1
|
Podocalyxin in Normal Tissue and Epithelial Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13122863. [PMID: 34201212 PMCID: PMC8227556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Podocalyxin (PODXL), a glycosylated cell surface sialomucin of the CD34 family, is normally expressed in kidney podocytes, vascular endothelial cells, hematopoietic progenitors, mesothelium, as well as a subset of neurons. In the kidney, PODXL functions primarily as an antiadhesive molecule in podocyte epithelial cells, regulating adhesion and cell morphology, and playing an essential role in the development and function of the organ. Outside the kidney, PODXL plays subtle roles in tissue remodelling and development. Furthermore, many cancers, especially those that originated from the epithelium, have been reported to overexpress PODXL. Collective evidence suggests that PODXL overexpression is linked to poor prognosis, more aggressive tumour progression, unfavourable treatment outcomes, and possibly chemoresistance. This review summarises our current knowledge of PODXL in normal tissue function and epithelial cancer, with a particular focus on its underlying roles in cancer metastasis, likely involvement in chemoresistance, and potential use as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker.
Collapse
|
2
|
Saunders EJ, Kote-Jarai Z, Eeles RA. Identification of Germline Genetic Variants that Increase Prostate Cancer Risk and Influence Development of Aggressive Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:760. [PMID: 33673083 PMCID: PMC7917798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PrCa) is a heterogeneous disease, which presents in individual patients across a diverse phenotypic spectrum ranging from indolent to fatal forms. No robust biomarkers are currently available to enable routine screening for PrCa or to distinguish clinically significant forms, therefore late stage identification of advanced disease and overdiagnosis plus overtreatment of insignificant disease both remain areas of concern in healthcare provision. PrCa has a substantial heritable component, and technological advances since the completion of the Human Genome Project have facilitated improved identification of inherited genetic factors influencing susceptibility to development of the disease within families and populations. These genetic markers hold promise to enable improved understanding of the biological mechanisms underpinning PrCa development, facilitate genetically informed PrCa screening programmes and guide appropriate treatment provision. However, insight remains largely lacking regarding many aspects of their manifestation; especially in relation to genes associated with aggressive phenotypes, risk factors in non-European populations and appropriate approaches to enable accurate stratification of higher and lower risk individuals. This review discusses the methodology used in the elucidation of genetic loci, genes and individual causal variants responsible for modulating PrCa susceptibility; the current state of understanding of the allelic spectrum contributing to PrCa risk; and prospective future translational applications of these discoveries in the developing eras of genomics and personalised medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward J. Saunders
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Zsofia Kote-Jarai
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
| | - Rosalind A. Eeles
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 5NG, UK; (Z.K.-J.); (R.A.E.)
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tamayo-Orbegozo E, Amo L, Díez-García J, Amutio E, Riñón M, Alonso M, Arana P, Maruri N, Larrucea S. Emerging Role of Podocalyxin in the Progression of Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020396. [PMID: 32046309 PMCID: PMC7072361 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) constitutes a group of heterogeneous malignant lymphoproliferative diseases ranging from indolent to highly aggressive forms. Although the survival after chemo-immunotherapy treatment of mature B-NHL has increased over the last years, many patients relapse or remain refractory due to drug resistance, presenting an unfavorable prognosis. Hence, there is an urgent need to identify new prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. Podocalyxin (PODXL), a sialomucin overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and associated with their aggressiveness, has been implicated in multiple aspects of cancer progression, although its participation in hematological malignancies remains unexplored. New evidence points to a role for PODXL in mature B-NHL cell proliferation, survival, migration, drug resistance, and metabolic reprogramming, as well as enhanced levels of PODXL in mature B-NHL. Here, we review the current knowledge on the contribution of PODXL to tumorigenesis, highlighting and discussing its role in mature B-NHL progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Estíbaliz Tamayo-Orbegozo
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; (E.T.-O.); (L.A.)
| | - Laura Amo
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; (E.T.-O.); (L.A.)
| | - Javier Díez-García
- Microscopy Facility, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain;
| | - Elena Amutio
- Blood Cancer Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain;
| | - Marta Riñón
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; (M.R.); (M.A.); (P.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Marta Alonso
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; (M.R.); (M.A.); (P.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Paula Arana
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; (M.R.); (M.A.); (P.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Natalia Maruri
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; (M.R.); (M.A.); (P.A.); (N.M.)
| | - Susana Larrucea
- Regulation of the Immune System Group, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903 Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain; (M.R.); (M.A.); (P.A.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Although prostate cancer is the most common malignancy to affect men in the Western world, the molecular mechanisms underlying its development and progression remain poorly understood. Like all cancers, prostate cancer is a genetic disease that is characterized by multiple genomic alterations, including point mutations, microsatellite variations, and chromosomal alterations such as translocations, insertions, duplications, and deletions. In prostate cancer, but not other carcinomas, these chromosome alterations result in a high frequency of gene fusion events. The development and application of novel high-resolution technologies has significantly accelerated the detection of genomic alterations, revealing the complex nature and heterogeneity of the disease. The clinical heterogeneity of prostate cancer can be partly explained by this underlying genetic heterogeneity, which has been observed between patients from different geographical and ethnic populations, different individuals within these populations, different tumour foci within the same patient, and different cells within the same tumour focus. The highly heterogeneous nature of prostate cancer provides a real challenge for clinical disease management and a detailed understanding of the genetic alterations in all cells, including small subpopulations, would be highly advantageous.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lynch HT, Kosoko‐Lasaki O, Leslie SW, Rendell M, Shaw T, Snyder C, D'Amico AV, Buxbaum S, Isaacs WB, Loeb S, Moul JW, Powell I. Screening for familial and hereditary prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2016; 138:2579-91. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry T. Lynch
- Hereditary Cancer Center and Department of Preventive MedicineCreighton University2500 California PlazaOmaha NE
| | - Omofolasade Kosoko‐Lasaki
- Departments of Surgery, Preventive Medicine & Public HealthCreighton University2500 California PlazaOmaha NE
| | - Stephen W. Leslie
- Department of Surgery (Urology)Creighton University Medical Center601 North 30th Street, Suite 3700Omaha NE
| | - Marc Rendell
- Department of Internal MedicineCreighton University Medical Center601 North 30th Street, Suite 3700Omaha NE
| | - Trudy Shaw
- Hereditary Cancer Center and Department of Preventive MedicineCreighton University2500 California PlazaOmaha NE
| | - Carrie Snyder
- Hereditary Cancer Center and Department of Preventive MedicineCreighton University2500 California PlazaOmaha NE
| | - Anthony V. D'Amico
- Department of Radiation OncologyBrigham and Women's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston MA
| | - Sarah Buxbaum
- Jackson State University School of Health Sciences350 W. Woodrow Wilson DriveJackson MS
| | - William B. Isaacs
- Departments of Urology and OncologyJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Marburg 115, Johns Hopkins Hospital600 N. Wolfe StBaltimore MD
| | - Stacy Loeb
- Department of Urology and Population HealthNew York University550 1st Ave VZ30 (#612)New York NY
| | - Judd W. Moul
- Duke Prostate Center, Division of Urologic Surgery, DUMC 3707‐Room 1562 Duke SouthDuke University Medical CenterDurham NC
| | - Isaac Powell
- Department of UrologyWayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute, University Health Center 7‐CDetroit MI
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Dambal S, Shah M, Mihelich B, Nonn L. The microRNA-183 cluster: the family that plays together stays together. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7173-88. [PMID: 26170234 PMCID: PMC4551935 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNA (miR)183 cluster, which is comprised of miRs-183, -96 and -182, is also a miR family with sequence homology. Despite the strong similarity in the sequences of these miRs, minute differences in their seed sequences result in both overlapping and distinct messenger RNA targets, which are often within the same pathway. These miRs have tightly synchronized expression during development and are required for maturation of sensory organs. In comparison to their defined role in normal development, the miR-183 family is frequently highly expressed in a variety of non-sensory diseases, including cancer, neurological and auto-immune disorders. Here, we discuss the conservation of the miR-183 cluster and the functional role of this miR family in normal development and diseases. We also describe the regulation of vital cellular pathways by coordinated expression of these miR siblings. This comprehensive review sheds light on the likely reasons why the genomic organization and seeming redundancy of the miR-183 family cluster was conserved through 600 million years of evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Dambal
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood Street, Room 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mit Shah
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood Street, Room 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Brittany Mihelich
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood Street, Room 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Larisa Nonn
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 840 S. Wood Street, Room 130 CSN, MC 847, Chicago, IL 60612, USA University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Helfand BT, Catalona WJ. The Epidemiology and Clinical Implications of Genetic Variation in Prostate Cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2014; 41:277-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
8
|
Bailey-Wilson JE, Childs EJ, Cropp CD, Schaid DJ, Xu J, Camp NJ, Cannon-Albright LA, Farnham JM, George A, Powell I, Carpten JD, Giles GG, Hopper JL, Severi G, English DR, Foulkes WD, Mæhle L, Møller P, Eeles R, Easton D, Guy M, Edwards S, Badzioch MD, Whittemore AS, Oakley-Girvan I, Hsieh CL, Dimitrov L, Stanford JL, Karyadi DM, Deutsch K, McIntosh L, Ostrander EA, Wiley KE, Isaacs SD, Walsh PC, Thibodeau SN, McDonnell SK, Hebbring S, Lange EM, Cooney KA, Tammela TLJ, Schleutker J, Maier C, Bochum S, Hoegel J, Grönberg H, Wiklund F, Emanuelsson M, Cancel-Tassin G, Valeri A, Cussenot O, Isaacs WB. Analysis of Xq27-28 linkage in the international consortium for prostate cancer genetics (ICPCG) families. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:46. [PMID: 22712434 PMCID: PMC3495053 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variants are likely to contribute to a portion of prostate cancer risk. Full elucidation of the genetic etiology of prostate cancer is difficult because of incomplete penetrance and genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity. Current evidence suggests that genetic linkage to prostate cancer has been found on several chromosomes including the X; however, identification of causative genes has been elusive. METHODS Parametric and non-parametric linkage analyses were performed using 26 microsatellite markers in each of 11 groups of multiple-case prostate cancer families from the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG). Meta-analyses of the resultant family-specific linkage statistics across the entire 1,323 families and in several predefined subsets were then performed. RESULTS Meta-analyses of linkage statistics resulted in a maximum parametric heterogeneity lod score (HLOD) of 1.28, and an allele-sharing lod score (LOD) of 2.0 in favor of linkage to Xq27-q28 at 138 cM. In subset analyses, families with average age at onset less than 65 years exhibited a maximum HLOD of 1.8 (at 138 cM) versus a maximum regional HLOD of only 0.32 in families with average age at onset of 65 years or older. Surprisingly, the subset of families with only 2-3 affected men and some evidence of male-to-male transmission of prostate cancer gave the strongest evidence of linkage to the region (HLOD = 3.24, 134 cM). For this subset, the HLOD was slightly increased (HLOD = 3.47 at 134 cM) when families used in the original published report of linkage to Xq27-28 were excluded. CONCLUSIONS Although there was not strong support for linkage to the Xq27-28 region in the complete set of families, the subset of families with earlier age at onset exhibited more evidence of linkage than families with later onset of disease. A subset of families with 2-3 affected individuals and with some evidence of male to male disease transmission showed stronger linkage signals. Our results suggest that the genetic basis for prostate cancer in our families is much more complex than a single susceptibility locus on the X chromosome, and that future explorations of the Xq27-28 region should focus on the subset of families identified here with the strongest evidence of linkage to this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan E Bailey-Wilson
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- African American Hereditary Prostate Cancer ICPCG Group, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- University of Tampere ICPCG Group, Tampere, Finland
| | - Erica J Childs
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cheryl D Cropp
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Daniel J Schaid
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Data Coordinating Center for the ICPCG and Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Nicola J Camp
- University of Utah ICPCG Group and Division of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa A Cannon-Albright
- University of Utah ICPCG Group and Division of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - James M Farnham
- University of Utah ICPCG Group and Division of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Asha George
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
- African American Hereditary Prostate Cancer ICPCG Group, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Isaac Powell
- African American Hereditary Prostate Cancer ICPCG Group, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - John D Carpten
- African American Hereditary Prostate Cancer ICPCG Group, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Genetic Basis of Human Disease Research Division, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- ACTANE consortium
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- ACTANE consortium
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gianluca Severi
- ACTANE consortium
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dallas R English
- ACTANE consortium
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William D Foulkes
- ACTANE consortium
- Program in Cancer Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lovise Mæhle
- ACTANE consortium
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo,Norway
| | - Pål Møller
- ACTANE consortium
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo,Norway
| | - Rosalind Eeles
- ACTANE consortium
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - Douglas Easton
- ACTANE consortium
- Cancer Research UK Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle Guy
- ACTANE consortium
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - Steve Edwards
- ACTANE consortium
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, UK
| | - Michael D Badzioch
- ACTANE consortium
- Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alice S Whittemore
- BC/CA/HI ICPCG Group, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ingrid Oakley-Girvan
- BC/CA/HI ICPCG Group, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California
| | - Chih-Lin Hsieh
- BC/CA/HI ICPCG Group, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Urology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Ageles, CA, USA
| | - Latchezar Dimitrov
- Data Coordinating Center for the ICPCG and Center for Human Genomics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Janet L Stanford
- FHCRC ICPCG Group, Seattle, WA, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danielle M Karyadi
- FHCRC ICPCG Group, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kerry Deutsch
- FHCRC ICPCG Group, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura McIntosh
- FHCRC ICPCG Group, Seattle, WA, USA
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Elaine A Ostrander
- FHCRC ICPCG Group, Seattle, WA, USA
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathleen E Wiley
- Johns Hopkins University ICPCG Group and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah D Isaacs
- Johns Hopkins University ICPCG Group and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Patrick C Walsh
- Johns Hopkins University ICPCG Group and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ethan M Lange
- University of Michigan ICPCG Group, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen A Cooney
- University of Michigan ICPCG Group, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Teuvo LJ Tammela
- University of Tampere ICPCG Group, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Centre for Laboratory Medicine and Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Johanna Schleutker
- University of Tampere ICPCG Group, Tampere, Finland
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Centre for Laboratory Medicine and Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Christiane Maier
- University of Ulm ICPCG Group, Ulm, Germany
- Dept of Urology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sylvia Bochum
- University of Ulm ICPCG Group, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Josef Hoegel
- University of Ulm ICPCG Group, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wiklund
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Olivier Cussenot
- CeRePP ICPCG Group, 75020, Paris, France
- Hopital Tenon, Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, 75020, Paris, France
| | - William B Isaacs
- Johns Hopkins University ICPCG Group and Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Isaacs WB. Inherited susceptibility for aggressive prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 2012; 14:415-8. [PMID: 22543676 PMCID: PMC3568760 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2011.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether or not there is inherited basis for prostate cancer aggressiveness is not clear, but advances in DNA analysis should provide an answer to this question in the very near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William B Isaacs
- Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu X, Cheng I, Plummer SJ, Suarez B, Casey G, Catalona WJ, Witte JS. Fine-mapping of prostate cancer aggressiveness loci on chromosome 7q22-35. Prostate 2011; 71:682-9. [PMID: 20945404 PMCID: PMC3027848 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deciphering the genetic basis of prostate cancer aggressiveness could provide valuable information for the screening and treatment of this common but complex disease. We previously detected linkage between a broad region on chromosome 7q22-35 and Gleason score-a strong predictor of prostate cancer aggressiveness. To further clarify this finding and focus on the potentially causative gene, we undertook a fine-mapping study across the 7q22-35 region. METHODS Our study population encompassed 698 siblings diagnosed with prostate cancer. 3,072 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning the chromosome 7q22-35 region were genotyped using the Illumina GoldenGate assay. The impact of SNPs on Gleason scores were evaluated using affected sibling pair linkage and family-based association tests. RESULTS We confirmed the previous linkage signal and narrowed the 7q22-35 prostate cancer aggressiveness locus to a 370 kb region. Centered under the linkage peak is the gene KLRG2 (killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G, member 2). Association tests indicated that the potentially functional non-synonymous SNP rs17160911 in KLRG2 was significantly associated with Gleason score (P = 0.0007). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that genetic variants in the gene KLRG2 may affect Gleason score at diagnosis and hence the aggressiveness of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Mary Ann and J. Milburn Smith Child Health Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Children's Memorial Hospital and Children's Memorial Research Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Iona Cheng
- Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawai`i, University of Hawai`i, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Sarah J Plummer
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Brian Suarez
- Department of Genetics, Washington University, 660 South Euclid, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - William J. Catalona
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John S. Witte
- Departments of Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Urology, Institute for Human Genetics, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-9001, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bock CH, Schwartz AG, Ruterbusch JJ, Levin AM, Neslund-Dudas C, Land SJ, Wenzlaff AS, Reich D, McKeigue P, Chen W, Heath EI, Powell IJ, Kittles RA, Rybicki BA. Results from a prostate cancer admixture mapping study in African-American men. Hum Genet 2009; 126:637-42. [PMID: 19568772 PMCID: PMC2975267 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-009-0712-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
There are considerable racial disparities in prostate cancer risk, with a 60% higher incidence rate among African-American (AA) men compared with European-American (EA) men, and a 2.4-fold higher mortality rate in AA men than in EA men. Recently, studies have implicated several African-ancestry associated prostate cancer susceptibility loci on chromosome 8q24. In the current study, we performed admixture mapping in AA men from two independent case-control studies of prostate cancer to confirm the 8q24 ancestry association and also identify other genomic regions that may harbor prostate cancer susceptibility genes. A total of 482 cases and 261 controls were genotyped for 1,509 ancestry informative markers across the genome. The mean estimated individual admixture proportions were 20% European and 80% African. The most significant observed increase in European ancestry occurred at rs2141360 on chromosome 7q31 in both the case-only (P = 0.0000035) and case-control analyses. The most significant observed increase in African ancestry across the genome occurred at a locus on chromosome 5q35 identified by SNPs rs7729084 (case-only analysis P = 0.002), and rs12474977 (case-control analysis P = 0.004), which are separated by 646 kb and were adjacent to one another on the panel. On chromosome 8, rs4367565 was associated with the greatest excess African ancestry in both the case-only and case-control analyses (case-only and case-control P = 0.02), confirming previously reported African-ancestry associations with chromosome 8q24. In conclusion, we confirmed ancestry associations on 8q24, and identified additional ancestry-associated regions potentially harboring prostate cancer susceptibility loci.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Podocalyxin, a sialomucin most closely related to CD34 and endoglycan, is expressed by kidney podocytes, hematopoietic progenitors, vascular endothelia, and a subset of neurons; aberrant expression has recently been implicated in a range of cancers. Through interactions with several intracellular proteins and at least one extracellular ligand, podocalyxin regulates both adhesion and cell morphology. In the developing kidney, podocalyxin plays an essential role in the formation and maintenance of podocyte foot processes, and its absence results in perinatal lethality. Podocalyxin expression in the hematopoietic system correlates with cell migration and the seeding of new hematopoietic tissues. In addition, it is abnormally expressed in subsets of breast, prostate, liver, pancreatic, and kidney cancer as well as leukemia. Strikingly, it is often associated with the most aggressive cases, and it is likely involved in metastasis. Thus, a thorough investigation of the normal activities of podocalyxin may facilitate the development of new cancer treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie S Nielsen
- The Biomedical Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ostrander EA, Johannesson B. Prostate cancer susceptibility loci: finding the genes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 617:179-90. [PMID: 18497042 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69080-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Studies to date suggest that PC is a genetically very heterogeneous disease. High-risk families, in which multiple men are affected likely, reflect the contributions of a number of genes, some that are rare and highly penetrant, while others are more common and weakly penetrant. In this review, we have discussed only the first type of loci, and found that the identification of such genomic regions is a formidable problem. Replication between seemingly similar data sets is weak, likely reflecting the older age of onset associated with the disease, the inability to collect affected individuals from more than two generations in a family, and the variation seen in disease presentation, in addition to the underlying locus heterogeneity. Indeed, the definition of PC is ever changing, as diagnostic criteria and tools for pinpointing early lesions improve. Are we making progress? Clearly the answer is yes. The ability to divide large data sets into homogenous subset of families likely to share common genetic under-pinnings has improved power to identify loci and reproducibility between loci is now more common. Indeed, several groups report linkage to loci on chromosomes 1, 17, 19, and 22. Key to our continued success is our ever increasing ability to understand the disease. Identifying the subset of men who are likely to get clinically significant disease is the goal of genetic studies like these, and identifying the underlying loci is the key for developing diagnostics. The willingness of the community to work together has been an important factor in the successes the community has enjoyed to date, and will likely be as important as we move forward to untangle the genetics of this complex and common disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elanie A Ostrander
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cunningham JM, Hebbring SJ, McDonnell SK, Cicek MS, Christensen GB, Wang L, Jacobsen SJ, Cerhan JR, Blute ML, Schaid DJ, Thibodeau SN. Evaluation of genetic variations in the androgen and estrogen metabolic pathways as risk factors for sporadic and familial prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:969-78. [PMID: 17507624 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that enzymes involved in the androgen metabolic pathway are susceptibility factors for prostate cancer. Estrogen metabolites functioning as genotoxins have also been proposed as risk factors. In this study, we systematically tested the hypothesis that common genetic variations for those enzymes involved in the androgen and estrogen metabolic pathways increase risk for sporadic and familial prostate cancer. From these two pathways, 46 polymorphisms (34 single nucleotide polymorphisms, 10 short tandem repeat polymorphisms, and 2 null alleles) in 25 genes were tested for possible associations. Those genes tested included PRL, LHB, CYP11A1, HSD3B1, HSD3B2, HSD17B2, CYP17, SRD5A2, AKR1C3, UGT2B15, AR, SHBG, and KLK3 from the androgen pathway and CYP19, HSD17B1, CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, COMT, GSTP1, GSTT1, GSTM1, NQO1, ESR1, and ESR2 from the estrogen pathway. A case-control study design was used with two sets of cases: familial cases with a strong prostate cancer family history (n = 438 from 178 families) and sporadic cases with a negative prostate cancer family history (n = 499). The controls (n = 493) were derived from a population-based collection. Our results provide suggestive findings for an association with either familial or sporadic prostate cancer with polymorphisms in four genes: AKR1C3, HSD17B1, NQO1, and GSTT1. Additional suggestive findings for an association with clinical variables (disease stage, grade, and/or node status) were observed for single nucleotide polymorphisms in eight genes: HSD3B2, SRD5A2, SHBG, ESR1, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, GSTT1, and NQO1. However, none of the findings were statistically significant after appropriate corrections for multiple comparisons. Given that the point estimates for the odds ratio for each of these polymorphisms are <2.0, much larger sample sizes will be required for confirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Cunningham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ostrander EA, Kwon EM, Stanford JL. Genetic susceptibility to aggressive prostate cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 15:1761-4. [PMID: 17035380 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Suuriniemi M, Agalliu I, Schaid DJ, Johanneson B, McDonnell SK, Iwasaki L, Stanford JL, Ostrander EA. Confirmation of a positive association between prostate cancer risk and a locus at chromosome 8q24. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:809-14. [PMID: 17416775 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family-based linkage studies, association studies, and studies of tumors have highlighted human chromosome 8q as a genomic region of interest for prostate cancer susceptibility loci. Recently, a locus at 8q24, characterized by both a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and a microsatellite marker, was shown to be associated with prostate cancer risk in Icelandic, Swedish, and U.S. samples. Although the data were provocative, the U.S. samples were not population based, which precludes assessment of the potential contribution of this locus to prostate cancer incidence in the United States. METHODS We analyzed both markers in a population-based, case-control study of middle-aged men from King County, Washington. RESULTS Overall, there was a significant positive association between the A allele of the SNP rs1447295 and prostate cancer risk [odds ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1-2.0] but no significant association with the microsatellite DG8S737. However, significant associations were observed for both markers in men with high Gleason scores. Adjusting for age, first-degree family history of prostate cancer, and prostate cancer screening history, the adjusted odds ratios were 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.8) for the A allele of the SNP and 1.9 (95% CI, 1.2-2.8) for the -10 allele of the microsatellite. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the locus on chromosome 8q24 harbors a genetic variant associated with prostate cancer and that the microsatellite marker is a stronger risk factor for aggressive prostate cancers defined by poorly differentiated tumor morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miia Suuriniemi
- Cancer Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schaid DJ, Stanford JL, McDonnell SK, Suuriniemi M, McIntosh L, Karyadi DM, Carlson EE, Deutsch K, Janer M, Hood L, Ostrander EA. Genome-wide linkage scan of prostate cancer Gleason score and confirmation of chromosome 19q. Hum Genet 2007; 121:729-35. [PMID: 17486369 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-007-0368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite evidence that prostate cancer has a genetic etiology, it has been extremely difficult to confirm genetic linkage results across studies, emphasizing the large extent of genetic heterogeneity associated with this disease. Because prostate cancer is common--approximately one in six men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their life--genetic linkage studies are likely plagued by phenocopies (i.e., men with prostate cancer due to environmental or lifestyle factors), weakly penetrant alleles, or a combination of both, making it difficult to replicate linkage findings. One way to account for heterogeneous causes is to use clinical information that is related to the aggressiveness of disease as an endpoint for linkage analyses. Gleason grade is a measure of prostate tumor differentiation, with higher grades associated with more aggressive disease. This semi-quantitative score has been used as a quantitative trait for linkage analysis in several prior studies. Our aim was to determine if prior linkage reports of Gleason grade to specific loci could be replicated, and to ascertain if new regions of linkage could be found. Gleason scores were available for 391 affected sib pairs from 183 hereditary prostate cancer pedigrees as part of the PROGRESS study. Analyzing Gleason score as a quantitative trait, and using microsatellite markers, suggestive evidence for linkage (P-value <or= 0.001) was found on chromosomes 19q and 5q, with P-values <or= 0.01 observed on chromosomes 3q, 7q, and 16q. Our results confirm reports of Gleason score linkage to chromosome 19q and suggest new loci for further investigation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Cellular expression of Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, is tightly regulated. Recently, Bcl-2 expression was shown to be regulated by microRNAs, small endogenous RNA molecules that regulate protein expression through sequence-specific interaction with messenger RNA. By analogy, we reasoned that Mcl-1 expression may also be regulated by microRNAs. We chose human immortalized, but non-malignant, H69 cholangiocyte and malignant KMCH cholangiocarcinoma cell lines for these studies, because Mcl-1 is dysregulated in cells with the malignant phenotype. By in silico analysis, we identified a putative target site in the Mcl-1 mRNA for the mir-29 family, and found that mir-29b was highly expressed in cholangiocytes. Interestingly, mir-29b was downregulated in malignant cells, consistent with Mcl-1 protein upregulation. Enforced mir-29b expression reduced Mcl-1 protein expression in KMCH cells. This effect was direct, as mir-29b negatively regulated the expression of an Mcl-1 3' untranslated region (UTR)-based reporter construct. Enforced mir-29b expression reduced Mcl-1 cellular protein levels and sensitized the cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) cytotoxicity. Transfection of non-malignant cells (that express high levels of mir-29) with a locked-nucleic acid antagonist of mir-29b increased Mcl-1 levels and reduced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis. Thus mir-29 is an endogenous regulator of Mcl-1 protein expression, and thereby, apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Mott
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Miles and Shirley Fiterman Center for Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Staub E, Gröne J, Mennerich D, Röpcke S, Klamann I, Hinzmann B, Castanos-Velez E, Mann B, Pilarsky C, Brümmendorf T, Weber B, Buhr HJ, Rosenthal A. A genome-wide map of aberrantly expressed chromosomal islands in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer 2006; 5:37. [PMID: 16982006 PMCID: PMC1601966 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-5-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer development is accompanied by genetic phenomena like deletion and amplification of chromosome parts or alterations of chromatin structure. It is expected that these mechanisms have a strong effect on regional gene expression. RESULTS We investigated genome-wide gene expression in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and normal epithelial tissues from 25 patients using oligonucleotide arrays. This allowed us to identify 81 distinct chromosomal islands with aberrant gene expression. Of these, 38 islands show a gain in expression and 43 a loss of expression. In total, 7.892 genes (25.3% of all human genes) are located in aberrantly expressed islands. Many chromosomal regions that are linked to hereditary colorectal cancer show deregulated expression. Also, many known tumor genes localize to chromosomal islands of misregulated expression in CRC. CONCLUSION An extensive comparison with published CGH data suggests that chromosomal regions known for frequent deletions in colon cancer tend to show reduced expression. In contrast, regions that are often amplified in colorectal tumors exhibit heterogeneous expression patterns: even show a decrease of mRNA expression. Because for several islands of deregulated expression chromosomal aberrations have never been observed, we speculate that additional mechanisms (like abnormal states of regional chromatin) also have a substantial impact on the formation of co-expression islands in colorectal carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eike Staub
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Dept. of Computational Molecular Biology., Berlin, Germany
- Present address: ALTANA Pharma AG, Preclinical Research Bioinformatics, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jörn Gröne
- Dept. of General, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité – Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Detlev Mennerich
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
- metaGen Pharmaceuticals i.L., Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Röpcke
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Dept. of Computational Molecular Biology., Berlin, Germany
- Present address: ALTANA Pharma AG, Preclinical Research Bioinformatics, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Irina Klamann
- HELIOS Hospital Emil von Behring, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Benno Mann
- Department of Surgery, Augusta-Kranken-Anstalt GmbH, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christian Pilarsky
- Dept. of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Brümmendorf
- metaGen Pharmaceuticals i.L., Berlin, Germany
- Present address: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Birgit Weber
- metaGen Pharmaceuticals i.L., Berlin, Germany
- Present address: immatics biotechnologies GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heinz-Johannes Buhr
- Dept. of General, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Charité – Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schaid DJ, McDonnell SK, Zarfas KE, Cunningham JM, Hebbring S, Thibodeau SN, Eeles RA, Easton DF, Foulkes WD, Simard J, Giles GG, Hopper JL, Mahle L, Moller P, Badzioch M, Bishop DT, Evans C, Edwards S, Meitz J, Bullock S, Hope Q, Guy M, Hsieh CL, Halpern J, Balise RR, Oakley-Girvan I, Whittemore AS, Xu J, Dimitrov L, Chang BL, Adams TS, Turner AR, Meyers DA, Friedrichsen DM, Deutsch K, Kolb S, Janer M, Hood L, Ostrander EA, Stanford JL, Ewing CM, Gielzak M, Isaacs SD, Walsh PC, Wiley KE, Isaacs WB, Lange EM, Ho LA, Beebe-Dimmer JL, Wood DP, Cooney KA, Seminara D, Ikonen T, Baffoe-Bonnie A, Fredriksson H, Matikainen MP, Tammela TLJ, Bailey-Wilson J, Schleutker J, Maier C, Herkommer K, Hoegel JJ, Vogel W, Paiss T, Wiklund F, Emanuelsson M, Stenman E, Jonsson BA, Grönberg H, Camp NJ, Farnham J, Cannon-Albright LA, Catalona WJ, Suarez BK, Roehl KA. Pooled genome linkage scan of aggressive prostate cancer: results from the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics. Hum Genet 2006; 120:471-85. [PMID: 16932970 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
While it is widely appreciated that prostate cancers vary substantially in their propensity to progress to a life-threatening stage, the molecular events responsible for this progression have not been identified. Understanding these molecular mechanisms could provide important prognostic information relevant to more effective clinical management of this heterogeneous cancer. Hence, through genetic linkage analyses, we examined the hypothesis that the tendency to develop aggressive prostate cancer may have an important genetic component. Starting with 1,233 familial prostate cancer families with genome scan data available from the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics, we selected those that had at least three members with the phenotype of clinically aggressive prostate cancer, as defined by either high tumor grade and/or stage, resulting in 166 pedigrees (13%). Genome-wide linkage data were then pooled to perform a combined linkage analysis for these families. Linkage signals reaching a suggestive level of significance were found on chromosomes 6p22.3 (LOD = 3.0), 11q14.1-14.3 (LOD = 2.4), and 20p11.21-q11.21 (LOD = 2.5). For chromosome 11, stronger evidence of linkage (LOD = 3.3) was observed among pedigrees with an average at diagnosis of 65 years or younger. Other chromosomes that showed evidence for heterogeneity in linkage across strata were chromosome 7, with the strongest linkage signal among pedigrees without male-to-male disease transmission (7q21.11, LOD = 4.1), and chromosome 21, with the strongest linkage signal among pedigrees that had African American ancestry (21q22.13-22.3; LOD = 3.2). Our findings suggest several regions that may contain genes which, when mutated, predispose men to develop a more aggressive prostate cancer phenotype. This provides a basis for attempts to identify these genes, with potential clinical utility for men with aggressive prostate cancer and their relatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Schaid
- Harwick 7, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kupelian PA, Reddy CA, Reuther AM, Mahadevan A, Ciezki JP, Klein EA. Aggressiveness of familial prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24:3445-50. [PMID: 16849760 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2006.05.7661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report on the aggressiveness of sporadic versus familial prostate cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study sample consisted of 4,112 stage T1-3 prostate cancer patients. The outcome of interest was biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS). The analysis was performed for two distinct time periods, 1986 to 1992 (year < or = 1992) and 1993 to 2002 (year > or = 1993), to encompass both the early and late prostate-specific antigen (PSA) eras. RESULTS A positive family history (FH positive) was reported in 16%. The 10-year bRFS rates for patients with negative family history (FH negative) versus FH positive were 59% and 63%, respectively (P = .90). However, in the year < or = 1992 period, the 10-year bRFS rates for FH negative versus FH positive were 45% and 34%, respectively (P = .015). In the year > or = 1993 period, the 10-year bRFS rates for FH negative versus FH positive were 61% and 67%, respectively (P = .54). Multivariate analysis failed to reveal family history as an independent predictor of relapse (P = .42). However, in the subset of patients in each era, family history was an independent predictor of relapse only for those treated in the year < or = 1992 period (P = .038). CONCLUSION Family history was an independent predictor of biochemical failure only early in the PSA era, and men with an FH positive presented with more favorable disease later in the PSA era. This suggests that with stage migration and improved therapy, the impact of family history on prognosis has become minimal. However, underlying genetic factors affecting prostate cancer behavior in individuals with familial prostate cancer may still be important in determining individual prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Kupelian
- Glickman Urological Institute and Radiation Oncology Department, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lange EM, Ho LA, Beebe-Dimmer JL, Wang Y, Gillanders EM, Trent JM, Lange LA, Wood DP, Cooney KA. Genome-wide linkage scan for prostate cancer susceptibility genes in men with aggressive disease: significant evidence for linkage at chromosome 15q12. Hum Genet 2006; 119:400-7. [PMID: 16508751 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-006-0149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological and twin studies have consistently demonstrated a strong genetic component to prostate cancer (PCa) susceptibility. To date, numerous linkage studies have been performed to identify chromosomal regions containing PCa susceptibility genes. Unfortunately, results from these studies have failed to form any obvious consensus regarding which regions are most likely to contain genes that may contribute to PCa predisposition. One plausible explanation for the difficulty in mapping susceptibility loci is the existence of considerable heterogeneity in the phenotype of PCa, with significant variation in clinical stage and grade of disease even among family members. To address this issue, we performed a genome-wide linkage scan on 71 informative families with two or more men with aggressive PCa. When only men with aggressive PCa were coded as affected, statistically significant evidence for linkage at chromosome 15q12 was detected (LOD=3.49; genome-wide p=0.005). Furthermore, the evidence for linkage increased when analyses were restricted to Caucasian-American pedigrees (n=65; LOD=4.05) and pedigrees with two confirmed aggressive cases (n=42, LOD=4.76). Interestingly, a 1-LOD support interval about our peak at 15q12 overlaps a region of suggestive linkage, 15q11, identified by a recent linkage study on 1,233 PCa families by the International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics. Using a more rigid definition of PCa in linkage studies will result in a severe reduction in sample sizes available for study, but may ultimately prove to increase statistical power to detect susceptibility genes for this multigenic trait.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ethan M Lange
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, 4300D MBRB, CB# 7264, 103 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Stanford JL, McDonnell SK, Friedrichsen DM, Carlson EE, Kolb S, Deutsch K, Janer M, Hood L, Ostrander EA, Schaid DJ. Prostate cancer and genetic susceptibility: a genome scan incorporating disease aggressiveness. Prostate 2006; 66:317-25. [PMID: 16245279 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is a heterogeneous disease, both genetically and phenotypically. Linkage studies attempting to map genes for hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) have proved challenging, and one potential problem contributing to this challenge is the variability in disease phenotypes. METHODS We collected clinical data on 784 affected men with prostate cancer from 248 HPC families for whom a genomic screen was performed. Disease characteristics (i.e., Gleason score, stage, prostate-specific antigen (PSA)) were used to classify affected men into categories of clinically insignificant, moderate, or aggressive prostate cancer. To potentially enrich for a genetic etiology, we restricted linkage analyses to only men with aggressive disease, although we used genotype information from all family members; linkage analyses used both dominant and recessive models. In addition, subset analyses considered age at diagnosis, number of affected men per family and other stratifications to try to increase genetic homogeneity. RESULTS Several regions of interest (heterogeneity LOD score, HLOD>1.0) were identified in families (n=123) with >or=2 affecteds with aggressive prostate cancer. "Suggestive" linkage was observed at chromosome 22q11.1 (Dominant model HLOD=2.18) and the result was stronger (Dominant HLOD=2.75) in families with evidence of male-to-male transmission. A second region at 22q12.3-q13.1 was also highlighted (Recessive model HLOD=1.90) among men with aggressive disease, as was a region on chromosome 18. CONCLUSIONS These analyses suggest that using clinically defined phenotypes may be a useful approach for simplifying the locus heterogeneity problems that confound the search for prostate cancer susceptibility genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Slager SL, Zarfas KE, Brown WM, Lange EM, McDonnell SK, Wojno KJ, Cooney KA. Genome-wide linkage scan for prostate cancer aggressiveness loci using families from the University of Michigan Prostate Cancer Genetics Project. Prostate 2006; 66:173-9. [PMID: 16173044 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) is a complex disease that displays variable disease outcome, ranging from a relatively indolent disease to forms that result in death from the disease. One measure of disease severity is the Gleason score. Using the Gleason score as a measure of tumor aggressiveness, several independent genome scans have reported evidence of linkage. As of yet, however, no genes have been implicated. METHODS We report an independent genome scan using the Gleason score as a quantitative trait. We genotyped 405 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers in 175 brother pairs from 103 families. RESULTS Our strongest evidence of linkage is to 6q23 at 137 cM (D6S292, P = 0.0009). Other interesting regions (P < 0.005) were on chromosome 1p13-q21 and on chromosome 5p13-q11. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide further evidence that tumor aggressiveness has a genetic component, and that this genetic component may be influenced by several independent genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Slager
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Casey G, Neville PJ, Liu X, Plummer SJ, Cicek MS, Krumroy LM, Curran AP, McGreevy MR, Catalona WJ, Klein EA, Witte JS. Podocalyxin variants and risk of prostate cancer and tumor aggressiveness. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:735-41. [PMID: 16434482 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported linkage of a prostate cancer tumor aggressiveness locus to chromosome 7q32-q33, a region also associated with a high frequency of allelic imbalance in prostate tumors. The smallest region of allelic imbalance contains the podocalyxin-like (PODXL) gene, which we evaluate here as a candidate prostate cancer aggressiveness gene mapping to 7q32-q33. DNA from probands of linked families was examined for germ-line mutations in PODXL. A variable in-frame deletion, four missense variants and two nonsense variants were identified in linked men. Variants that affected amino acid sequence were further evaluated for association with risk of prostate cancer and tumor aggressiveness in a family-based case-control population (439 cases and 479 sibling controls). The presence of any single in-frame deletion was positively associated with prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR)=2.14, 95% confidence interval (95%CI)=1.09-4.20, P=0.03] and the presence of two copies of any deletion further increased risk (OR=2.58, 95%CI=1.23-5.45, P=0.01). This finding was strengthened when stratifying among men with more aggressive disease (high grade or stage): OR=3.04 for one deletion (95%CI=1.01-9.15) and OR=4.42 for two deletions (95%CI=1.32-14.85, P=0.02). A weak positive association was also observed between prostate cancer risk and PODXL variant 340A (in linkage disequilibrium with another variant, 587T) (OR=1.48, 95%CI=1.02-2.14, P=0.04). These results implicate PODXL as a candidate prostate cancer tumor aggressiveness gene mapping to chromosome 7q32-q33.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Casey
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bachmann N, Hoegel J, Haeusler J, Kuefer R, Herkommer K, Paiss T, Vogel W, Maier C. Mutation screen and association study of EZH2 as a susceptibility gene for aggressive prostate cancer. Prostate 2005; 65:252-9. [PMID: 16015586 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several linkage studies have provided evidence for a prostate cancer aggressiveness gene on chromosome 7q. This report details the results of the first mutation screen and association study of EZH2 (located at 7q35) as a potential candidate gene for the development of aggressive prostate cancer. METHODS In 10 families with linkage of chromosome 7q31-33 to aggressive prostate cancer, we sequenced the promoter region and all 20 exons of EZH2. We genotyped 11 variants in 287 prostate cancer probands and 96 controls. Association between the disease and the variants/haplotypes was evaluated taking into account clinical data and disease recurrence. RESULTS The individual variation sites did not show significant differences in the allele frequencies between cases and controls. In contrast, one haplotype had a higher frequency in controls, and another haplotype was significantly more frequent in cases with low grade tumors (GI/II) and progression free survival (NED). CONCLUSION We have possibly identified haplotypes which mark alleles that have a beneficial effect on the development of prostate cancer. Moreover, our results suggest that genetic variations of the EZH2 gene are not responsible for the linkage of 7q to aggressive prostate cancer.
Collapse
|
27
|
Schaid DJ, Chang BL. Description of the International Consortium For Prostate Cancer Genetics, and failure to replicate linkage of hereditary prostate cancer to 20q13. Prostate 2005; 63:276-90. [PMID: 15599943 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The International Consortium for Prostate Cancer Genetics (ICPCG) is an international collaborative effort to pool pedigrees with hereditary prostate cancer (PC) in order to replicate linkage findings for PC. A strength of the ICPCG is the large number of well-characterized pedigrees, allowing linkage analyses within large subsets. Given the heterogeneity and complexity of PC, the historical difficulties of synthesizing different studies reporting positive and negative linkage replication, and the use of different statistical analysis methods and different stratification criteria, the ICPCG provides a valuable resource to evaluate linkage for hereditary PC. To date, linkage of chromosome 20 (HPC20) to hereditary PC has been one of the strongest linkage signals, yet the efforts to replicate this linkage have been limited. This paper reports a linkage analysis of chromosome 20 markers for 1,234 pedigrees with multiple cases of PC ascertained through the ICPCG, and represents the most thorough attempt to confirm or refute linkage to chromosome 20. From the original 158 Mayo pedigrees in which linkage was detected, the maximum heterogeneity LOD (HLOD) score, under a recessive model, was 2.78. In contrast, for the 1,076 pedigrees not included in the original study, the maximum HLOD score (recessive model) was 0.06. Although, a few small linkage signals for chromosome 20 were found in various strata of this pooled analysis, this large study failed to replicate linkage to HPC20. This study illustrates the value of the ICPCG family collection to evaluate reported linkage signals and suggests that the HPC20 region does not make a major contribution to PC susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Schaid
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Coming of Age in the Life of Neoplasia. Neoplasia 2004. [DOI: 10.1593/neo.6-6ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
29
|
Edwards SM, Eeles RA. Unravelling the genetics of prostate cancer. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS PART C-SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2004; 129C:65-73. [PMID: 15264274 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review describes what is currently known about the genetics of prostate cancer. Traditionally, the genetics of a suspected inherited cancer predisposition have generally been thought of in terms of a single, high-risk gene with a dominant mode of inheritance. Such a gene might be observed in families, as has been documented in familial breast cancer (BRCA1/2), familial colorectal cancer (HNPCC), retinoblastoma (RB1), and Wilms tumor (WT1). This review investigates the evidence for the existence, first of familial prostate cancer, and second, for the presence of such a high-risk gene in those families by epidemiological and experimental approaches. Another current area of interest in prostate cancer is the investigation of the contribution of common lower penetrance genes to the disease. This alternative approach has become popular, as it raises the issue of frequently seen genetic variations such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) having relevance to the risk of developing the disease. Finally, this article will explore the way forward, with emphasis on worldwide collaboration from teams attempting to find the genes responsible for the disease and investment in new technologies that will aid in their discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Edwards
- Translational Cancer Genetics Team, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Paris PL, Andaya A, Fridlyand J, Jain AN, Weinberg V, Kowbel D, Brebner JH, Simko J, Watson JEV, Volik S, Albertson DG, Pinkel D, Alers JC, van der Kwast TH, Vissers KJ, Schroder FH, Wildhagen MF, Febbo PG, Chinnaiyan AM, Pienta KJ, Carroll PR, Rubin MA, Collins C, van Dekken H. Whole genome scanning identifies genotypes associated with recurrence and metastasis in prostate tumors. Hum Mol Genet 2004; 13:1303-13. [PMID: 15138198 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous neoplasm among American males and is the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Prostate specific antigen screening has resulted in earlier disease detection, yet approximately 30% of men will die of metastatic disease. Slow disease progression, an aging population and associated morbidity and mortality underscore the need for improved disease classification and therapies. To address these issues, we analyzed a cohort of patients using array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). The cohort comprises 64 patients, half of whom recurred postoperatively. Analysis of the aCGH profiles revealed numerous recurrent genomic copy number aberrations. Specific loss at 8p23.2 was associated with advanced stage disease, and gain at 11q13.1 was found to be predictive of postoperative recurrence independent of stage and grade. Moreover, comparison with an independent set of metastases revealed approximately 40 candidate markers associated with metastatic potential. Copy number aberrations at these loci may define metastatic genotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Paris
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, 94115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Friedrichsen DM, Stanford JL, Isaacs SD, Janer M, Chang BL, Deutsch K, Gillanders E, Kolb S, Wiley KE, Badzioch MD, Zheng SL, Walsh PC, Jarvik GP, Hood L, Trent JM, Isaacs WB, Ostrander EA, Xu J. Identification of a prostate cancer susceptibility locus on chromosome 7q11-21 in Jewish families. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:1939-44. [PMID: 14769943 PMCID: PMC357031 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308336100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Results from over a dozen prostate cancer susceptibility genome-wide scans, encompassing some 1,500 hereditary prostate cancer families, indicate that prostate cancer is an extremely heterogeneous disease with multiple loci contributing to overall susceptibility. In an attempt to reduce locus heterogeneity, we performed a genomewide linkage scan for prostate cancer susceptibility genes with 36 Jewish families, which represent a stratification of hereditary prostate cancer families with potentially increased locus homogeneity. The 36 Jewish families represent a combined dataset of 17 Jewish families from the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center-based Prostate Cancer Genetic Research Study dataset and 19 Ashkenazi Jewish families collected at Johns Hopkins University. All available family members, including 94 affected men, were genotyped at markers distributed across the genome with an average interval of <10 centimorgans. Nonparametric multipoint linkage analyses were the primary approach, although parametric analyses were performed as well. Our strongest signal was a significant linkage peak at 7q11-21, with a nonparametric linkage (NPL) score of 3.01 (P = 0.0013). Simulations indicated that this corresponds to a genomewide empirical P = 0.006. All other regions had NPL P values >/=0.02. After genotyping additional markers within the 7q11-21 peak, the NPL score increased to 3.35 (P = 0.0004) at D7S634 with an allele-sharing logarithm of odds of 3.12 (P = 0.00007). These studies highlight the utility of analyzing defined sets of families with a common origin for reducing locus heterogeneity problems associated with studying complex traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Friedrichsen
- Divisions of Clinical Research and Human Biology and Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Verhage BAJ, Aben KKH, Witjes JA, Straatman H, Schalken JA, Kiemeney LALM. Site-specific familial aggregation of prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2004; 109:611-7. [PMID: 14991584 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, epidemiologic evidence has accumulated in favor of a significant but heterogeneous hereditary component in prostate cancer (PC) susceptibility. In order to map and clone PC susceptibility genes, stratification of PC families into genetically homogeneous groups appears to be a key issue. Subset definition based on age at diagnosis, presumed mode of inheritance, number of affecteds per family and coaggregation of PC with other cancers has already proven successful in some studies. Previously, the finding of the coaggregation of malignancies of the central nervous system within PC families helped to link a prostate-brain cancer susceptibility gene (CAPB) to chromosome 1p36. In this study, we evaluate the risk of PC and malignancies at other sites among first-degree relatives of a large population-based group of Dutch PC patients. A population-based family case-control study was initiated that included Caucasian PC patients newly diagnosed between July 1996 and December 1999. Information on 12,575 first-degree relatives of 704 PC patients and 1,371 controls was collected through postal questionnaires and telephone interviews. All reported PC in first-degree relatives was verified through medical records. In our population, PC has a strong familial component that is reflected by a 2.9-fold increased risk (95% CI = 2.2-3.9) of PC for first-degree relatives of PC patients. This familial risk was somewhat higher among brothers (hazard ratio = 3.9; 95% CI = 2.4-6.4) compared to fathers (hazard ratio = 2.5; 95% CI = 1.7-3.6). Cancers at other sites did not coaggregate with PC. Our data suggest that familial PC, at least in this Western European population, is site-specific, not part of an inherited cancer syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bas A J Verhage
- Center for Prevention and Health Services Research (PZO), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Witte JS, Suarez BK, Thiel B, Lin J, Yu A, Banerjee TK, Burmester JK, Casey G, Catalona WJ. Genome-wide scan of brothers: replication and fine mapping of prostate cancer susceptibility and aggressiveness loci. Prostate 2003; 57:298-308. [PMID: 14601026 DOI: 10.1002/pros.10304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial evidence suggests that genetic factors play an important role in both the risk of prostate cancer and its biologic aggressiveness. Here we investigate prostate cancer susceptibility and aggressiveness with genome-wide linkage analyses of affected brothers. METHODS We first undertook a new genome-wide linkage study of 259 brothers with prostate cancer. Our analyses tested whether the proportion of marker alleles shared by brothers was correlated with disease status or Gleason score. To further clarify 11 linkage regions observed here or previously, we genotyped and analyzed an additional 101 finely spaced markers in the 259 men, and in 594 previously studied brothers, allowing for a pooled genome-wide analysis of 853 affected brothers. RESULTS In the new study, we detected linkage to prostate cancer on chromosome 16q23 (P = 0.009), replicating previous results, and to chromosome 11q24 (P = 0.001). In the pooled analysis, the 16q23 linkage was strengthened (P = 0.0005), as was our previous linkage to chromosome 16p (P = 0.0001), and we detected linkage to chromosome 2q32 (P = 0.009). When evaluating Gleason score, our new study detected linkage to chromosome 7q32 (P = 0.0009), again replicating previous results, and to chromosomes 5p15 (P = 0.003), 9q34 (P = 0.009), 10q26 (P = 0.03), and 18p11 (P = 0.02). In the pooled analysis of Gleason score, we observed stronger linkage to chromosome 7q32 (P = 0.0002), but slightly weaker linkage to chromosomes 5q33 (P = 0.005) and 19q13 (P = 0.009) than previously reported. In addition, the new linkages to chromosomes 10q26 and 18p11 were strengthened (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.002, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide compelling evidence for loci harboring prostate cancer susceptibility and tumor aggressiveness genes, especially on chromosomes 16q23 and 7q32.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0560, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Neville PJ, Conti DV, Krumroy LM, Catalona WJ, Suarez BK, Witte JS, Casey G. Prostate cancer aggressiveness locus on chromosome segment 19q12-q13.1 identified by linkage and allelic imbalance studies. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2003; 36:332-9. [PMID: 12619157 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.10165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole-genome scan studies recently identified a locus on chromosome segments 19q12-q13.11 linked to prostate tumor aggressiveness by use of the Gleason score as a quantitative trait. We have now completed finer-scale linkage mapping across this region that confirmed and narrowed the candidate region to 2 cM, with a peak between markers D19S875 and D19S433. We also performed allelic imbalance (AI) studies across this region in primary prostate tumors from 52 patients unselected for family history or disease status. A high level of AI was observed, with the highest rates at markers D19S875 (56%) and D19S433 (60%). Furthermore, these two markers defined a smallest common region of AI of 0.8 Mb, with 15 (29%) prostate tumors displaying interstitial AI involving one or both markers. In addition, we noted a positive association between AI at marker D19S875 and extension of tumor beyond the margin (P = 0.02) as well as a higher Gleason score (P = 0.06). These data provide strong evidence that we have mapped a prostate tumor aggressiveness locus to chromosome segments 19q12-q13.11 that may play a role in both familial and non-familial forms of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa J Neville
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Paris PL, Albertson DG, Alers JC, Andaya A, Carroll P, Fridlyand J, Jain AN, Kamkar S, Kowbel D, Krijtenburg PJ, Pinkel D, Schröder FH, Vissers KJ, Watson VJE, Wildhagen MF, Collins C, Van Dekken H. High-resolution analysis of paraffin-embedded and formalin-fixed prostate tumors using comparative genomic hybridization to genomic microarrays. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:763-70. [PMID: 12598311 PMCID: PMC1868117 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have used prostate cancer, the most commonly diagnosed noncutaneous neoplasm among men, to investigate the feasibility of performing genomic array analyses of archival tissue. Prostate-specific antigen and a biopsy Gleason grade have not proven to be accurate in predicting clinical outcome, yet they remain the only accepted biomarkers for prostate cancer. It is likely that distinct spectra of genomic alterations underlie these phenotypic differences, and that once identified, may be used to differentiate between indolent and aggressive tumors. Array comparative genomic hybridization allows quantitative detection and mapping of copy number aberrations in tumors and subsequent associations to be made with clinical outcome. Archived tissues are needed to have patients with sufficient clinical follow-up. In this report, 20 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded prostate cancer samples originating from 1986 to 1996 were studied. We present a straightforward protocol and demonstrate the utility of archived tissue for array comparative genomic hybridization with a 2400 element BAC array that provides high-resolution detection of both deletions and amplifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Paris
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|