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Nakamura-Hoshi M, Nomura T, Nishizawa M, Hau TTT, Yamamoto H, Okazaki M, Ishii H, Yonemitsu K, Suzaki Y, Ami Y, Matano T. HTLV-1 Proliferation after CD8 + Cell Depletion by Monoclonal Anti-CD8 Antibody Administration in Latently HTLV-1-Infected Cynomolgus Macaques. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0151823. [PMID: 37367230 PMCID: PMC10434050 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01518-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) induces chronic asymptomatic latent infection with a substantial proviral load but without significant viral replication in vivo. Cumulative studies have indicated involvement of CD8-positive (CD8+) cells, including virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the control of HTLV-1 replication. However, whether HTLV-1 expression from latently infected cells in vivo occurs in the absence of CD8+ cells remains unclear. Here, we examined the impact of CD8+ cell depletion by monoclonal anti-CD8 antibody administration on proviral load in HTLV-1-infected cynomolgus macaques. Five cynomolgus macaques were infected with HTLV-1 by inoculation with HTLV-1-producing cells. Administration of monoclonal anti-CD8 antibody in the chronic phase resulted in complete depletion of peripheral CD8+ T cells for approximately 2 months. All five macaques showed an increase in proviral load following CD8+ cell depletion, which peaked just before the reappearance of peripheral CD8+ T cells. Tax-specific CD8+ T-cell responses were detected in these recovered CD8+ T cells. Importantly, anti-HTLV-1 antibodies also increased after CD8+ cell depletion, indicating HTLV-1 antigen expression. These results provide evidence indicating that HTLV-1 can proliferate from the latent phase in the absence of CD8+ cells and suggest that CD8+ cells are responsible for the control of HTLV-1 replication. IMPORTANCE HTLV-1 can cause serious diseases such as adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) in humans after chronic asymptomatic latent infection with substantial proviral load. Proviruses are detectable in peripheral lymphocytes in HTLV-1 carriers, and the association of a higher proviral load with a higher risk of disease progression has been observed. However, neither substantial viral structural protein expression nor viral replication was detectable in vivo. Cumulative studies have indicated involvement of CD8+ cells, including virus-specific CD8+ T cells in the control of HTLV-1 replication. In the present study, we showed that CD8+ cell depletion by monoclonal anti-CD8 antibody administration results in HTLV-1 expression and an increase in proviral load in HTLV-1-infected cynomolgus macaques. Our results indicate that HTLV-1 can proliferate in the absence of CD8+ cells, suggesting that CD8+ cells are responsible for the control of HTLV-1 replication. This study provides insights into the mechanism of virus-host immune interaction in latent HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takushi Nomura
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masako Nishizawa
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Trang Thi Thu Hau
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Okazaki
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Yonemitsu
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuriko Suzaki
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ami
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matano
- AIDS Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Liu Z, Larocque É, Xie Y, Xiao Y, Lemay G, Peloponese JM, Mesnard JM, Rassart É, Lin R, Zhou S, Zeng Y, Gao H, Cen S, Barbeau B. A newly identified interaction between nucleolar NPM1/B23 and the HTLV-I basic leucine zipper factor in HTLV-1 infected cells. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:988944. [PMID: 36532440 PMCID: PMC9753777 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.988944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 is the causative agent of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL). The HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor (HBZ) has been associated to the cancer-inducing properties of this virus, although the exact mechanism is unknown. In this study, we identified nucleophosmin (NPM1/B23) as a new interaction partner of HBZ. We show that sHBZ and the less abundant uHBZ isoform interact with nucleolar NPM1/B23 in infected cells and HTLV-1 positive patient cells, unlike equivalent antisense proteins of related non-leukemogenic HTLV-2, -3 and-4 viruses. We further demonstrate that sHBZ association to NPM1/B23 is sensitive to RNase. Interestingly, sHBZ was shown to interact with its own RNA. Through siRNA and overexpression experiments, we further provide evidence that NPM1/B23 acts negatively on viral gene expression with potential impact on cell transformation. Our results hence provide a new insight over HBZ-binding partners in relation to cellular localization and potential function on cell proliferation and should lead to a better understanding of the link between HBZ and ATL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Liu
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital & Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Émilie Larocque
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yongli Xie
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Guy Lemay
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Peloponese
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Michel Mesnard
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Éric Rassart
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rongtuan Lin
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital & Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Neurosurgery Department, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yiming Zeng
- Neurosurgery Department, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hongzhi Gao
- Neurosurgery Department, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Département de chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre d’excellence en recherche sur les maladies orphelines-Fondation Courtois, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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3
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Dias ÁRN, Falcão LFM, Quaresma JAS. An Overview of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Lung Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914498. [PMID: 35844492 PMCID: PMC9285117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the development of pulmonary impairment in individuals infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Complications, such as alveolitis and bronchiectasis, were found in individuals who developed tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP-HAM) due to chronic inflammation. These patients exhibited increased levels of lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD25+), cytokines (IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ), inflammatory chemokines (MIP-1α and IP-10), and cell adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, with the result of chronic inflammation and lung injury. The main lesions observed at Chest high-resolution computed tomography were centrilobular nodules, parenchymal bands, lung cysts, bronchiectasis, ground-glass opacity, mosaic attenuation, and pleural thickening. It can lead to progressive changes in pulmonary function with the development of restrictive and obstructive diseases. Recent studies suggest a causal relationship between HTLV-1 and pulmonary diseases, with intensification of lesions and progressive decrease in pulmonary function. This summary updates a previous publication and addresses the general lack of knowledge regarding the relationship between TSP-HAM and pulmonary disease, providing direction for future work and the management of these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ápio Ricardo Nazareth Dias
- Health and Biologic Center, State University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Centre, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fábio Magno Falcão
- Health and Biologic Center, State University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- Health and Biologic Center, State University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Tropical Medicine Centre, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma,
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Tariq MH, Bhatti R, Ali NF, Ashfaq UA, Shahid F, Almatroudi A, Khurshid M. Rational design of chimeric Multiepitope Based Vaccine (MEBV) against human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1: An integrated vaccine informatics and molecular docking based approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258443. [PMID: 34705829 PMCID: PMC8550388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an infectious virus that has been linked to adult T cell leukemia /lymphoma, aggressive CD4-T cell malignancy and many other immune-related medical illnesses. So far, no effective vaccine is known to combat HTLV-1, hence, the current research work was performed to design a potential multi-epitope-based subunit vaccine (MEBV) by adopting the latest methodology of reverse vaccinology. Briefly, three highly antigenic proteins (Glycoprotein, Accessory protein, and Tax protein) with no or minimal (<37%) similarity with human proteome were sorted out and potential B- and T-cell epitopes were forecasted from them. Highly antigenic, immunogenic, non-toxic, non-allergenic and overlapping epitopes were short-listed for vaccine development. The chosen T-cell epitopes displayed a strong binding affinity with their corresponding Human Leukocyte Antigen alleles and demonstrated 95.8% coverage of the world's population. Finally, nine Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes, six Helper T Lymphocytes and five Linear B Lymphocytes epitopes, joint through linkers and adjuvant, were exploited to design the final MEBV construct, comprising of 382 amino acids. The developed MEBV structure showed highly antigenic properties while being non-toxic, soluble, non-allergenic, and stable in nature. Moreover, disulphide engineering further enhanced the stability of the final vaccine protein. Additionally, Molecular docking analysis and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations confirmed the strong association between MEBV construct and human pathogenic immune receptor TLR-3. Repeated-exposure simulations and Immune simulations ensured the rapid antigen clearance and higher levels of cell-mediated immunity, respectively. Furthermore, MEBV codon optimization and in-silico cloning was carried out to confirm its augmented expression. Results of our experiments suggested that the proposed MEBV could be a potential immunogenic against HTLV-1; nevertheless, additional wet lab experiments are needed to elucidate our conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hamza Tariq
- Atta ur Rehman School of Applied Bioscience, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Bhatti
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nida Fatima Ali
- Atta ur Rehman School of Applied Bioscience, National University of Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali Ashfaq
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farah Shahid
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Almatroudi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohsin Khurshid
- Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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5
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Normando VMF, Dias ÁRN, da Silva ALSE, da Silva Pinto D, de Souza Santos MC, Rodrigues CL, de Oliveira EM, de Souza Filho LEC, de Brito Vieira W, Andriolo RB, Sousa RCM, Falcão LFM, Quaresma JAS. HTLV-I induces lesions in the pulmonary system: A systematic review. Life Sci 2020; 256:117979. [PMID: 32553930 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the relationship between infection by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and changes in the pulmonary system. Cohort and case-control study models that analyzed a causal association between HTLV-1 and changes in the pulmonary system were considered. There were no restrictions on language and publication period. The study was registered in the PROSPERO systematic analysis database (Protocol No. CRD42017078236) and was prepared according to the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. The following databases were used: PubMed, BVS Regional Portal, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science. We utilized the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess the methodological quality of published studies and the Kappa coefficient to assess the agreement level between two reviewers. Of the total 1156 studies retrieved by the search strategy, 28 were considered potentially eligible (Kappa test = 0.928). Of the 28 studies, three fully met the inclusion criteria. These indicated that pulmonary lesions, such as bronchiectasis and bronchitis/bronchiolitis, were observed in patients with HTLV-1, with high-resolution computed tomography of the chest being the main method of diagnostic investigation. The analyzed cohort and case-control studies indicated an etiological relationship between HTLV-1 infection and the presence of lung lesions, with emphasis on bronchiectasis in the presence of high viral loads, as well as a higher mortality in these individuals compared with the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Marques Ferreira Normando
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Ápio Ricardo Nazareth Dias
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Waldônio de Brito Vieira
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Santa Casa de Misericórdia Foundation, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Regis Bruni Andriolo
- Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Juarez Antônio Simões Quaresma
- Center for Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Center for Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil; Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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6
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Georgieva ER, Borbat PP, Fanouraki C, Freed JH. High-yield production in E. coli and characterization of full-length functional p13 II protein from human T-cell leukemia virus type 1. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 173:105659. [PMID: 32360379 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 is an oncovirus that causes aggressive adult T-cell leukemia but is also responsible for severe neurodegenerative and endocrine disorders. Combatting HTLV-1 infections requires a detailed understanding of the viral mechanisms in the host. Therefore, in vitro studies of important virus-encoded proteins would be critical. Our focus herein is on the HTLV-1-encoded regulatory protein p13II, which interacts with the inner mitochondrial membrane, increasing its permeability to cations (predominantly potassium, K+). Thereby, this protein affects mitochondrial homeostasis. We report on our progress in developing specific protocols for heterologous expression of p13II in E. coli, and methods for its purification and characterization. We succeeded in producing large quantities of highly-pure full-length p13II, deemed to be its fully functional form. Importantly, our particular approach based on the fusion of ubiquitin to the p13II C-terminus was instrumental in increasing the persistently low expression of soluble p13II in its native form. We subsequently developed approaches for protein spin labeling and a conformation study using double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy and a fluorescence-based cation uptake assay for p13II in liposomes. Our DEER results point to large protein conformation changes occurring upon transition from the soluble to the membrane-bound state. The functional assay on p13II-assisted transport of thallium (Tl+) through the membrane, wherein Tl+ substituted for K+, suggests transmembrane potential involvement in p13II function. Our study lays the foundation for expansion of in vitro functional and structural investigations on p13II and would aid in the development of structure-based protein inhibitors and markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elka R Georgieva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Peter P Borbat
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; ACERT Center for Advanced ESR Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Christina Fanouraki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Jack H Freed
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; ACERT Center for Advanced ESR Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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7
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Cellular therapy approaches harnessing the power of the immune system for personalized cancer treatment. Semin Immunol 2019; 42:101306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.101306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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8
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Georgieva ER. Non-Structural Proteins from Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 in Cellular Membranes-Mechanisms for Viral Survivability and Proliferation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113508. [PMID: 30413005 PMCID: PMC6274929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of illnesses, such as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (a neurodegenerative disorder), and other diseases. Therefore, HTLV-1 infection is a serious public health concern. Currently, diseases caused by HTLV-1 cannot be prevented or cured. Hence, there is a pressing need to comprehensively understand the mechanisms of HTLV-1 infection and intervention in host cell physiology. HTLV-1-encoded non-structural proteins that reside and function in the cellular membranes are of particular interest, because they alter cellular components, signaling pathways, and transcriptional mechanisms. Summarized herein is the current knowledge about the functions of the membrane-associated p8I, p12I, and p13II regulatory non-structural proteins. p12I resides in endomembranes and interacts with host proteins on the pathways of signal transduction, thus preventing immune responses to the virus. p8I is a proteolytic product of p12I residing in the plasma membrane, where it contributes to T-cell deactivation and participates in cellular conduits, enhancing virus transmission. p13II associates with the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it is proposed to function as a potassium channel. Potassium influx through p13II in the matrix causes membrane depolarization and triggers processes that lead to either T-cell activation or cell death through apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elka R Georgieva
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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9
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Lunn RM, Jahnke GD, Rabkin CS. Tumour virus epidemiology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0266. [PMID: 28893933 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A viral etiology of cancer was first demonstrated in 1911 by Peyton Rous who injected cell-free filtrate from a chicken sarcoma into healthy chickens and found it induced a tumour. Since the discovery over 50 years ago of the Epstein-Barr virus as the cause of Burkitt lymphoma, seven other human viruses or groups of viruses-hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, some human papillomaviruses, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and Merkel cell polyomavirus-have been linked to human cancer. Collectively, these eight viruses cause over 20 different types of cancer and contribute to 10-12% of all cancer, with a greater burden in low- and middle-income countries. For many viruses, immunosuppression greatly increases the risks of persistent infection, development of chronic sequelae and cancer. Although several viruses share similar routes of transmission (especially sexual activity, injection drug use and mother-to-child transmission), the predominant route of transmission varies across viruses, and for the same virus can vary by geographical location. In general, vulnerable populations at the greatest risk for viral infections and their associated diseases include people, especially children, living in low- to middle-income countries, men who have sex with men, people who use injection drugs and female sex workers.This article is part of the themed issue 'Human oncogenic viruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Lunn
- Office of the Report on Carcinogens, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Gloria D Jahnke
- Office of the Report on Carcinogens, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Charles S Rabkin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-9760, USA
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Polymorphisms in HLA-C and KIR alleles are not associated with HAM/TSP risk in HTLV-1-infected subjects. Virus Res 2018; 244:71-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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HBZ-mediated shift of JunD from growth suppressor to tumor promoter in leukemic cells by inhibition of ribosomal protein S25 expression. Leukemia 2017; 31:2235-2243. [PMID: 28260789 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) factor (HBZ) is a key player in proliferation and transformation of HTLV-1-infected cells, thus contributing to adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) development. HBZ deregulates gene expression within the host cell by interacting with several cellular partners. Through its C-terminal ZIP domain, HBZ is able to contact and activate JunD, a transcription factor of the AP-1 family. JunD mRNA is intronless but can generate two protein isoforms by alternative translation initiation: JunD full-length and Δ JunD, an N-terminal truncated form unresponsive to the tumor suppressor menin. Using various cell lines and primary T-lymphocytes, we show that after serum deprivation HBZ induces the expression of Δ JunD isoform. We demonstrate that, unlike JunD, Δ JunD induces proliferation and transformation of cells. To decipher the mechanisms for Δ JunD production, we looked into the translational machinery and observed that HBZ induces nuclear retention of RPS25 mRNA and loss of RPS25 protein expression, a component of the small ribosomal subunit. Therefore, HBZ bypasses translational control of JunD uORF and favors the expression of Δ JunD. In conclusion, we provide strong evidences that HBZ induces Δ JunD expression through alteration of the cellular translational machinery and that the truncated isoform Δ JunD has a central role in the oncogenic process leading to ATL.
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12
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Aspen Cancer Conference Fellows. Toxicol Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01926230490882358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Cellular Immune Responses against Simian T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Target Tax in Infected Baboons. J Virol 2016; 90:5280-5291. [PMID: 26984729 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00281-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED There are currently 5 million to 10 million human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)-infected people, and many of them will develop severe complications resulting from this infection. A vaccine is urgently needed in areas where HTLV-1 is endemic. Many vaccines are best tested in nonhuman primate animal models. As a first step in designing an effective HTLV-1 vaccine, we defined the CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell response against simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), a virus closely related to HTLV-1, in olive baboons (Papio anubis). Consistent with persistent antigenic exposure, we observed that STLV-1-specific CD8(+) T cells displayed an effector memory phenotype and usually expressed CD107a, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). To assess the viral targets of the cellular immune response in STLV-1-infected animals, we used intracellular cytokine staining to detect responses against overlapping peptides covering the entire STLV-1 proteome. Our results show that, similarly to humans, the baboon CD8(+) T cell response narrowly targeted the Tax protein. Our findings suggest that the STLV-1-infected baboon model may recapitulate some of the important aspects of the human response against HTLV-1 and could be an important tool for the development of immune-based therapy and prophylaxis. IMPORTANCE HTLV-1 infection can lead to many different and often fatal conditions. A vaccine deployed in areas of high prevalence might reduce the incidence of HTLV-1-induced disease. Unfortunately, there are very few animal models of HTLV-1 infection useful for testing vaccine approaches. Here we describe cellular immune responses in baboons against a closely related virus, STLV-1. We show for the first time that the immune response against STLV-1 in naturally infected baboons is largely directed against the Tax protein. Similar findings in humans and the sequence similarity between the human and baboon viruses suggest that the STLV-1-infected baboon model might be useful for developing a vaccine against HTLV-1.
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Roles of HTLV-1 basic Zip Factor (HBZ) in Viral Chronicity and Leukemic Transformation. Potential New Therapeutic Approaches to Prevent and Treat HTLV-1-Related Diseases. Viruses 2015; 7:6490-505. [PMID: 26690203 PMCID: PMC4690875 DOI: 10.3390/v7122952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
More than thirty years have passed since human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was described as the first retrovirus to be the causative agent of a human cancer, adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), but the precise mechanism behind HTLV-1 pathogenesis still remains elusive. For more than two decades, the transforming ability of HTLV-1 has been exclusively associated to the viral transactivator Tax. Thirteen year ago, we first reported that the minus strand of HTLV-1 encoded for a basic Zip factor factor (HBZ), and since then several teams have underscored the importance of this antisense viral protein for the maintenance of a chronic infection and the proliferation of infected cells. More recently, we as well as others have demonstrated that HBZ has the potential to transform cells both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we focus on the latest progress in our understanding of HBZ functions in chronicity and cellular transformation. We will discuss the involvement of this paradigm shift of HTLV-1 research on new therapeutic approaches to treat HTLV-1-related human diseases.
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15
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Willems L, Gillet NA. APOBEC3 Interference during Replication of Viral Genomes. Viruses 2015; 7:2999-3018. [PMID: 26110583 PMCID: PMC4488724 DOI: 10.3390/v7062757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-evolution of viruses and their hosts has reached a fragile and dynamic equilibrium that allows viral persistence, replication and transmission. In response, infected hosts have developed strategies of defense that counteract the deleterious effects of viral infections. In particular, single-strand DNA editing by Apolipoprotein B Editing Catalytic subunits proteins 3 (APOBEC3s) is a well-conserved mechanism of mammalian innate immunity that mutates and inactivates viral genomes. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of APOBEC3 editing during viral replication, the viral strategies that prevent APOBEC3 activity and the consequences of APOBEC3 modulation on viral fitness and host genome integrity. Understanding the mechanisms involved reveals new prospects for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Willems
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA) of University of Liège (ULg), B34, 1 avenue de L'Hôpital, Sart-Tilman Liège 4000, Belgium.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 13 avenue Maréchal Juin, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Albert Gillet
- Molecular and Cellular Epigenetics, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics (GIGA) of University of Liège (ULg), B34, 1 avenue de L'Hôpital, Sart-Tilman Liège 4000, Belgium.
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège (ULg), 13 avenue Maréchal Juin, Gembloux 5030, Belgium.
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16
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Thénoz M, Vernin C, Mortada H, Karam M, Pinatel C, Gessain A, Webb TR, Auboeuf D, Wattel E, Mortreux F. HTLV-1-infected CD4+ T-cells display alternative exon usages that culminate in adult T-cell leukemia. Retrovirology 2014; 11:119. [PMID: 25519886 PMCID: PMC4293115 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-014-0119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reprogramming cellular gene transcription sustains HTLV-1 viral persistence that ultimately leads to the development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). We hypothesized that besides these quantitative transcriptional effects, HTLV-1 qualitatively modifies the pattern of cellular gene expression. Results Exon expression analysis shows that patients’ untransformed and malignant HTLV-1+ CD4+ T-cells exhibit multiple alternate exon usage (AEU) events. These affect either transcriptionally modified or unmodified genes, culminate in ATLL, and unveil new functional pathways involved in cancer and cell cycle. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of array data permitted to isolate exon expression patterns of 3977 exons that discriminate uninfected, infected, and transformed CD4+ T-cells. Furthermore, untransformed infected CD4+ clones and ATLL samples shared 486 exon modifications distributed in 320 genes, thereby indicating a role of AEUs in HTLV-1 leukemogenesis. Exposing cells to splicing modulators revealed that Sudemycin E reduces cell viability of HTLV-1 transformed cells without affecting primary control CD4+ cells and HTLV-1 negative cell lines, suggesting that the huge excess of AEU might provide news targets for treating ATLL. Conclusions Taken together, these data reveal that HTLV-1 significantly modifies the structure of cellular transcripts and unmask new putative leukemogenic pathways and possible therapeutic targets. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-014-0119-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Thénoz
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France.
| | - Céline Vernin
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France.
| | - Hussein Mortada
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de Lyon, France Epissage alternatif et progression tumorale, Lyon, France.
| | - Maroun Karam
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France.
| | - Christiane Pinatel
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de Lyon, France Epissage alternatif et progression tumorale, Lyon, France.
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France.
| | - Thomas R Webb
- SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA, 94025-3493, USA.
| | - Didier Auboeuf
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de Lyon, France Epissage alternatif et progression tumorale, Lyon, France.
| | - Eric Wattel
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France. .,Université Lyon I, Service d'Hématologie, Pavillon Marcel Bérard, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre Bénite, France. .,Oncovirologie et Biotherapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS, Lyon/UCBL/HCL; Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie; 69364, Lyon cedex 07, France.
| | - Franck Mortreux
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France. .,Oncovirologie et Biotherapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, UMR5239 CNRS/ENS, Lyon/UCBL/HCL; Ecole normale supérieure de Lyon, 46, allée d'Italie; 69364, Lyon cedex 07, France.
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17
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Vernin C, Thenoz M, Pinatel C, Gessain A, Gout O, Delfau-Larue MH, Nazaret N, Legras-Lachuer C, Wattel E, Mortreux F. HTLV-1 bZIP factor HBZ promotes cell proliferation and genetic instability by activating OncomiRs. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6082-93. [PMID: 25205102 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-3564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Viruses disrupt the host cell microRNA (miRNA) network to facilitate their replication. Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) replication relies on the clonal expansion of its host CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, yet this virus causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) that typically has a CD4(+) phenotype. The viral oncoprotein Tax, which is rarely expressed in ATLL cells, has long been recognized for its involvement in tumor initiation by promoting cell proliferation, genetic instability, and miRNA dysregulation. Meanwhile, HBZ is expressed in both untransformed infected cells and ATLL cells and is involved in sustaining cell proliferation and silencing virus expression. Here, we show that an HBZ-miRNA axis promotes cell proliferation and genetic instability, as indicated by comet assays that showed increased numbers of DNA-strand breaks. Expression profiling of miRNA revealed that infected CD4(+) cells, but not CD8(+) T cells, overexpressed oncogenic miRNAs, including miR17 and miR21. HBZ activated these miRNAs via a posttranscriptional mechanism. These effects were alleviated by knocking down miR21 or miR17 and by ectopic expression of OBFC2A, a DNA-damage factor that is downregulated by miR17 and miR21 in HTLV-1-infected CD4(+) T cells. These findings extend the oncogenic potential of HBZ and suggest that viral expression might be involved in the remarkable genetic instability of ATLL cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Vernin
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Morgan Thenoz
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Christiane Pinatel
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Gout
- Fondation Rothschild, Service de Neurologie, Paris, France
| | | | - Nicolas Nazaret
- Université Lyon I, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Lyon, ISPBL Viroscan3D-Profilexpert, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Legras-Lachuer
- Université Lyon I, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie de Lyon, ISPBL Viroscan3D-Profilexpert, UMR5557, Ecologie Microbienne, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Wattel
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France. Université Lyon I, Service d'Hématologie, Pavillon Marcel Bérard, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Franck Mortreux
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France.
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18
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Human T-cell leukemia virus type 3 (HTLV-3) and HTLV-4 antisense-transcript-encoded proteins interact and transactivate Jun family-dependent transcription via their atypical bZIP motif. J Virol 2014; 88:8956-70. [PMID: 24872589 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01094-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus types 3 and 4 (HTLV-3 and HTLV-4) are recently isolated retroviruses. We have previously characterized HTLV-3- and HTLV-4-encoded antisense genes, termed APH-3 and APH-4, respectively, which, in contrast to HBZ, the HTLV-1 homologue, do not contain a typical bZIP domain (M. Larocque É Halin, S. Landry, S. J. Marriott, W. M. Switzer, and B. Barbeau, J. Virol. 85:12673-12685, 2011, doi:10.1128/JVI.05296-11). As HBZ differentially modulates the transactivation potential of various Jun family members, the effect of APH-3 and APH-4 on JunD-, c-Jun-, and JunB-mediated transcriptional activation was investigated. We first showed that APH-3 and APH-4 upregulated the transactivation potential of all tested Jun family members. Using an human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) promoter construct, our results also highlighted that, unlike HBZ, which solely modulates hTERT expression via JunD, both APH-3 and APH-4 acted positively on the transactivation of the hTERT promoter mediated by tested Jun factors. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that these Jun proteins interacted with APH-3 and APH-4. Although no activation domain was identified for APH proteins, the activation domain of c-Jun was very important in the observed upregulation of its activation potential. We further showed that APH-3 and APH-4 required their putative bZIP-like domains and corresponding leucine residues for interaction and modulation of the transactivation potential of Jun factors. Our results demonstrate that HTLV-encoded antisense proteins behave differently, and that the bZIP-like domains of both APH-3 and APH-4 have retained their interaction potential for Jun members. These studies are important in assessing the differences between HBZ and other antisense proteins, which might further contribute to determining the role of HBZ in HTLV-1-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE HBZ, the antisense transcript-encoded protein from HTLV-1, is now well recognized as a potential factor for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma development. In order to better appreciate the mechanism of action of HBZ, comparison to antisense proteins from other HTLV viruses is important. Little is known in relation to the seemingly nonpathogenic HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 viruses, and studies of their antisense proteins are limited to our previously reported study (M. Larocque É Halin, S. Landry, S. J. Marriott, W. M. Switzer, and B. Barbeau, J. Virol. 85:12673-12685, 2011, doi:10.1128/JVI.05296-11). Here, we demonstrate that Jun transcription factors are differently affected by APH-3 and APH-4 compared to HBZ. These intriguing findings suggest that these proteins act differently on viral replication but also on cellular gene expression, and that highlighting their differences of action might lead to important information allowing us to understand the link between HTLV-1 HBZ and ATL in infected individuals.
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19
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Einsiedel L, Cassar O, Bardy P, Kearney D, Gessain A. Variant human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1c and adult T-cell leukemia, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:1639-41. [PMID: 24047544 PMCID: PMC3810736 DOI: 10.3201/eid1910.130105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 is endemic to central Australia among Indigenous Australians. However, virologic and clinical aspects of infection remain poorly understood. No attempt has been made to control transmission to indigenous children. We report 3 fatal cases of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Australo-Melanesian subtype c.
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20
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Lim AG, Maini PK. HTLV-I infection: a dynamic struggle between viral persistence and host immunity. J Theor Biol 2014; 352:92-108. [PMID: 24583256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) causes chronic infection for which there is no cure or neutralising vaccine. HTLV-I has been clinically linked to the development of adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATL), an aggressive blood cancer, and HAM/TSP, a progressive neurological and inflammatory disease. Infected individuals typically mount a large, persistently activated CD8(+) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against HTLV-I-infected cells, but ultimately fail to effectively eliminate the virus. Moreover, the identification of determinants to disease manifestation has thus far been elusive. A key issue in current HTLV-I research is to better understand the dynamic interaction between persistent infection by HTLV-I and virus-specific host immunity. Recent experimental hypotheses for the persistence of HTLV-I in vivo have led to the development of mathematical models illuminating the balance between proviral latency and activation in the target cell population. We investigate the role of a constantly changing anti-viral immune environment acting in response to the effects of infected T-cell activation and subsequent viral expression. The resulting model is a four-dimensional, non-linear system of ordinary differential equations that describes the dynamic interactions among viral expression, infected target cell activation, and the HTLV-I-specific CTL response. The global dynamics of the model is established through the construction of appropriate Lyapunov functions. Examining the particular roles of viral expression and host immunity during the chronic phase of HTLV-I infection offers important insights regarding the evolution of viral persistence and proposes a hypothesis for pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron G Lim
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Philip K Maini
- Wolfson Centre for Mathematical Biology, Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, Andrew Wiles Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
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21
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Sibon D, Zane L, Idrissi ME, Delfau-Larue MH, Gessain A, Gout O, Mortreux F, Wattel E. Mosaicism of HTLV-1 5' LTR CpG methylation in the absence of malignancy. Virus Res 2013; 178:452-61. [PMID: 24036230 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Viral expression varies widely between untransformed HTLV-1 positive clones derived from infected individuals without malignancy. Here we show that, in the absence of malignancy, 68% of HTLV-1 positive clones carry deleted (10%) or methylated (58%) 5' LTR. These changes were found to contribute to the fluctuation of viral expression between clones. 5' LTR deletions strongly impaired tax expression and thereby clonal expansion, telomere homeostasis, and genetic instability. The effects of CpG methylation on viral transcription were qualitatively and quantitatively different from those of LTR deletions and preserved the preleukemic features of HTLV-1(+)CD4(+) clones. 5' LTR methylation varied not only between clones but also between cells belonging to the same clones, between distinct integrated sequences within the same cells, and between CpG dyads along the 5' LTR. Such distributions suggest that a dynamic methylation spectrum might help sustain persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sibon
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France; Service d'Hématologie Adultes, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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22
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Kobayashi S, Tian Y, Ohno N, Yuji K, Ishigaki T, Isobe M, Tsuda M, Oyaizu N, Watanabe E, Watanabe N, Tani K, Tojo A, Uchimaru K. The CD3 versus CD7 plot in multicolor flow cytometry reflects progression of disease stage in patients infected with HTLV-I. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53728. [PMID: 23349737 PMCID: PMC3551918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In a recent study to purify adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) cells from acute-type patients by flow cytometry, three subpopulations were observed in a CD3 versus CD7 plot (H: CD3(high)CD7(high); D: CD3(dim)CD7(dim); L: CD3(dim)CD7(low)). The majority of leukemia cells were enriched in the L subpopulation and the same clone was included in the D and L subpopulations, suggesting clonal evolution. In this study, we analyzed patients with indolent-type ATL and human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) asymptomatic carriers (ACs) to see whether the CD3 versus CD7 profile reflected progression in the properties of HTLV-I-infected cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patient samples, we performed multi-color flow cytometry. Cells that underwent fluorescence-activated cell sorting were subjected to molecular analyses, including inverse long PCR. RESULTS In the D(%) versus L(%) plot, patient data could largely be categorized into three groups (Group 1: AC; Group 2: smoldering- and chronic-type ATL; and Group 3: acute-type ATL). Some exceptions, however, were noted (e.g., ACs in Group 2). In the follow-up of some patients, clinical disease progression correlated well with the CD3 versus CD7 profile. In clonality analysis, we clearly detected a major clone in the D and L subpopulations in ATL cases and, intriguingly, in some ACs in Group 2. CONCLUSION We propose that the CD3 versus CD7 plot reflects progression of disease stage in patients infected with HTLV-I. The CD3 versus CD7 profile will be a new indicator, along with high proviral load, for HTLV-I ACs in forecasting disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yamin Tian
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ohno
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Yuji
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishigaki
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Isobe
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuko Tsuda
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Oyaizu
- Clinical Laboratory, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Watanabe
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Watanabe
- Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine, Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenzaburo Tani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Arinobu Tojo
- Division of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Uchimaru
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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23
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Pomier C, Rabaaoui S, Pouliquen JF, Couppié P, El Guedj M, Nacher M, Lacoste V, Wattel E, Kazanji M, Mortreux F. Antiretroviral therapy promotes an inflammatory-like pattern of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) replication in human immunodeficiency virus type 1/HTLV-1 co-infected individuals. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:753-757. [PMID: 23239567 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.048348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon antiretroviral therapy (ART) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) co-infected individuals frequently develop neurological disorders through hitherto unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that effective anti-HIV ART increases HTLV-1 proviral load through a polyclonal integration pattern of HTLV-1 in both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell subsets that is reminiscent of that typically associated with HTLV-1-related inflammatory conditions. These data indicate that preventing ART-triggered clonal expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells in co-infected individuals deserves investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Pomier
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirology and Biotherapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Samira Rabaaoui
- Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirology and Biotherapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Pierre Couppié
- Service de dermatologie, Centre hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Myriam El Guedj
- Hôpital de Jour Adultes, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Mathieu Nacher
- Centre d'Investigation Clinique Epidemiologie Clinique Antilles Guyane CIC-EC INSERM CIE 802, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Vincent Lacoste
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, French Guiana
| | - Eric Wattel
- Service d'Hématologie, Pavillon Marcel Bérard, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud 165, Chemin du Grand Revoyet, 69495 Pierre Bénite Cedex, France.,Present address: Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, ENS - HCL, Pierre Bénite, France.,Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirology and Biotherapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | | | - Franck Mortreux
- Present address: Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, ENS - HCL, Pierre Bénite, France.,Université de Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5239, Oncovirology and Biotherapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Zane L, Sibon D, Capraro V, Galia P, Karam M, Delfau-Larue MH, Gilson E, Gessain A, Gout O, Hermine O, Mortreux F, Wattel E. HTLV-1 positive and negative T cells cloned from infected individuals display telomerase and telomere genes deregulation that predominate in activated but untransformed CD4+ T cells. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:821-33. [PMID: 21717459 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Untransformed HTLV-1 positive CD4(+) cells from infected individuals are selected for expressing tax and displaying morphological features consistent with telomere dysfunctions. We show that in resting HTLV-1 positive CD4(+) cells cloned from patients, hTERT expression parallels tax expression and cell cycling. Upon activation, these cells dramatically augment tax expression, whereas their increase in telomerase activity is about 20 times lower than that of their uninfected counterpart. Activated HTLV-1 positive CD4(+) but not uninfected CD4(+) or CD8(+) clones also repress the transcription of TRF1, TPP1, TANK1, POT1, DNA-PKc and Ku80. Both infected and uninfected lymphocytes from infected individuals shared common telomere gene deregulations toward a pattern consistent with premature senescence. ATLL cells displayed the highest telomerase activity (TA) whereas recovered a telomere gene transcriptome close to that of normal CD4(+) cells. In conclusion HTLV-1-dependent telomere modulations seem involved in clonal expansion, immunosuppression, tumor initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zane
- Université de Lyon, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
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Neto WK, Da-Costa AC, de Oliveira ACS, Martinez VP, Nukui Y, Sabino EC, Sanabani SS. Correlation between LTR point mutations and proviral load levels among human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) asymptomatic carriers. Virol J 2011; 8:535. [PMID: 22166003 PMCID: PMC3287369 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro studies have demonstrated that deletions and point mutations introduced into each 21 bp imperfect repeat of Tax-responsive element (TRE) of the genuine human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) viral promoter abolishes Tax induction. Given these data, we hypothesized that similar mutations may affect the proliferation of HTLV-1i nfected cells and alter the proviral load (PvL). To test this hypothesis, we conducted a cross-sectional genetic analysis to compare the near-complete LTR nucleotide sequences that cover the TRE1 region in a sample of HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers with different PvL burden. Methods A total of 94 asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers with both sequence from the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR) and a PvL for Tax DNA measured using a sensitive SYBR Green real-time PCR were studied. The 94 subjects were divided into three groups based on PvL measurement: 31 low, 29 intermediate, and 34 high. In addition, each group was compared based on sex, age, and viral genotypes. In another analysis, the median PvLs between individuals infected with mutant and wild-type viruses were compared. Results Using a categorical analysis, a G232A substitution, located in domain A of the TRE-1 motif, was detected in 38.7% (12/31), 27.5% (8/29), and 61.8% (21/34) of subjects with low, intermediate, or high PvLs, respectively. A significant difference in the detection of this mutation was found between subjects with a high or low PvL and between those with a high or intermediate PvL (both p < 0.05), but not between subjects with a low or intermediate PvL (p > 0.05). This result was confirmed by a non-parametric analysis that showed strong evidence for higher PvLs among HTLV-1 positive individuals with the G232A mutation than those without this mutation (p < 0.03). No significant difference was found between the groups in relation to age, sex or viral subtypes (p > 0. 05). Conclusions The data described here show that changes in domain A of the HTLV-1 TRE-1 motif resulting in the G232A mutation may increase HTLV-1 replication in a majority of infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter K Neto
- Fundação Pro-Sangue, Blood Center of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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26
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Ducu RI, Dayaram T, Marriott SJ. The HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein represses Ku80 gene expression. Virology 2011; 416:1-8. [PMID: 21571351 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The HTLV-I oncoprotein Tax interferes with DNA double strand break repair. Since non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a major pathway used to repair DNA double strand breaks we examined the effect of Tax on this pathway, with particular interest in the expression and function of Ku80, a critical component of the NHEJ pathway. Tax expression decreased Ku80 mRNA and protein levels, and repressed transcription from the Ku80 promoter. Conversely, Ku80 mRNA increased following siRNA knockdown of Tax in HTLV-I infected cells. Tax expression was associated with an elevated number of micronuclei and nucleoplasmic bridges, hallmarks of improper DNA double strand break repair. Our studies identified Tax as a transcriptional repressor of Ku80 that correlates with decreased DNA repair function. The reduction of Ku80 transcription by Tax may deplete the cell of an essential DNA break binding protein, resulting in reduced repair of DNA double strand breaks and accumulation genomic mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan I Ducu
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Modelling the role of Tax expression in HTLV-I persistence in vivo. Bull Math Biol 2011; 73:3008-29. [PMID: 21509627 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-011-9657-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is a persistent human retrovirus characterized by life-long infection and risk of developing HAM/TSP, a progressive neurological and inflammatory disease, and adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). Chronically infected individuals often harbor high proviral loads despite maintaining a persistently activated immune response. Based on a new hypothesis for the persistence of HTLV-I infection, a three-dimensional compartmental model is constructed that describes the dynamic interactions among latently infected target cells, target-cell activation, and immune responses to HTLV-I, with an emphasis on understanding the role of Tax expression in the persistence of HTLV-I.
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Highly active antiretroviral treatment against STLV-1 infection combining reverse transcriptase and HDAC inhibitors. Blood 2010; 116:3802-8. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-02-270751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Approximately 3% of all human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)–infected persons will develop a disabling inflammatory disease of the central nervous system known as HTLV-1–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, against which there is currently no efficient treatment. As correlation exists between the proviral load (PVL) and the clinical status of the carrier, it is thought that diminishing the PVL could prevent later occurrence of the disease. We have conducted a study combining valproate, an inhibitor of histone deacetylases, and azidothymidine, an inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, in a series of baboons naturally infected with simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1), whose PVL was equivalent to that of HTLV-1 asymptomatic carriers. We show that the combination of drugs caused a strong decrease in the PVL and prevented the transient rise in PVL that is seen after treatment with histone deacetylases alone. We then demonstrate that the PVL decline was associated with an increase in the STLV-1–specific cytotoxic T-cell population. We conclude that combined treatment with valproate to induce viral expression and azidothymidine to prevent viral propagation is a safe and effective means to decrease PVL in vivo. Such treatments may be useful to reduce the risk of HAM/TSP in asymptomatic carriers with a high PVL.
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Kameda T, Shide K, Shimoda HK, Hidaka T, Kubuki Y, Katayose K, Taniguchi Y, Sekine M, Kamiunntenn A, Maeda K, Nagata K, Matsunaga T, Shimoda K. Absence of gain-of-function JAK1 and JAK3 mutations in adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Int J Hematol 2010; 92:320-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0653-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Zimmerman B, Niewiesk S, Lairmore MD. Mouse models of human T lymphotropic virus type-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:677-89. [PMID: 20442421 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810370009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus discovered, is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and a number of lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory conditions including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Development of animal models to study the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated diseases has been problematic. Mechanisms of early infection and cell-to-cell transmission can be studied in rabbits and nonhuman primates, but lesion development and reagents are limited in these species. The mouse provides a cost-effective, highly reproducible model in which to study factors related to lymphoma development and the preclinical efficacy of potential therapies against ATL. The ability to manipulate transgenic mice has provided important insight into viral genes responsible for lymphocyte transformation. Expansion of various strains of immunodeficient mice has accelerated the testing of drugs and targeted therapy against ATL. This review compares various mouse models to illustrate recent advances in the understanding of HTLV-1-associated ATL development and how improvements in these models are critical to the future development of targeted therapies against this aggressive T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zimmerman
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Goss Laboratory, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1093, USA
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31
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Haynes RAH, Zimmerman B, Millward L, Ware E, Premanandan C, Yu L, Phipps AJ, Lairmore MD. Early spatial and temporal events of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 spread following blood-borne transmission in a rabbit model of infection. J Virol 2010; 84:5124-30. [PMID: 20219918 PMCID: PMC2863820 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01537-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and is associated with a variety of lymphocyte-mediated disorders. HTLV-1 transmission occurs by transmission of infected cells via breast-feeding by infected mothers, sexual intercourse, and contaminated blood products. The route of exposure and early virus replication events are believed to be key determinants of virus-associated spread, antiviral immune responses, and ultimately disease outcomes. The lack of knowledge of early events of HTLV-1 spread following blood-borne transmission of the virus in vivo hinders a more complete understanding of the immunopathogenesis of HTLV-1 infections. Herein, we have used an established animal model of HTLV-1 infection to study early spatial and temporal events of the viral infection. Twelve-week-old rabbits were injected intravenously with cell-associated HTLV-1 (ACH-transformed R49). Blood and tissues were collected at defined intervals throughout the study to test the early spread of the infection. Antibody and hematologic responses were monitored throughout the infection. HTLV-1 intracellular Tax and soluble p19 matrix were tested from ex vivo cultured lymphocytes. Proviral copy numbers were measured by real-time PCR from blood and tissue mononuclear leukocytes. Our data indicate that intravenous infection with cell-associated HTLV-1 targets lymphocytes located in both primary lymphoid and gut-associated lymphoid compartments. A transient lymphocytosis that correlated with peak virus detection parameters was observed by 1 week postinfection before returning to baseline levels. Our data support emerging evidence that HTLV-1 promotes lymphocyte proliferation preceding early viral spread in lymphoid compartments to establish and maintain persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashade A. H. Haynes
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Bevin Zimmerman
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Laurie Millward
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Evan Ware
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Christopher Premanandan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Lianbo Yu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Andrew J. Phipps
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Michael D. Lairmore
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Biostatistics, Center for Retrovirus Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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Zane L, Sibon D, Jeannin L, Zandecki M, Delfau-Larue MH, Gessain A, Gout O, Pinatel C, Lançon A, Mortreux F, Wattel E. Tax gene expression and cell cycling but not cell death are selected during HTLV-1 infection in vivo. Retrovirology 2010; 7:17. [PMID: 20222966 PMCID: PMC2846874 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adult T cell leukemia results from the malignant transformation of a CD4+ lymphoid clone carrying an integrated HTLV-1 provirus that has undergone several oncogenic events over a 30-60 year period of persistent clonal expansion. Both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes are infected in vivo; their expansion relies on CD4+ cell cycling and on the prevention of CD8+ cell death. Cloned infected CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells from patients without malignancy also add up nuclear and mitotic defects typical of genetic instability related to theexpression of the virus-encoded oncogene tax. HTLV-1 expression is cancer-prone in vitro, but in vivo numerous selection forces act to maintain T cell homeostasis and are possibly involved in clonal selection. Results Here we demonstrate that the HTLV-1 associated CD4+ preleukemic phenotype and the specific patterns of CD4+ and CD8+ clonal expansion are in vivo selected processes. By comparing the effects of recent (1 month) experimental infections performed in vitro and those observed in cloned T cells from patients infected for >6-26 years, we found that in chronically HTLV-1 infected individuals, HTLV-1 positive clones are selected for tax expression. In vivo, infected CD4+ cells are positively selected for cell cycling whereas infected CD8+ cells and uninfected CD4+ cells are negatively selected for the same processes. In contrast, the known HTLV-1-dependent prevention of CD8+ T cell death pertains to both in vivo and in vitro infected cells. Conclusions Therefore, virus-cell interactions alone are not sufficient to initiate early leukemogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zane
- CNRS UMR5239, Université de Lyon, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France
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Banerjee P, Crawford L, Samuelson E, Feuer G. Hematopoietic stem cells and retroviral infection. Retrovirology 2010; 7:8. [PMID: 20132553 PMCID: PMC2826343 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral induced malignancies serve as ideal models to help us better understand the molecular mechanisms associated with the initiation and progression of leukemogenesis. Numerous retroviruses including AEV, FLV, M-MuLV and HTLV-1 have the ability to infect hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, resulting in the deregulation of normal hematopoiesis and the development of leukemia/lymphoma. Research over the last few decades has elucidated similarities between retroviral-induced leukemogenesis, initiated by deregulation of innate hematopoietic stem cell traits, and the cancer stem cell hypothesis. Ongoing research in some of these models may provide a better understanding of the processes of normal hematopoiesis and cancer stem cells. Research on retroviral induced leukemias and lymphomas may identify the molecular events which trigger the initial cellular transformation and subsequent maintenance of hematologic malignancies, including the generation of cancer stem cells. This review focuses on the role of retroviral infection in hematopoietic stem cells and the initiation, maintenance and progression of hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabal Banerjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- Center for Humanized SCID Mice and Stem Cell Processing Laboratory, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Lindsey Crawford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Elizabeth Samuelson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Gerold Feuer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- Center for Humanized SCID Mice and Stem Cell Processing Laboratory, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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Cyclosporine-induced immune suppression alters establishment of HTLV-1 infection in a rabbit model. Blood 2009; 115:815-23. [PMID: 19965683 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2009-07-230912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection causes adult T-cell leukemia and several lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory diseases. Persistent HTLV-1 infection is determined by a balance between host immune responses and virus spread. Immunomodulatory therapy involving HTLV-1-infected patients occurs in a variety of clinical settings. Knowledge of how these treatments influence host-virus relationships is not understood. In this study, we examined the effects of cyclosporine A (CsA)-induced immune suppression during early infection of HTLV-1. Twenty-four New Zealand white rabbits were split into 4 groups. Three groups were treated with either 10 or 20 mg/kg CsA or saline before infection. The fourth group was treated with 20 mg/kg CsA 1 week after infection. Immune suppression, plasma CsA concentration, ex vivo lymphocyte HTLV-1 p19 production, anti-HTLV-1 serologic responses, and proviral load levels were measured during infection. Our data indicated that CsA treatment before HTLV-1 infection enhanced early viral expression compared with untreated HTLV-1-infected rabbits, and altered long-term viral expression parameters. However, CsA treatment 1 week after infection diminished HTLV-1 expression throughout the 10-week study course. Collectively, these data indicate immunologic control is a key determinant of early HTLV-1 spread and have important implications for therapeutic intervention during HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Pomier C, Alcaraz MTS, Debacq C, Lançon A, Kerkhofs P, Willems L, Wattel E, Mortreux F. A dose-effect relationship for deltaretrovirus-dependent leukemogenesis in sheep. Retrovirology 2009; 6:30. [PMID: 19344505 PMCID: PMC2670259 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retrovirus-induced tumors develop in a broad range of frequencies and after extremely variable periods of time, from only a few days to several decades, depending mainly on virus type. For hitherto unexplained reasons, deltaretroviruses cause hematological malignancies only in a minority of naturally infected organisms and after a very prolonged period of clinical latency. Results Here we demonstrate that the development of malignancies in sheep experimentally infected with the deltaretrovirus bovine leukemia virus (BLV) depends only on the level of BLV replication. Animals were experimentally infected with leukemogenic or attenuated, but infectious, BLV molecular clones and monitored prospectively through 8 months for viral replication. As early as 2 weeks after infection and subsequently at any time during follow-up, leukemogenic viruses produced significantly higher absolute levels of reverse transcription (RT), clonal expansion of infected cells, and circulating proviruses with RT- and somatic-dependent mutations than attenuated viruses. These differences were only quantitative, and both kinds of viruses triggered parallel temporal fluctuations of host lymphoid cells, viral loads, infected cell clonality and proliferation. Conclusion Deltaretrovirus-associated leukemogenesis in sheep appears to be a two-hit process over time depending on the amounts of first horizontally and then vertically expanded viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Pomier
- CNRS FRE-3011-Université Lyon I, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
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Ratner L, Harrington W, Feng X, Grant C, Jacobson S, Noy A, Sparano J, Lee J, Ambinder R, Campbell N, Lairmore M. Human T cell leukemia virus reactivation with progression of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4420. [PMID: 19204798 PMCID: PMC2636875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 12/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human T-cell leukemia virus-associated adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATLL) has a very poor prognosis, despite trials of a variety of different treatment regimens. Virus expression has been reported to be limited or absent when ATLL is diagnosed, and this has suggested that secondary genetic or epigenetic changes are important in disease pathogenesis. METHODS AND FINDINGS We prospectively investigated combination chemotherapy followed by antiretroviral therapy for this disorder. Nineteen patients were prospectively enrolled between 2002 and 2006 at five medical centers in a phase II clinical trial of infusional chemotherapy with etoposide, doxorubicin, and vincristine, daily prednisone, and bolus cyclophosphamide (EPOCH) given for two to six cycles until maximal clinical response, and followed by antiviral therapy with daily zidovudine, lamivudine, and alpha interferon-2a for up to one year. Seven patients were on study for less than one month due to progressive disease or chemotherapy toxicity. Eleven patients achieved an objective response with median duration of response of thirteen months, and two complete remissions. During chemotherapy induction, viral RNA expression increased (median 190-fold), and virus replication occurred, coincident with development of disease progression. CONCLUSIONS EPOCH chemotherapy followed by antiretroviral therapy is an active therapeutic regimen for adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma, but viral reactivation during induction chemotherapy may contribute to treatment failure. Alternative therapies are sorely needed in this disease that simultaneously prevent virus expression, and are cytocidal for malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Ratner
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
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Hawkins ED, Russell SM. Upsides and downsides to polarity and asymmetric cell division in leukemia. Oncogene 2009; 27:7003-17. [PMID: 19029941 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The notion that polarity regulators can act as tumor suppressors in epithelial cells is now well accepted. The function of these proteins in lymphocytes is less well explored, and their possible function as suppressors of leukemia has had little attention so far. We review the literature on lymphocyte polarity and the growing recognition that polarity proteins have an important function in lymphocyte function. We then describe molecular relationships between the polarity network and signaling pathways that have been implicated in leukemogenesis, which suggest mechanisms by which the polarity network might impact on leukemogenesis. We particularly focus on the possibility that disruption of polarity might alter asymmetric cell division (ACD), and that this might be a leukemia-initiating event. We also explore the converse possibility that leukemic stem cells might be produced or maintained by ACD, and therefore that Dlg, Scribble and Lgl might be important regulators of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Hawkins
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Cancer Immunology, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Birmann BM, Breen EC, Stuver S, Cranston B, Martínez-Maza O, Falk KI, Okayama A, Hanchard B, Mueller N, Hisada M. Population differences in immune marker profiles associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type I infection in Japan and Jamaica. Int J Cancer 2008; 124:614-21. [PMID: 18989900 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The natural history of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) has been shown to differ markedly by geographic area. The differences include contrasting patterns of risk of adult T-cell lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), which may be due in part to differences in host immune response to infection. To characterize variations in host immunity across populations, we compared serologic immune marker patterns in HTLV-I-endemic populations in Japan and Jamaica. We matched 204 participants with archived blood from the Miyazaki Cohort Study (Japan) and the Food Handlers Study (Jamaica)-i.e., 51 HTLV-I-positive ("carriers") and 51 HTLV-I-negative individuals ("noncarriers") from each population-by age, sex and blood collection year. We compared plasma concentrations of markers of T-cell-mediated (antigen-specific) and nonspecific immunity using regression models and correlation coefficients. Compared to Jamaican HTLV-I noncarriers, Japanese noncarriers had higher covariate-adjusted mean levels of T-cell activation markers, including antibody to Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen-1 (reciprocal titer 27 vs. 71, respectively, p=0.005), soluble interleukin-2 receptor-alpha (477 vs. 623 pg/mL, p=0.0008) and soluble CD30 (34 vs. 46 U/mL, p=0.0001) and lower levels of C-reactive protein (1.1 vs. 0.43 microg/mL, p=0.0004). HTLV-I infection was associated with activated T-cell immunity in Jamaicans but with diminished T-cell immunity in Japanese persons. The observed population differences in background and HTLV-I-related host immunity correspond closely to the divergent natural histories of infection observed among HTLV-I carriers in Japan and Jamaica and corroborate a role for host immune status in the contrasting patterns of ATL and HAM/TSP risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda M Birmann
- Department of Epidemiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Durkin SS, Guo X, Fryrear KA, Mihaylova VT, Gupta SK, Belgnaoui SM, Haoudi A, Kupfer GM, Semmes OJ. HTLV-1 Tax oncoprotein subverts the cellular DNA damage response via binding to DNA-dependent protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:36311-20. [PMID: 18957425 PMCID: PMC2605996 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804931200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 is the causative agent for adult T-cell leukemia. Previous research has established that the viral oncoprotein Tax mediates the transformation process by impairing cell cycle control and cellular response to DNA damage. We showed previously that Tax sequesters huChk2 within chromatin and impairs the response to ionizing radiation. Here we demonstrate that DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a member of the Tax.Chk2 nuclear complex. The catalytic subunit, DNA-PKcs, and the regulatory subunit, Ku70, were present. Tax-containing nuclear extracts showed increased DNA-PK activity, and specific inhibition of DNA-PK prevented Tax-induced activation of Chk2 kinase activity. Expression of Tax induced foci formation and phosphorylation of H2AX. However, Tax-induced constitutive signaling of the DNA-PK pathway impaired cellular response to new damage, as reflected in suppression of ionizing radiation-induced DNA-PK phosphorylation and gammaH2AX stabilization. Tax co-localized with phospho-DNA-PK into nuclear speckles and a nuclear excluded Tax mutant sequestered endogenous phospho-DNA-PK into the cytoplasm, suggesting that Tax interaction with DNA-PK is an initiating event. We also describe a novel interaction between DNA-PK and Chk2 that requires Tax. We propose that Tax binds to and stabilizes a protein complex with DNA-PK and Chk2, resulting in a saturation of DNA-PK-mediated damage repair response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Durkin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Biomedical Proteomics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, USA
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Inhibitors of strand transfer that prevent integration and inhibit human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 early replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:3532-41. [PMID: 18316517 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01361-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication of the retrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is linked to the development of lymphoid malignancies and inflammatory diseases. Data from in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo studies have revealed that no specific treatment can prevent or block HTLV-1 replication and therefore that there is no therapy for the prevention and/or treatment of HTLV-1-associated diseases in infected individuals. HTLV-1 and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrases, the enzymes that specifically catalyze the integration of these retroviruses in host cell DNA, share important structural properties, suggesting that compounds that inhibit HIV-1 integration could also inhibit HTLV-1 integration. We developed quantitative assays to test, in vitro and ex vivo, the efficiencies of styrylquinolines and diketo acids, the two main classes of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. The compounds were tested in vitro in an HTLV-1 strand-transfer reaction and ex vivo by infection of fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes with lethally irradiated HTLV-1-positive cells. In vitro, four styrylquinoline compounds and two diketo acid compounds significantly inhibited HTLV-1 integration in a dose-dependent manner. All compounds active in vitro decreased cell proliferation ex vivo, although at low concentrations; they also dramatically decreased both normalized proviral loads and the number of integration events during experimental ex vivo primary infection. Accordingly, diketo acids and styrylquinolines are the first drugs that produce a specific negative effect on HTLV-1 replication in vitro and ex vivo, suggesting their potential efficiency for the prevention and treatment of HTLV-1-associated diseases.
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Barbeau B, Mesnard JM. Does the HBZ gene represent a new potential target for the treatment of adult T-cell leukemia? Int Rev Immunol 2008; 26:283-304. [PMID: 18027202 DOI: 10.1080/08830180701690843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Links between human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) were first suspected in 1980. Provirus integration has since been found in all ATL cells. Although the viral Tax protein is involved in the proliferation of the infected cells during the preleukemic stage, Tax expression is not systematically detected in primary leukemic cells. Recent studies found that the viral HBZ gene was always expressed in leukemic cells, suggesting its involvement in the progression of the infected cells toward malignancy. How could this new discovery be translated into possible new avenues for the prevention or treatment of ATL?
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Barbeau
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Pomier C, Alcaraz MTS, Debacq C, Lançon A, Kerkhofs P, Willems L, Wattel E, Mortreux F. Early and transient reverse transcription during primary deltaretroviral infection of sheep. Retrovirology 2008; 5:16. [PMID: 18241341 PMCID: PMC2270868 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intraindividual genetic variability plays a central role in deltaretrovirus replication and associated leukemogenesis in animals as in humans. To date, the replication of these viruses has only been investigated during the chronic phase of the infection when they mainly spread through the clonal expansion of their host cells, vary through a somatic mutation process without evidence for reverse transcriptase (RT)-associated substitution. Primary infection of a new organism necessary involves allogenic cell infection and thus reverse transcription. Results Here we demonstrate that the primary experimental bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection of sheep displays an early and intense burst of horizontal replicative dissemination of the virus generating frequent RT-associated substitutions that account for 69% of the in vivo BLV genetic variability during the first 8 months of the infection. During this period, evidence has been found of a cell-to-cell passage of a mutated sequence and of a sequence having undergone both RT-associated and somatic mutations. The detection of RT-dependent proviral substitution was restricted to a narrow window encompassing the first 250 days following seroconversion. Conclusion In contrast to lentiviruses, deltaretroviruses display two time-dependent mechanisms of genetic variation that parallel their two-step nature of replication in vivo. We propose that the early and transient RT-based horizontal replication helps the virus escape the first wave of host immune response whereas somatic-dependent genetic variability during persistent clonal expansion helps infected clones escape the persistent and intense immune pressure that characterizes the chronic phase of deltaretrovirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Pomier
- CNRS FRE3011-Université Claude Bernard, Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
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Asquith B, Bangham CRM. How does HTLV-I persist despite a strong cell-mediated immune response? Trends Immunol 2007; 29:4-11. [PMID: 18042431 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic retrovirus that infects human CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Despite its presence in T cells, HTLV-1 causes little overt immunosuppression. This host-virus relationship has therefore been exploited as an excellent model system for studying the dynamic interaction between a persistent retrovirus and the normal human immune system. We use a combination of mathematical and experimental techniques to identify key factors on both sides of the in vivo host-virus interaction that significantly determine HTLV-I proviral load and disease risk. We develop a model to describe how these factors interact to enable viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca Asquith
- Department of Immunology, Wright-Fleming Institute, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK.
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Wang XG, Revskaya E, Bryan RA, Strickler HD, Burk RD, Casadevall A, Dadachova E. Treating cancer as an infectious disease--viral antigens as novel targets for treatment and potential prevention of tumors of viral etiology. PLoS One 2007; 2:e1114. [PMID: 17971877 PMCID: PMC2040508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nearly 20% of human cancers worldwide have an infectious etiology with the most prominent examples being hepatitis B and C virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma and human papilloma virus-associated cervical cancer. There is an urgent need to find new approaches to treatment and prevention of virus-associated cancers. Methodology/Principal Findings Viral antigens have not been previously considered as targets for treatment or prevention of virus-associated cancers. We hypothesized that it was possible to treat experimental HPV16-associated cervical cancer (CC) and Hepatitis B-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by targeting viral antigens expressed on cancer cells with radiolabeled antibodies to viral antigens. Treatment of experimental CC and HCC tumors with 188Re-labeled mAbs to E6 and HBx viral proteins, respectively, resulted in significant and dose-dependent retardation of tumor growth in comparison with untreated mice or mice treated with unlabeled antibodies. Conclusions/Significance This strategy is fundamentally different from the prior uses of radioimmunotherapy in oncology, which targeted tumor-associated human antigens and promises increased specificity and minimal toxicity of treatment. It also raises an exciting possibility to prevent virus-associated cancers in chronically infected patients by eliminating cells infected with oncogenic viruses before they transform into cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Guo Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ekaterina Revskaya
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ruth A. Bryan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Howard D. Strickler
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert D. Burk
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Ekaterina Dadachova
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Datta A, Silverman L, Phipps AJ, Hiraragi H, Ratner L, Lairmore MD. Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 p30 alters cell cycle G2 regulation of T lymphocytes to enhance cell survival. Retrovirology 2007; 4:49. [PMID: 17634129 PMCID: PMC1937004 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-4-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and is linked to a number of lymphocyte-mediated disorders. HTLV-1 contains both regulatory and accessory genes in four pX open reading frames. pX ORF-II encodes two proteins, p13 and p30, whose roles are still being defined in the virus life cycle and in HTLV-1 virus-host cell interactions. Proviral clones of HTLV-1 with pX ORF-II mutations diminish the ability of the virus to maintain viral loads in vivo. p30 expressed exogenously differentially modulates CREB and Tax-responsive element-mediated transcription through its interaction with CREB-binding protein/p300 and while acting as a repressor of many genes including Tax, in part by blocking tax/rex RNA nuclear export, selectively enhances key gene pathways involved in T-cell signaling/activation. Results Herein, we analyzed the role of p30 in cell cycle regulation. Jurkat T-cells transduced with a p30 expressing lentivirus vector accumulated in the G2-M phase of cell cycle. We then analyzed key proteins involved in G2-M checkpoint activation. p30 expression in Jurkat T-cells resulted in an increase in phosphorylation at serine 216 of nuclear cell division cycle 25C (Cdc25C), had enhanced checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) serine 345 phosphorylation, reduced expression of polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), diminished phosphorylation of PLK1 at tyrosine 210 and reduced phosphorylation of Cdc25C at serine 198. Finally, primary human lymphocyte derived cell lines immortalized by a HTLV-1 proviral clone defective in p30 expression were more susceptible to camptothecin induced apoptosis. Collectively these data are consistent with a cell survival role of p30 against genotoxic insults to HTLV-1 infected lymphocytes. Conclusion Collectively, our data are the first to indicate that HTLV-1 p30 expression results in activation of the G2-M cell cycle checkpoint, events that would promote early viral spread and T-cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Datta
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lee Silverman
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Drug Safety and Disposition, Millenium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew J Phipps
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Hajime Hiraragi
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Genentech, Inc. MS68, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Pathology, and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael D Lairmore
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Dadachova E, Wang XG, Casadevall A. Targeting the Virus with Radioimmunotherapy in Virus-Associated Cancers. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2007; 22:303-8. [PMID: 17651036 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2007.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
"Virus-associated cancer" (VAC) refers to a cancer where viral infection results in the malignant transformation of the host's infected cells. Examples of viruses linked to cancers are the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is associated with lymphomas, as well as nasopharyngeal and breast cancer; hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), which are both associated with hepatocellular carcinoma; and human papilloma viruses (HPVs), which are associated with cancer of the cervix. We have recently demonstrated that HIV-1-infected cells can be eliminated in vitro and in vivo by targeting viral glycoproteins expressed on the surface of infected cells with radiolabeled viral protein-specific monoclonal antibodies and proposed that this approach can be applicable to the broad range of viral infectious diseases. In VAC, the tumor cells can exhibit viral antigens both internally or on their surfaces. As a result, viral antigens in tumors represent a potential antigenic target that is clearly different from normal tissues. In principle, these proteins could be targeted by radioimmunotherapy (RIT). In this paper, we describe the potential of this approach and review some of the issues involved in the development of this approach. RIT of VAC is fundamentally different from the previously described uses of RIT, which have targeted tumor-associated antigens that are "self" proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Dadachova
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Bellon M, Datta A, Brown M, Pouliquen JF, Couppie P, Kazanji M, Nicot C. Increased expression of telomere length regulating factors TRF1, TRF2 and TIN2 in patients with adult T-cell leukemia. Int J Cancer 2006; 119:2090-7. [PMID: 16786598 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report that freshly isolated unstimulated adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells present high telomerase activity compared to asymptomatic carriers or normal donors. In spite of this high telomerase activity, ATL cells retained shorter telomeres compared to those of uninfected cells isolated from the same patients. Because the safeguarding of telomere length is critical to the unlimited proliferation of tumor cells, we investigated the underlying mechanism for short telomere maintenance in ATL cells. Transcriptional and posttranscriptional expression of telomere-binding proteins TRF1, TRF2, TIN2 and POT1, known to regulate telomere homeostasis and protection, were evaluated. We found that TRF1 and TRF2 are overexpressed in in vivo patient's samples from ATL but not asymptomatic carriers, while levels of POT1 expression did not specifically increase in ATL. To gain insights into the regulation of TRF genes in HTLV-I infected cells, we investigated the expression of TIN2, a regulator of these genes, and found an increase in TIN2 expression in ATL patients. Together our results underscore the importance of telomerase and telomere length regulating factors as novel markers for ATL disease progression and as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of HTLV-I-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Bellon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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Kim FJ, Lavanya M, Gessain A, Gallego S, Battini JL, Sitbon M, Courgnaud V. Intrahost variations in the envelope receptor-binding domain (RBD) of HTLV-1 and STLV-1 primary isolates. Retrovirology 2006; 3:29. [PMID: 16725042 PMCID: PMC1481548 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-3-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Four primate (PTLV), human (HTLV) and simian (STLV) T-cell leukemia virus types, have been characterized thus far, with evidence of a simian zoonotic origin for HTLV-1, HTLV-2 and HTLV-3 in Africa. The PTLV envelope glycoprotein surface component (SUgp46) comprises a receptor-binding domain (RBD) that alternates hypervariable and highly conserved sequences. To further delineate highly conserved motifs in PTLV RBDs, we investigated the intrahost variability of HTLV-1 and STLV-1 by generating and sequencing libraries of DNA fragments amplified within the RBD of the SUgp46 env gene. Using new and highly cross-reactive env primer pairs, we observed the presence of Env quasispecies in HTLV-1 infected individuals and STLV-1 naturally infected macaques, irrespective of the clinical status. These intrahost variants helped us to define highly conserved residues and motifs in the RBD. The new highly sensitive env PCR described here appears suitable for the screening of all known variants of the different PTLV types and should, therefore, be useful for the analysis of seroindeterminate samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J Kim
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), 1919 Rte de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CNRS, UMR5535, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 2, IFR122, Montpellier, France
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center 1275 York Ave, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Madakasira Lavanya
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), 1919 Rte de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CNRS, UMR5535, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 2, IFR122, Montpellier, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Paris, France; CNRS, URA 1930, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Gallego
- Laboratory of Human Lymphotropic Viruses, Cordoba, Argentina; Virology Institute, School of Medicine, Cordoba, Argentina; National University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina
| | - Jean-Luc Battini
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), 1919 Rte de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CNRS, UMR5535, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 2, IFR122, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Sitbon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), 1919 Rte de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CNRS, UMR5535, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 2, IFR122, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Courgnaud
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), 1919 Rte de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; CNRS, UMR5535, Montpellier, France; Université Montpellier 2, IFR122, Montpellier, France
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Sibon D, Gabet AS, Zandecki M, Pinatel C, Thête J, Delfau-Larue MH, Rabaaoui S, Gessain A, Gout O, Jacobson S, Mortreux F, Wattel E. HTLV-1 propels untransformed CD4 lymphocytes into the cell cycle while protecting CD8 cells from death. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:974-83. [PMID: 16585963 PMCID: PMC1421359 DOI: 10.1172/jci27198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, yet it induces adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) that is regularly of the CD4+ phenotype. Here we show that in vivo infected CD4+ and CD8+ T cells displayed similar patterns of clonal expansion in carriers without malignancy. Cloned infected cells from individuals without malignancy had a dramatic increase in spontaneous proliferation, which predominated in CD8+ lymphocytes and depended on the amount of tax mRNA. In fact, the clonal expansion of HTLV-1-positive CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes relied on 2 distinct mechanisms--infection prevented cell death in the former while recruiting the latter into the cell cycle. Cell cycling, but not apoptosis, depended on the level of viral-encoded tax expression. Infected tax-expressing CD4+ lymphocytes accumulated cellular defects characteristic of genetic instability. Therefore, HTLV-1 infection establishes a preleukemic phenotype that is restricted to CD4+ infected clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sibon
- Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, CNRS UMR5537 — Université Claude Bernard, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) d’Angers, Angers, France.
Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Service de Neurologie, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anne-Sophie Gabet
- Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, CNRS UMR5537 — Université Claude Bernard, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) d’Angers, Angers, France.
Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Service de Neurologie, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marc Zandecki
- Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, CNRS UMR5537 — Université Claude Bernard, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) d’Angers, Angers, France.
Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Service de Neurologie, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christiane Pinatel
- Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, CNRS UMR5537 — Université Claude Bernard, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) d’Angers, Angers, France.
Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Service de Neurologie, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Julien Thête
- Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, CNRS UMR5537 — Université Claude Bernard, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) d’Angers, Angers, France.
Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Service de Neurologie, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marie-Hélène Delfau-Larue
- Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, CNRS UMR5537 — Université Claude Bernard, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) d’Angers, Angers, France.
Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Service de Neurologie, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Samira Rabaaoui
- Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, CNRS UMR5537 — Université Claude Bernard, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) d’Angers, Angers, France.
Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Service de Neurologie, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, CNRS UMR5537 — Université Claude Bernard, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) d’Angers, Angers, France.
Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Service de Neurologie, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Olivier Gout
- Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, CNRS UMR5537 — Université Claude Bernard, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) d’Angers, Angers, France.
Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Service de Neurologie, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, CNRS UMR5537 — Université Claude Bernard, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) d’Angers, Angers, France.
Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Service de Neurologie, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Franck Mortreux
- Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, CNRS UMR5537 — Université Claude Bernard, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) d’Angers, Angers, France.
Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Service de Neurologie, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Wattel
- Oncovirologie et Biothérapies, CNRS UMR5537 — Université Claude Bernard, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France.
Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
Laboratoire d’Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) d’Angers, Angers, France.
Laboratoire d’Immunologie, CHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Unité d’Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
Service de Neurologie, Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France.
Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Hiraragi H, Kim SJ, Phipps AJ, Silic-Benussi M, Ciminale V, Ratner L, Green PL, Lairmore MD. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 mitochondrion-localizing protein p13(II) is required for viral infectivity in vivo. J Virol 2006; 80:3469-76. [PMID: 16537614 PMCID: PMC1440407 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.7.3469-3476.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia, encodes unique regulatory and accessory proteins in the pX region of the provirus, including the open reading frame II product p13(II). p13(II) localizes to mitochondria, binds farnesyl pyrophosphate synthetase, an enzyme involved in posttranslational farnesylation of Ras, and alters Ras-dependent cell signaling and control of apoptosis. The role of p13(II) in virus infection in vivo remains undetermined. Herein, we analyzed the functional significance of p13(II) in HTLV-1 infection. We compared the infectivity of a human B-cell line that harbors an infectious molecular clone of HTLV-1 with a selective mutation that prevents the translation of p13(II) (729.ACH.p13) to the infectivity of a wild-type HTLV-1-expressing cell line (729.ACH). 729.ACH and 729.ACH.p13 producer lines had comparable infectivities for cultured rabbit peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and the fidelity of the start codon mutation in ACH.p13 was maintained after PBMC passage. In contrast, zero of six rabbits inoculated with 729.ACH.p13 cells failed to establish viral infection, whereas six of six rabbits inoculated with wild-type HTLV-1-expressing cells (729.ACH) were infected as measured by antibody responses, proviral load, and HTLV-1 p19 matrix antigen production from ex vivo-cultured PBMC. Our data are the first to indicate that the HTLV-1 mitochondrion-localizing protein p13(II) has an essential biological role during the early phase of virus infection in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Codon, Initiator
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Gene Products, gag/blood
- Genome, Viral
- Geranyltranstransferase/physiology
- HTLV-I Infections/virology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/genetics
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/physiology
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Mitochondria/enzymology
- Mutation
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Proviruses/genetics
- Proviruses/isolation & purification
- Rabbits
- Retroviridae Proteins, Oncogenic/blood
- Viral Load
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Hiraragi
- Center for Retrovirus Research and Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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