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Genomic view of bipolar disorder revealed by whole genome sequencing in a genetic isolate. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004229. [PMID: 24625924 PMCID: PMC3953017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder is a common, heritable mental illness characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Despite considerable effort to elucidate the genetic underpinnings of bipolar disorder, causative genetic risk factors remain elusive. We conducted a comprehensive genomic analysis of bipolar disorder in a large Old Order Amish pedigree. Microsatellite genotypes and high-density SNP-array genotypes of 388 family members were combined with whole genome sequence data for 50 of these subjects, comprising 18 parent-child trios. This study design permitted evaluation of candidate variants within the context of haplotype structure by resolving the phase in sequenced parent-child trios and by imputation of variants into multiple unsequenced siblings. Non-parametric and parametric linkage analysis of the entire pedigree as well as on smaller clusters of families identified several nominally significant linkage peaks, each of which included dozens of predicted deleterious variants. Close inspection of exonic and regulatory variants in genes under the linkage peaks using family-based association tests revealed additional credible candidate genes for functional studies and further replication in population-based cohorts. However, despite the in-depth genomic characterization of this unique, large and multigenerational pedigree from a genetic isolate, there was no convergence of evidence implicating a particular set of risk loci or common pathways. The striking haplotype and locus heterogeneity we observed has profound implications for the design of studies of bipolar and other related disorders. Bipolar disorder is a common, heritable mental illness characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression. Despite considerable efforts genetic studies have yet to reveal the precise genetic underpinnings of the disorder. In this study we have analyzed a large extended pedigree of Old Order Amish that segregates bipolar disorder. Our study design integrates both dense genotype and whole-genome sequence data. In a combined linkage and association analysis we identify five chromosomal regions with nominally significant or suggestive evidence for linkage, several of which constitute replication of earlier linkage findings for bipolar disorder in non-Amish families. Association analysis of genetic variants in each of the linkage regions yielded a number of plausible candidate genes for bipolar disorder. The striking genetic heterogeneity we observed in this genetic isolate has profound implications for the study of bipolar disorder in the general population.
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Grigoroiu-Serbanescu M, Wickramaratne PJ, Mihailescu R, Prelipceanu D, Sima D, Codreanu M, Grimberg M, Elston RC. Paternal age effect on age of onset in bipolar I disorder is mediated by sex and family history. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2012; 159B:567-79. [PMID: 22592928 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated for the first time in the psychiatric literature the effect of parental age on age-of-onset (AO) in bipolar I disorder (BPI) in relation to proband sex and family history (FH) for major psychoses in a sample of 564 BPI probands. All probands, 72.68% of their first-degree and 12.13% of their second-degree relatives were directly interviewed. The FH-method was used for all unavailable relatives. The diagnoses were made according to DSM-IV(TR) . The impact of parental age on proband early/late AO was evaluated through logistic regression with the cut-off for early AO determined through commingling analysis. We found evidence for a significant influence of increasing paternal age, and especially age ≥ 35 years, on AO of BPI disorder in the total sample (OR = 0.54, CI: 0.35-0.80), in the female subsample (OR = 0.44, CI: 0.25-0.78), in the sporadic subsample (OR = 0.64, CI: 0.38-0.95), and in the subsample with FH of recurrent unipolar major depression (Mdd-RUP) (OR = 0.55, CI: 0.34-0.87). No significant effect of paternal age on disease AO was found in patients with FH of bipolar (BP), schizoaffective disorders (SA), or schizophrenia (SCZ), nor in males. Mean age was significantly higher in fathers of sporadic cases and of cases with FH of Mdd-RUP than in fathers of cases with FH of BP/SA/SCZ (P = 0.011). Maternal age had no significant effect either in the total sample or in subsamples defined by proband sex or FH. In conclusion, in our sample increasing paternal age lowered the onset of BPI selectively, the effect being related to the female sex and FH-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grigoroiu-Serbanescu
- Biometric Psychiatric Genetics Research Unit, Alexandru Obregia Clinical Psychiatric Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.
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Abstract
Whole-genome linkage and association studies of bipolar disorder are beginning to provide some compelling evidence for the involvement of several chromosomal regions and susceptibility genes in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. Developments in genotyping technology and efforts to combine data from different studies have helped in identifying chromosomes 6q16-q25, 13q, and 16p12 as probable susceptibility loci for bipolar disorder and confirmed CACNA1C and ANK3 as susceptibility genes for bipolar disorder. However, a lack of replication is still apparent in the literature. New studies focusing on copy number variants as well as new analytical approaches utilizing pathway analysis offer a new direction in the study of the genetics of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza Alsabban
- MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, Box PO82, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, London, England SE5 8AF, UK.
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Knight J, Nanette Rochberg M, Saccone SF, Nurnberger J, Rice JP. An investigation of candidate regions for association with bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1292-7. [PMID: 20872768 PMCID: PMC3321541 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We performed a case-control study of 1,000 cases and 1,028 controls on 1,509 markers, 1,139 of which were located in a 8 Mb region on chromosome 6 (105-113 Mb). This region has shown evidence of involvement in bipolar disorder (BP) in a number of other studies. We find association between BP and two SNPs in the gene LACE1. SNP rs9486880 and rs11153113 (both have P-values of 2 × 10(-5)). Both P-values are in the top 5% of the distribution derived from null simulations (P = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). LACE is a good candidate for BP; it is an ATPase. We genotyped 173 other markers in 17 other positional and/or functional loci but found no further evidence of association with BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Knight
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, UK.
| | - M.A. Nanette Rochberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Scott F. Saccone
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - NIMH Genetics Initiative Bipolar Disorder Consortium
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Irvine,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Unit on the Genetic Basis of Mood and Anxiety Disorders, Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, US Dept of Health & Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Howard University, Washington, D.C
| | - John P. Rice
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Lohoff FW, Ferraro TN, Brodkin ES, Weller AE, Bloch PJ. Association between polymorphisms in the metallophosphoesterase (MPPE1) gene and bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:830-6. [PMID: 19859903 PMCID: PMC3029019 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetic linkage studies in bipolar disorder (BPD) suggest that a susceptibility locus exists on chromosome 18p11. The metallophosphoesterase (MPPE1) gene maps to this region. Dysregulation of protein phosphorylation and subsequent abnormal cellular signaling has been postulated to be involved in neuropsychiatric disorders thus making MPPE1 a plausible biological candidate gene for BPD. In this study, we hypothesized that genetic variation in the MPPE1 gene contributes to BPD. We tested this hypothesis by genotyping four SNPs (rs871044; rs3974590; rs593713; rs602201) in BPD patients (n = 570) and healthy controls (n = 725). Genotypes and allele frequencies were compared between groups using Chi square contingency analysis. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between markers was calculated and estimated haplotype frequencies were compared between groups. Single marker analysis revealed an association of rs3974590 with BPD (P = 0.009; permutation corrected P = 0.046). Haplotype analysis did not show any significant association with disease after permutation correction. Our results provide evidence of an association between a polymorphism in the MPPE1 gene and BPD. Additional studies are necessary to confirm and elucidate the role of MPPE1 as a susceptibility gene for BPD on chromosome 18p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk W. Lohoff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
,Corresponding Author: Falk W. Lohoff, MD, Assistant Professor of Psychaitry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, Translational Research Laboratory, 125 South 31st Street, Room 2213, Philadelphia, PA 19104, Office: (215) 573-4582, Fax: (215) 573-2041,
| | - Thomas N. Ferraro
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward S. Brodkin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew E. Weller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul J. Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Sull JW, Liang KY, Hetmanski JB, Fallin MD, Ingersoll RG, Park J, Wu-Chou YH, Chen PK, Chong SS, Cheah F, Yeow V, Park BY, Jee SH, Jabs EW, Redett R, Scott AF, Beaty TH. Maternal transmission effects of the PAX genes among cleft case-parent trios from four populations. Eur J Hum Genet 2009; 17:831-9. [PMID: 19142206 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is among the most common human birth defects, with a prevalence of 1 in 700 live births. The paired box (PAX) genes have been suggested as candidate genes for CL/P based largely on mouse models; however, few human studies have focused on this gene family. This study tests for association between markers in four PAX genes and CL/P using a case-parent trio design considering parent-of-origin effects. Trios from four populations (76 from Maryland, 146 from Taiwan, 35 from Singapore, and 40 from Korea) were genotyped for 34 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PAX3, PAX6, PAX7, and PAX9 genes. We performed the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) on individual SNPs. Parent-of-origin effects were assessed using the transmission asymmetry test (TAT) and the parent-of-origin likelihood ratio test (PO-LRT). TDT analysis showed one SNP (rs766325) in PAX7 yielding evidence of linkage and association when parent-of-origin was not considered, with an OR(transmission)=1.62 (P=0.003), and five SNPs in PAX6 (including two pairs in near perfect linkage disequilibrium). TAT analysis of all trios revealed two SNPs in PAX7 and four SNPs in PAX3 showing significant excess maternal transmission. For these six SNPs, the maternal OR(transmission) ranged between 1.74 and 2.40, and PO-LRT was also significant (P-values=0.035-0.012). When this analysis was limited to trios with male cases, SNPs in PAX7 showed higher maternal OR(transmission) and greater significance. PAX genes may influence the risk of CL/P through maternal effects, possibly imprinting, which seems to be stronger among male cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woong Sull
- Institute for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Crespi B. Genomic imprinting in the development and evolution of psychotic spectrum conditions. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2008; 83:441-93. [PMID: 18783362 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2008.00050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
I review and evaluate genetic and genomic evidence salient to the hypothesis that the development and evolution of psychotic spectrum conditions have been mediated in part by alterations of imprinted genes expressed in the brain. Evidence from the genetics and genomics of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, Prader-Willi syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, and other neurogenetic conditions support the hypothesis that the etiologies of psychotic spectrum conditions commonly involve genetic and epigenetic imbalances in the effects of imprinted genes, with a bias towards increased relative effects from imprinted genes with maternal expression or other genes favouring maternal interests. By contrast, autistic spectrum conditions, including Kanner autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, Turner syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, commonly engender increased relative effects from paternally expressed imprinted genes, or reduced effects from genes favouring maternal interests. Imprinted-gene effects on the etiologies of autistic and psychotic spectrum conditions parallel the diametric effects of imprinted genes in placental and foetal development, in that psychotic spectrum conditions tend to be associated with undergrowth and relatively-slow brain development, whereas some autistic spectrum conditions involve brain and body overgrowth, especially in foetal development and early childhood. An important role for imprinted genes in the etiologies of psychotic and autistic spectrum conditions is consistent with neurodevelopmental models of these disorders, and with predictions from the conflict theory of genomic imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Crespi
- Department of Biosciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BCV5A1S6, Canada.
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Serretti A, Mandelli L. The genetics of bipolar disorder: genome 'hot regions,' genes, new potential candidates and future directions. Mol Psychiatry 2008; 13:742-71. [PMID: 18332878 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2008.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BP) is a complex disorder caused by a number of liability genes interacting with the environment. In recent years, a large number of linkage and association studies have been conducted producing an extremely large number of findings often not replicated or partially replicated. Further, results from linkage and association studies are not always easily comparable. Unfortunately, at present a comprehensive coverage of available evidence is still lacking. In the present paper, we summarized results obtained from both linkage and association studies in BP. Further, we indicated new potential interesting genes, located in genome 'hot regions' for BP and being expressed in the brain. We reviewed published studies on the subject till December 2007. We precisely localized regions where positive linkage has been found, by the NCBI Map viewer (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mapview/); further, we identified genes located in interesting areas and expressed in the brain, by the Entrez gene, Unigene databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/) and Human Protein Reference Database (http://www.hprd.org); these genes could be of interest in future investigations. The review of association studies gave interesting results, as a number of genes seem to be definitively involved in BP, such as SLC6A4, TPH2, DRD4, SLC6A3, DAOA, DTNBP1, NRG1, DISC1 and BDNF. A number of promising genes, which received independent confirmations, and genes that have to be further investigated in BP, have been also systematically listed. In conclusion, the combination of linkage and association approaches provided a number of liability genes. Nevertheless, other approaches are required to disentangle conflicting findings, such as gene interaction analyses, interaction with psychosocial and environmental factors and, finally, endophenotype investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Serretti
- Institute of Psychiatry, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Zandi PP, Zöllner S, Avramopoulos D, Willour VL, Chen Y, Qin ZS, Burmeister M, Miao K, Gopalakrishnan S, McEachin R, Potash JB, Depaulo JR, McInnis MG. Family-based SNP association study on 8q24 in bipolar disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008; 147B:612-8. [PMID: 18163389 PMCID: PMC2700285 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Previous linkage studies have identified chromosome 8q24 as a promising positional candidate region to search for bipolar disorder (BP) susceptibility genes. We, therefore, sought to identify BP susceptibility genes on chromosome 8q24 using a family-based association study of a dense panel of SNPs selected to tag the known common variation across the region of interest. A total of 1,458 SNPs across 16 Mb of 8q24 were examined in 3,512 subjects, 1,954 of whom were affected with BP, from 737 multiplex families. Single-locus tests were carried out with FBAT and Geno-PDT, and multi-locus test were carried out with HBAT and multi-locus Geno-PDT. None of the SNPs were associated with BP in the single-locus tests at a level that exceeded our threshold for study-wide significance (P < 3.00 x 10(-5)). However, there was consistent evidence at our threshold for the suggestive level (P < 7.00 x 10(-4)) from both the single locus and multi-locus tests of associations with SNPs in the genes ADCY8, ST3GAL1, and NSE2. Multi-locus analyses suggested joint effects between ADCY8 and ST3GAL1 (P = 3.00 x 10(-4)), with at least one copy of the "high risk" allele required at both genes for association with BP, consistent with a jointly dominant-dominant model of action. These findings with ADCY8 and ST3GAL1 warrant further investigation in order to confirm the observed associations and their functional significance for BP susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Zandi
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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