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Tørnqvist-Johnsen C, Schnabel T, Gow AG, Del-Pozo J, Milne E, Macklin V, Fisher C, Handel I, Mellanby RJ. Investigation of the relationship between ionised and total calcium in dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:247-252. [PMID: 32043601 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between total and ionised calcium concentrations in dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia and to evaluate how albumin influences this relationship. METHODS Initially, a reference interval for ionised and total calcium was established using a large population of healthy adult dogs. Our teaching hospital clinical database was searched to identify adult dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia between 2012 and 2017, a time frame when the same sample handling and analysis protocols were in place as for the healthy reference interval population. The relationship between ionised and total calcium concentrations was then examined in the ionised hypercalcaemia population. RESULTS Based on biochemical analysis of 351 healthy adult dogs, a reference interval of 1.18 to 1.53 mmol/L for ionised calcium and 2.24 to 2.85 mmol/L for total calcium was established. Using these reference intervals, 63 dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia were identified, of which 23 did not have total hypercalcaemia. Only seven of the 23 dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia and total calcium below the upper limit of the reference interval had hypoalbuminemia. The majority of dogs with ionised hypercalcemia and normal total calcium had a modest increase in ionised calcium. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE If relying on total calcium alone, more than one third of dogs with ionised hypercalcaemia will be classified as normocalcaemic and the majority of these dogs had normal serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tørnqvist-Johnsen
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - T Schnabel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - A G Gow
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - J Del-Pozo
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - E Milne
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - V Macklin
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - C Fisher
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - I Handel
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
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Oosthuyzen W, Ten Berg P, Francis B, Campbell S, Macklin V, Milne E, Gow AG, Fisher C, Mellanby R, Dear J. Sensitivity and specificity of microRNA-122 for liver disease in dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:1637-1644. [PMID: 30070004 PMCID: PMC6189383 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current tests for diagnosing liver disease in dogs are sub-optimal. MicroRNA-122 (miR-122) is a sensitive and specific biomarker of liver injury in humans and rodents. Circulating miR-122 could have utility in identifying dogs with liver disease. OBJECTIVE Establish the reference interval for miR-122 in healthy dogs and determine performance in a range of dog breeds with liver disease and control animals with non-liver disease. ANIMALS Stored serum from 120 healthy dogs, 100 dogs with non-liver diseases, and 30 dogs with histologically confirmed liver disease was analyzed. METHODS Retrospective study. Medical records of dogs with liver disease, non-liver disease and healthy dogs were reviewed. Serum miR-122 concentrations were measured by PCR and compared with the characteristics of the dogs and their conventional clinical measurements. RESULTS In healthy dogs the 2.5th, 50th, and 97.5th quartiles of miR-122 were 110 (90% CI 80-114), 594 (505-682), and 3312 (2925-5144) copies/μL, respectively. There was no difference between healthy dogs and dogs with non-liver disease (median ± IQR: healthy dogs 609 [327-1014] copies/μL; non-liver disease 607 [300-1351] copies/μL). miR-122 was higher in dogs with liver disease (11 332 [4418-20 520] copies/μL, P < .001 compared to healthy dogs). miR-122 identified dogs with liver disease with high accuracy (receiver operating characteristic area under curve for comparison with healthy dogs: 0.93 [95% CI 0.86-0.99]). The upper limit of normal for healthy dogs (3312 copies/μL) had a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 97% for identifying liver disease. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Liver disease can be sensitively and specifically diagnosed in dogs by measurement of miR-122.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Oosthuyzen
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghThe United Kingdom
| | - P.W.L. Ten Berg
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghThe United Kingdom
| | - B. Francis
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolThe United Kingdom
| | - S. Campbell
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The Hospital for Small AnimalsUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghThe United Kingdom
| | - V. Macklin
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The Hospital for Small AnimalsUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghThe United Kingdom
| | - E. Milne
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The Hospital for Small AnimalsUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghThe United Kingdom
| | - A. G. Gow
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The Hospital for Small AnimalsUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghThe United Kingdom
| | - C. Fisher
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The Hospital for Small AnimalsUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghThe United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Mellanby
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, The Hospital for Small AnimalsUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghThe United Kingdom
| | - J.W. Dear
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghThe United Kingdom
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Cartwright JA, Gow AG, Milne E, Drummond D, Smith S, Handel I, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D Receptor Expression in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:764-774. [PMID: 29469965 PMCID: PMC5866978 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing evidence linking low blood vitamin D concentration to numerous diseases in people and in dogs. Vitamin D influences cellular function by signaling through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Little is known about which non‐skeletal tissues express the VDR or how inflammation influences its expression in the dog. Objectives To define which non‐skeletal canine tissues express the VDR and to investigate expression in inflamed small intestine. Animals Thirteen non‐skeletal tissues were collected prospectively from 6 control dogs. Thirty‐five dogs diagnosed with a chronic enteropathy (CE) and 24 control dogs were prospectively enrolled and duodenal biopsies were evaluated for VDR expression. Methods Prospective; blinded assessment of canine intestinal VDR. Dogs with CE were included once other identifiable causes of intestinal disease were excluded. Age matched controls were included with no intestinal clinical signs. VDR expression was assessed immunohistochemically in all samples, using a Rat IgG VDR monoclonal antibody. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was also used for duodenal biopsies. Results VDR expression as assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) was highest in the kidney, duodenum, skin, ileum and spleen, and weak in the colon, heart, lymph node, liver, lung, and ovary. Gastric and testicular tissue did not express the VDR. There was no statistical difference in duodenal VDR expression between the 24 healthy dogs and 34 dogs with CE when quantified by either qPCR (P = 0.87) or IHC (P = 0.099). Conclusions and Clinical Importance The lack of down regulation of VDR expression in inflamed intestine contrasts with previous studies in humans. Our findings support future studies to investigate whether vitamin D and its analogues can be used to modulate intestinal inflammation in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cartwright
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - A G Gow
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - E Milne
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - D Drummond
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - S Smith
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - I Handel
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - R J Mellanby
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
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Breheny CR, Brown A, Handel I, Gow AG. Inter- and intra-operator variability in the analysis of packed cell volume. J Small Anim Pract 2016; 58:29-34. [PMID: 27882574 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify whether inter- and intra-operator variability occurs in the measurement of canine packed cell volume and, if so, at which stage these errors occur. MATERIALS AND METHODS Undergraduate veterinary students and veterinary surgeons were recruited to measure the packed cell volumes of three samples in duplicate. Measurements from each sample were confirmed by one author, and it was then ascertained whether the error was made in the capillary preparation or reading. RESULTS Data were obtained from 44 students and 11 vets. A total of 25% of students made errors associated with inadequate mixing; 23% students and 9% of vets made errors consistent with incorrect reading. There was also less intra-operator variation in values within the vet group (0·027 from the mean) in comparison to the student group (-0·21 from the mean). A total of 68·2% of students and 91% of vets filled the capillary tubes outwith World Health Organisation standards of two-thirds to three-quarters full. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Packed cell volume measurement is extremely useful when measuring erythroid mass, but it is crucial that the results upon which decisions are made are accurate and precise in order to manage these cases appropriately. Operator variation is a significant factor and must be addressed by proper training and following standard operating procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Breheny
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, EH25 9RG
| | - A Brown
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, EH25 9RG
| | - I Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, EH25 9RG
| | - A G Gow
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, EH25 9RG
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Titmarsh H, Gow AG, Kilpatrick S, Sinclair J, Hill T, Milne E, Philbey A, Berry J, Handel I, Mellanby RJ. Association of Vitamin D Status and Clinical Outcome in Dogs with a Chronic Enteropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1473-8. [PMID: 26308876 PMCID: PMC4895651 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dogs with a chronic enteropathy (CE) have a lower vitamin D status, than do healthy dogs. Vitamin D status has been associated with a negative clinical outcome in humans with inflammatory bowel disease. Objectives To examine the relationship between serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations at diagnosis and clinical outcome in dogs with a CE. Animals Forty‐one dogs diagnosed with CE admitted to the Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Hospital for Small Animals between 2007 and 2013. Methods Retrospective review. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were compared between dogs which were alive at follow up or had died because of non‐CE‐related reasons (survivors) and dogs which died or were euthanized due to their CE (non‐survivors). A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine significant predictors of death in dogs with CE. Results Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D at the time a CE was diagnosed were significantly lower in nonsurvivors (n = 15) (median nonsurvivors 4.36 ng/mL, interquartile range 1.6–17.0 ng/mL), median survivors (n = 26) (24.9 ng/mL interquartile range 15.63–39.45 ng/mL, P < .001). Serum 25(OH)D concentration was a significant predictor of death in dogs with CE (odds ratio 1.08 [95% CI 1.02–1.18)]). Conclusions Serum 25(OH)D concentrations at diagnosis are predictive of outcome in dogs with CE. The role of vitamin D in the initiation and outcome of chronic enteropathies in dogs is deserving of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Titmarsh
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - A G Gow
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - S Kilpatrick
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - J Sinclair
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - T Hill
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - E Milne
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - A Philbey
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - J Berry
- Vitamin D Research Laboratory, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
| | - I Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian, UK
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Cartwright JA, Gow DJ, Gow AG, Handel I, Reed N, Brown AJ, Cash R, Foote A, Mackenzie D, Bell R, Mellanby RJ. Serum cardiac troponin I concentrations decrease following treatment of primary immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:516-20. [PMID: 26134761 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The measurement of serum cardiac troponin I concentrations in dogs with a range of non-primary cardiac illnesses suggests that cardiac myocyte damage is commonplace. Dogs with primary immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia have increased serum cardiac troponin I concentrations at the time of diagnosis. However, it is unclear whether biochemical evidence of cardiac myocyte damage improves following successful treatment of anaemia. METHODS A haematology profile was performed and serum cardiac troponin I concentrations were measured in 19 dogs with primary immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia before and after treatment. RESULTS The haematocrit increased significantly (P = 0 · 0001) following treatment of primary IMHA (median pre: 0 · 13 L/L, median post: 0 · 33 L/L). The serum cardiac troponin I concentrations decreased significantly (P < 0 · 05) after treatment (median pre: 0 · 26 ng/mL, median post: 0 · 16 ng/mL). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Serum cardiac troponin I concentration decreases following successful treatment of primary immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. The clinical and prognostic significance of serum cardiac troponin I concentrations before and after treatment in dogs with primary immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cartwright
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - D J Gow
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - A G Gow
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - I Handel
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - N Reed
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - A J Brown
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG
| | - R Cash
- Rossdale & Partners, Beaufort Cottage Laboratories, Suffolk CB8 8JS
| | - A Foote
- Rossdale & Partners, Beaufort Cottage Laboratories, Suffolk CB8 8JS
| | | | - R Bell
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, Cambridge CB8 0UH
| | - R J Mellanby
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG
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Summers KM, Ogden R, Clements DN, French AT, Gow AG, Powell R, Corcoran B, Mellanby RJ, Schoeman JP. Limited genetic divergence between dog breeds from geographically isolated countries. Vet Rec 2014; 175:562. [PMID: 25331973 PMCID: PMC4283627 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Summers
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R Ogden
- WildGenes Laboratory, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland, Edinburgh EH12 6TS, UK
| | - D N Clements
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - A T French
- Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - A G Gow
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R Powell
- Powell Torrance Diagnostic Services, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hertfordshire SG5 3HR, UK
| | - B Corcoran
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - R J Mellanby
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - J P Schoeman
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, Republic of South Africa
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Frowde PE, Gow AG, Burton CA, Powell R, Lipscomb VJ, House AK, Mellanby RJ, Tivers MS. Hepatic hepcidin gene expression in dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1203-5. [PMID: 24962818 PMCID: PMC4857939 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microcytic anemia is common in dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt (cPSS) and typically resolves after surgical attenuation of the anomalous vessel. However, the pathophysiology of the microcytic anemia remains poorly understood. Hepcidin has been a key role in controlling iron transport in both humans and animals and in mediating anemia of inflammatory disease in humans. The role of hepcidin in the development of microcytic anemia in dogs with a cPSS has not been examined. Hypothesis To determine whether hepatic hepcidin mRNA expression decreases, while red blood cell count (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) increase in dogs after surgical attenuation of a cPSS. Animals Eighteen client‐owned dogs with confirmed cPSS undergoing surgical attenuation. Method Prospective study. Red blood cell count (RBC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), together with hepatic gene expression of hepcidin, were measured in dogs before and after partial attenuation of a cPSS. Results There was a significant increase in both RBC (median pre 6.17 × 1012/L, median post 7.08 × 1012/L, P < .001) and MCV (median pre 61.5fl, median post 65.5fl, P = .006) after partial surgical attenuation of the cPSS. Despite the increase in both measured red blood cell parameters, hepatic gene expression of hepcidin remained unchanged. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This study found no evidence that dysregulated production of hepcidin was associated with anemia in dogs with a cPSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Frowde
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Hospital for Small Animals, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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Kilpatrick S, Jacinto A, Foale RD, Tappin SW, Burton C, Frowde PE, Elwood CM, Powell R, Duncan A, Mellanby RJ, Gow AG. Whole blood manganese concentrations in dogs with primary hepatitis. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:241-6. [PMID: 24593275 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increased whole blood manganese concentrations have been reported in humans with primary liver disease. Due to the neurotoxic effects of manganese, altered manganese homeostasis has been linked to the development of hepatic encephalopathy. Whole blood manganese concentrations are increased in cases of canine congenital portosystemic shunts, but it remains unclear whether dogs with primary hepatopathies also have altered manganese homeostasis. METHODS Whole blood manganese concentrations were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in 21 dogs with primary hepatitis, 65 dogs with a congenital portosystemic shunt, 31 dogs with non-hepatic illnesses and 18 healthy dogs. RESULTS The whole blood manganese concentrations were significantly different between dogs with primary hepatitis, dogs with non-hepatic illnesses and healthy dogs (P=0·002). Dogs with primary hepatitis had significantly increased whole blood manganese concentrations compared with healthy dogs (P<0·05) and dogs with non-hepatic illnesses (P<0·01). Dogs with primary hepatitis had significantly lower whole blood manganese concentration compared with dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts (P=0·0005). CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Dogs with primary hepatopathies have increased concentrations of whole blood manganese although these concentrations are not as high as those in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. The role of altered manganese homeostasis in canine hepatic encephalopathy is worthy of further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kilpatrick
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Hospital for Small Animals, The University of Edinburgh, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG
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Crawford K, Warman SM, Marques AI, Yool DA, Eckersall PD, McCulloch E, Lynn K, Mellanby RJ, Gow AG. Serum haptoglobin concentrations in dogs with liver disease. Vet Rec 2013; 173:579. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Crawford
- Northwest Surgeons; Delamere House, Ashville Point Sutton Weaver Cheshire WA7 3FW UK
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - S. M. Warman
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science; University of Bristol; Langford House Langford Bristol BS40 5DU UK
| | - A. I. Marques
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Hospital for Small Animals; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - D. A. Yool
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Hospital for Small Animals; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - P. D. Eckersall
- Division of Animal Production & Public Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Institute of Comparative Medicine; University of Glasgow; Bearsden Road Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - E. McCulloch
- ReactivLab Ltd; Garscube Estate, Bearsden Rd Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - K. Lynn
- ReactivLab Ltd; Garscube Estate, Bearsden Rd Glasgow G61 1QH UK
| | - R. J. Mellanby
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Hospital for Small Animals; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
| | - A. G. Gow
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; The Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Hospital for Small Animals; Easter Bush Veterinary Centre Roslin Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
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Jacinto AML, Mellanby RJ, Chandler M, Bommer NX, Carruthers H, Fairbanks LD, Gow AG. Urine concentrations of xanthine, hypoxanthine and uric acid in UK Cavalier King Charles spaniels. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:395-8. [PMID: 23859747 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Xanthine urolithiasis and asymptomatic xanthinuria have been diagnosed in Cavalier King Charles spaniel dogs suggesting that primary xanthinuria may be a breed-related disorder, although its prevalence remains unclear. The hypothesis of this study was that asymptomatic xanthinuria is common in Cavalier King Charles spaniel dogs. METHODS Free catch urine samples were collected from 35 client-owned Cavalier King Charles spaniel dogs and from 24 dogs of other breeds. The purine metabolites were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. The urine ratios of xanthine/creatinine and hypoxanthine/creatinine were calculated and compared between the two groups of dogs. RESULTS The urine concentrations of purine metabolites were not significantly different between the two groups and were very low in both. The urine concentrations of xanthine in all 35 Cavalier King Charles spaniel were markedly lower than in the previously reported case of xanthine urolithiasis in a UK Cavalier King Charles spaniel dog. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Asymptomatic xanthinuria was not detected in this UK Cavalier King Charles spaniel population. This data may be used as a reference for urinary purine metabolite concentrations in the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M L Jacinto
- Royal Dick School of Veterinary Studies, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland, EH25 9RG
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Gow AG, Marques AI, Yool DA, Crawford K, Warman SM, Eckersall PD, Jalan R, Mellanby RJ. Dogs with congenital porto-systemic shunting (cPSS) and hepatic encephalopathy have higher serum concentrations of C-reactive protein than asymptomatic dogs with cPSS. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:227-9. [PMID: 22354751 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a cause of significant morbidity and mortality in patients with liver disorders and a wide range of rodent models of HE have been described to facilitate studies into the pathogenesis and treatment of HE. However, it is widely acknowledged that no individual model perfectly mimics human HE and there is a particular need for spontaneous, larger animal models. One common congenital abnormality in dogs is the portosystemic shunt (cPSS) which causes clinical signs that are similar to human HE such as ataxia, disorientation, lethargy and occasionally coma. As inflammation has recently been shown to be associated with HE in humans, we hypothesised that inflammation would similarly be associated with HE in dogs with cPSS. To examine this hypothesis we measured C-reactive protein (CRP) in 30 healthy dogs, 19 dogs with a cPSS and no HE and 27 dogs with a cPSS and overt HE. There was a significant difference in CRP concentration between healthy dogs and dogs with HE (p < 0.001) and between dogs with HE and without HE (p < 0.05). The novel finding that there is an association between inflammation and canine HE strengthens the concept that HE in dogs with cPSS shares a similar pathogenesis to humans with HE. Consequently, dogs with a cPSS may be a good spontaneous model of human HE in which to further examine the role of inflammation and development of HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Gow
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Midlothian, UK
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Collings AJ, Gow AG, Marques A, Yool D, Furneaux R, Mellanby R, Watson PJ. A prospective study of basal insulin concentrations in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. J Small Anim Pract 2012; 53:228-33. [PMID: 22417097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypoglycaemia is a common cause of morbidity in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts but the aetiology is unknown. The hypothesis of this study was that dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts would have significantly higher insulin concentrations than dogs without congenital portosystemic shunts. The main objective of the study was to compare peripheral glucose and insulin concentrations between dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts and dogs without congenital portosystemic shunts. METHODS Peripheral serum insulin and plasma glucose concentrations were measured in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts and without congenital portosystemic shunts and compared both between groups as well as to reference intervals derived from healthy dogs. RESULTS Congenital portosystemic shunts were diagnosed in 41 dogs. Forty-eight dogs hospitalised with other conditions acted as controls. Serum insulin concentrations were mildly elevated (Ä40 μU/mL) in seven dogs and were markedly elevated in two dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts, yet mild hypoglycaemia (3·3 mmol/L) was detected in only one of these dogs. Four dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts showed fasting hypoglycaemia, yet insulin concentrations were within or below the reference interval in three. There was no difference between the median insulin concentration of dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts and without congenital portosystemic shunts. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Hyperinsulinaemia is infrequently observed in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. The aetiology of hypoglycaemia in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Collings
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES
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Gow AG, Else R, Evans H, Berry JL, Herrtage ME, Mellanby RJ. Hypovitaminosis D in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease and hypoalbuminaemia. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:411-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Gow
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG.
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Gow DJ, Gow AG, Bell R, Spratt D, Cash R, Ricketts S, Archer J, Mellanby RJ. Serum cardiac troponin I in dogs with primary immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52:259-64. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2011.01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sheahan D, Bell R, Mellanby RJ, Gow AG, Friend E, Heller J, Bence LM, Eckersall PD. Acute phase protein concentrations in dogs with nasal disease. Vet Rec 2011; 167:895-9. [PMID: 21262672 DOI: 10.1136/vr.c5928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A, haptoglobin (Hp) and α(1)-acid glycoprotein were measured in dogs with clinical signs of nasal disease and compared with those of healthy dogs in order to determine the expression of these proteins in cases of canine nasal disease. A significant difference (P<0.001) between the symptomatic group and the control group was found for both CRP and Hp. Among the animals with nasal disease, a significant intergroup difference (P<0.05) was found in the expression of Hp between dogs with aspergillosis and those with chronic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sheahan
- Division of Companion Animal Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow G61 1QH.
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Gow AG, Gow DJ, Bell R, Simpson JW, Chandler ML, Evans H, Berry JL, Herrtage ME, Mellanby RJ. Calcium metabolism in eight dogs with hypoadrenocorticism. J Small Anim Pract 2009; 50:426-30. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Gow
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian
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Abstract
A six-year-old neutered male Jack Russell terrier was presented two years after importation into the UK from southern Africa with severe anaemia and abdominal distension. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed the presence of hepato-splenomegaly and ascites. A diagnosis of trypanosomosis was made by blood smear examination. Shortly after admission the dog collapsed and died. PCR analysis revealed a single infection with Trypanosoma congolense savannah type. This is the first reported case of canine African trypanosomosis in Europe and suggests that chronic trypanosomosis may allow importation of the disease in apparently asymptomatic animals, even with extended quarantine periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Gow
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Hospital for Small Animals, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Gow
- Vets Now, 2b Hutchison Crossway, Edinburgh EH14 1RR
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