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Guijarro-Hernández A, Hurtado C, Larráyoz MJ, Calasanz MJ, Vizmanos JL. CALR but Not JAK2 Mutations Are Associated with an Overexpression of Retinoid X Receptor Alpha in Essential Thrombocythemia. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1511. [PMID: 38672593 PMCID: PMC11048154 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a blood cancer caused by mutations in JAK2 and CALR. It is widely recognized that both mutations lead to the constitutive activation of JAK2/STAT signaling, although other JAK/STAT-independent pathogenic mechanisms triggered by these alterations have also been described in ET. In an attempt to study JAK2/STAT-independent mechanisms derived from CALR mutations, our research group created a C. elegans model with patient-like mutations in calreticulin that lacks JAK counterparts. The introduction of patient-like mutations in the calreticulin of C. elegans leads to an increase in the transcriptional expression of nhr-2, independently of JAK2/STAT activation. In the present study, we aim to verify if this mechanism is conserved in patients with ET harboring CALR mutations. To do so, we evaluated the expression of potential orthologs of nhr-2 in human cell lines of interest for the study, as well as in bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells from patients with CALR or JAK2 mutations. The results revealed that this mechanism is conserved in CALR-mutated ET patients, since CALR, but not JAK2 mutations, were associated with an overexpression of RXRA in patients with ET. The use of drugs targeting the activation or blockade of this target in the analyzed cell lines did not result in changes in cell viability. However, RXRA might be relevant in the disease, pointing to the need for future research testing retinoids and other drugs targeting RXRα for the treatment of ET patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Guijarro-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.G.-H.); (C.H.)
| | - Cristina Hurtado
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.G.-H.); (C.H.)
| | - María José Larráyoz
- CIMA LAB Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain; (M.J.L.); (M.J.C.)
| | - María José Calasanz
- CIMA LAB Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain; (M.J.L.); (M.J.C.)
| | - José Luis Vizmanos
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.G.-H.); (C.H.)
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2
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Fang Z, Corbizi Fattori G, McKerrell T, Boucher RH, Jackson A, Fletcher RS, Forte D, Martin JE, Fox S, Roberts J, Glover R, Harris E, Bridges HR, Grassi L, Rodriguez-Meira A, Mead AJ, Knapper S, Ewing J, Butt NM, Jain M, Francis S, Clark FJ, Coppell J, McMullin MF, Wadelin F, Narayanan S, Milojkovic D, Drummond MW, Sekhar M, ElDaly H, Hirst J, Paramor M, Baxter EJ, Godfrey AL, Harrison CN, Méndez-Ferrer S. Tamoxifen for the treatment of myeloproliferative neoplasms: A Phase II clinical trial and exploratory analysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7725. [PMID: 38001082 PMCID: PMC10673935 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43175-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) improve symptoms but have limited effect on tumor size. In preclinical studies, tamoxifen restored normal apoptosis in mutated hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). TAMARIN Phase-II, multicenter, single-arm clinical trial assessed tamoxifen's safety and activity in patients with stable MPNs, no prior thrombotic events and mutated JAK2V617F, CALRins5 or CALRdel52 peripheral blood allele burden ≥20% (EudraCT 2015-005497-38). 38 patients were recruited over 112w and 32 completed 24w-treatment. The study's A'herns success criteria were met as the primary outcome ( ≥ 50% reduction in mutant allele burden at 24w) was observed in 3/38 patients. Secondary outcomes included ≥25% reduction at 24w (5/38), ≥50% reduction at 12w (0/38), thrombotic events (2/38), toxicities, hematological response, proportion of patients in each IWG-MRT response category and ELN response criteria. As exploratory outcomes, baseline analysis of HSPC transcriptome segregates responders and non-responders, suggesting a predictive signature. In responder HSPCs, longitudinal analysis shows high baseline expression of JAK-STAT signaling and oxidative phosphorylation genes, which are downregulated by tamoxifen. We further demonstrate in preclinical studies that in JAK2V617F+ cells, 4-hydroxytamoxifen inhibits mitochondrial complex-I, activates integrated stress response and decreases pathogenic JAK2-signaling. These results warrant further investigation of tamoxifen in MPN, with careful consideration of thrombotic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Fang
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giuditta Corbizi Fattori
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas McKerrell
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rebecca H Boucher
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aimee Jackson
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel S Fletcher
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Dorian Forte
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jose-Ezequiel Martin
- Cancer Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sonia Fox
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - James Roberts
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachel Glover
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Erica Harris
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hannah R Bridges
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Luigi Grassi
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alba Rodriguez-Meira
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam J Mead
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre and MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Joanne Ewing
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nauman M Butt
- The Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Fiona J Clark
- University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hesham ElDaly
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Judy Hirst
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maike Paramor
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Joanna Baxter
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anna L Godfrey
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Simón Méndez-Ferrer
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK.
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3
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Identification of Novel Small Molecule Ligands for JAK2 Pseudokinase Domain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16010075. [PMID: 36678572 PMCID: PMC9865020 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperactive mutation V617F in the JAK2 regulatory pseudokinase domain (JH2) is prevalent in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Here, we identified novel small molecules that target JH2 of JAK2 V617F and characterized binding via biochemical and structural approaches. Screening of 107,600 small molecules resulted in identification of 55 binders to the ATP-binding pocket of recombinant JAK2 JH2 V617F protein at a low hit rate of 0.05%, which indicates unique structural characteristics of the JAK2 JH2 ATP-binding pocket. Selected hits and structural analogs were further assessed for binding to JH2 and JH1 (kinase) domains of JAK family members (JAK1-3, TYK2) and for effects on MPN model cell viability. Crystal structures were determined with JAK2 JH2 wild-type and V617F. The JH2-selective binders were identified in diaminotriazole, diaminotriazine, and phenylpyrazolo-pyrimidone chemical entities, but they showed low-affinity, and no inhibition of MPN cells was detected, while compounds binding to both JAK2 JH1 and JH2 domains inhibited MPN cell viability. X-ray crystal structures of protein-ligand complexes indicated generally similar binding modes between the ligands and V617F or wild-type JAK2. Ligands of JAK2 JH2 V617F are applicable as probes in JAK-STAT research, and SAR optimization combined with structural insights may yield higher-affinity inhibitors with biological activity.
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4
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Mammalian Display Platform for the Maturation of Bispecific TCR-Based Molecules. Antibodies (Basel) 2022; 11:antib11020034. [PMID: 35645207 PMCID: PMC9150015 DOI: 10.3390/antib11020034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific T cell receptor (TCR)-based molecules capable of redirecting and activating T cells towards tumor cells represent a novel and promising class of biotherapeutics for the treatment of cancer. Usage of TCRs allows for targeting of intracellularly expressed and highly selective cancer antigens, but also requires a complex maturation process to increase the naturally low affinity and stability of TCRs. Even though TCR domains can be matured via phage and yeast display, these techniques share the disadvantages of non-human glycosylation patterns and the need for a later reformatting into the final bispecific format. Here, we describe the development and application of a Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) display for affinity engineering of TCRs in the context of the final bispecific TCR format. The recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RCME)-based system allows for stable, single-copy integration of bispecific TCR molecules with high efficiency into a defined genetic locus of CHO cells. We used the system to isolate affinity-increased variants of bispecific T cell engaging receptor (TCER) molecules from a library encoding different CDR variants of a model TCR targeting preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME). When expressed as a soluble protein, the selected TCER molecules exhibited strong reactivity against PRAME-positive tumor cells associated with a pronounced cytokine release from activated T cells. The obtained data support the usage of the CHO display-based maturation system for TCR affinity maturation in the context of the final bispecific TCER format.
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5
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De Marchi F, Okuda M, Morishita S, Imai M, Baba T, Horino M, Mori Y, Furuya C, Ogata S, Yang Y, Ando J, Ando M, Araki M, Komatsu N. Clinical and biological relevance of CREB3L1 in Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leuk Res 2022; 119:106883. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2022.106883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Phenformin increases early hematopoietic progenitors in the Jak2 V617F murine model. Invest New Drugs 2022; 40:576-585. [PMID: 35015172 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-022-01212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are disorders characterized by an alteration at the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) level, where the JAK2 mutation is the most common genetic alteration found in classic MPN (polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and primary myelofibrosis). We and others previously demonstrated that metformin reduced splenomegaly and platelets counts in peripheral blood in JAK2V617F pre-clinical MPN models, which highlighted the antineoplastic potential of biguanides for MPN treatment. Phenformin is a biguanide that has been used to treat diabetes, but was withdrawn due to its potential to cause lactic acidosis in patients. AIMS We herein aimed to investigate the effects of phenformin in MPN disease burden and stem cell function in Jak2V617F-knockin MPN mice. RESULTS In vitro phenformin treatment reduced cell viability and increased apoptosis in SET2 JAK2V67F cells. Long-term treatment with 40 mg/kg phenformin in Jak2V617F knockin mice increased the frequency of LSK, myeloid progenitors (MP), and multipotent progenitors (MPP) in the bone marrow. Phenformin treatment did not affect peripheral blood counts, spleen weight, megakaryocyte count, erythroid precursors frequency, or ex vivo clonogenic capacity. Ex vivo treatment of bone marrow cells from Jak2V617F knockin mice with phenformin did not affect hematologic parameters or engraftment in recipient mice. CONCLUSIONS Phenformin increased the percentages of LSK, MP, and MPP populations, but did not reduce disease burden in Jak2V617F-knockin mice. Additional studies are necessary to further understand the effects of phenformin on early hematopoietic progenitors.
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Takei H, Coelho-Silva JL, Tavares Leal C, Queiroz Arantes Rocha A, Mantello Bianco T, Welner RS, Mishima Y, Kobayashi IS, Mullally A, Lima K, Machado-Neto JA, Kobayashi SS, Lobo de Figueiredo-Pontes L. Suppression of multiple anti-apoptotic BCL2 family proteins recapitulates the effects of JAK2 inhibitors in JAK2V617F driven myeloproliferative neoplasms. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:597-608. [PMID: 34808021 PMCID: PMC8819353 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of research suggest that Bcl‐xL‐mediated anti‐apoptotic effects may contribute to the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms driven by JAK2V617F and serve as therapeutic target. Here, we used a knock‐in JAK2V617F mouse model and confirmed that Bcl‐xL was overexpressed in erythroid progenitors. The myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN)‐induced phenotype in the peripheral blood by conditional knock‐in of JAK2V617F was abrogated by conditional knockout of Bcl2l1, which presented anemia and thrombocytopenia independently of JAK2 mutation status. Mx1‐Cre Jak2V617W/VF/Bcl2l1f/f mice presented persistent splenomegaly as a result of extramedullary hematopoiesis and pro‐apoptotic stimuli in terminally differentiated erythroid progenitors. The pan‐BH3 mimetic inhibitor obatoclax showed superior cytotoxicity in JAK2V617F cell models, and reduced clonogenic capacity in ex vivo assay using Vav‐Cre Jak2V617F bone marrow cells. Both ruxolitinib and obatoclax significantly reduced spleen weights in a murine Jak2V617F MPN model but did not show additive effect. The tumor burden reduction was observed with either ruxolitinib or obatoclax in terminal differentiation stage neoplastic cells but not in myeloid‐erythroid precursors. Therefore, disrupting the BCL2 balance is not sufficient to treat MPN at the stem cell level, but it is certainly an additional option for controlling the critical myeloid expansion of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Takei
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Hematology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi-shi, Japan
| | - Juan Luiz Coelho-Silva
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Tavares Leal
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thiago Mantello Bianco
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robert S Welner
- Department of Medicine, Division Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yuta Mishima
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Transborder Medical Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ikei S Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Mullally
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keli Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Susumu S Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Translational Genomics, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Kashiwa, Japan.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lorena Lobo de Figueiredo-Pontes
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology, and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Marinaccio C, Suraneni P, Celik H, Volk A, Wen QJ, Ling T, Bulic M, Lasho T, Koche RP, Famulare CA, Farnoud N, Stein B, Schieber M, Gurbuxani S, Root DE, Younger ST, Hoffman R, Gangat N, Ntziachristos P, Chandel NS, Levine RL, Rampal RK, Challen GA, Tefferi A, Crispino JD. LKB1/ STK11 Is a Tumor Suppressor in the Progression of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1398-1410. [PMID: 33579786 PMCID: PMC8178182 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) frequently progress to blast phase disease, an aggressive form of acute myeloid leukemia. To identify genes that suppress disease progression, we performed a focused CRISPR/Cas9 screen and discovered that depletion of LKB1/Stk11 led to enhanced in vitro self-renewal of murine MPN cells. Deletion of Stk11 in a mouse MPN model caused rapid lethality with enhanced fibrosis, osteosclerosis, and an accumulation of immature cells in the bone marrow, as well as enhanced engraftment of primary human MPN cells in vivo. LKB1 loss was associated with increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and stabilization of HIF1α, and downregulation of LKB1 and increased levels of HIF1α were observed in human blast phase MPN specimens. Of note, we observed strong concordance of pathways that were enriched in murine MPN cells with LKB1 loss with those enriched in blast phase MPN patient specimens, supporting the conclusion that STK11 is a tumor suppressor in the MPNs. SIGNIFICANCE: Progression of the myeloproliferative neoplasms to acute myeloid leukemia occurs in a substantial number of cases, but the genetic basis has been unclear. We discovered that loss of LKB1/STK11 leads to stabilization of HIF1a and promotes disease progression. This observation provides a potential therapeutic avenue for targeting progression.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1307.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamza Celik
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Andrew Volk
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Te Ling
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | | | - Richard P Koche
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Noushin Farnoud
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York
| | | | | | | | - David E Root
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Scott T Younger
- Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Panagiotis Ntziachristos
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Ross L Levine
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York
| | - Raajit K Rampal
- Center for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering, New York, New York
| | - Grant A Challen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | | | - John D Crispino
- Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois.
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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9
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Kalev-Zylinska ML, Hearn JI, Makhro A, Bogdanova A. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Hematopoietic Cells: What Have We Learned? Front Physiol 2020; 11:577. [PMID: 32625106 PMCID: PMC7311790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) provides a pathway for glutamate-mediated inter-cellular communication, best known for its role in the brain but with multiple examples of functionality in non-neuronal cells. Data previously published by others and us provided ex vivo evidence that NMDARs regulate platelet and red blood cell (RBC) production. Here, we summarize what is known about these hematopoietic roles of the NMDAR. Types of NMDAR subunits expressed in megakaryocytes (platelet precursors) and erythroid cells are more commonly found in the developing rather than adult brain, suggesting trophic functions. Nevertheless, similar to their neuronal counterparts, hematopoietic NMDARs function as ion channels, and are permeable to calcium ions (Ca2+). Inhibitors that block open NMDAR (memantine and MK-801) interfere with megakaryocytic maturation and proplatelet formation in primary culture. The effect on proplatelet formation appears to involve Ca2+ influx-dependent regulation of the cytoskeletal remodeling. In contrast to normal megakaryocytes, NMDAR effects in leukemic Meg-01 cells are diverted away from differentiation to increase proliferation. NMDAR hypofunction triggers differentiation of Meg-01 cells with the bias toward erythropoiesis. The underlying mechanism involves changes in the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, cell stress pathways, and hematopoietic transcription factors that upon NMDAR inhibition shift from the predominance of megakaryocytic toward erythroid regulators. This ability of NMDAR to balance both megakaryocytic and erythroid cell fates suggests receptor involvement at the level of a bipotential megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor. In human erythroid precursors and circulating RBCs, NMDAR regulates intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. NMDAR activity supports survival of early proerythroblasts, and in mature RBCs NMDARs impact cellular hydration state, hemoglobin oxygen affinity, and nitric oxide synthase activity. Overexcitation of NMDAR in mature RBCs leads to Ca2+ overload, K+ loss, RBC dehydration, and oxidative stress, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease. In summary, there is growing evidence that glutamate-NMDAR signaling regulates megakaryocytic and erythroid cells at different stages of maturation, with some intriguing differences emerging in NMDAR expression and function between normal and diseased cells. NMDAR signaling may provide new therapeutic opportunities in hematological disease, but in vivo applicability needs to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, LabPlus Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James I. Hearn
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Asya Makhro
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Quentmeier H, Pommerenke C, Dirks WG, Fähnrich S, Hauer V, Uphoff CC, Zaborski M, Drexler HG. DNMT3A R882H mutation in acute myeloid leukemia cell line SET-2. Leuk Res 2019; 88:106270. [PMID: 31739141 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2019.106270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Quentmeier
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Claudia Pommerenke
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wilhelm G Dirks
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Silke Fähnrich
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Vivien Hauer
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cord C Uphoff
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Margarete Zaborski
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans G Drexler
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
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11
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Reversine exhibits antineoplastic activity in JAK2 V617F-positive myeloproliferative neoplasms. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9895. [PMID: 31289316 PMCID: PMC6616334 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46163-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
JAK2/STAT signaling participates in the Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) pathophysiology and has been targeted by ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor. In the present study, the impact of ruxolitinib treatment on cytoskeleton-related genes expression was explored. In SET2 cells, AURKA and AURKB expression/activity were downregulated in a dose- and time-dependent manner by ruxolitinib. Reversine, a multikinase inhibitor selective for aurora kinases, reduced cell viability in a dose- and/or time-dependent manner in JAK2V617F cells. Reversine significantly increased apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe, and reduced cell proliferation and clonogenic capacity in SET2 and HEL cells. In the molecular scenario, reversine induced DNA damage and apoptosis markers, as well as, reduced AURKA and AURKB expression/activity. In SET2 cells, reversine modulated the expression of 32 out of 84 apoptosis-related genes investigated, including downregulation of antiapoptotic (BCL2, BCL2L1, and BIRC5) and upregulation of proapoptotic (BIK, BINP3, and BNIP3L) genes. Synergism experiments indicated that low dose of reversine had a potentiating effect under ruxolitinib treatment at low doses in SET2 cells. In summary, our exploratory study establishes new targets, related to the regulation of the cellular cytoskeleton, for potential pharmacological intervention in MPN. These findings indicate that AURKA and AURKB participate in the JAK2/STAT signaling pathway and contribute to the MPN phenotype.
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12
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SOX6 blocks the proliferation of BCR-ABL1 + and JAK2V617F + leukemic cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3388. [PMID: 30833651 PMCID: PMC6399316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39926-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX6 is a HMG-box transcription factor expressed in a wide range of tissues. Recent data show that SOX6 expression is altered in different cancers, in the majority of cases being downregulated. To date, no data are available about SOX6 role in hematological malignancies. Here we demonstrate that SOX6 overexpressing BCR-ABL1+ B-ALL cells are unable to promote leukemia in a mouse model. Starting from this observation, we extended our study to a panel of human leukemic cells carrying genetic lesions distinctive of different types of leukemias and myeloproliferative disorders (the BCR-ABL1 translocation and the JAK2V617F amino acid substitution) to dissect the cellular events induced by SOX6. The inhibition of proliferation is the invariant outcome of SOX6 overexpression but it is achieved via two different cellular responses: terminal differentiation in erythroid-biased cells, irrespectively of their mutation, and apoptosis in megakaryocytic-primed and lymphoid cells. Within this context, cells carrying the highest copy number of the JAK2V617F allele better counteract the SOX6-imposed growth arrest. The interrogation of the GEPIA (Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis) human dataset reveals that SOX6 is downregulated in a cohort of AML patients, uncovering a wide anti-proliferative role of SOX6 in a variety of mutant backgrounds.
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13
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Cardoso BA, Ramos TL, Belo H, Vilas-Boas F, Real C, Almeida AM. Vorinostat synergizes with antioxidant therapy to target myeloproliferative neoplasms. Exp Hematol 2019; 72:60-71.e11. [PMID: 30769020 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BCR-ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are driven by JAK-STAT pathway activation, but epigenetic alterations also play an important pathophysiological role. These can be pharmacologically manipulated with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs), which have proven to be clinically effective in the treatment of MPNs but exhibit dose-limiting toxicity. The treatment of primary MPN cells with vorinostat modulates the expression of genes associated with apoptosis, cell cycle, inflammation, and signaling. The induction of this transcriptional program results in decreased cellular viability, paralleled by a decrease in levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vitro manipulation of ROS levels revealed that the reduction of ROS levels promoted apoptosis. When vorinostat was combined with antioxidant agents, the apoptosis of MPN cells increased in a synergistic manner. The results described here suggest a novel and promising therapeutic strategy combining HDACIs with ROS-reducing agents to treat MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Cardoso
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa L Ramos
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E, Lisboa, Portugal; Universidad de Salamanca-IBSAL-Hospital Universitario, Servicio de Hematología, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Hélio Belo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipe Vilas-Boas
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Real
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António M Almeida
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E, Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal.
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14
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Tvorogov D, Thomas D, Liau NPD, Dottore M, Barry EF, Lathi M, Kan WL, Hercus TR, Stomski F, Hughes TP, Tergaonkar V, Parker MW, Ross DM, Majeti R, Babon JJ, Lopez AF. Accumulation of JAK activation loop phosphorylation is linked to type I JAK inhibitor withdrawal syndrome in myelofibrosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat3834. [PMID: 30498775 PMCID: PMC6261652 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of patients with myelofibrosis with the type I JAK (Janus kinase) inhibitor ruxolitinib paradoxically induces JAK2 activation loop phosphorylation and is associated with a life-threatening cytokine-rebound syndrome if rapidly withdrawn. We developed a time-dependent assay to mimic ruxolitinib withdrawal in primary JAK2V617F and CALR mutant myelofibrosis patient samples and observed notable activation of spontaneous STAT signaling in JAK2V617F samples after drug washout. Accumulation of ruxolitinib-induced JAK2 phosphorylation was dose dependent and correlated with rebound signaling and the presence of a JAK2V617F mutation. Ruxolitinib prevented dephosphorylation of a cryptic site involving Tyr1007/1008 in JAK2 blocking ubiquitination and degradation. In contrast, a type II JAK inhibitor, CHZ868, did not induce JAK2 phosphorylation, was not associated with withdrawal signaling, and was superior in the eradication of flow-purified JAK2V617F mutant CD34+ progenitors after drug washout. Type I inhibitor-induced loop phosphorylation may act as a pathogenic signaling node released upon drug withdrawal, especially in JAK2V617F patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Tvorogov
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel Thomas
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas P. D. Liau
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mara Dottore
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Emma F. Barry
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Maya Lathi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Winnie L. Kan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy R. Hercus
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Frank Stomski
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy P. Hughes
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Michael W. Parker
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M. Ross
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute and University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Flinders University and Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ravindra Majeti
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Babon
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angel F. Lopez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Corresponding author.
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15
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LSD1 Inhibition Prolongs Survival in Mouse Models of MPN by Selectively Targeting the Disease Clone. Hemasphere 2018; 2:e54. [PMID: 31723778 PMCID: PMC6745991 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Despite recent advances, the myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are attended by considerable morbidity and mortality. Janus kinase (Jak) inhibitors such as ruxolitinib manage symptoms but do not substantially change the natural history of the disease. In this report, we show the effects of IMG-7289, an irreversible inhibitor of the epigenetically active lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) in mouse models of MPN. Once-daily treatment with IMG-7289 normalized or improved blood cell counts, reduced spleen volumes, restored normal splenic architecture, and reduced bone marrow fibrosis. Most importantly, LSD1 inhibition lowered mutant allele burden and improved survival. IMG-7289 selectively inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of JAK2V617F cells by concomitantly increasing expression and methylation of p53, and, independently, the pro-apoptotic factor PUMA and by decreasing the levels of its antiapoptotic antagonist BCLXL. These data provide a molecular understanding of the disease-modifying activity of the LSD1 inhibitor IMG-7289 that is currently undergoing clinical evaluation in patients with high-risk myelofibrosis. Moreover, low doses of IMG-7289 and ruxolitinib synergize in normalizing the MPN phenotype in mice, offering a rationale for investigating combination therapy.
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16
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Rzymski T, Mikula M, Żyłkiewicz E, Dreas A, Wiklik K, Gołas A, Wójcik K, Masiejczyk M, Wróbel A, Dolata I, Kitlińska A, Statkiewicz M, Kuklinska U, Goryca K, Sapała Ł, Grochowska A, Cabaj A, Szajewska-Skuta M, Gabor-Worwa E, Kucwaj K, Białas A, Radzimierski A, Combik M, Woyciechowski J, Mikulski M, Windak R, Ostrowski J, Brzózka K. SEL120-34A is a novel CDK8 inhibitor active in AML cells with high levels of serine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT5 transactivation domains. Oncotarget 2018; 8:33779-33795. [PMID: 28422713 PMCID: PMC5464911 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of oncogenic transcriptional programs is a promising therapeutic strategy. A substituted tricyclic benzimidazole, SEL120-34A, is a novel inhibitor of Cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8), which regulates transcription by associating with the Mediator complex. X-ray crystallography has shown SEL120-34A to be a type I inhibitor forming halogen bonds with the protein's hinge region and hydrophobic complementarities within its front pocket. SEL120-34A inhibits phosphorylation of STAT1 S727 and STAT5 S726 in cancer cells in vitro. Consistently, regulation of STATs- and NUP98-HOXA9- dependent transcription has been observed as a dominant mechanism of action in vivo. Treatment with the compound resulted in a differential efficacy on AML cells with elevated STAT5 S726 levels and stem cell characteristics. In contrast, resistant cells were negative for activated STAT5 and revealed lineage commitment. In vivo efficacy in xenotransplanted AML models correlated with significant repression of STAT5 S726. Favorable pharmacokinetics, confirmed safety and in vivo efficacy provide a rationale for the further clinical development of SEL120-34A as a personalized therapeutic approach in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michał Mikula
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anna Wróbel
- R&D Department, Selvita S.A., Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Urszula Kuklinska
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Goryca
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Aleksandra Grochowska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Cabaj
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jerzy Ostrowski
- Department of Genetics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Clinical Oncology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Machado-Neto JA, Fenerich BA, Scopim-Ribeiro R, Eide CA, Coelho-Silva JL, Dechandt CRP, Fernandes JC, Rodrigues Alves APN, Scheucher PS, Simões BP, Alberici LC, de Figueiredo Pontes LL, Tognon CE, Druker BJ, Rego EM, Traina F. Metformin exerts multitarget antileukemia activity in JAK2 V617F-positive myeloproliferative neoplasms. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:311. [PMID: 29472557 PMCID: PMC5833553 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recurrent gain-of-function JAK2V617F mutation confers growth factor-independent proliferation for hematopoietic cells and is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). The lack of complete response in most patients treated with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib indicates the need for identifying novel therapeutic strategies. Metformin is a biguanide that exerts selective antineoplastic activity in hematological malignancies. In the present study, we investigate and compare effects of metformin and ruxolitinib alone and in combination on cell signaling and cellular functions in JAK2V617F-positive cells. In JAK2V617F-expressing cell lines, metformin treatment significantly reduced cell viability, cell proliferation, clonogenicity, and cellular oxygen consumption and delayed cell cycle progression. Metformin reduced cyclin D1 expression and RB, STAT3, STAT5, ERK1/2 and p70S6K phosphorylation. Metformin plus ruxolitinib demonstrated more intense reduction of cell viability and induction of apoptosis compared to monotherapy. Notably, metformin reduced Ba/F3 JAK2V617F tumor burden and splenomegaly in Jak2V617F knock-in-induced MPN mice and spontaneous erythroid colony formation in primary cells from polycythemia vera patients. In conclusion, metformin exerts multitarget antileukemia activity in MPN: downregulation of JAK2/STAT signaling and mitochondrial activity. Our exploratory study establishes novel molecular mechanisms of metformin and ruxolitinib action and provides insights for development of alternative/complementary therapeutic strategies for MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Agostinho Machado-Neto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Alves Fenerich
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Scopim-Ribeiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christopher A Eide
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Juan Luiz Coelho-Silva
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Porto Dechandt
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Cristina Fernandes
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Nunes Rodrigues Alves
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Santos Scheucher
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Belinda Pinto Simões
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Cristina E Tognon
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Brian J Druker
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Eduardo Magalhães Rego
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Traina
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo at Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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18
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Ong L, McDonald KO, Ledgerwood EC. Differentiation and cell density upregulate cytochrome c levels in megakaryoblastic cell lines: Implications for analysis of CYCS-associated thrombocytopenia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190433. [PMID: 29287084 PMCID: PMC5747465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the cytochrome c gene (CYCS) cause autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia by an unknown mechanism. While attempting to generate megakaryoblastic cell lines exogenously expressing cytochrome c variants, we discovered that endogenous cytochrome c expression increased both upon induction of differentiation with the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and as cell density increased. A concomitant increase in cytochrome c oxidase subunit II in response to PMA, but not cell higher cell density, suggests upregulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain may be a specific feature of differentiation. These results highlight the likely importance of cytochrome c in both differentiating and proliferating cells, and illustrate the unsuitability of megakaryoblastic lines for modeling CYCS-associated thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Ong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kirstin O. McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth C. Ledgerwood
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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19
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Moura LG, Tognon R, Nunes NS, Rodrigues LC, Ferreira AF, Kashima S, Covas DT, Santana M, Souto EX, Perobelli L, Simões BP, Dias-Baruffi M, Castro FA. Different expression patterns of LGALS1 and LGALS3 in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis. J Clin Pathol 2016; 69:926-9. [PMID: 27402956 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-203948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Despite all the knowledge, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) pathophysiology remain unclear. Authors have shown galectin-1 (Gal-1) and 3 playing roles in tumour angiogenesis and fibrosis, which were correlated with poor prognosis in patients with MPN. In the present study LGALS1 and LGALS3 were differently expressed between polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) diseases. Increased LGALS3 expression was associated with a negative JAK2 V617F status mutation in leucocytes from PMF but not in patients with ET without this mutation. However, a positive Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) V617F cell line established from patients with ET (SET-2 cells) when treated with JAK inhibitor presented high levels of LGALS3. Additionally, high LGALS1 expression was found in CD34(+) cells but not in leucocytes from patients with PMF, in absence of JAK2 V617F mutation, and also in SET-2 cells treated with JAK inhibitor. Thus, our findings indicate that differential expression of LGALS1 and/or LGALS3 in patients with MPN is linked with JAK2 V617F status mutation in these diseases and state of cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Moura
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - R Tognon
- Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora-Campus Governador Valadares, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - N S Nunes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - L Cataldi Rodrigues
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - A F Ferreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - S Kashima
- Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto-Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - D T Covas
- Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto-Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - M Santana
- Hospital Estadual de Transplantes Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - E X Souto
- Hospital Estadual de Transplantes Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - L Perobelli
- Hospital Estadual de Transplantes Euryclides de Jesus Zerbini, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - B P Simões
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - M Dias-Baruffi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - F A Castro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
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20
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Liew EL, Araki M, Hironaka Y, Mori S, Tan TZ, Morishita S, Edahiro Y, Ohsaka A, Komatsu N. Identification of AIM2 as a downstream target of JAK2V617F. Exp Hematol Oncol 2016; 5:2. [PMID: 26823993 PMCID: PMC4730608 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-016-0032-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The gain-of-function mutation JAK2V617F is frequently found in Philadelphia-chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) patients. However, the tumorigenic properties of JAK2V617F have mostly been characterized in in vivo and in vitro murine models due to the lack of appropriate human cell lines. Methods Using the multipotent hematologic cell line UT-7/GM, we established D9, a novel human cell line that expresses JAK2V617F upon tetracycline addition. We assessed cellular differentiation in UT-7/GM cells when JAK2V617F was induced, and we used microarrays to analyze changes in mRNA expression caused by JAK2V617F. Results Using the human D9 cell line, we demonstrated that the induction of JAK2V617F leads to cytokine-independent cell growth with increased STAT activation and erythroid differentiation, mimicking the characteristics observed in polycythemia vera, making it a suitable in vitro model for studying this disorder. Interestingly, JAK2V617F-dependent erythroid cell differentiation was blocked when GM-CSF was added to the culture, suggesting that the GM-CSF pathway antagonizes JAK2V617F-induced erythroid cell differentiation. Our microarray analysis identified several genes involved in inflammasome activation, such as AIM2, IL1B, and CASP1, which were significantly up-regulated in JAK2V617F-induced cells. Conclusions The observed inflammasome activation following JAK2V617F induction is consistent with a recent report demonstrating the involvement of IL1B in myelofibrosis development in a JAK2V617F model mouse. These results indicate that the D9 cell line should be useful for characterizing the signaling pathways downstream of JAK2V617F, allowing for the identification of effector molecules that contribute to the development of MPN. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40164-016-0032-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Leen Liew
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan ; Fujii Memorial Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan
| | - Marito Araki
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Hironaka
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan
| | - Seiichi Mori
- Division of Cancer Genomics, Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Soji Morishita
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Edahiro
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan
| | - Akimichi Ohsaka
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Stem Cell Regulation, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Komatsu
- Department of Hematology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan
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Cardoso BA, Belo H, Barata JT, Almeida AM. The Bone Marrow-Mediated Protection of Myeloproliferative Neoplastic Cells to Vorinostat and Ruxolitinib Relies on the Activation of JNK and PI3K Signalling Pathways. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143897. [PMID: 26623653 PMCID: PMC4666616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The classical BCR-ABL-negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN) are a group of heterogeneous haematological diseases characterized by constitutive JAK-STAT pathway activation. Targeted therapy with Ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2-specific inhibitor, achieves symptomatic improvement but does not eliminate the neoplastic clone. Similar effects are seen with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), albeit with poorer tolerance. Here, we show that bone marrow (BM) stromal cells (HS-5) protected MPN-derived cell lines (SET-2; HEL and UKE-1) and MPN patient-derived BM cells from the cytotoxic effects of Ruxolitinib and the HDACi Vorinostat. This protective effect was mediated, at least in part, by the secretion of soluble factors from the BM stroma. In addition, it correlated with the activation of signalling pathways important for cellular homeostasis, such as JAK-STAT, PI3K, JNK, MEK-ERK and NF-κB. Importantly, the pharmacological inhibition of JNK and PI3K pathways completely abrogated the BM protective effect on MPN cell lines and MPN patient samples. Our findings shed light on mechanisms of tumour survival and may indicate novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A. Cardoso
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa—Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hélio Belo
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa—Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João T. Barata
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - António M. Almeida
- Unidade de Investigação em Patobiologia Molecular, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa—Francisco Gentil, E.P.E., Lisbon, Portugal
- Centro de Estudos de Doenças Crónicas, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School/Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail:
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22
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Targeting megakaryocytic-induced fibrosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms by AURKA inhibition. Nat Med 2015; 21:1473-80. [PMID: 26569382 PMCID: PMC4674320 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is characterized by bone marrow fibrosis, myeloproliferation, extramedullary hematopoiesis, splenomegaly and leukemic progression. Moreover, the bone marrow and spleens of individuals with PMF contain large numbers of atypical megakaryocytes that are postulated to contribute to fibrosis through the release of cytokines, including transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. Although the Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib provides symptomatic relief, it does not reduce the mutant allele burden or substantially reverse fibrosis. Here we show through pharmacologic and genetic studies that aurora kinase A (AURKA) represents a new therapeutic target in PMF. Treatment with MLN8237, a selective AURKA inhibitor, promoted polyploidization and differentiation of megakaryocytes with PMF-associated mutations and had potent antifibrotic and antitumor activity in vivo in mouse models of PMF. Moreover, heterozygous deletion of Aurka was sufficient to ameliorate fibrosis and other PMF features in vivo. Our data suggest that megakaryocytes drive fibrosis in PMF and that targeting them with AURKA inhibitors has the potential to provide therapeutic benefit.
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23
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Kamal T, Green TN, Morel-Kopp MC, Ward CM, McGregor AL, McGlashan SR, Bohlander SK, Browett PJ, Teague L, During MJ, Skerry TM, Josefsson EC, Kalev-Zylinska ML. Inhibition of glutamate regulated calcium entry into leukemic megakaryoblasts reduces cell proliferation and supports differentiation. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1860-72. [PMID: 25982509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human megakaryocytes release glutamate and express glutamate-gated Ca(2+)-permeable N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) that support megakaryocytic maturation. While deregulated glutamate pathways impact oncogenicity in some cancers, the role of glutamate and NMDARs in megakaryocytic malignancies remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if NMDARs participate in Ca(2+) responses in leukemic megakaryoblasts and if so, whether modulating NMDAR activity could influence cell growth. Three human cell lines, Meg-01, Set-2 and K-562 were used as models of leukemic megakaryoblasts. NMDAR components were examined in leukemic cells and human bone marrow, including in megakaryocytic disease. Well-established NMDAR modulators (agonists and antagonists) were employed to determine NMDAR effects on Ca(2+) flux, cell viability, proliferation and differentiation. Leukemic megakaryoblasts contained combinations of NMDAR subunits that differed from normal bone marrow and the brain. NMDAR agonists facilitated Ca(2+) entry into Meg-01 cells, amplified Ca(2+) responses to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and promoted growth of Meg-01, Set-2 and K-562 cells. Low concentrations of NMDAR inhibitors (riluzole, memantine, MK-801 and AP5; 5-100μM) were weakly cytotoxic but mainly reduced cell numbers by suppressing proliferation. The use-dependent NMDAR inhibitor, memantine (100μM), reduced numbers and proliferation of Meg-01 cells to less than 20% of controls (IC50 20μM and 36μM, respectively). In the presence of NMDAR inhibitors cells acquired morphologic and immunophenotypic features of megakaryocytic differentiation. In conclusion, NMDARs provide a novel pathway for Ca(2+) entry into leukemic megakaryoblasts that supports cell proliferation but not differentiation. NMDAR inhibitors counteract these effects, suggesting a novel opportunity to modulate growth of leukemic megakaryoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Kamal
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Taryn N Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marie-Christine Morel-Kopp
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher M Ward
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Ailsa L McGregor
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan R McGlashan
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stefan K Bohlander
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Browett
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lochie Teague
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Starship Children's Health, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J During
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; the Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Timothy M Skerry
- Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, Department of Human Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C Josefsson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, VIC 3052 Australia; University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, 1G Royal Parade, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Maggie L Kalev-Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; LabPlus Haematology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.
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24
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Novel pyrrole carboxamide inhibitors of JAK2 as potential treatment of myeloproliferative disorders. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2387-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Hypoxia inhibits JAK2V617F activation via suppression of SHP-2 function in myeloproliferative neoplasm cells. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:783-92.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Brasca MG, Nesi M, Avanzi N, Ballinari D, Bandiera T, Bertrand J, Bindi S, Canevari G, Carenzi D, Casero D, Ceriani L, Ciomei M, Cirla A, Colombo M, Cribioli S, Cristiani C, Della Vedova F, Fachin G, Fasolini M, Felder ER, Galvani A, Isacchi A, Mirizzi D, Motto I, Panzeri A, Pesenti E, Vianello P, Gnocchi P, Donati D. Pyrrole-3-carboxamides as potent and selective JAK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4998-5012. [PMID: 25009002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We report herein the discovery, structure guided design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a novel class of JAK2 inhibitors. Optimization of the series led to the identification of the potent and orally bioavailable JAK2 inhibitor 28 (NMS-P953). Compound 28 displayed significant tumour growth inhibition in SET-2 xenograft tumour model, with a mechanism of action confirmed in vivo by typical modulation of known biomarkers, and with a favourable pharmacokinetic and safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gabriella Brasca
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy.
| | - Marcella Nesi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Nilla Avanzi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Dario Ballinari
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Tiziano Bandiera
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Jay Bertrand
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Simona Bindi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Giulia Canevari
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Davide Carenzi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Daniele Casero
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Lucio Ceriani
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Marina Ciomei
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Alessandra Cirla
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Maristella Colombo
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Sabrina Cribioli
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Cinzia Cristiani
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Franco Della Vedova
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Gabriele Fachin
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Marina Fasolini
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Eduard R Felder
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Arturo Galvani
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Antonella Isacchi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Danilo Mirizzi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Ilaria Motto
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Achille Panzeri
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Enrico Pesenti
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Paola Vianello
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Paola Gnocchi
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
| | - Daniele Donati
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Oncology, Viale Pasteur 10, 20014 Nerviano (MI), Italy
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2-Amino-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridines as JAK2 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5014-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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AKT is a therapeutic target in myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leukemia 2013; 27:1882-90. [PMID: 23748344 PMCID: PMC4023863 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2013.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The majority of patients with BCR-ABL1-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) harbor mutations in JAK2 or MPL, which lead to constitutive activation of the JAK/STAT, PI3K, and ERK signaling pathways. JAK inhibitors by themselves are inadequate in producing selective clonal suppression in MPN and are associated with hematopoietic toxicities. MK-2206 is a potent allosteric AKT inhibitor that was well tolerated, including no evidence of myelosuppression, in a phase I study of solid tumors. Herein, we show that inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling by MK-2206 affected the growth of both JAK2V617F or MPLW515L-expressing cells via reduced phosphorylation of AKT and inhibition of its downstream signaling molecules. Moreover, we demonstrate that MK-2206 synergizes with Ruxolitinib in suppressing the growth of JAK2V617F mutant SET2 cells. Importantly MK-2206 suppressed colony formation from hematopoietic progenitor cells in patients with primary myelofibrosis (PMF) and alleviated hepatosplenomegaly and reduced megakaryocyte burden in the bone marrows, livers and spleens of mice with MPLW515L-induced MPN. Together, these findings establish AKT as a rational therapeutic target in the MPNs.
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29
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Vieira L, Vaz A, Matos P, Ambrósio AP, Nogueira M, Marques B, Pereira AM, Jordan P, da Silva MG. Three-way translocation (X;20;16)(p11;q13;q23) in essential thrombocythemia implicates NFATC2 in dysregulation of CSF2 expression and megakaryocyte proliferation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2012; 51:1093-108. [PMID: 22911897 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.21994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm essentially characterized by excessive production of platelets. Molecular pathogenesis of ET is linked in approximately half of the patients to intracellular cytokine signaling dysregulation as a result of thrombopoietin receptor or Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) mutations. However, genetic defects underlying cytokine transcription have not been associated with ET. Using molecular cytogenetics and whole-genome array analyses, we uncovered a submicroscopic deletion at 20q13.2 in a JAK2V617F-positive ET patient with an acquired complex chromosome translocation. The deletion encompassed the nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic, calcineurin-dependent 2 (NFATC2) gene that encodes a transcription factor involved in the regulation of hematopoietic cytokines. RNA interference-mediated suppression of NFATC2 mRNA or pharmacological inhibition of NFATC2 protein with 11R-VIVIT in cultured JAK2V617F-positive SET-2 megakaryocytes increased colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage) (CSF2) mRNA and promoted cell proliferation. Moreover, impairment of NFATC2-calcineurin interaction with 11R-VIVIT further reduced the transcription of the NFATC2 gene. Antibody-mediated neutralization of CSF2 cytokine in inhibitor-treated cells prevented 11R-VIVIT-induced cell proliferation, indicating that impairment of NFATC2-calcineurin interaction promotes megakaryocyte proliferation through up-regulation of CSF2 transcription. Our results suggest a model in which haplo-insufficiency of NFATC2 cooperates with activation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of JAK2V617F-positive ET with del(20q). These results further indicate that pathogenesis of ET may be linked to genetic defects of other transcription factor genes involved in the regulation of cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Vieira
- Departamento de Genética Humana, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal.
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30
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Zhao W, Du Y, Ho WT, Fu X, Zhao ZJ. JAK2V617F and p53 mutations coexist in erythroleukemia and megakaryoblastic leukemic cell lines. Exp Hematol Oncol 2012; 1:15. [PMID: 23210734 PMCID: PMC3514099 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-1-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background JAK2V617F, a gain-of-function mutant form of tyrosine kinase JAK2, is found in the majority of patients with Ph- myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), a group of chronic hematological diseases that often lead to acute leukemia. The current study is intended to find other gene mutations that collaborate with JAK2V617F to cause leukemic transformation. Methods Total RNA and genomic DNA were isolated from two JAK2V617F-positive cell lines, namely, erythroleukemic HEL and megakaryoblastic leukemic SET-2 cells. Candidate genes were amplified by PCR and further sequenced. Results Homozygous mutations of the TP53 gene which encodes tumor suppressor p53 were found in HEL and SET-2 cells. While HEL cells, which have homozygous JAK2V617F, contain a rare M133K p53 mutation, SET-2 cells, which have a heterozygous JAK2V617F mutation, contain a common R248W p53 alteration. Western blot analyses revealed high levels of p53 expression in both cells. M133K and R248W are located in the DNA binding domain of p53. Structural analyses revealed that they potentially disrupt the interaction of p53 with DNA, thereby causing loss of p53 function. Conclusions JAK2V617F and p53 mutations coexist in leukemia cells. We believe that JAK2V617F is able to drive leukemic transformation when the function of tumor suppressor p53 is lost. The interplay of JAK2V617F with p53 may affect the progression of MPNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanke Zhao
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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31
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Hoermann G, Cerny-Reiterer S, Herrmann H, Blatt K, Bilban M, Gisslinger H, Gisslinger B, Müllauer L, Kralovics R, Mannhalter C, Valent P, Mayerhofer M. Identification of oncostatin M as a JAK2 V617F-dependent amplifier of cytokine production and bone marrow remodeling in myeloproliferative neoplasms. FASEB J 2011; 26:894-906. [PMID: 22051730 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-193078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The JAK2 mutation V617F is detectable in a majority of patients with Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Enforced expression of JAK2 V617F in mice induces myeloproliferation and bone marrow (BM) fibrosis, suggesting a causal role for the JAK2 mutant in the pathogenesis of MPNs. However, little is known about mechanisms and effector molecules contributing to JAK2 V617F-induced myeloproliferation and fibrosis. We show that JAK2 V617F promotes expression of oncostatin M (OSM) in neoplastic myeloid cells. Correspondingly, OSM mRNA levels were increased in the BM of patients with MPNs (median 287% of ABL, range 22-1450%) compared to control patients (median 59% of ABL, range 12-264%; P < 0.0001). OSM secreted by JAK2 V617F+ cells stimulated growth of fibroblasts and microvascular endothelial cells and induced the production of angiogenic and profibrogenic cytokines (HGF, VEGF, and SDF-1) in BM fibroblasts. All effects of MPN cell-derived OSM were blocked by a neutralizing anti-OSM antibody, whereas the production of OSM in MPN cells was suppressed by a pharmacologic JAK2 inhibitor or RNAi-mediated knockdown of JAK2. In summary, JAK2 V617F-mediated up-regulation of OSM may contribute to fibrosis, neoangiogenesis, and the cytokine storm observed in MPNs, suggesting that OSM might serve as a novel therapeutic target molecule in these neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Hoermann
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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TG02, a novel oral multi-kinase inhibitor of CDKs, JAK2 and FLT3 with potent anti-leukemic properties. Leukemia 2011; 26:236-43. [PMID: 21860433 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
TG02 is a novel pyrimidine-based multi-kinase inhibitor that inhibits CDKs 1, 2, 7 and 9 together with JAK2 and FLT3. It dose-dependently inhibits signaling pathways downstream of CDKs, JAK2 and FLT3 in cancer cells with the main targets being CDKs. TG02 is anti-proliferative in a broad range of tumor cell lines, inducing G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Primary cultures of progenitor cells derived from acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and polycythemia vera patients are very sensitive to TG02. Comparison with reference inhibitors that block only one of the main targets of TG02 demonstrate the benefit of combined CDK and JAK2/FLT3 inhibition in cell lines as well as primary cells. In vivo, TG02 exhibits favorable pharmacokinetics after oral dosing in xenograft models and accumulates in tumor tissues, inducing an effective blockade of both CDK and STAT signaling. TG02 induces tumor regression after oral dosing on both daily and intermittent schedules in a murine model of mutant-FLT3 leukemia (MV4-11) and prolongs survival in a disseminated AML model with wild-type FLT3 and JAK2 (HL-60). These data demonstrate that TG02 is active in various models of leukemia and provide a rationale for the ongoing clinical evaluation of TG02 in patients with advanced leukemias.
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Rubert J, Qian Z, Andraos R, Guthy DA, Radimerski T. Bim and Mcl-1 exert key roles in regulating JAK2V617F cell survival. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:24. [PMID: 21247487 PMCID: PMC3037340 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The JAK2V617F mutation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms and is found in the vast majority of patients suffering from polycythemia vera and in roughly every second patient suffering from essential thrombocythemia or from primary myelofibrosis. The V617F mutation is thought to provide hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid progenitors with a survival and proliferation advantage. It has previously been shown that activated JAK2 promotes cell survival by upregulating the anti-apoptotic STAT5 target gene Bcl-xL. In this study, we have investigated the role of additional apoptotic players, the pro-apoptotic protein Bim as well as the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. Methods Pharmacological inhibition of JAK2/STAT5 signaling in JAK2V617F mutant SET-2 and MB-02 cells was used to study effects on signaling, cell proliferation and apoptosis by Western blot analysis, WST-1 proliferation assays and flow cytometry. Cells were transfected with siRNA oligos to deplete candidate pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Co-immunoprecipitation assays were performed to assess the impact of JAK2 inhibition on complexes of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Results Treatment of JAK2V617F mutant cell lines with a JAK2 inhibitor was found to trigger Bim activation. Furthermore, Bim depletion by RNAi suppressed JAK2 inhibitor-induced cell death. Bim activation following JAK2 inhibition led to enhanced sequestration of Mcl-1, besides Bcl-xL. Importantly, Mcl-1 depletion by RNAi was sufficient to compromise JAK2V617F mutant cell viability and sensitized the cells to JAK2 inhibition. Conclusions We conclude that Bim and Mcl-1 have key opposing roles in regulating JAK2V617F cell survival and propose that inactivation of aberrant JAK2 signaling leads to changes in Bim complexes that trigger cell death. Thus, further preclinical evaluation of combinations of JAK2 inhibitors with Bcl-2 family antagonists that also tackle Mcl-1, besides Bcl-xL, is warranted to assess the therapeutic potential for the treatment of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Rubert
- Disease Area Oncology, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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Harikrishnan LS, Kamau MG, Wan H, Inghrim JA, Zimmermann K, Sang X, Mastalerz HA, Johnson WL, Zhang G, Lombardo LJ, Poss MA, Trainor GL, Tokarski JS, Lorenzi MV, You D, Gottardis MM, Baldwin KF, Lippy J, Nirschl DS, Qiu R, Miller AV, Khan J, Sack JS, Purandare AV. Pyrrolo[1,2-f]triazines as JAK2 inhibitors: achieving potency and selectivity for JAK2 over JAK3. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1425-8. [PMID: 21282055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SAR studies of pyrrolo[1,2-f]triazines as JAK2 inhibitors is presented. Achieving JAK2 inhibition selectively over JAK3 is discussed.
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Gozgit JM, Bebernitz G, Patil P, Ye M, Parmentier J, Wu J, Su N, Wang T, Ioannidis S, Davies A, Huszar D, Zinda M. Effects of the JAK2 inhibitor, AZ960, on Pim/BAD/BCL-xL survival signaling in the human JAK2 V617F cell line SET-2. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:32334-43. [PMID: 18775810 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803813200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Janus-associated kinase 2 (JAK2) V617F mutation is believed to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and idiopathic myelofibrosis. We have characterized a novel small molecule JAK2 inhibitor, AZ960, and used it as a tool to investigate the consequences of JAK2 V617F inhibition in the SET-2 cell line. AZ960 inhibits JAK2 kinase with a K(i) of 0.00045 microm in vitro and treatment of TEL-JAK2 driven Ba/F3 cells with AZ960 blocked STAT5 phosphorylation and potently inhibited cell proliferation (GI(50)=0.025 microm). AZ960 demonstrated selectivity for TEL-JAK2-driven STAT5 phosphorylation and cell proliferation when compared with cell lines driven by similar fusions of the other JAK kinase family members. In the SET-2 human megakaryoblastic cell line, heterozygous for the JAK2 V617F allele, inhibition of JAK2 resulted in decreased STAT3/5 phosphorylation and inhibition of cell proliferation (GI(50)=0.033 microm) predominately through the induction of mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. We provide evidence that JAK2 inhibition induces apoptosis by direct and indirect regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein BCL-xL. Inhibition of JAK2 blocked BCL-XL mRNA expression resulting in a reduction of BCL-xL protein levels. Additionally, inhibition of JAK2 resulted in decreased PIM1 and PIM2 mRNA expression. Decreased PIM1 mRNA corresponded with a decrease in Pim1 protein levels and inhibition of BAD phosphorylation at Ser(112). Finally, small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of BCL-xL resulted in apoptotic cell death similar to the phenotype observed following JAK2 inhibition. These results suggest a model in which JAK2 promotes cell survival by signaling through the Pim/BAD/BCL-xL pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Gozgit
- Cancer Biosciences, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
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Quentmeier H, MacLeod RAF, Zaborski M, Drexler HG. JAK2 V617F tyrosine kinase mutation in cell lines derived from myeloproliferative disorders. Leukemia 2006; 20:471-6. [PMID: 16408098 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A mutation in the JH2 pseudokinase domain of the Janus kinase 2 gene (JAK2 V617F) has been described in chronic myeloproliferative disorders (MPD). We screened 79 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and found five positive for JAK2 V617F (HEL, MB-02, MUTZ-8, SET-2, UKE-1), 4/5 with histories of MPD/MDS. While SET-2 expressed both mutant (mu) and wild-type (wt) JAK2, remaining positives carried homo-/hemizygous JAK2 mutations. Microsatellite analysis confirmed losses of heterozygosity (LOH) affecting the JAK2 region on chromosome 9p in MB-02, MUTZ-8 and UKE-1, but also in HEL, the only JAK2mu cell line lacking any reported MPD/MDS history. All five JAK2mu cell lines displayed cytogenetic hallmarks of MDS, namely losses of 5q or 7q, remarkably in 4/5 cases affecting both chromosomes. Our combined FISH and microsatellite analysis uncovered a novel mechanism to supplement mitotic recombination previously proposed to explain JAK2 LOH, namely chromosome deletion with/without selective JAK2mu amplification. Confirming the importance of the mutated JAK2 protein for growth and prevention of apoptosis, JAK2mu cell lines displayed higher sensitivities to JAK2 inhibition than JAK2wt cell lines. In summary, JAK2 V617F cell lines, derived from patients with history of MPD/MDS, represent novel research tools for elucidating the pathobiology of this JAK2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Quentmeier
- DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Clarke MCH, Savill J, Jones DB, Noble BS, Brown SB. Compartmentalized megakaryocyte death generates functional platelets committed to caspase-independent death. J Cell Biol 2003; 160:577-87. [PMID: 12591916 PMCID: PMC2173731 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200210111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-directed apoptosis usually fragments cells, releasing nonfunctional, prothrombogenic, membrane-bound apoptotic bodies marked for rapid engulfment by macrophages. Blood platelets are functional anucleate cells generated by specialized fragmentation of their progenitors, megakaryocytes (MKs), but committed to a constitutive caspase-independent death. Constitutive formation of the proplatelet-bearing MK was recently reported to be caspase-dependent, apparently involving mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, a known pro-apoptogenic factor. We extend those studies and report that activation of caspases in MKs, either constitutively or after Fas ligation, yields platelets that are functionally responsive and evade immediate phagocytic clearance, and retain mitochondrial transmembrane potential until constitutive platelet death ensues. Furthermore, the exclusion from the platelet progeny of caspase-9 present in the progenitor accounts for failure of mitochondrial release of cytochrome c to activate caspase-3 during platelet death. Thus, progenitor cell death by apoptosis can result in birth of multiple functional anucleate daughter cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray C H Clarke
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences (Internal Medicine), Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9YW, UK
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