporter protein 12. VDR null mice exhibit abnormal barrier function with altered lipid composition in vivo. These results demonstrate that VDR and coactivators SRC2 and SRC3, which are also involved in other nuclear receptors as well, are critical for epidermis-specific sphingolipid production and barrier formation. In contrast, DRIP silencing had no apparent effect on these processes indicating that the two classes of coactivators are differentially utilized.
Collapse
|
50
|
Histone acetylation in keratinocytes enables control of the expression of cathelicidin and CD14 by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:816-24. [PMID: 17943182 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hormonally active vitamin D(3)-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25D3)-acts as a signaling molecule in cutaneous immunity by increasing pattern recognition through Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2), and increasing the expression and function of antimicrobial peptides. Here we show that the actions of 1,25D3 on keratinocyte innate immune responses are influenced by histone acetylation and require the steroid receptor coactivator 3 (SRC3), which mediates inherent histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity. SRC3 was detected in the suprabasal and granular layer of the skin, similar to cathelicidin expression. HAT activity was important to keratinocyte cathelicidin expression as the combination of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) (butyrate or trichostatin A) and 1,25D3 increased cathelicidin and CD14 expression and enhanced the antimicrobial function of keratinocytes against Staphylococcus aureus. This treatment, or activation of TLR2, also directly increased acetylation of histone 4. Small interfering RNA silencing of the vitamin D receptor or SRC3 blocked the induction of cathelicidin and CD14 by 1,25D3. HDACi could not reverse this effect or influence cathelicidin in the absence of 1,25D3, suggesting that both are necessary for function. These studies demonstrate that the epigenetic control of gene transcription by histone acetylation is important for 1,25D3-regulated antimicrobial and TLR function of keratinocytes, essential elements of the innate immune response of the skin.
Collapse
|